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Concepts

The Umayyads: First Islamic dynasty (661-750) established by a companion of the Prophet, Mu`awiya. Their capital was Damascus. They built the first monumental mosques.

Abd al-Malik: Fifth Umayyad caliph (685-705), organized the Caliphate, Arabicized the administration and Islamized the coinage after he had subdued several revolts against the rule of his family.

The Night Journey and the Ascension (Al-Isra' wa-l-Miraj): The miraculous journey of the Prophet from Mecca to Jerusalem and his ascension to Heaven to receive from God major doctrinal requirements.

New Elements in Mosque Architecture

Concave mihrab: reportedly first introduced in the Mosque of the Prophet at Medina in 707.

• Minaret: earliest examples may have been the towers flanking the northern side of the original Roman temenos where the Great Umayyad Mosque of Damascus was built.
• Maqsura: a private area in the prayer hall enclosed by a wood screen for the ruler and his entourage.
• Dome in the central nave in front of the mihrab: first appeared in Damascus and may have been adopted from palatial Roman and Byzantine precedents as illustrated in mosaic by the representation of the "Palace of Thoederic" in St. Appolinaire Nuevo in Ravenna (ca. 490).
• Khazna: treasury, a structure possibly used as a vault in the mosque's courtyrad.

Decoration of Mosques:

• The use of inscriptions in the Kufic style.
• The use of glass mosaic.
• The absence of figural representation.
• Vegetal and geometric motifs, derived mostly from Classical traditions.

Monuments

	Dome of the Rock (Qubbat al-Sakhra) The first consciously-monumental Islamic structure is a martyrium built in Jerusalem (692) by 'Abd al-Malik to commemorate the sanctity of the site and the city in general.  Aerial view of the Dome of the Rock in the middle of the Haram al-Sharif. (Image courtesy of Sabri Jarrar.)  The Dome of the Rock, 692.  View of the interior showing the inner ambulatory arcade.		Umayyad Mosque of Damascus (ca. 706-15) First imperial mosque built by Caliph al-Walid I (705-15), the son of Abd al-Malik.  View of the Umayyad mosque form the west with the minaret of Qaytbay in front and the minaret of Jesus in the back.  The northern portico of the mosque with the khaznat (treasury) dome in the foreground and the minaret of al-'Arus (the Bride) in the back.  View of the prayer hall of the mosque with the shrine of St. John the Baptist.  A detail of the Barada mosaic of the eastern wall of the mosque courtyard.
	The Farthest Mosque (al-Masjid al-Aqsa) in Jerusalem  A view of the eastern façade of al-Aqsa Mosque.  Interior view of the prayer hall of al-Aqsa Mosque.