DNA to protein central dogma can be regulated by DNA rearrangement, transcriptional regulation, and translational regulation. Transcriptional regulation includes: Initiation, splicing, and mRNA stability.

The need for gene regulation in bacteria with beta-galactosidase as an example.

Lac operon includes the lac gene, promoter, gene for the lac repressor and operator. Lac repressor inhibits transcription by binding to the operator. Lactose induces transcription by sequestering the lac repressor.

Transcriptional activator with cAMP as an example. Under low glucose conditions, high cAMP levels activate the lac gene by helping RNA polymerase to bind to the lac promotor.

Transcription regulated by the non-universal promoters and transcriptional terminators. RNA polymerase used in transcription.

Study of gene regulation using lactose and beta-galactosidase. Determined that regulation occurred at the transcriptional level.

Definition of operon, promotor, terminator, and lac repressor. Repressor binds to the operator region near the promotor to suppress transcription. Lactose binds repressor to suppress the repressor.

Definition, function, nomenclature, and role of promoters in the lac operon. Promotor is a DNA sequence that bind RNA polymerase to start transcription of a gene.

Negative versus positive regulation. Examples and mutations that affect regulation.

Specifics for glucose as the positive regulator of the lac operon with several intermediates.

Gene components relevant to the processes of transcription, and splicing.

A introduction to the translation step of the 'Central Dogma'. Includes interpreters, amino acids, and the other basic components of translation.

Ribosomal structure and components. Large ribosomal complex consisting of subunits, proteins, and rRNA.

Operon with multiple regulatory components for expression of multiple genes in the same pathway.

Solution (PDF)

Definition of gene and protein. Components of gene regulation; cis- and trans- regulation.

Solution (PDF)

Fryose metabolism operon as an example of gene regulation. Mutations affecting different regulatory components.

Solution (PDF)

Gene regulation in an operon as controlled by inducers and repressors.

Gene regulation in an operon controlled by a repressor. Mutations in the genes or regulatory components within the operon that affect gene regulation.