1 00:00:00 --> 00:00:01 2 00:00:01 --> 00:00:03 The following content is provided by MIT OpenCourseWare 3 00:00:03 --> 00:00:06 under a Creatve Commons license. 4 00:00:06 --> 00:00:10 Additional information at MIT OpenCourseWare in general is 5 00:00:10 --> 00:00:15 avaialable at ocw.mit.edu. 6 00:00:15 --> 00:00:17 PROFESSOR: I'm not actually going to use because I've 7 00:00:17 --> 00:00:21 discovered that-- and I need the CD player later, but I did 8 00:00:21 --> 00:00:27 promise Simon, age eight, that I would tell you all that he 9 00:00:27 --> 00:00:32 loaned me this boom box and that you should know 10 00:00:32 --> 00:00:36 that this was his. 11 00:00:36 --> 00:00:37 And that I should bring it back. 12 00:00:37 --> 00:00:42 13 00:00:42 --> 00:00:47 We were talking in the last lecture about multiple 14 00:00:47 --> 00:00:55 personality disorder and my recollection is that I left off 15 00:00:55 --> 00:00:57 discussing the question of whether or not it's 16 00:00:57 --> 00:00:59 a real thing. 17 00:00:59 --> 00:01:01 And I'd say that the burden of evidence is that there 18 00:01:01 --> 00:01:04 really is a real problem there of some sort. 19 00:01:04 --> 00:01:09 You know, people showing up at their therapist's office 20 00:01:09 --> 00:01:14 saying, I don't remember this big chunk of time in my life 21 00:01:14 --> 00:01:17 and then weird stuff happened and so on. 22 00:01:17 --> 00:01:22 Those sorts of things point to a real phenomenon. 23 00:01:22 --> 00:01:26 But there's this troubling business that the disorder 24 00:01:26 --> 00:01:29 is new, relatively new. 25 00:01:29 --> 00:01:33 That there were very few such cases in the 1970s. 26 00:01:33 --> 00:01:34 They start showing up in the 80s. 27 00:01:34 --> 00:01:37 They're extremely popular in the 90s. 28 00:01:37 --> 00:01:41 I'm not sure if they're still as popular, but that 29 00:01:41 --> 00:01:43 there's a big upsurge. 30 00:01:43 --> 00:01:50 Now look, if there's a big upsurge in flu this year we 31 00:01:50 --> 00:01:52 sort of think we understand it. 32 00:01:52 --> 00:01:56 Some chicken in Thailand got a new version of the flu 33 00:01:56 --> 00:01:58 and then we all get sick. 34 00:01:58 --> 00:02:03 But when that happens with a psychiatric disorder there's 35 00:02:03 --> 00:02:06 no sense in which we think that there's a pathogen 36 00:02:06 --> 00:02:08 out there doing it. 37 00:02:08 --> 00:02:10 What's the explanation? 38 00:02:10 --> 00:02:14 So I put the bones-- the bare bones of one account 39 00:02:14 --> 00:02:16 on the handout there. 40 00:02:16 --> 00:02:20 The first of them is that while multiple personality disorder 41 00:02:20 --> 00:02:25 might be a new entity. 42 00:02:25 --> 00:02:30 Or newly popular entity, dissociation is not. 43 00:02:30 --> 00:02:33 That dissociatve disorders have a long history. 44 00:02:33 --> 00:02:37 They have a long history in psychiatry and they have an 45 00:02:37 --> 00:02:41 even longer history if you start poking around in 46 00:02:41 --> 00:02:46 literature looking for evidence of it in the past. 47 00:02:46 --> 00:02:51 It's just that Point 2 as I recall on the handout. 48 00:02:51 --> 00:02:58 You get some choice in the way that you manifest 49 00:02:58 --> 00:03:00 your mental illness. 50 00:03:00 --> 00:03:03 The current way to manifest or one of the leading current ways 51 00:03:03 --> 00:03:07 to manifest, whatever the underlying problem is in 52 00:03:07 --> 00:03:12 dissociatve disorders is multiple personality disorder. 53 00:03:12 --> 00:03:17 In prior eras or in other places in the world the same 54 00:03:17 --> 00:03:19 underlying problem seems to have shown up in 55 00:03:19 --> 00:03:20 different ways. 56 00:03:20 --> 00:03:24 57 00:03:24 --> 00:03:27 Multiple personality disorder-- one of the ways that it comes 58 00:03:27 --> 00:03:34 to our attention is when somebody says look, I know you 59 00:03:34 --> 00:03:38 caught me doing this, but I'm not guilty because 60 00:03:38 --> 00:03:40 it wasn't me. 61 00:03:40 --> 00:03:49 It was this other piece that somehow is not me. 62 00:03:49 --> 00:03:53 And therefore, I don't have personal responsibility 63 00:03:53 --> 00:03:54 for that act. 64 00:03:54 --> 00:03:59 That's an interesting question in the interface between 65 00:03:59 --> 00:04:00 the law and psychology. 66 00:04:00 --> 00:04:02 How should we understand that? 67 00:04:02 --> 00:04:07 Does it make sense to say, you don't need to go to jail for 68 00:04:07 --> 00:04:13 this crime because it was done by something that looks like 69 00:04:13 --> 00:04:17 you, but isn't you in some sense. 70 00:04:17 --> 00:04:22 That's an interesting topic for recitation perhaps. 71 00:04:22 --> 00:04:25 Things of a similar sort occur throughout history. 72 00:04:25 --> 00:04:32 So for instance, think back into medieval culture or into 73 00:04:32 --> 00:04:38 various parts of the world today where the idea of demonic 74 00:04:38 --> 00:04:44 posession let's say is taken as a real option. 75 00:04:44 --> 00:04:46 Why did you do X? 76 00:04:46 --> 00:04:51 I did this because I was possessed or the cliche, which 77 00:04:51 --> 00:04:54 I can't remember which TV show it was where that the tagline 78 00:04:54 --> 00:04:55 was "the devil made me do it". 79 00:04:55 --> 00:05:00 That's sort of a modern pop version of a seriously 80 00:05:00 --> 00:05:06 considered hypothesis that's been popular in western 81 00:05:06 --> 00:05:08 civilization and elsewhere in the world. 82 00:05:08 --> 00:05:10 I don't have anything particular to say about whether 83 00:05:10 --> 00:05:13 or not there is such a thing as the real entity of demonic 84 00:05:13 --> 00:05:18 possession, but you got to see the possibility that something 85 00:05:18 --> 00:05:23 external takes control of you and makes you do things that 86 00:05:23 --> 00:05:28 you wouldn't otherwise do as having a very similar shape to 87 00:05:28 --> 00:05:30 what we now call multiple personality disorder. 88 00:05:30 --> 00:05:34 Or if you go into the 19th century there are lots of 89 00:05:34 --> 00:05:39 literary cases, you may have read some of these in novels 90 00:05:39 --> 00:05:46 where a dead relative typically takes over a 91 00:05:46 --> 00:05:48 living person's body. 92 00:05:48 --> 00:05:52 You know, somebody's soul is unquiet and their spirit is 93 00:05:52 --> 00:05:57 wandering the world and they take over somebody else and 94 00:05:57 --> 00:06:02 you do stuff that you hadn't particularly intended to do. 95 00:06:02 --> 00:06:09 Again, this notion of an external something taking over 96 00:06:09 --> 00:06:12 what would normally be the volitional, conscious part of 97 00:06:12 --> 00:06:15 your mind and making you do stuff. 98 00:06:15 --> 00:06:21 So it's possible that multiple personality disorder is merely 99 00:06:21 --> 00:06:25 the current version of, if you like, trick of the mind that 100 00:06:25 --> 00:06:27 has existed for a long time. 101 00:06:27 --> 00:06:31 Now why did it disappear? 102 00:06:31 --> 00:06:35 Why did the dissociative disorders as a whole disappear? 103 00:06:35 --> 00:06:41 It disappeared in American and European psychology 104 00:06:41 --> 00:06:43 early mid 20th century. 105 00:06:43 --> 00:06:45 Perhaps the best way to say it would be that 106 00:06:45 --> 00:06:47 Freud made a mistake. 107 00:06:47 --> 00:06:58 Freud was seeing patients with similar sorts of problems, but 108 00:06:58 --> 00:07:01 he saw something else he thought. 109 00:07:01 --> 00:07:05 To explain that it'll help to say a bit first of all, about 110 00:07:05 --> 00:07:09 what causes multiple personality disorder and then 111 00:07:09 --> 00:07:13 to say a lot more about what Freud thought. 112 00:07:13 --> 00:07:16 Multiple personality disorder, like the other dissociative 113 00:07:16 --> 00:07:22 disorders is associated with stress. 114 00:07:22 --> 00:07:26 It's a disorder of severe stress, but one of the things 115 00:07:26 --> 00:07:32 you see in patient account after patient account is a 116 00:07:32 --> 00:07:37 particular kind of stress, specifically childhood abuse 117 00:07:37 --> 00:07:41 and very frequently within that set, childhood sexual abuse. 118 00:07:41 --> 00:07:44 119 00:07:44 --> 00:07:47 One way of describing multiple personality disorder-- I'm 120 00:07:47 --> 00:07:52 roughly quoting I think, from a therapist named Ross, is that 121 00:07:52 --> 00:07:56 multiple personality disorder is a little girl saying that 122 00:07:56 --> 00:07:58 the abuse is happening to somebody else. 123 00:07:58 --> 00:08:01 Why a little girl? 124 00:08:01 --> 00:08:05 Multiple personality disorder is a diagnosis that has about 125 00:08:05 --> 00:08:08 a 9:1 female to male ratio. 126 00:08:08 --> 00:08:13 It's a very heavily female diagnosis. 127 00:08:13 --> 00:08:16 This is not to say-- there are a bunch of disorders where 128 00:08:16 --> 00:08:20 there's great asymmetry in which sex manifests 129 00:08:20 --> 00:08:21 the disorder. 130 00:08:21 --> 00:08:25 This isn't to say that women are somehow the fragile sex 131 00:08:25 --> 00:08:30 whose self is going to crack up while us strong guys, you 132 00:08:30 --> 00:08:33 know, are doing all right. 133 00:08:33 --> 00:08:39 If you were looking for a male disorder, what might that be? 134 00:08:39 --> 00:08:40 AUDIENCE: Alcoholism? 135 00:08:40 --> 00:08:45 PROFESSOR: Alcoholism, I'm not sure is actually. 136 00:08:45 --> 00:08:47 I don't know, but I don't think that it's particularly 137 00:08:47 --> 00:08:51 heavily divided between male and female. 138 00:08:51 --> 00:08:53 Yes? 139 00:08:53 --> 00:08:54 AUDIENCE: Autism? 140 00:08:54 --> 00:08:56 PROFESSOR: Autism. 141 00:08:56 --> 00:09:01 I think that's right, but these days we tend to think of that 142 00:09:01 --> 00:09:08 less as a psychiatric then as a neuropsych disorder. 143 00:09:08 --> 00:09:09 Any autism experts? 144 00:09:09 --> 00:09:11 Autism is heavily male? 145 00:09:11 --> 00:09:12 Yeah, that sounds right. 146 00:09:12 --> 00:09:12 Yes? 147 00:09:12 --> 00:09:13 AUDIENCE: Serial killers. 148 00:09:13 --> 00:09:14 PROFESSOR: Serial killers. 149 00:09:14 --> 00:09:18 How many female serial killer-- well, you don't even have 150 00:09:18 --> 00:09:20 to be serial about it. 151 00:09:20 --> 00:09:23 Just regular old killer will do, right? 152 00:09:23 --> 00:09:28 153 00:09:28 --> 00:09:32 Now it's interesting that we don't tend to typically think 154 00:09:32 --> 00:09:37 of these primarily as a psychiatric diagnosis, but if 155 00:09:37 --> 00:09:41 you ask who gets in trouble for aggression that's 156 00:09:41 --> 00:09:44 very heavily males. 157 00:09:44 --> 00:09:50 So sexual assault, murder, various other forms of 158 00:09:50 --> 00:09:55 assault-- very heavily populated by males. 159 00:09:55 --> 00:09:59 Dissociative disorders in the present era, at least, heavily 160 00:09:59 --> 00:10:01 populated by females. 161 00:10:01 --> 00:10:06 So why might this history-- well, I already gave you a hint 162 00:10:06 --> 00:10:10 about why this history of child and sexual abuse 163 00:10:10 --> 00:10:14 might be causative. 164 00:10:14 --> 00:10:16 One way of thinking about multiple personality disorder 165 00:10:16 --> 00:10:21 is as a maladaptive, adaptive response. 166 00:10:21 --> 00:10:24 What the world's that mean? 167 00:10:24 --> 00:10:28 Suppose something really terrible is happening to you 168 00:10:28 --> 00:10:31 and certainly childhood sexual assault would count. 169 00:10:31 --> 00:10:35 And there's nothing you can do about it. 170 00:10:35 --> 00:10:42 Well one way to deal with that intolerable situation would be 171 00:10:42 --> 00:10:48 to somehow make it something that's happening not to you, to 172 00:10:48 --> 00:10:52 some other entity that is not you. 173 00:10:52 --> 00:10:54 Now this isn't obviously a conscious choice. 174 00:10:54 --> 00:10:58 You don't sit there as an abused child and say, oh look, 175 00:10:58 --> 00:11:01 I think I'll create a sequestered piece of my psyche 176 00:11:01 --> 00:11:05 that I can put all this pain on and if I'm clever not even 177 00:11:05 --> 00:11:08 remember that it happened to me. 178 00:11:08 --> 00:11:13 This is something that happens rather than something 179 00:11:13 --> 00:11:15 that is chosen. 180 00:11:15 --> 00:11:19 And it has a certain adaptive value in protecting, if you 181 00:11:19 --> 00:11:21 like, some core of the self. 182 00:11:21 --> 00:11:27 But it's also obviously, not an ideal way of dealing with 183 00:11:27 --> 00:11:31 stress, problems, pain and becomes even less ideal if it 184 00:11:31 --> 00:11:35 becomes a sort of a trope, a trick that you use repeatedly. 185 00:11:35 --> 00:11:37 All right, well, this worked for this disaster 186 00:11:37 --> 00:11:38 of my childhood. 187 00:11:38 --> 00:11:42 Now if I'm having relationships, they're 188 00:11:42 --> 00:11:44 kind of stressful. 189 00:11:44 --> 00:11:49 So maybe I'll wall off relationship person here. 190 00:11:49 --> 00:11:53 You know, calculus, that's pretty tough and so on. 191 00:11:53 --> 00:11:59 You could imagine that you develop this trick of saying, 192 00:11:59 --> 00:12:03 you know, we all talk about people who compartmentalize. 193 00:12:03 --> 00:12:07 Well, this is a case of compartmentalizing where you're 194 00:12:07 --> 00:12:09 cracking up, literally. 195 00:12:09 --> 00:12:13 You're taking an otherwise unitary self and breaking 196 00:12:13 --> 00:12:14 it into little pieces. 197 00:12:14 --> 00:12:17 198 00:12:17 --> 00:12:23 The fundamental mistake Freud made was that he also, his 199 00:12:23 --> 00:12:26 clientele, his primary clientele probably 200 00:12:26 --> 00:12:27 were young women. 201 00:12:27 --> 00:12:32 And they also were telling him tales of childhood 202 00:12:32 --> 00:12:33 sexual abuse. 203 00:12:33 --> 00:12:36 204 00:12:36 --> 00:12:38 He concluded they were wrong. 205 00:12:38 --> 00:12:42 He concluded that this was a delusion. 206 00:12:42 --> 00:12:43 Why? 207 00:12:43 --> 00:12:47 There are a number of possible reasons why he got it wrong. 208 00:12:47 --> 00:12:51 Not the least of which, is that these were the daughters of men 209 00:12:51 --> 00:12:55 of his own social class-- his neighbors, his friends, people 210 00:12:55 --> 00:13:02 he knew in many cases, and he simply and perhaps, in some 211 00:13:02 --> 00:13:05 sense, lacked the imagination. 212 00:13:05 --> 00:13:09 Sort of the horror movie imagination to imagine that 213 00:13:09 --> 00:13:14 these women had been abused by the men in their lives who he 214 00:13:14 --> 00:13:16 in fact knew or knew people like them. 215 00:13:16 --> 00:13:20 He just didn't think that that was plausible. 216 00:13:20 --> 00:13:22 Plus, he had a theoretical framework that gave him a 217 00:13:22 --> 00:13:33 different understanding of what was going on and we'll come 218 00:13:33 --> 00:13:37 back to that in-- well, no we won't come back to that. 219 00:13:37 --> 00:13:38 We'll do that right now. 220 00:13:38 --> 00:13:41 Look, one of the things that Frued believed fundamentally 221 00:13:41 --> 00:13:44 was that the mind was unified. 222 00:13:44 --> 00:13:49 He didn't see disassociation because he didn't think that 223 00:13:49 --> 00:13:52 disassociation was something that really happened. 224 00:13:52 --> 00:13:57 He thought that the mind was-- well, here, if this is the 225 00:13:57 --> 00:14:02 dissociation model here's a sort of a Freudian model. 226 00:14:02 --> 00:14:07 It's not actually his metaphor, but it'll work. 227 00:14:07 --> 00:14:11 Freud thought that the mind was a unitary whole. 228 00:14:11 --> 00:14:20 That there was a conscious part of this whole-- that's this 229 00:14:20 --> 00:14:23 little king or queen on the top of the castle. 230 00:14:23 --> 00:14:25 Ain't it beautiful? 231 00:14:25 --> 00:14:33 And then this conscious guy got access to a lot of stuff, so 232 00:14:33 --> 00:14:39 here's the pre-conscious and it's sort of like long-term 233 00:14:39 --> 00:14:42 memory or the big semantic network that you've got 234 00:14:42 --> 00:14:44 up in your head or something like that. 235 00:14:44 --> 00:14:45 It's the stuff that you got access to. 236 00:14:45 --> 00:14:51 So at this event this Thursday they're going to serve what? 237 00:14:51 --> 00:14:52 AUDIENCE: Ice cream. 238 00:14:52 --> 00:14:53 PROFESSOR: Ice cream, right. 239 00:14:53 --> 00:14:56 OK, you weren't sitting there the whole time that I've been 240 00:14:56 --> 00:14:59 talking unless you're a pretty weird, obsessive sort going 241 00:14:59 --> 00:15:00 ice cream, ice cream. 242 00:15:00 --> 00:15:02 Ice cream's in my conscious. 243 00:15:02 --> 00:15:03 No, it was there. 244 00:15:03 --> 00:15:04 You could get to it. 245 00:15:04 --> 00:15:05 It's in your pre-conscious. 246 00:15:05 --> 00:15:08 247 00:15:08 --> 00:15:11 Freud acknowledged certainly that there was stuff that you 248 00:15:11 --> 00:15:16 didn't have access to and that was what was living in the 249 00:15:16 --> 00:15:21 Freudian unconscious, which I will put down-- 250 00:15:21 --> 00:15:26 unconsciousness-- which I will put down here sort of 251 00:15:26 --> 00:15:27 in the dungeon. 252 00:15:27 --> 00:15:30 253 00:15:30 --> 00:15:33 That's the stairs down. 254 00:15:33 --> 00:15:38 Somewhat different, both similar and different to the 255 00:15:38 --> 00:15:41 unconscious processes that we've talked about so far. 256 00:15:41 --> 00:15:45 We've already talked about, in many aspects of the course, the 257 00:15:45 --> 00:15:48 notion that there are processes that go on outside 258 00:15:48 --> 00:15:52 of your awareness. 259 00:15:52 --> 00:16:00 Freud's unconscious will turn out to be somewhat different. 260 00:16:00 --> 00:16:04 Before I launch into explaining that though, I ought to explain 261 00:16:04 --> 00:16:08 more generally why I'm going to talk about Freud as much 262 00:16:08 --> 00:16:10 as I am all together. 263 00:16:10 --> 00:16:13 The reason I need to explain that is that if you were taking 264 00:16:13 --> 00:16:22 this course at most other-- probably a majority of other 265 00:16:22 --> 00:16:25 fine institutions of higher learning around the country, 266 00:16:25 --> 00:16:27 you'd probably get less Freud than you're getting here. 267 00:16:27 --> 00:16:31 I'm out on one end of the distribution on that. 268 00:16:31 --> 00:16:35 Many people in academic psychology subscribe to the 269 00:16:35 --> 00:16:40 line attributed to some professor of this course at a 270 00:16:40 --> 00:16:43 big midwestern state university who said, look, there's 271 00:16:43 --> 00:16:46 only two things you need to know about Freud. 272 00:16:46 --> 00:16:50 He's wrong and he's dead. 273 00:16:50 --> 00:16:54 Now I wouldn't try that as the answer on the final. 274 00:16:54 --> 00:16:59 Though both of those statements are in indisputably true. 275 00:16:59 --> 00:17:03 276 00:17:03 --> 00:17:07 So all right, why talk about him? 277 00:17:07 --> 00:17:08 There are a couple of reasons. 278 00:17:08 --> 00:17:14 One reason is that the influence of Freud is so 279 00:17:14 --> 00:17:20 widespread in the culture that it would be a disservice to 280 00:17:20 --> 00:17:25 people taking an introductory level course not to talk about 281 00:17:25 --> 00:17:30 it at some length because we all use the vocabulary. 282 00:17:30 --> 00:17:34 We all sit around yacking about our friends and neighbors 283 00:17:34 --> 00:17:41 saying, my he's got a big ego and she is so anal and both of 284 00:17:41 --> 00:17:48 them are in denial and-- oh, I could keep going. 285 00:17:48 --> 00:17:52 There's a whole vocabulary that is borrowed from Freud. 286 00:17:52 --> 00:17:57 It's often used in ways that would cause Freud to cringe, no 287 00:17:57 --> 00:18:02 doubt if he heard us using the way we do today, but that's 288 00:18:02 --> 00:18:04 where the language comes from. 289 00:18:04 --> 00:18:08 The influence is so widespread that you need to know about it. 290 00:18:08 --> 00:18:11 The other reason is I think that while Freud is 291 00:18:11 --> 00:18:18 demonstrably wrong on point after point after point he is 292 00:18:18 --> 00:18:22 right or at least interesting on a number of large scale 293 00:18:22 --> 00:18:28 issues that deserve consideration. 294 00:18:28 --> 00:18:33 He's wrong in the way that Darwin is wrong. 295 00:18:33 --> 00:18:38 Or the way-- pick your favorite 18th, 19th century giant of 296 00:18:38 --> 00:18:40 science-- they're all wrong. 297 00:18:40 --> 00:18:41 They're also all dead. 298 00:18:41 --> 00:18:44 299 00:18:44 --> 00:18:48 But the way we play the science game of course is that we build 300 00:18:48 --> 00:18:50 on-- yeah, yeah, yeah, all right. 301 00:18:50 --> 00:18:53 So Darwin didn't get this bit right, but I can modify 302 00:18:53 --> 00:18:56 Darwin's theory and I can be a neo-Darwinian or something 303 00:18:56 --> 00:18:58 and build on it. 304 00:18:58 --> 00:19:06 The problem with Freud was that his disciples and the word is 305 00:19:06 --> 00:19:10 chosen deliberately, treated his writings-- particularly 306 00:19:10 --> 00:19:14 after he was no longer around to revise them-- more closely 307 00:19:14 --> 00:19:19 as holy writ than as scientific theory. 308 00:19:19 --> 00:19:24 With the result that they're developed in psychology-- 309 00:19:24 --> 00:19:27 particularly in the sort of clinical side of psychology, 310 00:19:27 --> 00:19:31 this sort of you're either with us or against us notion. 311 00:19:31 --> 00:19:35 That if you questioned one of the tenants of the master you 312 00:19:35 --> 00:19:39 were not just another scientist attempting to revise Darwin or 313 00:19:39 --> 00:19:41 Newton or whoever you want to be revising. 314 00:19:41 --> 00:19:45 You were an anti-Freudian. 315 00:19:45 --> 00:19:49 So there ended up being this split between the people who 316 00:19:49 --> 00:19:53 thought that the canon was fixed in some sense and the 317 00:19:53 --> 00:19:58 people who didn't and once you get passed as you're the 318 00:19:58 --> 00:20:02 opposition well, you just sit down and check off why he's 319 00:20:02 --> 00:20:03 dead and he's wrong and we don't need to think 320 00:20:03 --> 00:20:05 about it anymore. 321 00:20:05 --> 00:20:08 So there's a sort of a historical-- it's not an 322 00:20:08 --> 00:20:13 accident-- but it's sort of an accidental reason why 323 00:20:13 --> 00:20:15 he's fallen out of favor. 324 00:20:15 --> 00:20:21 My hunch is that were Freud still alive that he would 325 00:20:21 --> 00:20:24 be more than happy to say, oh yeah. 326 00:20:24 --> 00:20:26 Got it wrong big time on this, this, and this. 327 00:20:26 --> 00:20:28 Let's see what we can salvage of the theory 328 00:20:28 --> 00:20:31 and move bits around. 329 00:20:31 --> 00:20:33 I put one Drew Westen quote on the handout. 330 00:20:33 --> 00:20:37 The other good Drew Westen quote from the same article is 331 00:20:37 --> 00:20:41 that "since Freud's death in 1939 he has been slow to revise 332 00:20:41 --> 00:20:44 his theory." And that's true. 333 00:20:44 --> 00:20:48 334 00:20:48 --> 00:20:51 And that's perhaps a pity. 335 00:20:51 --> 00:20:57 What Freud was trying to do-- well, look. 336 00:20:57 --> 00:21:00 It says what Freud was trying to do. 337 00:21:00 --> 00:21:03 He was trying to understand why we do things and why we think 338 00:21:03 --> 00:21:07 things that we don't seem to want to do or think. 339 00:21:07 --> 00:21:09 Well look, so was he on to something? 340 00:21:09 --> 00:21:14 Has anybody here ever done something that 341 00:21:14 --> 00:21:15 they didn't want to do? 342 00:21:15 --> 00:21:18 343 00:21:18 --> 00:21:20 Yeah, I know people who weren't putting up their hands are the 344 00:21:20 --> 00:21:23 ones who are still reading The Tech there or something. 345 00:21:23 --> 00:21:23 Right? 346 00:21:23 --> 00:21:25 Of course, everybody does that. 347 00:21:25 --> 00:21:28 Well you can need to do that because somebody's going to hit 348 00:21:28 --> 00:21:29 you if you-- how many people? 349 00:21:29 --> 00:21:31 So OK, saw lots of hands there. 350 00:21:31 --> 00:21:34 How many people have ever done something they didn't want 351 00:21:34 --> 00:21:40 to do even without any obvious overt coercion? 352 00:21:40 --> 00:21:42 Or failed to do something that they did want to do? 353 00:21:42 --> 00:21:48 You didn't talk to her or you did talk to her. 354 00:21:48 --> 00:21:50 How many people have ever just done something they didn't want 355 00:21:50 --> 00:21:56 to do and there wasn't anybody with a gun or anything. 356 00:21:56 --> 00:21:58 So, Freud's onto something there, right? 357 00:21:58 --> 00:22:04 I mean, this is a serious question why people-- and I 358 00:22:04 --> 00:22:08 should note that this doesn't mean that you're nuts. 359 00:22:08 --> 00:22:12 It doesn't mean that your self has fractured into little 360 00:22:12 --> 00:22:16 pieces and that the reason that you did whatever it is-- you 361 00:22:16 --> 00:22:25 ate the M&M's or you drank the two espressos at midnight when 362 00:22:25 --> 00:22:27 you thought you were going to bed or something like that. 363 00:22:27 --> 00:22:33 You know, whatever it is, you didn't do it because Irving-- 364 00:22:33 --> 00:22:37 the other piece of you-- suddenly took over. 365 00:22:37 --> 00:22:40 It's just the way we seem to be. 366 00:22:40 --> 00:22:43 For all that we think that we're king of the castle or 367 00:22:43 --> 00:22:46 queen of the castle we don't seem to have the degree of 368 00:22:46 --> 00:22:50 control over ourselves that we might want. 369 00:22:50 --> 00:22:52 Why is that? 370 00:22:52 --> 00:22:55 371 00:22:55 --> 00:22:56 That's the fundamental scientific problem that 372 00:22:56 --> 00:22:59 Freud was trying to get at. 373 00:22:59 --> 00:23:02 And he was particularly interested in the cases where 374 00:23:02 --> 00:23:07 this went sufficiently off the rails that people were doing 375 00:23:07 --> 00:23:11 things that they didn't want to do that we're getting them 376 00:23:11 --> 00:23:14 into real or at least, psychological trouble. 377 00:23:14 --> 00:23:16 They were in psychological pain of some variety and 378 00:23:16 --> 00:23:18 needed to deal with this. 379 00:23:18 --> 00:23:21 Most of us are just doing things we don't want to do 380 00:23:21 --> 00:23:24 and surviving well enough with that. 381 00:23:24 --> 00:23:27 Thank you. 382 00:23:27 --> 00:23:32 In the case of multiple personality disorder or of 383 00:23:32 --> 00:23:35 these patients who came to Freud saying that they'd been 384 00:23:35 --> 00:23:40 sexually abused in many cases, Freud concluded that this was a 385 00:23:40 --> 00:23:44 delusional thought on the part of his patients. 386 00:23:44 --> 00:23:54 What he thought was that these were women saying that I-- or 387 00:23:54 --> 00:24:01 not saying, I desire my father or some other male in an 388 00:24:01 --> 00:24:03 inappropriate kind of a way. 389 00:24:03 --> 00:24:06 That that would be an unacceptable desire. 390 00:24:06 --> 00:24:09 And what they had done to defend themselves against this 391 00:24:09 --> 00:24:13 unacceptable thought was to engage in what Freud called 392 00:24:13 --> 00:24:21 projection; an act of the mind where you flip the actors, the 393 00:24:21 --> 00:24:24 subject and the object in that sentence around. 394 00:24:24 --> 00:24:29 So he was thinking he was hearing daddy wants me and he 395 00:24:29 --> 00:24:34 was concluding that what the woman was saying really 396 00:24:34 --> 00:24:36 was, I want daddy. 397 00:24:36 --> 00:24:40 He was probably wrong about that, but was he completely 398 00:24:40 --> 00:24:41 wrong about the notion that there's something 399 00:24:41 --> 00:24:42 like projection. 400 00:24:42 --> 00:24:44 How wacko is that? 401 00:24:44 --> 00:24:47 Well, all right here, think of the following: 402 00:24:47 --> 00:24:50 How many people here can think back into typically sort of 403 00:24:50 --> 00:24:54 like elementary school, though it could be college, it'll 404 00:24:54 --> 00:25:01 work-- where you had a teacher who hated you. 405 00:25:01 --> 00:25:03 How many people at least remember thinking that 406 00:25:03 --> 00:25:05 their teacher hated them? 407 00:25:05 --> 00:25:06 All right, now look. 408 00:25:06 --> 00:25:08 Odds are that most of you have always been pretty good 409 00:25:08 --> 00:25:10 students, by the way, right? 410 00:25:10 --> 00:25:13 You didn't get here by being the sort of students who 411 00:25:13 --> 00:25:18 teachers routinely hate even if teachers do hate students, 412 00:25:18 --> 00:25:20 which I don't think they do all that much. 413 00:25:20 --> 00:25:24 Otherwise nobody in their right mind would teach middle school. 414 00:25:24 --> 00:25:27 If you were inclined to hate students you'd run screaming 415 00:25:27 --> 00:25:29 from that assignment after the first week. 416 00:25:29 --> 00:25:34 But anyway, so if you think about that teacher who hated 417 00:25:34 --> 00:25:37 you, you know, odds are they didn't. 418 00:25:37 --> 00:25:39 But where does this idea come? 419 00:25:39 --> 00:25:43 You must have been in some conflict with this teacher, 420 00:25:43 --> 00:25:45 at least in your own mind. 421 00:25:45 --> 00:25:48 It is possible that you conjured up in your mind at 422 00:25:48 --> 00:25:53 some place in your mind the thought, I don't like Mrs. 423 00:25:53 --> 00:25:55 McDonald, my third grade teacher. 424 00:25:55 --> 00:25:58 425 00:25:58 --> 00:26:03 But then some other little chunk of my mind says, 426 00:26:03 --> 00:26:05 that's not a good thought for me to have. 427 00:26:05 --> 00:26:08 I'm not the kind of person who hates my teacher. 428 00:26:08 --> 00:26:12 So Mrs. McDonald hates me. 429 00:26:12 --> 00:26:15 430 00:26:15 --> 00:26:18 That's why she gives me bad marks in penmanship. 431 00:26:18 --> 00:26:23 I was so glad when penmanship went off the report card. 432 00:26:23 --> 00:26:25 Which, it was there all the way through elementary school and 433 00:26:25 --> 00:26:27 it was always the black mark on my-- because nobody could 434 00:26:27 --> 00:26:30 read what I was writing. 435 00:26:30 --> 00:26:35 But anyway, so projection, even if Freud got it wrong about the 436 00:26:35 --> 00:26:38 notion that even if he ended up systematically denying the 437 00:26:38 --> 00:26:42 possibility that his patients were actually abused, the 438 00:26:42 --> 00:26:46 notion that you could have a trick of mind that would do 439 00:26:46 --> 00:26:54 this, you know, subject object reversal that's not as unlikely 440 00:26:54 --> 00:26:58 as it might otherwise sound. 441 00:26:58 --> 00:27:01 442 00:27:01 --> 00:27:03 So he systematically didn't believe in dissociation. 443 00:27:03 --> 00:27:05 It wasn't that dissociation wasn't known. 444 00:27:05 --> 00:27:09 If we didn't know about Freud, if Freud had not existed I 445 00:27:09 --> 00:27:13 would probably be giving a sort of working historical lecture 446 00:27:13 --> 00:27:17 about Pierre Janet who was the leading-- in France he was 447 00:27:17 --> 00:27:19 a leading psychologist. 448 00:27:19 --> 00:27:22 I think, actually wrote a book with a title like Dissociation. 449 00:27:22 --> 00:27:26 Dissociation was something that 19th century psychology 450 00:27:26 --> 00:27:31 believed in and Freud killed off for awhile. 451 00:27:31 --> 00:27:36 What Freud did was to-- so if we stick with this sort of 452 00:27:36 --> 00:27:40 metaphor land, dissociation proposed that there was 453 00:27:40 --> 00:27:43 rebellion in the kingdom of the self and that 454 00:27:43 --> 00:27:45 province's seceded. 455 00:27:45 --> 00:27:50 What Freud put up in place of that was a dungeon in the 456 00:27:50 --> 00:27:54 castle of the self where stuff was being imprisioned. 457 00:27:54 --> 00:27:57 It wasn't different from you, but it was kept away 458 00:27:57 --> 00:28:01 from the conscious self. 459 00:28:01 --> 00:28:04 Now why did he come up with this idea? 460 00:28:04 --> 00:28:07 To understand that you've got to know a little bit about what 461 00:28:07 --> 00:28:11 Freud thought he was-- what Freud was out trying to cure. 462 00:28:11 --> 00:28:16 His patients, a lot of his patients came to him with 463 00:28:16 --> 00:28:19 hysterical symptoms. 464 00:28:19 --> 00:28:23 Hysteria, which we these days sort use to talk about 465 00:28:23 --> 00:28:26 hysterical-- something that's hysterical is very, very funny. 466 00:28:26 --> 00:28:30 That's a change in the meaning. 467 00:28:30 --> 00:28:37 A hysterical symptom was a physical symptoms with 468 00:28:37 --> 00:28:39 no good organic cause. 469 00:28:39 --> 00:28:43 The classic Freudian or 19th century hysterical symptom 470 00:28:43 --> 00:28:46 is something like a glove anesthesia. 471 00:28:46 --> 00:28:50 A patient who comes to you saying, Doc I can't feel 472 00:28:50 --> 00:28:52 anything in my hand. 473 00:28:52 --> 00:28:54 It's like I've got a glove on to here, let's say. 474 00:28:54 --> 00:28:57 Everything above this line is numb. 475 00:28:57 --> 00:29:03 Well, there is no lesion that will do that. 476 00:29:03 --> 00:29:06 That if you cut nerves you get very different 477 00:29:06 --> 00:29:08 patterns of numbness. 478 00:29:08 --> 00:29:12 You don't get this sort of glove anesthesia. 479 00:29:12 --> 00:29:14 So in the absence of an organic cause these are the 480 00:29:14 --> 00:29:17 things that got labeled hysterical symptoms. 481 00:29:17 --> 00:29:23 They could be other things, a cough with no good explanation. 482 00:29:23 --> 00:29:25 Even headaches with no good expiration. 483 00:29:25 --> 00:29:29 Symptoms with no good organic explanation were deemed 484 00:29:29 --> 00:29:30 to be hysterical. 485 00:29:30 --> 00:29:33 Anybody know where the word comes from? 486 00:29:33 --> 00:29:35 The root of hysterical? 487 00:29:35 --> 00:29:37 AUDIENCE: The wandering uterus. 488 00:29:37 --> 00:29:39 PROFESSOR: Oh, we know lots about this. 489 00:29:39 --> 00:29:43 Yeah, the root comes from the word for uterus. 490 00:29:43 --> 00:29:47 And it was in fact a serious discussion in the 19th century 491 00:29:47 --> 00:29:53 about whether men could be hysterics because in case you 492 00:29:53 --> 00:29:57 were sleeping that week in high school health men don't 493 00:29:57 --> 00:29:59 got uteruses right? 494 00:29:59 --> 00:30:01 Or uteri or whatever the plural might be. 495 00:30:01 --> 00:30:07 496 00:30:07 --> 00:30:09 This is a very old idea. 497 00:30:09 --> 00:30:15 The old idea going back to Egyptian writings was that the 498 00:30:15 --> 00:30:22 uterus could come loose and wander around the body and 499 00:30:22 --> 00:30:25 produce weird symptoms, which you can sort of imagine 500 00:30:25 --> 00:30:28 it would if this actually happened. 501 00:30:28 --> 00:30:32 To my knowledge it doesn't actually happen a lot. 502 00:30:32 --> 00:30:36 But there are a lot of terms in the language that we still 503 00:30:36 --> 00:30:41 maintain by the way, that echo the various ancient 504 00:30:41 --> 00:30:44 theories about psychology. 505 00:30:44 --> 00:30:47 I think I may have mentioned the doctorine of the 4 humors. 506 00:30:47 --> 00:30:51 So somebody melancholic was melancholy because he 507 00:30:51 --> 00:30:52 had too much black bile. 508 00:30:52 --> 00:30:57 You were sanguine because you had excess blood. 509 00:30:57 --> 00:31:00 If you were phlegmatic it's because you had 510 00:31:00 --> 00:31:02 too much phlegm. 511 00:31:02 --> 00:31:06 And if you were choleric it was because you had too much yellow 512 00:31:06 --> 00:31:09 bile and the balance between these-- it's rather like the 513 00:31:09 --> 00:31:13 big five in personality theory-- that the balance of 514 00:31:13 --> 00:31:17 these big four humors was mainstream European 515 00:31:17 --> 00:31:20 personality theory. 516 00:31:20 --> 00:31:25 I don't know, probably from Rome up through 16th, 517 00:31:25 --> 00:31:29 17th century or so. 518 00:31:29 --> 00:31:33 And those words, to be choleric, to be melancholy are 519 00:31:33 --> 00:31:40 still in the language and reflect this older psychology. 520 00:31:40 --> 00:31:46 So Freud was there trying to treat hysterical symptoms. 521 00:31:46 --> 00:31:50 He was by no means the first person to try to do this 522 00:31:50 --> 00:31:53 because hysteria didn't start with Freud. 523 00:31:53 --> 00:31:55 I mean, there were lots of people running around. 524 00:31:55 --> 00:31:57 It was very popular in the 19th century, these 525 00:31:57 --> 00:32:00 disorders and even before. 526 00:32:00 --> 00:32:04 527 00:32:04 --> 00:32:08 It's worth spending a little time on at least 528 00:32:08 --> 00:32:10 one earlier effort. 529 00:32:10 --> 00:32:14 Actually, we will now pause for the musical portion 530 00:32:14 --> 00:32:18 of today's lecture if the CD player wants to work. 531 00:32:18 --> 00:32:20 532 00:32:20 --> 00:32:29 And let's see-- push the button, play with the volume. 533 00:32:29 --> 00:32:30 I don't hear nothing. 534 00:32:30 --> 00:32:34 I hear very little. 535 00:32:34 --> 00:32:36 Play you silly machine. 536 00:32:36 --> 00:32:38 You don't want to play, let's try this one. 537 00:32:38 --> 00:32:41 You play. 538 00:32:41 --> 00:32:41 That worked. 539 00:32:41 --> 00:32:50 [MUSIC PLAYING] 540 00:32:50 --> 00:32:52 PROFESSOR: Here comes the doctor, ecco il medico. 541 00:32:52 --> 00:32:54 That's what you're listening for. 542 00:32:54 --> 00:32:59 [MUSIC PLAYING] 543 00:32:59 --> 00:33:00 PROFESSOR: That's the doctor. 544 00:33:00 --> 00:33:03 545 00:33:03 --> 00:33:04 Those are the girlfriends. 546 00:33:04 --> 00:33:25 [MUSIC PLAYING] 547 00:33:25 --> 00:33:29 PROFESSOR: Same girlfriends. 548 00:33:29 --> 00:33:34 This is diagnosis. 549 00:33:34 --> 00:33:37 550 00:33:37 --> 00:33:39 For those of you with fluent Italian-- 551 00:33:39 --> 00:33:45 [MUSIC PLAYING] 552 00:33:45 --> 00:33:49 PROFESSOR: I'm waiting for the important line here. 553 00:33:49 --> 00:34:12 [MUSIC PLAYING] 554 00:34:12 --> 00:34:15 PROFESSOR: All right, treatment time. 555 00:34:15 --> 00:34:19 Which in one production I saw involved a giant horseshoe 556 00:34:19 --> 00:34:22 magnet, which turns out to be important. 557 00:34:22 --> 00:34:24 And this is the critical line. 558 00:34:24 --> 00:34:37 [MUSIC PLAYING] 559 00:34:37 --> 00:34:41 PROFESSOR: She said is, I'm going to cure them with 560 00:34:41 --> 00:34:43 Mesmer's magic stone. 561 00:34:43 --> 00:34:46 562 00:34:46 --> 00:34:50 Which in a modern production might be this giant 563 00:34:50 --> 00:34:53 horseshoe magnet. 564 00:34:53 --> 00:34:54 The girlfriend's are singing. 565 00:34:54 --> 00:34:56 The boyfriend's aren't singing because they're lying on the 566 00:34:56 --> 00:34:59 ground here and that music is nee-ee-ee-ee-ee. 567 00:34:59 --> 00:35:02 568 00:35:02 --> 00:35:03 Now they're singing, oh they're twitching. 569 00:35:03 --> 00:35:06 They're writhing. 570 00:35:06 --> 00:35:09 All sorts of stuff is happening. 571 00:35:09 --> 00:35:11 And the doctor says, stand back. 572 00:35:11 --> 00:35:32 [MUSIC PLAYING] 573 00:35:32 --> 00:35:33 PROFESSOR: Well, that's good. 574 00:35:33 --> 00:35:37 That worked, as you could tell of course. 575 00:35:37 --> 00:35:38 And they're very excited. 576 00:35:38 --> 00:35:40 They're saying, this doctor is worth more than 577 00:35:40 --> 00:35:42 all the gold in Peru. 578 00:35:42 --> 00:35:48 579 00:35:48 --> 00:35:49 Oh, now where's the stop? 580 00:35:49 --> 00:35:49 Stop. 581 00:35:49 --> 00:35:51 No, stop. 582 00:35:51 --> 00:35:51 Die. 583 00:35:51 --> 00:35:54 584 00:35:54 --> 00:35:58 All right, I think I got it. 585 00:35:58 --> 00:35:59 There we go. 586 00:35:59 --> 00:36:00 That's a lovely opera. 587 00:36:00 --> 00:36:04 588 00:36:04 --> 00:36:05 AUDIENCE: What opera? 589 00:36:05 --> 00:36:08 PROFESSOR: Well, of course that's the question. 590 00:36:08 --> 00:36:10 I gave away part of the answer here. 591 00:36:10 --> 00:36:13 You know, I've played this before and I 592 00:36:13 --> 00:36:14 asked, what was that? 593 00:36:14 --> 00:36:16 And somebody says, opera. 594 00:36:16 --> 00:36:17 I know that. 595 00:36:17 --> 00:36:20 OK, so anybody know wrote it? 596 00:36:20 --> 00:36:21 Yeah? 597 00:36:21 --> 00:36:22 AUDIENCE: Mozart. 598 00:36:22 --> 00:36:23 PROFESSOR: Oh, good. 599 00:36:23 --> 00:36:25 All right, you don't turn out to be like a person one 600 00:36:25 --> 00:36:28 year who sang the role? 601 00:36:28 --> 00:36:28 AUDIENCE: No. 602 00:36:28 --> 00:36:29 PROFESSOR: OK. 603 00:36:29 --> 00:36:32 I thought that was pretty cool. 604 00:36:32 --> 00:36:36 This is definitely Mozart. 605 00:36:36 --> 00:36:40 OK, now for the $200 question, do you know which opera? 606 00:36:40 --> 00:36:42 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] 607 00:36:42 --> 00:36:42 PROFESSOR: She's good. 608 00:36:42 --> 00:36:44 Giver her a round of applause. 609 00:36:44 --> 00:36:50 610 00:36:50 --> 00:36:51 With an e, right? 611 00:36:51 --> 00:36:52 Not an i? 612 00:36:52 --> 00:36:55 613 00:36:55 --> 00:36:59 And of course, the relevant question here is, why? 614 00:36:59 --> 00:37:04 And for that I got to tell you a little bit of the plot. 615 00:37:04 --> 00:37:11 So what's going on here, we'll do this in good MIT terms. 616 00:37:11 --> 00:37:16 So we need some equations I think. 617 00:37:16 --> 00:37:20 Or at least symbolic representations of the plot. 618 00:37:20 --> 00:37:35 What we have is two guys and two women and 619 00:37:35 --> 00:37:38 the X factor here. 620 00:37:38 --> 00:37:40 So they're together. 621 00:37:40 --> 00:37:44 They're in love, they sing beautiful stuff. 622 00:37:44 --> 00:37:48 And their buddy comes along and tells the guys, 623 00:37:48 --> 00:37:51 women are all fickle. 624 00:37:51 --> 00:37:53 The cosi fan tutte means something like they're 625 00:37:53 --> 00:37:55 all like that. 626 00:37:55 --> 00:38:00 And you can't trust them and the guys sing for 627 00:38:00 --> 00:38:01 another few hours. 628 00:38:01 --> 00:38:05 No, no our girlfriends are good and true and stuff. 629 00:38:05 --> 00:38:06 So here's what we'll do. 630 00:38:06 --> 00:38:10 You guys pretend you've been called up to go to war and then 631 00:38:10 --> 00:38:16 you sneak back into town disguised as Albanian soldiers 632 00:38:16 --> 00:38:22 and we'll try the cross product or something like that, right? 633 00:38:22 --> 00:38:26 634 00:38:26 --> 00:38:27 We'll see if we can make this work. 635 00:38:27 --> 00:38:33 636 00:38:33 --> 00:38:38 And so a pile more singing ensues and the girls are 637 00:38:38 --> 00:38:40 being very faithful. 638 00:38:40 --> 00:38:43 And so the guys decide they're going to resort 639 00:38:43 --> 00:38:47 to desperate measures. 640 00:38:47 --> 00:38:49 Well, not terribly desperate, semi-desperate. 641 00:38:49 --> 00:38:53 They'll fake taking poison and because there's so 642 00:38:53 --> 00:38:53 much of [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 643 00:38:53 --> 00:38:54 take [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 644 00:38:54 --> 00:38:55 they're dead. 645 00:38:55 --> 00:38:59 And so the women are very upset by this. 646 00:38:59 --> 00:39:04 And so they need to cure these guys. 647 00:39:04 --> 00:39:09 Now there's a maid whose name is Despina, so she can be D. 648 00:39:09 --> 00:39:13 649 00:39:13 --> 00:39:15 That's who you heard singing as the doctor. 650 00:39:15 --> 00:39:17 She pretends to be a doctor. 651 00:39:17 --> 00:39:20 652 00:39:20 --> 00:39:24 It's a comic role rather than a terribly tragic-- we've 653 00:39:24 --> 00:39:25 taken poison thing. 654 00:39:25 --> 00:39:31 And what she's doing is attempting, she's claiming 655 00:39:31 --> 00:39:37 to cure them with Mesmer's magic stone, which is 656 00:39:37 --> 00:39:39 basically a magnet. 657 00:39:39 --> 00:39:44 Now you've heard the term mesmerize-- to 658 00:39:44 --> 00:39:46 mesmerize somebody. 659 00:39:46 --> 00:39:52 That actually comes from one Franz Anton Mesmer who was 660 00:39:52 --> 00:39:55 working in Vienna and then later in Paris at the 661 00:39:55 --> 00:39:56 same time as Mozart. 662 00:39:56 --> 00:40:00 In fact, he was a friend of the Mozart families. 663 00:40:00 --> 00:40:04 And this was a time of a lot of scientific advances in 664 00:40:04 --> 00:40:06 the study of magnetism. 665 00:40:06 --> 00:40:10 And Mesmer concluded that there were magnetic 666 00:40:10 --> 00:40:11 forces everywhere. 667 00:40:11 --> 00:40:17 And the planets in particular, had important magnetic forces 668 00:40:17 --> 00:40:21 and that these could be channeled if you were 669 00:40:21 --> 00:40:25 an appropriately receptive individual. 670 00:40:25 --> 00:40:27 You've heard of animal magnetism, right? 671 00:40:27 --> 00:40:30 Well animal magnetism, a term which has also lost its 672 00:40:30 --> 00:40:35 original meaning-- animal magnetism, which today is sort 673 00:40:35 --> 00:40:39 of like I'm awash in musk, or something like that. 674 00:40:39 --> 00:40:43 You know, I've got great animal magnetism or whatever. 675 00:40:43 --> 00:40:47 It originally is Mesmer's term for the notion that you could 676 00:40:47 --> 00:40:52 channel or specifically that he could channel these magnetic 677 00:40:52 --> 00:40:55 forces of the heavens and channel them for 678 00:40:55 --> 00:40:57 curative purposes. 679 00:40:57 --> 00:41:03 And he set himself up with a clinic in Vienna and then 680 00:41:03 --> 00:41:05 in Paris to do just that. 681 00:41:05 --> 00:41:08 682 00:41:08 --> 00:41:12 It sounds like it must have been quite a scene. 683 00:41:12 --> 00:41:14 If you went to Mesmer's-- Mesmer would have liked this 684 00:41:14 --> 00:41:18 room actually because he was in to purple, apparently 685 00:41:18 --> 00:41:19 from what I read. 686 00:41:19 --> 00:41:22 But in any case, you'd come into Mesmer's sort of waiting 687 00:41:22 --> 00:41:32 room and there would be a string band playing quiet music 688 00:41:32 --> 00:41:35 on magnetized instruments. 689 00:41:35 --> 00:41:40 And a tub often, in some of his establishments. 690 00:41:40 --> 00:41:45 A big tub filled with magnetized water and people 691 00:41:45 --> 00:41:50 could sit in the tub or there were sort of like metal rods 692 00:41:50 --> 00:41:56 coming out of the tub that you would poke into the part of 693 00:41:56 --> 00:42:00 your body that was afflicted. 694 00:42:00 --> 00:42:03 But this was all sort of warm up. 695 00:42:03 --> 00:42:07 The critical piece was when Mesmer himself would sweep in-- 696 00:42:07 --> 00:42:09 from all the descriptions-- like something out of Harry 697 00:42:09 --> 00:42:15 Potter in flowing purple robes with a purple hat on. 698 00:42:15 --> 00:42:20 Extremely charismatic guy to all appearances and then what 699 00:42:20 --> 00:42:25 he would do is he'd come in and lay-- in fear you'll forgive 700 00:42:25 --> 00:42:30 me-- lay hands on you and you having bought into this general 701 00:42:30 --> 00:42:37 notion and rather like this notion that you would know what 702 00:42:37 --> 00:42:40 the options are for going insane you would also know that 703 00:42:40 --> 00:42:45 your job here was to have a seizure and to lose 704 00:42:45 --> 00:42:46 consciousness. 705 00:42:46 --> 00:42:50 So you don't need to do that, it's OK. 706 00:42:50 --> 00:42:52 You'd then be carried off to another room where you would 707 00:42:52 --> 00:42:57 recover and with luck, your symptoms would be ameliorated. 708 00:42:57 --> 00:43:01 Now what Mesmer had discovered or rediscovered since the 709 00:43:01 --> 00:43:05 various forms of it over history was hypnosis. 710 00:43:05 --> 00:43:10 To mesmerize and to hypnotize have all a similar kind of 711 00:43:10 --> 00:43:18 meaning to them, particularly in the earlier literature and 712 00:43:18 --> 00:43:22 it probably didn't do much for the people who came to him with 713 00:43:22 --> 00:43:26 cancer and various other things that 18th Century science 714 00:43:26 --> 00:43:27 couldn't do anything about. 715 00:43:27 --> 00:43:30 But the people who came to him with hysterical symptoms 716 00:43:30 --> 00:43:33 apparently got some degree of relief. 717 00:43:33 --> 00:43:37 Now hypnosis fell into disfavor. 718 00:43:37 --> 00:43:43 In part because he was a bit of an act and the Paris 719 00:43:43 --> 00:43:45 scientific establishment was very dubious of him. 720 00:43:45 --> 00:43:48 They put together a panel to investigate him. 721 00:43:48 --> 00:43:50 The panel is an interesting one in its own right. 722 00:43:50 --> 00:43:54 Its members included Benjamin Franklin then 723 00:43:54 --> 00:43:58 U.S. Ambassador to Paris. 724 00:43:58 --> 00:44:05 The chemist Levousier and one Dr. Guillotine, later famous 725 00:44:05 --> 00:44:07 for a different invention. 726 00:44:07 --> 00:44:10 727 00:44:10 --> 00:44:12 But they concluded that he was a quack and 728 00:44:12 --> 00:44:15 he died in disgrace. 729 00:44:15 --> 00:44:17 And hypnosis has come in and out of fashion. 730 00:44:17 --> 00:44:20 As we talked about in the context of multiple personality 731 00:44:20 --> 00:44:26 disorder it's considered an important tool for some 732 00:44:26 --> 00:44:28 therapists today. 733 00:44:28 --> 00:44:32 In the late 19th Century it was revived, again, in Paris. 734 00:44:32 --> 00:44:37 Particularly, by a psychiatrist named Charcot. 735 00:44:37 --> 00:44:40 736 00:44:40 --> 00:44:44 Charcot was at the leading French Parisian 737 00:44:44 --> 00:44:45 mental institution. 738 00:44:45 --> 00:44:50 Had some very disturbed patients and was working to 739 00:44:50 --> 00:44:57 treat them with hypnosis by inducing symptoms in them and 740 00:44:57 --> 00:45:00 then suggesting-- well, basically putting them under 741 00:45:00 --> 00:45:03 hypnosis and telling them how to be. 742 00:45:03 --> 00:45:08 It was essentially manipulating a passive kind of a patient. 743 00:45:08 --> 00:45:10 Now Freud was in Vienna at the time. 744 00:45:10 --> 00:45:13 Came to Paris to study with Charcot because Freud 745 00:45:13 --> 00:45:15 wasn't sure what to do with his patients. 746 00:45:15 --> 00:45:18 Let me tell you about one of his patients. 747 00:45:18 --> 00:45:22 Known in the literature as Anna O. 748 00:45:22 --> 00:45:25 And she's known in the literature as Anna O. 749 00:45:25 --> 00:45:28 because when Freud wrote about her he attempted to preserve 750 00:45:28 --> 00:45:32 her privacy by giving her a pseudonym. 751 00:45:32 --> 00:45:34 Her real name is Bertha Pappenheim. 752 00:45:34 --> 00:45:38 I'm not actually violating patient confidentiality here, 753 00:45:38 --> 00:45:42 like almost every important patient Freud ever had, 754 00:45:42 --> 00:45:44 she wrote a memoir. 755 00:45:44 --> 00:45:46 You can spend your life reading the memoirs 756 00:45:46 --> 00:45:47 of Freud's patients. 757 00:45:47 --> 00:45:51 Anyway, she was Bertha Pappenheim, but known in 758 00:45:51 --> 00:45:53 the literature as Anna O. 759 00:45:53 --> 00:45:57 She was a grab bag of hysterical symptoms 760 00:45:57 --> 00:46:03 precipitated most immediately by the crisis of attending her 761 00:46:03 --> 00:46:07 father through his final illness. 762 00:46:07 --> 00:46:10 And she was actually being treated originally not by Freud 763 00:46:10 --> 00:46:15 but by Freud's colleague, Josef Breuer whose name I think 764 00:46:15 --> 00:46:17 I put on the handout. 765 00:46:17 --> 00:46:20 Yes, there we go. 766 00:46:20 --> 00:46:22 And they took to using hypnosis, but they took to 767 00:46:22 --> 00:46:24 using hypnosis in the new way. 768 00:46:24 --> 00:46:28 Rather than using it to manipulate the patient or to 769 00:46:28 --> 00:46:31 cause a seizure or something like that they used it in the 770 00:46:31 --> 00:46:35 context of what Anna herself called a talking cure. 771 00:46:35 --> 00:46:38 They talked to her. 772 00:46:38 --> 00:46:46 Under hypnosis she seemed to be able to recover memories that 773 00:46:46 --> 00:46:50 she could not reach otherwise. 774 00:46:50 --> 00:46:53 That these memories were often accompanied by violent 775 00:46:53 --> 00:46:55 emotional reactions. 776 00:46:55 --> 00:47:01 And that this emotional eruption had an effect 777 00:47:01 --> 00:47:04 of purging the symptom. 778 00:47:04 --> 00:47:10 Borrowing a term from Greek tragedy, Freud called 779 00:47:10 --> 00:47:12 this catharsis. 780 00:47:12 --> 00:47:15 Borrowing a term from the neighbors or something, Anna O. 781 00:47:15 --> 00:47:18 called this chimney sweeping. 782 00:47:18 --> 00:47:22 783 00:47:22 --> 00:47:26 The difficulty was that it seemed in her case to be 784 00:47:26 --> 00:47:27 rather temporary business. 785 00:47:27 --> 00:47:30 In fact, Freud abandoned hypnosis eventually 786 00:47:30 --> 00:47:31 because of this problem. 787 00:47:31 --> 00:47:35 That hypnosis seemed to be useful for treating symptoms, 788 00:47:35 --> 00:47:38 but somehow not getting at whatever the underlying cause 789 00:47:38 --> 00:47:46 was because she'd go away, her symptom cured and then 790 00:47:46 --> 00:47:48 something else would pop up and she'd be back for 791 00:47:48 --> 00:47:51 another round. 792 00:47:51 --> 00:47:57 Now the reason we know about Freud and not Breuer is that 793 00:47:57 --> 00:48:00 Breuer ended up running away from this and Freud ended 794 00:48:00 --> 00:48:03 up jumping into it. 795 00:48:03 --> 00:48:10 What Breuer ran away from was Anna coming back with a new 796 00:48:10 --> 00:48:15 symptom and this new symptom was a hysterical pregnancy. 797 00:48:15 --> 00:48:17 Which is to say, she thought she was pregnant. 798 00:48:17 --> 00:48:21 She was convinced she was pregnant and she was convinced 799 00:48:21 --> 00:48:24 Breuer was the father. 800 00:48:24 --> 00:48:29 Now there's no particular evidence that Breuer was 801 00:48:29 --> 00:48:33 sexually involved with her at all, but you've got to imagine 802 00:48:33 --> 00:48:41 being a psychiatrist with a practice with young women, you 803 00:48:41 --> 00:48:45 know what's it going to do to your reputation if one of these 804 00:48:45 --> 00:48:50 young women even mistakenly thinks she's pregnant? 805 00:48:50 --> 00:48:52 Doesn't matter that she's not pregnant. 806 00:48:52 --> 00:48:55 Matters that she thinks she knows how she got pregnant 807 00:48:55 --> 00:48:58 and that's just trouble. 808 00:48:58 --> 00:49:01 And he said, I can't see you anymore. 809 00:49:01 --> 00:49:05 But Freud on the other hand, I believe actually continued to 810 00:49:05 --> 00:49:09 treat her, but more to the point, what Freud became 811 00:49:09 --> 00:49:13 interested in were the more fundamental questions like 812 00:49:13 --> 00:49:19 look, if there really are these memories here somewhere that 813 00:49:19 --> 00:49:24 we're only getting to by this hypnotic technique in this 814 00:49:24 --> 00:49:29 particular case, where are those memories? 815 00:49:29 --> 00:49:33 And why do they only come out when we're doing this 816 00:49:33 --> 00:49:36 psychotherapy with her? 817 00:49:36 --> 00:49:38 Why are they hidden? 818 00:49:38 --> 00:49:42 And what's their connection with the symptoms? 819 00:49:42 --> 00:49:45 820 00:49:45 --> 00:49:47 Those were the questions that he really wanted 821 00:49:47 --> 00:49:48 to know the answer to. 822 00:49:48 --> 00:49:52 He wanted to be able to treat patients too, but this was the 823 00:49:52 --> 00:49:55 sort of underlying interesting, scientific questions that 824 00:49:55 --> 00:49:58 he wanted to get to. 825 00:49:58 --> 00:50:01 And he came to the conclusion that there was something that 826 00:50:01 --> 00:50:04 was actively interfering with these memories. 827 00:50:04 --> 00:50:10 It wasn't just like you can't remember the answer to some 828 00:50:10 --> 00:50:13 multiple choice question on the final because you're just 829 00:50:13 --> 00:50:15 having a retrieval problem. 830 00:50:15 --> 00:50:18 He thought that in these cases there was something that was 831 00:50:18 --> 00:50:25 actively fighting against you remembering anything, and he 832 00:50:25 --> 00:50:28 wanted to know what that might be. 833 00:50:28 --> 00:50:31 834 00:50:31 --> 00:50:37 The heart of his depth psychology was the idea that 835 00:50:37 --> 00:50:40 these thoughts that they were dredging up were thoughts that 836 00:50:40 --> 00:50:45 had been locked away in the Freudian unconscious. 837 00:50:45 --> 00:50:48 Different, if you like, from the cognitive unconscious 838 00:50:48 --> 00:50:49 from earlier in the term. 839 00:50:49 --> 00:50:52 These things had been deliberately locked away 840 00:50:52 --> 00:50:58 down here and kept away from consciousness. 841 00:50:58 --> 00:51:00 He didn't invent the idea of the unconscious. 842 00:51:00 --> 00:51:02 It existed as sort of a literary metaphor in 843 00:51:02 --> 00:51:06 19th century European writings, for instance. 844 00:51:06 --> 00:51:12 But he gave it a place in a theory of the mind. 845 00:51:12 --> 00:51:15 846 00:51:15 --> 00:51:24 And he had an explanation for why it was populated with these 847 00:51:24 --> 00:51:27 thoughts that were somehow hidden from the user. 848 00:51:27 --> 00:51:31 I'll tell you about that at 3 o'clock. 849 00:51:31 --> 00:51:51 850 00:51:51 --> 00:51:54 AUDIENCE: If, like you said, if most of the psychology 851 00:51:54 --> 00:51:58 functions on Freud was wrong, then why are psychologists and 852 00:51:58 --> 00:52:03 scientists still so obsessed with proving that he was wrong? 853 00:52:03 --> 00:52:09 854 00:52:09 --> 00:52:12 PROFESSOR: I think most would answer, they're not. 855 00:52:12 --> 00:52:13 That at this point it's a done deal. 856 00:52:13 --> 00:52:16 857 00:52:16 --> 00:52:20 But to the extent that they are-- no, to the extent that 858 00:52:20 --> 00:52:28 they are it's because Freud is still, you go out on the street 859 00:52:28 --> 00:52:33 and ask people, tell me the first ten things that come to 860 00:52:33 --> 00:52:35 your mind if I say psychology. 861 00:52:35 --> 00:52:37 One of them is going to be Freud and two others will be 862 00:52:37 --> 00:52:39 terms that have something to do with Freud. 863 00:52:39 --> 00:52:44 And if you think that that's all hooey it's going to drive 864 00:52:44 --> 00:52:47 you nuts and if this is your own particular area you're 865 00:52:47 --> 00:52:53 going to work to kill it off, I suppose. 866 00:52:53 --> 00:52:55 AUDIENCE: Because when I was writing my paper and I was 867 00:52:55 --> 00:53:00 reading all these books about sex and sexual orientation and 868 00:53:00 --> 00:53:03 how it comes to be developed-- like half the books were 869 00:53:03 --> 00:53:06 like well, Freud is wrong. 870 00:53:06 --> 00:53:07 PROFESSOR: That'll depend a little on how old the books 871 00:53:07 --> 00:53:12 were that you were-- but Freud was actually, if you're talking 872 00:53:12 --> 00:53:16 about sexual orientation, Freud was actually more interesting 873 00:53:16 --> 00:53:18 than his followers. 874 00:53:18 --> 00:53:25 Freud regarded homosexuality as not as a biological issue, 875 00:53:25 --> 00:53:29 but as a developmental issue. 876 00:53:29 --> 00:53:32 But did not think that it was abnormal. 877 00:53:32 --> 00:53:35 He thought it was a variance. 878 00:53:35 --> 00:53:41 There's a famous letter written to the mother of a gay man 879 00:53:41 --> 00:53:47 where he says basically, it's not the mainline path, but 880 00:53:47 --> 00:53:48 don't worry about it. 881 00:53:48 --> 00:53:52 It's just one of the ways that things work out. 882 00:53:52 --> 00:53:56 The American psychological establishment then declared it 883 00:53:56 --> 00:53:59 to be a disorder and only in the '70s declared 884 00:53:59 --> 00:54:02 that it was not. 885 00:54:02 --> 00:54:06 But Freud in that sense was-- well, assuming that we are 886 00:54:06 --> 00:54:10 right at this point, that it is biological in its roots he was 887 00:54:10 --> 00:54:16 wrong, but he would have been cool about that, I think. 888 00:54:16 --> 00:54:20 AUDIENCE: I have a question about hypnosis. 889 00:54:20 --> 00:54:22 Is it true that they can't make you do something that 890 00:54:22 --> 00:54:25 you don't want to do? 891 00:54:25 --> 00:54:27 PROFESSOR: I would lecture about that a bit, but I'd run 892 00:54:27 --> 00:54:30 out of-- my hunch is that it's not really true. 893 00:54:30 --> 00:54:36 894 00:54:36 --> 00:54:39 I think that it's a little like this Mesmer thing. 895 00:54:39 --> 00:54:41 That we have a set of things that we believe about 896 00:54:41 --> 00:54:42 what hypnosis does. 897 00:54:42 --> 00:54:45 It can make me behave like a child, it can make me behave 898 00:54:45 --> 00:54:50 like a chicken, it can't make me murder you. 899 00:54:50 --> 00:54:52 I don't know of any clear evidence, one way or 900 00:54:52 --> 00:54:56 the other on that. 901 00:54:56 --> 00:55:01 I mean, it's not complete sucession of the will in some 902 00:55:01 --> 00:55:04 sense, so there is some chunk of you saying, I'm 903 00:55:04 --> 00:55:06 not going do that. 904 00:55:06 --> 00:55:10 But could you make somebody do something modestly wrong? 905 00:55:10 --> 00:55:12 I bet you could. 906 00:55:12 --> 00:55:14 But anyway, very interesting topic. 907 00:55:14 --> 00:55:23 908 00:55:23 --> 00:55:27 Freud's understanding about what was going on or what was 909 00:55:27 --> 00:55:33 stuffed away down here in the dungeon of the unconscious 910 00:55:33 --> 00:55:36 starts with Freud's understanding of what it 911 00:55:36 --> 00:55:41 means to be a baby. 912 00:55:41 --> 00:55:44 He thought that babies came into the world 913 00:55:44 --> 00:55:46 as amoral creatures. 914 00:55:46 --> 00:55:49 915 00:55:49 --> 00:55:52 Certainly his contemporaries at the time tended to 916 00:55:52 --> 00:55:56 misunderstand this to mean that he meant that babies 917 00:55:56 --> 00:55:58 were immoral. 918 00:55:58 --> 00:55:59 That wasn't what he meant. 919 00:55:59 --> 00:56:06 What he was really doing, had he taken my version of intro 920 00:56:06 --> 00:56:12 psych he probably would have drawn one of those little 921 00:56:12 --> 00:56:16 developmental pictures that I was drawing when we were doing 922 00:56:16 --> 00:56:20 development and said, well look, here's units of 923 00:56:20 --> 00:56:22 moralness or something. 924 00:56:22 --> 00:56:25 Here's time. 925 00:56:25 --> 00:56:30 Here's the adult state and I, Freud, am asserting 926 00:56:30 --> 00:56:33 that babies-- that the starting place is here. 927 00:56:33 --> 00:56:36 And that there's some function that gets you up to the 928 00:56:36 --> 00:56:40 adult state and isn't that interesting. 929 00:56:40 --> 00:56:47 The naive, probably Victorian Era notion was probably 930 00:56:47 --> 00:56:50 something more like babies start here. 931 00:56:50 --> 00:56:55 They are pure, they have little wings and only when they grow 932 00:56:55 --> 00:57:00 up do they become sinful, nasty things like you and me. 933 00:57:00 --> 00:57:06 And so this notion of babies as amoral agents was not something 934 00:57:06 --> 00:57:10 that his contemporaries were really thrilled with. 935 00:57:10 --> 00:57:12 Freud was probably wrong about this, right? 936 00:57:12 --> 00:57:17 We've already seen that babies seem to have some rudiments of 937 00:57:17 --> 00:57:21 something like empathy, so all right, let's start them there. 938 00:57:21 --> 00:57:25 But the larger point-- that babies do not come into the 939 00:57:25 --> 00:57:32 world with anything like adult moral reasoning is an 940 00:57:32 --> 00:57:36 interesting one because you've got to imagine as Freud did, 941 00:57:36 --> 00:57:41 what's going on in the little kid's brain. 942 00:57:41 --> 00:57:43 Sorry, little kid's mind. 943 00:57:43 --> 00:57:47 So here you are, your little amoral baby, let's give that to 944 00:57:47 --> 00:57:52 Freud for the time being and I don't know, a year later 945 00:57:52 --> 00:57:54 there's a new baby. 946 00:57:54 --> 00:57:56 947 00:57:56 --> 00:57:59 New baby wants stuff. 948 00:57:59 --> 00:58:02 Wants stuff that you used to get all the time, 949 00:58:02 --> 00:58:05 like Mom, for instance. 950 00:58:05 --> 00:58:12 So you're amoral, there's a baby, what do you want to do? 951 00:58:12 --> 00:58:14 AUDIENCE: Get rid of the baby. 952 00:58:14 --> 00:58:15 PROFESSOR: Get rid of the baby. 953 00:58:15 --> 00:58:17 Well, how we going to do that? 954 00:58:17 --> 00:58:18 AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 955 00:58:18 --> 00:58:20 PROFESSOR: Eat it, that might be good. 956 00:58:20 --> 00:58:22 957 00:58:22 --> 00:58:25 We'll kill it in some fashion, the details aren't terribly 958 00:58:25 --> 00:58:27 important if you're a one year-old. 959 00:58:27 --> 00:58:29 Let's just kill it. 960 00:58:29 --> 00:58:32 The nice thing is it's not easy for you to do that so that your 961 00:58:32 --> 00:58:35 little brother grows up anyway. 962 00:58:35 --> 00:58:40 You know, there's lots of things like that in your life 963 00:58:40 --> 00:58:48 where not a late little baby brother, but like Dad. 964 00:58:48 --> 00:58:49 Dad's a problem. 965 00:58:49 --> 00:58:54 Man, he comes home and I've spent all day with Mom and 966 00:58:54 --> 00:58:57 Mom's been nice and everything and then Dad comes home 967 00:58:57 --> 00:58:59 and Mom's ignoring me. 968 00:58:59 --> 00:59:02 Let's kill Dad. 969 00:59:02 --> 00:59:05 And let's take Mom all for ourselves, stuff like that. 970 00:59:05 --> 00:59:09 971 00:59:09 --> 00:59:12 So what's driving the baby? 972 00:59:12 --> 00:59:16 Freud proposed that what's driving infants and young 973 00:59:16 --> 00:59:18 children is what he called the pleasure principle. 974 00:59:18 --> 00:59:21 Doesn't take an awful lot to decode that. 975 00:59:21 --> 00:59:23 Freud thought, baby wants pleasure, baby wants 976 00:59:23 --> 00:59:27 it now, right? 977 00:59:27 --> 00:59:31 But look, you're going to work your way up, if you end up as 978 00:59:31 --> 00:59:36 an adult in that state you are a psychologically 979 00:59:36 --> 00:59:37 deformed adult. 980 00:59:37 --> 00:59:39 An amoral adult is a real problem. 981 00:59:39 --> 00:59:42 An adult who's governed entirely by something like 982 00:59:42 --> 00:59:43 the pleasure principle is a real problem. 983 00:59:43 --> 00:59:44 It's not going to work. 984 00:59:44 --> 00:59:49 So you're working your way up there and you've got to imagine 985 00:59:49 --> 00:59:53 someday you wake up and you've moved to the next moral 986 00:59:53 --> 00:59:55 level in some fashion. 987 00:59:55 --> 00:59:59 Now how do you know who you are? 988 00:59:59 --> 01:00:02 Well, you ask yourself, what kind of a person am I? 989 01:00:02 --> 01:00:06 And you go and examine this stuff and you say, I'm a 990 01:00:06 --> 01:00:09 good, honest, loving person except for that time. 991 01:00:09 --> 01:00:11 992 01:00:11 --> 01:00:15 All right, so you wake up, you look in your head and ask, 993 01:00:15 --> 01:00:17 what kind of a person am I? 994 01:00:17 --> 01:00:22 And you go rummaging around and you say, kill little brother. 995 01:00:22 --> 01:00:24 Kill Daddy. 996 01:00:24 --> 01:00:28 Hurt Daddy, grab Mommy. 997 01:00:28 --> 01:00:31 Hurt mommy because Mommy didn't like to be gra-- wait a second. 998 01:00:31 --> 01:00:34 I don't like this. 999 01:00:34 --> 01:00:38 This is not a me that I can live with. 1000 01:00:38 --> 01:00:41 A me who is-- look, or imagine this. 1001 01:00:41 --> 01:00:46 Suppose you woke up tomorrow with your head full of 1002 01:00:46 --> 01:00:52 thoughts that said, I'm going to kill my roommate. 1003 01:00:52 --> 01:00:54 This is how I'm going to do it. 1004 01:00:54 --> 01:00:57 I've been thinking about this through. 1005 01:00:57 --> 01:01:02 If I'm describing you, by the way well, we should talk. 1006 01:01:02 --> 01:01:06 1007 01:01:06 --> 01:01:13 But you would be deeply disturbed if you had what felt 1008 01:01:13 --> 01:01:20 to you like an obsessive set of thoughts about going off and 1009 01:01:20 --> 01:01:21 doing harm to somebody. 1010 01:01:21 --> 01:01:25 Or sexual thoughts. 1011 01:01:25 --> 01:01:30 Every time your mind is completely filled with thoughts 1012 01:01:30 --> 01:01:36 about doing something with somebody and it's for some 1013 01:01:36 --> 01:01:39 reason either inappropriate, unlikely, or whatever. 1014 01:01:39 --> 01:01:42 If you got a brain full of thoughts like that, it's going 1015 01:01:42 --> 01:01:45 to be disturbing and Freud figured that that's basically 1016 01:01:45 --> 01:01:47 what happened as kids got older. 1017 01:01:47 --> 01:01:51 They found that they had a mind full of these infantile 1018 01:01:51 --> 01:01:54 thoughts that were simply unacceptable and they 1019 01:01:54 --> 01:01:56 stuffed them down here. 1020 01:01:56 --> 01:01:57 That's Freudian repression. 1021 01:01:57 --> 01:02:00 They repressed these thoughts. 1022 01:02:00 --> 01:02:03 Now that seems stupid. 1023 01:02:03 --> 01:02:04 Why do that? 1024 01:02:04 --> 01:02:07 Why don't we just get rid of them? 1025 01:02:07 --> 01:02:11 Well, you have only rather limited abilities to actually 1026 01:02:11 --> 01:02:16 deliberately forget stuff-- as you've probably discovered 1027 01:02:16 --> 01:02:18 at various emotional times in your life. 1028 01:02:18 --> 01:02:21 You know, you break up with somebody and you think, I'm 1029 01:02:21 --> 01:02:25 just going to wash that man right out of my hair or 1030 01:02:25 --> 01:02:26 something like that. 1031 01:02:26 --> 01:02:29 It turns out to not be quite that easy. 1032 01:02:29 --> 01:02:36 And there are probably good reasons for that like waking 1033 01:02:36 --> 01:02:41 up-- well, not waking -- going to class, getting back the 1034 01:02:41 --> 01:02:48 calculus test with the score on it in single digits and 1035 01:02:48 --> 01:02:52 thinking, oh man, I hate this. 1036 01:02:52 --> 01:02:56 I wish I could just forget calculus completely. 1037 01:02:56 --> 01:02:59 Oh man. 1038 01:02:59 --> 01:03:01 No, it wouldn't be good if that worked. 1039 01:03:01 --> 01:03:04 That's why your computer asks you, do you want to 1040 01:03:04 --> 01:03:07 erase your disk drive? 1041 01:03:07 --> 01:03:11 And your version of this is to simply not have that ability in 1042 01:03:11 --> 01:03:14 any very comprehensive fashion. 1043 01:03:14 --> 01:03:15 So you don't have the option of just getting 1044 01:03:15 --> 01:03:17 rid of these thoughts. 1045 01:03:17 --> 01:03:20 They're there, so you stuff them down here. 1046 01:03:20 --> 01:03:23 Now an important piece of this is that what 1047 01:03:23 --> 01:03:27 Freud is describing is his view of normal. 1048 01:03:27 --> 01:03:30 1049 01:03:30 --> 01:03:35 Again, Freudian jargon that we tend to use out on the street, 1050 01:03:35 --> 01:03:39 you say somebody-- oh, he's so repressed. 1051 01:03:39 --> 01:03:42 Sounding like that's wrong. 1052 01:03:42 --> 01:03:46 Freud thought that this sort of repression was absolutely 1053 01:03:46 --> 01:03:53 required for adult psychological human life. 1054 01:03:53 --> 01:03:56 You know, maybe not if you're a chimp or something 1055 01:03:56 --> 01:03:57 like that, or a gorilla. 1056 01:03:57 --> 01:04:00 But if you were going to be a human, you were going to need 1057 01:04:00 --> 01:04:08 to repress this stuff because-- the patients he was seeing in 1058 01:04:08 --> 01:04:11 his vew were patients where this had gone bad in some 1059 01:04:11 --> 01:04:13 fashion, where it wasn't working for them. 1060 01:04:13 --> 01:04:16 But all of us, in Freud's view are built like this. 1061 01:04:16 --> 01:04:19 And all of us have an unconscious that's filled with 1062 01:04:19 --> 01:04:23 these unacceptable thoughts and all of those unacceptable 1063 01:04:23 --> 01:04:26 thoughts, there is no capital punishment down here. 1064 01:04:26 --> 01:04:29 You may be able to forget everything that I taught you in 1065 01:04:29 --> 01:04:32 psychology, but it turns out -- according to Freud-- that 1066 01:04:32 --> 01:04:33 you're not forgetting any of this stuff. 1067 01:04:33 --> 01:04:37 It's there and it's like a collection of prisoners who are 1068 01:04:37 --> 01:04:38 trying to make a break for it. 1069 01:04:38 --> 01:04:41 They always want out. 1070 01:04:41 --> 01:04:46 So if you, the king, got this jail full of characters who 1071 01:04:46 --> 01:04:49 want to get out and trash the castle, you'd better have 1072 01:04:49 --> 01:04:53 guards and the defense mechanisms like projection that 1073 01:04:53 --> 01:05:01 I talked about before are the guards who are there to keep 1074 01:05:01 --> 01:05:09 the repressed material repressed or to channel its 1075 01:05:09 --> 01:05:13 energies in ways that are harmless to you. 1076 01:05:13 --> 01:05:21 To avoid exposing to you the stuff that would 1077 01:05:21 --> 01:05:23 be unacceptable. 1078 01:05:23 --> 01:05:26 So this stuff, the sitting here protesting, how does it 1079 01:05:26 --> 01:05:27 make a break for freedom? 1080 01:05:27 --> 01:05:31 Typically, by association with something in the outside 1081 01:05:31 --> 01:05:34 conscious kind of world. 1082 01:05:34 --> 01:05:39 So you know, you wanted to kill off your little brother and now 1083 01:05:39 --> 01:05:50 you're playing football and-- I'm making this up-- and 1084 01:05:50 --> 01:05:55 there's a little guy playing football and some chunk of all 1085 01:05:55 --> 01:05:58 of this says, association time. 1086 01:05:58 --> 01:05:59 Association time. 1087 01:05:59 --> 01:06:01 Reminds me of little brother. 1088 01:06:01 --> 01:06:01 Let's kill it. 1089 01:06:01 --> 01:06:04 Let's kill it. 1090 01:06:04 --> 01:06:07 A little bit of that channeled -- when you channel it into 1091 01:06:07 --> 01:06:11 sport it's called sublimation in Freudian terms. 1092 01:06:11 --> 01:06:13 But you know, that's OK. 1093 01:06:13 --> 01:06:15 Good, hard tackle or something. 1094 01:06:15 --> 01:06:18 If you actually then pound him into a pulp that's less good 1095 01:06:18 --> 01:06:23 and you've got mechanisms there to keep you from doing that 1096 01:06:23 --> 01:06:25 and to keep you from ever recognizing any sort of 1097 01:06:25 --> 01:06:32 association with any of these sort of infantile thoughts. 1098 01:06:32 --> 01:06:34 So I already mentioned projection as one 1099 01:06:34 --> 01:06:36 of these devices. 1100 01:06:36 --> 01:06:41 You are angry at your brother and you conclude that your 1101 01:06:41 --> 01:06:45 brother is angry at you. 1102 01:06:45 --> 01:06:46 There are a bunch of them. 1103 01:06:46 --> 01:06:47 They're talked about in the book. 1104 01:06:47 --> 01:06:51 A bunch of them are rather straightforward in the sense 1105 01:06:51 --> 01:06:55 that the term defines itself. 1106 01:06:55 --> 01:07:00 Denial, simply saying, no, I don't think that. 1107 01:07:00 --> 01:07:02 I don't hate him, not me. 1108 01:07:02 --> 01:07:06 Or that rationalization. 1109 01:07:06 --> 01:07:14 The great rationalization in my family is a canon of stories. 1110 01:07:14 --> 01:07:20 I have twin sisters and one of them reported to my mother that 1111 01:07:20 --> 01:07:23 she had pushed the other one down the stairs on 1112 01:07:23 --> 01:07:27 purpose by mistake. 1113 01:07:27 --> 01:07:30 The nice thing about little kids is sometimes-- you can 1114 01:07:30 --> 01:07:32 sort of understand where Freud was coming from if you watch 1115 01:07:32 --> 01:07:36 little kids because sometimes the mechanisms that Freud's 1116 01:07:36 --> 01:07:40 talking about are more transparently visible. 1117 01:07:40 --> 01:07:45 So there she is giving some sort of an account, a 1118 01:07:45 --> 01:07:50 rationalization of this act that she doesn't want-- not 1119 01:07:50 --> 01:07:52 that a little kid is going to say look, I really pushed my 1120 01:07:52 --> 01:07:54 sister down the stairs because I have these deep infantile, 1121 01:07:54 --> 01:07:57 hostile, intents towards her. 1122 01:07:57 --> 01:07:58 I'm really tired of having a twin sister and I was 1123 01:07:58 --> 01:08:01 trying to kill her. 1124 01:08:01 --> 01:08:04 That wouldn't be something that fortunately, my 1125 01:08:04 --> 01:08:08 sister would say. 1126 01:08:08 --> 01:08:15 Another example where you can see this in action in little 1127 01:08:15 --> 01:08:17 kids, you can sort of see where Freud was coming from, is the 1128 01:08:17 --> 01:08:21 defense mechanism that he called-- maybe it's his 1129 01:08:21 --> 01:08:22 daughter who actually named it-- but it's 1130 01:08:22 --> 01:08:24 reaction formation. 1131 01:08:24 --> 01:08:28 Reaction formation, it's easy to confuse with projection. 1132 01:08:28 --> 01:08:36 Projection is you know, I hate you is the truth and you hate 1133 01:08:36 --> 01:08:39 me is the result of the projection defense mechanism. 1134 01:08:39 --> 01:08:41 I decide that you hate me. 1135 01:08:41 --> 01:08:45 In reaction formation the flipping is a little different. 1136 01:08:45 --> 01:08:49 I hate you, but I decide I really love you. 1137 01:08:49 --> 01:08:53 You flip the emotional around to an acceptable emotion. 1138 01:08:53 --> 01:08:56 And the place to see this best-- how many of you 1139 01:08:56 --> 01:08:59 have younger siblings? 1140 01:08:59 --> 01:09:04 Can any of you remember an occasion where you were 1141 01:09:04 --> 01:09:11 told to stop hugging your little siblings so hard? 1142 01:09:11 --> 01:09:12 No, it doesn't ring any bells. 1143 01:09:12 --> 01:09:13 You see this all the time. 1144 01:09:13 --> 01:09:17 I just saw it with sisters-- three year-old and a one 1145 01:09:17 --> 01:09:23 year-old, and it's an absolute classic if you're in a 1146 01:09:23 --> 01:09:23 Freudian frame of mind. 1147 01:09:23 --> 01:09:28 An absolutely classic reaction formation-- I love you so 1148 01:09:28 --> 01:09:31 much that I'm going to hug you till you turn blue. 1149 01:09:31 --> 01:09:35 1150 01:09:35 --> 01:09:37 And you know, what's that about? 1151 01:09:37 --> 01:09:39 The kid doesn't do that. 1152 01:09:39 --> 01:09:45 The observation is that it is unusual to see a kid take their 1153 01:09:45 --> 01:09:50 teddy bear, for instance, and say, I love you so much. 1154 01:09:50 --> 01:09:51 Squish, squish, squish. 1155 01:09:51 --> 01:09:51 Uh-uh. 1156 01:09:51 --> 01:09:56 It's a characteristic behavior of older sibs to younger sibs. 1157 01:09:56 --> 01:10:00 1158 01:10:00 --> 01:10:06 So it kind of looks like Freud might've been onto something. 1159 01:10:06 --> 01:10:11 Again, all normal stuff that you've got to have. 1160 01:10:11 --> 01:10:14 It's not that reaction formation is sick, weird stuff 1161 01:10:14 --> 01:10:20 or that denial means that you are an emotional cripple 1162 01:10:20 --> 01:10:21 or something like that. 1163 01:10:21 --> 01:10:27 Freud says, the only way that you can function is by having a 1164 01:10:27 --> 01:10:31 set of mechanisms to defend yourself against this stuff. 1165 01:10:31 --> 01:10:35 And what he thought he was seeing when he was seeing 1166 01:10:35 --> 01:10:38 patients is cases where this didn't work so well. 1167 01:10:38 --> 01:10:41 1168 01:10:41 --> 01:10:45 Let's continue with my football example. 1169 01:10:45 --> 01:10:50 1170 01:10:50 --> 01:10:53 There's this guy who somehow reminded you of your little 1171 01:10:53 --> 01:10:57 brother, you've tackled him, all right already, but now 1172 01:10:57 --> 01:11:01 you're reaching for the axe that's conveniently located on 1173 01:11:01 --> 01:11:05 the sidelines or something like that and these defense 1174 01:11:05 --> 01:11:09 mechanism are sitting there working overtime saying, what 1175 01:11:09 --> 01:11:11 are you going to do here? 1176 01:11:11 --> 01:11:11 Can we make him love him? 1177 01:11:11 --> 01:11:13 No. 1178 01:11:13 --> 01:11:14 Man, we don't have enough time. 1179 01:11:14 --> 01:11:17 Let's just repress the whole thing. 1180 01:11:17 --> 01:11:18 We'll repress everything. 1181 01:11:18 --> 01:11:18 Forget it. 1182 01:11:18 --> 01:11:23 Forget all this business and forget the whole arm too. 1183 01:11:23 --> 01:11:25 We got to act fast to prevent a complete 1184 01:11:25 --> 01:11:27 disaster from happening. 1185 01:11:27 --> 01:11:31 And so you end up in Dr. Freud's office saying, 1186 01:11:31 --> 01:11:33 Doc, I can't move my arm. 1187 01:11:33 --> 01:11:36 I have no idea why. 1188 01:11:36 --> 01:11:43 And the job of therapy, what Freud decided once he abandoned 1189 01:11:43 --> 01:11:47 hypnosis was that what was therapeutic was to get that 1190 01:11:47 --> 01:11:53 hidden material out in a safe atmosphere where it's energy 1191 01:11:53 --> 01:11:57 could be dissipated and that that would be curative. 1192 01:11:57 --> 01:12:03 And his method of treatment was designed to do that. 1193 01:12:03 --> 01:12:07 The idea of lying on a couch, the great image that everybody 1194 01:12:07 --> 01:12:10 has of Freudian psychoanalysis is of a patient lying on the 1195 01:12:10 --> 01:12:14 couch with Freud behind him-- with the analyst behind him not 1196 01:12:14 --> 01:12:18 looking at him because there's something different and in a 1197 01:12:18 --> 01:12:21 sense protected about conversations where you're not 1198 01:12:21 --> 01:12:25 making eye contact with the person. 1199 01:12:25 --> 01:12:27 The closest that most of us get to this is conversations 1200 01:12:27 --> 01:12:29 had in the car. 1201 01:12:29 --> 01:12:32 I don't know if you've had this experience, but where both of 1202 01:12:32 --> 01:12:36 you are sitting in the car looking out the front window, 1203 01:12:36 --> 01:12:39 you can have conversations that you just don't have if you're 1204 01:12:39 --> 01:12:43 looking at each other over the dinner table or 1205 01:12:43 --> 01:12:45 something like that. 1206 01:12:45 --> 01:12:48 I certainly know that I've had conversations with both my 1207 01:12:48 --> 01:12:53 parents and my children of that form where it really helps. 1208 01:12:53 --> 01:12:56 One of them is the passenger, but the driver is not doing 1209 01:12:56 --> 01:13:00 this because you're going to all die. 1210 01:13:00 --> 01:13:01 It makes a real difference. 1211 01:13:01 --> 01:13:03 All right, what do you do then once you're 1212 01:13:03 --> 01:13:05 lying on that couch? 1213 01:13:05 --> 01:13:10 Well, what you don't do is lie down and say Doc, my hand is 1214 01:13:10 --> 01:13:14 paralyzed and he says, well do you hate your brother? 1215 01:13:14 --> 01:13:17 That's not the way it works. 1216 01:13:17 --> 01:13:22 The classic form of a psychoanalytic session would 1217 01:13:22 --> 01:13:27 involve you lying there and just talking, doing what Freud 1218 01:13:27 --> 01:13:31 called free association; saying whatever came into your mind. 1219 01:13:31 --> 01:13:34 1220 01:13:34 --> 01:13:40 So here's your mind and in here somewhere is this nugget 1221 01:13:40 --> 01:13:42 that we're trying to find. 1222 01:13:42 --> 01:13:45 And Freud just sets you loose. 1223 01:13:45 --> 01:13:48 1224 01:13:48 --> 01:13:52 And you're wandering around in semantic network space, if you 1225 01:13:52 --> 01:13:54 like, or something like that. 1226 01:13:54 --> 01:13:55 Oh you know, here I am. 1227 01:13:55 --> 01:14:02 I'm lecturing in intro psych and that reminds me of other 1228 01:14:02 --> 01:14:06 forms of combat and oh yeah, reminds me of playing 1229 01:14:06 --> 01:14:09 football, which I don't do. 1230 01:14:09 --> 01:14:12 Remember that time I was playing the guy and he reminded 1231 01:14:12 --> 01:14:15 me of my brother and I thought I'd kill him-- no. 1232 01:14:15 --> 01:14:16 That's not what happens. 1233 01:14:16 --> 01:14:19 It's not that you somehow get sucked into this. 1234 01:14:19 --> 01:14:22 You're wandering around and by chance at some point you bump 1235 01:14:22 --> 01:14:26 up against this, and what Freud was looking for was not some 1236 01:14:26 --> 01:14:30 flash of realization that-- oh my goodness, I just found it! 1237 01:14:30 --> 01:14:33 But you'd be going oh, [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 1238 01:14:33 --> 01:14:34 and football. 1239 01:14:34 --> 01:14:36 You know, I have a really interesting math problem I'd 1240 01:14:36 --> 01:14:40 like to tell you about. 1241 01:14:40 --> 01:14:41 Yeah, OK? 1242 01:14:41 --> 01:14:42 Tell me. 1243 01:14:42 --> 01:14:47 [UNINTELLIGIBLE PHRASE] 1244 01:14:47 --> 01:14:50 And all of a sudden you're going that way and now 1245 01:14:50 --> 01:14:53 you've reversed completely. 1246 01:14:53 --> 01:14:55 What Freud was doing was listening for places 1247 01:14:55 --> 01:14:59 where you ran into a barrier of some sort. 1248 01:14:59 --> 01:15:02 Could be a jump in the logic of the talk. 1249 01:15:02 --> 01:15:06 It could be sort of a reversal in direction, if you like. 1250 01:15:06 --> 01:15:12 It could just be a pause. 1251 01:15:12 --> 01:15:15 That all of a sudden you couldn't think of anything. 1252 01:15:15 --> 01:15:17 Why aren't you talking? 1253 01:15:17 --> 01:15:18 I got nothing to say. 1254 01:15:18 --> 01:15:22 Yeah, right. 1255 01:15:22 --> 01:15:26 Or it could be a speech error. 1256 01:15:26 --> 01:15:27 Another place where I think Freud was wrong, I don't 1257 01:15:27 --> 01:15:30 remember if he actually ever said what's attributed to him 1258 01:15:30 --> 01:15:34 in this case, but Freud certainly believed that speech 1259 01:15:34 --> 01:15:35 errors were informative. 1260 01:15:35 --> 01:15:37 He may have said that all speech errors 1261 01:15:37 --> 01:15:38 were Freudian slips. 1262 01:15:38 --> 01:15:41 I mean, he wouldn't have called them Freudian slips, but 1263 01:15:41 --> 01:15:46 were the result of a defense mechanism. 1264 01:15:46 --> 01:15:48 That's not right. 1265 01:15:48 --> 01:15:52 When your mother calls you by the name of your sibling, it's 1266 01:15:52 --> 01:15:56 probably not that she loves the sibling more than you, 1267 01:15:56 --> 01:15:58 or something like that. 1268 01:15:58 --> 01:16:03 It's probably just that they're stored nearby and in the effort 1269 01:16:03 --> 01:16:06 to get speech out you grab the wrong thing. 1270 01:16:06 --> 01:16:09 There are lots of speech errors like that, but there's no 1271 01:16:09 --> 01:16:13 denying that there are speech errors that seem 1272 01:16:13 --> 01:16:15 fraught with meaning. 1273 01:16:15 --> 01:16:22 So years ago there was a faculty minicourse here given 1274 01:16:22 --> 01:16:25 by the course 21 folks where faculty could go and 1275 01:16:25 --> 01:16:27 we could sit and read Shakespeare together. 1276 01:16:27 --> 01:16:29 Lots of fun. 1277 01:16:29 --> 01:16:33 The then head of the literature section of 21 was lecturing 1278 01:16:33 --> 01:16:34 about Measure For Measure. 1279 01:16:34 --> 01:16:36 Measure For Measure has a duke in it. 1280 01:16:36 --> 01:16:40 He wanted to talk about the evil duke and out of his 1281 01:16:40 --> 01:16:42 mouth came a sentence about the evil dean. 1282 01:16:42 --> 01:16:45 1283 01:16:45 --> 01:16:49 This was a man who everyone in the audience knew was fighting 1284 01:16:49 --> 01:16:55 tooth and nail with the then dean of humanities and you 1285 01:16:55 --> 01:16:59 listen to that and you just say Freud was on to something. 1286 01:16:59 --> 01:17:05 But at the same time, almost exactly the same era, I'm 1287 01:17:05 --> 01:17:08 walking down the street with my wife, I look off to one side, I 1288 01:17:08 --> 01:17:13 say to my wife, look at that beautiful bunch of lenses. 1289 01:17:13 --> 01:17:20 And my wife looks at me like, oh there he goes again, but 1290 01:17:20 --> 01:17:22 then looks over there and realizes that what I had seen 1291 01:17:22 --> 01:17:28 was a collection of irises, the flower. 1292 01:17:28 --> 01:17:34 If you are a vision researcher-- lenses-- 1293 01:17:34 --> 01:17:35 you got it. 1294 01:17:35 --> 01:17:40 Look it is unlikely that what that was doing was reaching 1295 01:17:40 --> 01:17:44 some deep unconscious desire of mine to poke out my 1296 01:17:44 --> 01:17:48 wife's eyes or something unacceptable like that. 1297 01:17:48 --> 01:17:51 It with just a speech error. 1298 01:17:51 --> 01:17:54 And I suspect Freud knew that at some level too, whatever 1299 01:17:54 --> 01:17:55 he may have written. 1300 01:17:55 --> 01:18:01 But what his job was as a therapist was to slowly, 1301 01:18:01 --> 01:18:05 painstakingly listen to his patient and see if 1302 01:18:05 --> 01:18:09 he could find the lump. 1303 01:18:09 --> 01:18:14 It's like those things you do at Halloween haunted houses. 1304 01:18:14 --> 01:18:16 You know, you stick your hand in some place where you 1305 01:18:16 --> 01:18:22 can't see, it's always spaghetti or something. 1306 01:18:22 --> 01:18:24 No, it's not spaghetti? 1307 01:18:24 --> 01:18:26 It really is brains? 1308 01:18:26 --> 01:18:28 Well, anyway, so you don't know what it is. 1309 01:18:28 --> 01:18:31 You're feeling around, that it's sort of like that. 1310 01:18:31 --> 01:18:34 1311 01:18:34 --> 01:18:38 Oh, and last bit, since I know the terms are on the handout. 1312 01:18:38 --> 01:18:43 Two other clues that Freud believed were useful were 1313 01:18:43 --> 01:18:45 what he called transference and countertransference. 1314 01:18:45 --> 01:18:54 In the protected environment of the analytic session, analysts 1315 01:18:54 --> 01:18:57 train themselves-- Freud trained himself to be as 1316 01:18:57 --> 01:18:59 emotionally neutral as possible. 1317 01:18:59 --> 01:19:02 1318 01:19:02 --> 01:19:05 And have the setting as neutral as possible. 1319 01:19:05 --> 01:19:08 And nevertheless he would hear from time to time, with 1320 01:19:08 --> 01:19:13 actually some regularity, accusations from his patient 1321 01:19:13 --> 01:19:18 like I'm having real trouble dealing with the hostility that 1322 01:19:18 --> 01:19:22 I'm getting from you today or something like that. 1323 01:19:22 --> 01:19:25 And he came to the conclusion that what this was was a 1324 01:19:25 --> 01:19:29 transference of emotions from the outside, from the 1325 01:19:29 --> 01:19:33 real problem onto the protected setting of 1326 01:19:33 --> 01:19:35 the analytic session. 1327 01:19:35 --> 01:19:38 1328 01:19:38 --> 01:19:41 Anna O.'s hysterical pregnancy could be seen as a sort 1329 01:19:41 --> 01:19:42 of transference here. 1330 01:19:42 --> 01:19:46 That a love or a romantic attachment that might have been 1331 01:19:46 --> 01:19:53 appropriate out there somewhere was being brought into 1332 01:19:53 --> 01:19:55 the analytic session. 1333 01:19:55 --> 01:20:00 Part of the idea of keeping yourself emotionally neutral 1334 01:20:00 --> 01:20:05 was that you might catch this feeling yourself. 1335 01:20:05 --> 01:20:08 Not hear it expressed directly by the patient, but you might 1336 01:20:08 --> 01:20:12 find yourself feeling somehow inexplicably hostile 1337 01:20:12 --> 01:20:13 to your patient. 1338 01:20:13 --> 01:20:15 That's countertransference. 1339 01:20:15 --> 01:20:19 You might think of it as a sort of a form of empathy. 1340 01:20:19 --> 01:20:22 But it's sort of an odd form of empathy where you're feeling 1341 01:20:22 --> 01:20:27 emotions that you don't think are really yours 1342 01:20:27 --> 01:20:28 as the analyst. 1343 01:20:28 --> 01:20:31 It's not that you love your patient or that you hate 1344 01:20:31 --> 01:20:34 your patient or that you are actually anxious. 1345 01:20:34 --> 01:20:37 It's that you're picking up this as though you were an 1346 01:20:37 --> 01:20:40 antenna for your patient. 1347 01:20:40 --> 01:20:44 Now of course the difficulty is, do you really think it's 1348 01:20:44 --> 01:20:46 possible to keep completely neutral about somebody 1349 01:20:46 --> 01:20:49 you're working with, maybe several times a week? 1350 01:20:49 --> 01:20:52 1351 01:20:52 --> 01:20:57 How do you know when an emotion that you're feeling is really a 1352 01:20:57 --> 01:21:00 countertransference, you the analyst, or when it's 1353 01:21:00 --> 01:21:04 really just a lapse in your own behavior? 1354 01:21:04 --> 01:21:09 These are the sorts of problems that worried analysts in their 1355 01:21:09 --> 01:21:14 practice, but the broader goal here is it's all 1356 01:21:14 --> 01:21:15 detective work. 1357 01:21:15 --> 01:21:19 You're looking for that lump so you can bring it into the open, 1358 01:21:19 --> 01:21:23 diffuse it, and release it so that it doesn't 1359 01:21:23 --> 01:21:25 trash the castle. 1360 01:21:25 --> 01:21:25