7. The Aufbau Principle; Photoelectron Spectroscopy

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Modules	Structure of the Atom
Concepts	ionic bonding: octet stability by electron transfer, properties of ionic compounds, ionic lattice energy, and ionization energies, electron filling order, quantum numbers (n, l, m, s), photoelectron spectroscopy
Keywords	Erwin Schrödinger, electron orbital, Aufbau principle, quantum numbers, wavefunction, eigenfunction, Schrödinger equation, simple harmonic oscillator, wave equation, atomic number, ionic separation, valence electrons, valence shell, average valence electron energy (AVEE), covalent bond, ionic bond, ionic compound, melting point, noble gases, valence shell occupancy, primary bond, metal, nonmetal, semimetal, metalloid
Chemical Substances	magnesium (Mg)
Applications	gas dynamics, crystals, electrometallurgy, applications of magnesium (Mg) – e.g. substitute for steel in automobiles

Before starting this session, you should be familiar with:

Prof. Sadoway discusses ionic crystals and the Born-Haber cycle (Session 8).

After completing this session, you should be able to:

Identify each term in the Schrödinger equation.
Describe the differences between covalent and ionic bonding.
Explain how ionic interactions influence ionic separations.
State the factors that contribute to the stability of ionic compounds.
Describe the general physical properties of ionic compounds.
Explain how interatomic bonding in ionic, molecular, and covalent solids influences their melting points.

Book Chapters	Topics
[A&E] 6.6, "Building Up the Periodic Table."	Electron spin: the fourth quantum number; the Pauli principle; electron configurations of the elements
[A&E] 7.3, "Energetics of Ion Formation."	Ionization energies; electron affinities; electronegativity

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In this lecture, Prof. Sadoway discusses the following topics:

n+l rule for filling orbitals. Fill in ascending n.
- 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s
Measurement of ionization energies
- Peak height tells number of electrons in shell
- Energy tells shell (n)
Average valence electron energy (AVEE)