A synthetic bismuth crystal. The bottom front edge has a length of about 3.5cm. The irridescent color is created due to interference effects in a thin oxide layer, which forms when the hot crystal is pulled out of the bismuth melt. (Image courtesy of Wikipedia user Dschwen.)
Prof. Xiao-Gang Wen
8.231
Fall 2006
Undergraduate
This course offers an introduction to the basic concepts of the quantum theory of solids.