Stochastic mutations that do not cause disease phenotype are neutral. Polymorphisms help map when species separated.

Mitochondrial DNA is solely passed along the maternal lineage and the Y chromosome is solely passed along the paternal lineage. Used for the study of genetic diversity due to lack of recombination.

Definition of "genomics." How to sequence and analyze genomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Bacteria and Archaea - compact genomes, large genetic diversity, lateral gene transfer; Eukarya - larger genomes, exons, "repeated sequences.".

Sequencing of Bac clones with rRNA genes, ecological function. Example: Proteorhodopsin.