WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.476 align:middle line:90% 00:00:02.476 --> 00:00:02.976 align:middle line:90% [SQUEAKING] 00:00:02.976 --> 00:00:04.464 align:middle line:90% [RUSTLING] 00:00:04.464 --> 00:00:05.456 align:middle line:90% [CLICKING] 00:00:05.456 --> 00:00:10.357 align:middle line:90% 00:00:10.357 --> 00:00:11.690 align:middle line:90% DAVID HSU: My name is David Hsu. 00:00:11.690 --> 00:00:14.780 align:middle line:84% This is another lecture in my series on urban energy systems 00:00:14.780 --> 00:00:17.610 align:middle line:84% and policy as part of my MIT class. 00:00:17.610 --> 00:00:20.080 align:middle line:84% I hope you're all doing well today. 00:00:20.080 --> 00:00:22.928 align:middle line:84% Today I want to talk about cities and the grid. 00:00:22.928 --> 00:00:24.470 align:middle line:84% I've been talking in this class a lot 00:00:24.470 --> 00:00:26.007 align:middle line:84% about various energy technologies. 00:00:26.007 --> 00:00:28.340 align:middle line:84% And I've said a number of times that those are basically 00:00:28.340 --> 00:00:32.000 align:middle line:84% fundamental building blocks or constituent technologies 00:00:32.000 --> 00:00:35.750 align:middle line:84% or part of your renewable toolbox towards decarbonization 00:00:35.750 --> 00:00:36.830 align:middle line:90% of the future. 00:00:36.830 --> 00:00:38.480 align:middle line:84% And over the next five classes, we're 00:00:38.480 --> 00:00:41.540 align:middle line:84% going to talk about how all these technologies fit together 00:00:41.540 --> 00:00:43.550 align:middle line:84% and why the grid is so important to pull 00:00:43.550 --> 00:00:45.540 align:middle line:90% these technologies together. 00:00:45.540 --> 00:00:48.570 align:middle line:84% What I want to do today is frame the discussion. 00:00:48.570 --> 00:00:50.840 align:middle line:84% And I want to think, just-- first-- 00:00:50.840 --> 00:00:54.870 align:middle line:84% about what we're talking about when we talk about the grid. 00:00:54.870 --> 00:00:56.900 align:middle line:84% We often refer to the grid as one of the largest 00:00:56.900 --> 00:00:59.450 align:middle line:84% machines on the planet, one of the largest machines 00:00:59.450 --> 00:01:01.730 align:middle line:84% ever built. But that's also just assuming 00:01:01.730 --> 00:01:04.790 align:middle line:84% that we understand all these wires and power plants 00:01:04.790 --> 00:01:08.550 align:middle line:84% and users and behaviors to be connected to each other. 00:01:08.550 --> 00:01:11.970 align:middle line:84% So why is the grid important to talk about? 00:01:11.970 --> 00:01:14.910 align:middle line:84% For the first 150 years or so of electric technology, 00:01:14.910 --> 00:01:18.150 align:middle line:84% electricity could not be stored easily. 00:01:18.150 --> 00:01:20.520 align:middle line:84% And I'm going to underline, yet, because we'll 00:01:20.520 --> 00:01:23.740 align:middle line:84% talk about storage in a few lectures from now. 00:01:23.740 --> 00:01:25.650 align:middle line:84% But the important thing for us in terms 00:01:25.650 --> 00:01:28.133 align:middle line:84% of talking about climate change and decarbonization 00:01:28.133 --> 00:01:29.550 align:middle line:84% is that electricity is going to be 00:01:29.550 --> 00:01:33.640 align:middle line:84% the basis of our clean energy scenarios going forward. 00:01:33.640 --> 00:01:36.220 align:middle line:84% This assessment is based largely on the technologies 00:01:36.220 --> 00:01:38.080 align:middle line:84% that we have on hand, technologies 00:01:38.080 --> 00:01:40.090 align:middle line:84% that are cost effective, but also 00:01:40.090 --> 00:01:42.010 align:middle line:84% have fundamentally different characteristics 00:01:42.010 --> 00:01:45.870 align:middle line:84% than our fossil fuel-dominated energy system. 00:01:45.870 --> 00:01:48.390 align:middle line:84% It's also important to emphasize that all the reasons why 00:01:48.390 --> 00:01:54.090 align:middle line:84% electricity was a key theme in the modernity of the 1900s 00:01:54.090 --> 00:01:57.630 align:middle line:84% or 1930s or the 20th century was that electricity 00:01:57.630 --> 00:02:01.080 align:middle line:84% is relatively clean in terms of its everyday use. 00:02:01.080 --> 00:02:05.700 align:middle line:84% It doesn't emit noise like other kinds of engines. 00:02:05.700 --> 00:02:09.210 align:middle line:84% It doesn't smoke inside homes like cooking fuels 00:02:09.210 --> 00:02:10.199 align:middle line:90% with biomass. 00:02:10.199 --> 00:02:13.470 align:middle line:84% And it's relatively safe, and I say, it is relatively safe, 00:02:13.470 --> 00:02:15.730 align:middle line:84% because, if you look at the earliest 20th century 00:02:15.730 --> 00:02:17.730 align:middle line:84% literature, you'll see quite a bit of obsession, 00:02:17.730 --> 00:02:20.880 align:middle line:84% really, with the potential of electricity to electrocute 00:02:20.880 --> 00:02:23.820 align:middle line:84% people until, of course, people learned how to use electricity 00:02:23.820 --> 00:02:28.570 align:middle line:84% and until certain devices and uses were standardized. 00:02:28.570 --> 00:02:30.402 align:middle line:84% Another important point about electricity 00:02:30.402 --> 00:02:32.860 align:middle line:84% and the reason why it will be the basis of our clean energy 00:02:32.860 --> 00:02:36.100 align:middle line:84% scenarios going forward is that all of our clean resources, 00:02:36.100 --> 00:02:38.350 align:middle line:84% like solar, wind, and electricity, 00:02:38.350 --> 00:02:41.000 align:middle line:84% are basically designed to make electricity-- 00:02:41.000 --> 00:02:42.310 align:middle line:90% solar, wind, and nuclear-- 00:02:42.310 --> 00:02:45.070 align:middle line:84% are all designed to make electricity. 00:02:45.070 --> 00:02:47.750 align:middle line:84% And of course, as I mentioned in this class before, 00:02:47.750 --> 00:02:50.117 align:middle line:84% we're going to have to take electricity and transform it 00:02:50.117 --> 00:02:51.700 align:middle line:84% into the other forms of energy that we 00:02:51.700 --> 00:02:55.930 align:middle line:84% use, like heat and industrial processes, liquid fuels 00:02:55.930 --> 00:02:58.580 align:middle line:90% for some aviation and so on. 00:02:58.580 --> 00:03:01.180 align:middle line:84% But those things will become decarbonized 00:03:01.180 --> 00:03:04.690 align:middle line:84% by being transferred or transformed from electricity 00:03:04.690 --> 00:03:07.540 align:middle line:90% from clean resources. 00:03:07.540 --> 00:03:12.780 align:middle line:84% Another challenge in the grid is matching electricity usage 00:03:12.780 --> 00:03:16.110 align:middle line:84% and supplies over space, and this is fundamentally 00:03:16.110 --> 00:03:18.130 align:middle line:90% a problem of transmission. 00:03:18.130 --> 00:03:20.400 align:middle line:84% In other words, because we can't store electricity, 00:03:20.400 --> 00:03:23.460 align:middle line:84% we have to match up, instantaneously, people who 00:03:23.460 --> 00:03:27.790 align:middle line:84% are far apart or power plants and people that are far apart. 00:03:27.790 --> 00:03:30.600 align:middle line:84% So we'll talk about grid architecture. 00:03:30.600 --> 00:03:33.690 align:middle line:84% But it's important to note-- and I always note in this class-- 00:03:33.690 --> 00:03:36.420 align:middle line:84% that the grid architecture we have today 00:03:36.420 --> 00:03:38.850 align:middle line:84% is essentially a historical artifact. 00:03:38.850 --> 00:03:40.980 align:middle line:84% I say often in class that nobody would 00:03:40.980 --> 00:03:42.930 align:middle line:84% design the grid we have today the way 00:03:42.930 --> 00:03:45.720 align:middle line:84% that it actually is designed because nobody did design it. 00:03:45.720 --> 00:03:49.402 align:middle line:84% It's been developing over the last 150 years. 00:03:49.402 --> 00:03:51.360 align:middle line:84% And so we'll talk about the history of the grid 00:03:51.360 --> 00:03:54.330 align:middle line:84% today, talking about how it developed the way it did, 00:03:54.330 --> 00:03:56.430 align:middle line:84% and then we'll start to think about how we perhaps 00:03:56.430 --> 00:04:00.390 align:middle line:84% can rationalize it or change it or make 00:04:00.390 --> 00:04:03.058 align:middle line:90% it work more effectively. 00:04:03.058 --> 00:04:04.600 align:middle line:84% And of course, we also have a problem 00:04:04.600 --> 00:04:06.000 align:middle line:90% with matching over time. 00:04:06.000 --> 00:04:08.400 align:middle line:84% Because electricity cannot easily be stored, 00:04:08.400 --> 00:04:10.080 align:middle line:84% it has to be instantaneously used, 00:04:10.080 --> 00:04:12.738 align:middle line:84% we have to match how people use their electricity when 00:04:12.738 --> 00:04:15.030 align:middle line:84% it's generated in a power plant and when people use it, 00:04:15.030 --> 00:04:18.100 align:middle line:84% literally, by turning on the switch in your house. 00:04:18.100 --> 00:04:20.700 align:middle line:84% And so this is partly a problem of storage, 00:04:20.700 --> 00:04:25.230 align:middle line:84% but we also use market prices and contracts and planning 00:04:25.230 --> 00:04:28.290 align:middle line:84% ahead and, literally, real-time management 00:04:28.290 --> 00:04:30.600 align:middle line:84% to try match the uses of electricity 00:04:30.600 --> 00:04:33.430 align:middle line:90% from supply to demand. 00:04:33.430 --> 00:04:35.460 align:middle line:84% And so there's a system demand curve 00:04:35.460 --> 00:04:37.720 align:middle line:84% that I'll show you probably in the next lecture. 00:04:37.720 --> 00:04:40.110 align:middle line:84% But it's important to reflect on the fact 00:04:40.110 --> 00:04:42.720 align:middle line:84% that the system demand curve is a set of demands 00:04:42.720 --> 00:04:44.700 align:middle line:84% that are basically created by learned behaviors 00:04:44.700 --> 00:04:45.840 align:middle line:90% and expectations. 00:04:45.840 --> 00:04:48.330 align:middle line:84% We expect electricity to be reliable. 00:04:48.330 --> 00:04:51.895 align:middle line:84% We expect electricity to be available any time we want it. 00:04:51.895 --> 00:04:54.270 align:middle line:84% That's not an expectation that's shared in many countries 00:04:54.270 --> 00:04:56.760 align:middle line:84% around the world, partly because those countries may not 00:04:56.760 --> 00:04:59.620 align:middle line:84% have the same level or development of infrastructure, 00:04:59.620 --> 00:05:01.540 align:middle line:84% but also simply we have to ask ourselves, 00:05:01.540 --> 00:05:05.310 align:middle line:84% is this a kind of demand we want to encourage in the future? 00:05:05.310 --> 00:05:07.290 align:middle line:84% Can we use storage to perhaps change 00:05:07.290 --> 00:05:11.350 align:middle line:84% what the demand for electricity is over time? 00:05:11.350 --> 00:05:13.260 align:middle line:84% And finally, matching supply and demand 00:05:13.260 --> 00:05:17.220 align:middle line:84% occur through costs and prices, essentially markets. 00:05:17.220 --> 00:05:19.710 align:middle line:84% But I want to emphasize that markets, in this case, 00:05:19.710 --> 00:05:21.540 align:middle line:84% and in all cases, I would argue-- 00:05:21.540 --> 00:05:23.780 align:middle line:84% are essentially created by politics and economics. 00:05:23.780 --> 00:05:26.280 align:middle line:84% And so we want to look at some of the political and economic 00:05:26.280 --> 00:05:29.483 align:middle line:84% factors that have gone into creating markets that we have. 00:05:29.483 --> 00:05:30.900 align:middle line:84% The markets that we have were only 00:05:30.900 --> 00:05:33.000 align:middle line:90% created about 25 years ago. 00:05:33.000 --> 00:05:35.100 align:middle line:90% They've evolved in various ways. 00:05:35.100 --> 00:05:39.700 align:middle line:84% But we realize these are highly constructive markets. 00:05:39.700 --> 00:05:42.280 align:middle line:84% But finally, if we understand all these aspects, 00:05:42.280 --> 00:05:45.730 align:middle line:84% then we can think about how to try new things in the grid. 00:05:45.730 --> 00:05:48.040 align:middle line:84% Some of those options or changes in the grid 00:05:48.040 --> 00:05:50.920 align:middle line:84% could be technological, but some might be changes 00:05:50.920 --> 00:05:52.210 align:middle line:90% in how we regulate the grid. 00:05:52.210 --> 00:05:54.850 align:middle line:84% Some might be changes in consumer expectations. 00:05:54.850 --> 00:05:56.890 align:middle line:84% And some might be simply how we think 00:05:56.890 --> 00:05:59.000 align:middle line:90% about how the grid should work. 00:05:59.000 --> 00:06:02.140 align:middle line:84% So things like demand response-- a demand response 00:06:02.140 --> 00:06:04.120 align:middle line:84% is the idea of-- instead of always trying 00:06:04.120 --> 00:06:05.980 align:middle line:84% to shape our supply of electricity 00:06:05.980 --> 00:06:09.310 align:middle line:84% going into the grid, we shape how much demand people expect. 00:06:09.310 --> 00:06:11.350 align:middle line:84% And that's by sending them signals in things 00:06:11.350 --> 00:06:14.260 align:middle line:84% like our cell phones or sending notifications. 00:06:14.260 --> 00:06:16.240 align:middle line:84% It could be an automatic communicating 00:06:16.240 --> 00:06:18.670 align:middle line:84% device in your house that simply reduces 00:06:18.670 --> 00:06:22.870 align:middle line:84% the demand at some critical times 00:06:22.870 --> 00:06:25.750 align:middle line:84% to reduce load on the grid, such as a washing machine 00:06:25.750 --> 00:06:28.960 align:middle line:84% or a dryer that knows not to turn on now during the peak 00:06:28.960 --> 00:06:31.930 align:middle line:84% but maybe turn on at night, when electricity is both cheaper 00:06:31.930 --> 00:06:33.760 align:middle line:90% and more plentiful. 00:06:33.760 --> 00:06:35.890 align:middle line:84% It could be technologies like storage-- 00:06:35.890 --> 00:06:37.840 align:middle line:84% storage that could occur in your house, 00:06:37.840 --> 00:06:40.960 align:middle line:84% could occur in your electric vehicle, or emergency 00:06:40.960 --> 00:06:41.860 align:middle line:90% situations. 00:06:41.860 --> 00:06:45.620 align:middle line:84% It could occur at points on the grid. 00:06:45.620 --> 00:06:49.640 align:middle line:84% And finally, I want to emphasize that behavior and social change 00:06:49.640 --> 00:06:52.880 align:middle line:84% is another avenue for us to change the grid. 00:06:52.880 --> 00:06:54.770 align:middle line:84% If we always want to build a grid 00:06:54.770 --> 00:06:58.040 align:middle line:84% to meet every expectation and every need that we have, 00:06:58.040 --> 00:07:00.050 align:middle line:84% we will always be in the process of trying 00:07:00.050 --> 00:07:03.050 align:middle line:84% to build a grid with abundant electricity. 00:07:03.050 --> 00:07:06.282 align:middle line:84% That would be great, but I'll show you a lot of pictures 00:07:06.282 --> 00:07:08.240 align:middle line:84% and tell you about a lot of places in the world 00:07:08.240 --> 00:07:10.250 align:middle line:84% where this is not the current expectation. 00:07:10.250 --> 00:07:11.990 align:middle line:90% And we have to realize-- 00:07:11.990 --> 00:07:15.470 align:middle line:84% the grid we have is constructed from our behaviors 00:07:15.470 --> 00:07:18.390 align:middle line:90% and social expectations. 00:07:18.390 --> 00:07:22.610 align:middle line:84% So just to show you a somewhat simple, perhaps dorky diagram, 00:07:22.610 --> 00:07:24.845 align:middle line:84% I like to show this diagram because I actually 00:07:24.845 --> 00:07:26.720 align:middle line:84% drew this in my last year of graduate school, 00:07:26.720 --> 00:07:28.590 align:middle line:90% about 13 years ago. 00:07:28.590 --> 00:07:30.530 align:middle line:84% And this is a really simple diagram just 00:07:30.530 --> 00:07:33.440 align:middle line:84% to show how we think about the grid. 00:07:33.440 --> 00:07:35.810 align:middle line:84% There's a generation-- a generating power 00:07:35.810 --> 00:07:38.810 align:middle line:84% plant that looks kind of like a LEGO piece in my diagram. 00:07:38.810 --> 00:07:42.840 align:middle line:84% And it goes through a transmission or a transformer 00:07:42.840 --> 00:07:43.340 align:middle line:90% yard. 00:07:43.340 --> 00:07:46.130 align:middle line:84% It goes through high-voltage transmission lines. 00:07:46.130 --> 00:07:48.350 align:middle line:84% It gets stepped down to lower voltages 00:07:48.350 --> 00:07:50.180 align:middle line:90% for local distribution. 00:07:50.180 --> 00:07:55.088 align:middle line:84% It goes through a meter and goes into your house. 00:07:55.088 --> 00:07:56.630 align:middle line:84% If you think about this diagram, this 00:07:56.630 --> 00:08:00.890 align:middle line:84% is basically one chain of how it gets to where you are almost 00:08:00.890 --> 00:08:01.900 align:middle line:90% all the time. 00:08:01.900 --> 00:08:03.650 align:middle line:84% But what you realize-- it's also something 00:08:03.650 --> 00:08:05.960 align:middle line:84% of a hierarchical or radial diagram. 00:08:05.960 --> 00:08:09.050 align:middle line:84% This generating power plant serves probably 50,000 people, 00:08:09.050 --> 00:08:11.340 align:middle line:90% maybe 100,000 people. 00:08:11.340 --> 00:08:15.020 align:middle line:84% So these lines branch out like a dendritic network, 00:08:15.020 --> 00:08:18.050 align:middle line:84% and so there's much larger lines that carry 00:08:18.050 --> 00:08:19.970 align:middle line:90% much more voltage and current. 00:08:19.970 --> 00:08:24.050 align:middle line:84% But these step down until every single line into our house 00:08:24.050 --> 00:08:25.340 align:middle line:90% is a much smaller line. 00:08:25.340 --> 00:08:28.430 align:middle line:84% And so you think of 50,000 houses surrounding 00:08:28.430 --> 00:08:32.105 align:middle line:84% this generating or coal-fired power plant, let's say. 00:08:32.105 --> 00:08:33.770 align:middle line:84% And I want to show you some pictures 00:08:33.770 --> 00:08:35.270 align:middle line:84% of just what the pieces of this look 00:08:35.270 --> 00:08:38.360 align:middle line:84% like because you've probably seen all these pieces before. 00:08:38.360 --> 00:08:42.130 align:middle line:84% You may never have stopped to look at them before. 00:08:42.130 --> 00:08:45.070 align:middle line:84% To talk about the historical development of the grid-- 00:08:45.070 --> 00:08:47.740 align:middle line:84% this is actually a picture of what's 00:08:47.740 --> 00:08:49.300 align:middle line:84% called the first city in the world 00:08:49.300 --> 00:08:53.170 align:middle line:84% to start selling incandescent light control station. 00:08:53.170 --> 00:08:56.332 align:middle line:84% This is a hydroelectric power plant in Appleton, Wisconsin. 00:08:56.332 --> 00:08:57.790 align:middle line:84% The reason why we look at it as one 00:08:57.790 --> 00:09:00.790 align:middle line:84% of the first pieces of the grid is that the central generating 00:09:00.790 --> 00:09:02.950 align:middle line:84% station from a hydroelectric power plant 00:09:02.950 --> 00:09:06.310 align:middle line:84% actually brought the power from a river to about 20 miles away, 00:09:06.310 --> 00:09:07.600 align:middle line:90% I think, to Appleton. 00:09:07.600 --> 00:09:10.210 align:middle line:84% So a lot of books referred to this 00:09:10.210 --> 00:09:13.720 align:middle line:84% as one of the first electricity-generating plants. 00:09:13.720 --> 00:09:17.350 align:middle line:84% The more famous one is Edison Pearl Street Station. 00:09:17.350 --> 00:09:21.880 align:middle line:84% Thomas Edison built this dynamo plant, powered by coal. 00:09:21.880 --> 00:09:24.850 align:middle line:84% And a steam engine in lower Manhattan 00:09:24.850 --> 00:09:29.380 align:middle line:84% is used initially to power restaurants and department 00:09:29.380 --> 00:09:29.890 align:middle line:90% stores-- 00:09:29.890 --> 00:09:33.730 align:middle line:84% not homes, except, notably, the home of James Pierpont Morgan, 00:09:33.730 --> 00:09:36.220 align:middle line:84% also known as JP Morgan-- probably the richest man 00:09:36.220 --> 00:09:38.500 align:middle line:84% in the world at the time of this building. 00:09:38.500 --> 00:09:41.530 align:middle line:84% JP Morgan was actually quite interested in electricity 00:09:41.530 --> 00:09:43.610 align:middle line:90% as a technology. 00:09:43.610 --> 00:09:46.870 align:middle line:84% So he insisted on it being put in his house first. 00:09:46.870 --> 00:09:49.630 align:middle line:84% Apparently, this dynamo was very unstable 00:09:49.630 --> 00:09:52.900 align:middle line:84% or regularly gave fluctuations in power 00:09:52.900 --> 00:09:54.910 align:middle line:84% that resulted in small fires breaking out 00:09:54.910 --> 00:09:57.730 align:middle line:84% in JP Morgan's home, that apparently singed the carpets 00:09:57.730 --> 00:09:58.750 align:middle line:90% and drapes. 00:09:58.750 --> 00:10:01.310 align:middle line:84% Apparently, JP Morgan took it all in stride, 00:10:01.310 --> 00:10:04.180 align:middle line:84% because he was a major investor in Thomas Edison's General 00:10:04.180 --> 00:10:05.200 align:middle line:90% Electric. 00:10:05.200 --> 00:10:07.030 align:middle line:84% So this is a picture of the Pearl Street 00:10:07.030 --> 00:10:09.220 align:middle line:90% Station in lower Manhattan. 00:10:09.220 --> 00:10:13.030 align:middle line:84% You can still go to Pearl Street today, a historic district. 00:10:13.030 --> 00:10:18.490 align:middle line:84% But this is where the first dynamo grid was built. 00:10:18.490 --> 00:10:23.440 align:middle line:84% It's popularized in history and movies. 00:10:23.440 --> 00:10:25.540 align:middle line:84% This is a picture of a larger dynamo. 00:10:25.540 --> 00:10:29.380 align:middle line:84% And this is a dynamo built for Chicago Edison in Chicago. 00:10:29.380 --> 00:10:31.150 align:middle line:90% It's a great story, actually. 00:10:31.150 --> 00:10:35.050 align:middle line:84% Samuel Insull was the secretary to Thomas Edison. 00:10:35.050 --> 00:10:38.320 align:middle line:84% He was apparently a very slight Scottish immigrant who 00:10:38.320 --> 00:10:40.900 align:middle line:90% worked incessantly or nonstop. 00:10:40.900 --> 00:10:42.260 align:middle line:90% He worked seven days a week. 00:10:42.260 --> 00:10:44.470 align:middle line:84% People say he worked almost 24 hours a day. 00:10:44.470 --> 00:10:47.890 align:middle line:84% And he left the employ of Thomas Edison 00:10:47.890 --> 00:10:51.418 align:middle line:84% to go start his own company, called Chicago Edison. 00:10:51.418 --> 00:10:52.960 align:middle line:84% It's called Chicago Edison because it 00:10:52.960 --> 00:10:55.630 align:middle line:84% was part of the Edison system or the Edison 00:10:55.630 --> 00:10:57.700 align:middle line:84% system of patenting and licensing 00:10:57.700 --> 00:10:59.050 align:middle line:90% of these technologies. 00:10:59.050 --> 00:11:01.090 align:middle line:84% But Samuel Insull made a number of developments, 00:11:01.090 --> 00:11:04.570 align:middle line:84% which we'll talk about in a number of future classes, which 00:11:04.570 --> 00:11:07.240 align:middle line:84% are basically the assumptions we have around the grid. 00:11:07.240 --> 00:11:10.180 align:middle line:84% He realized that if he built larger and larger central power 00:11:10.180 --> 00:11:12.340 align:middle line:84% plants, that he could use the power-- 00:11:12.340 --> 00:11:14.320 align:middle line:84% or rather, he'd make the power cheaper 00:11:14.320 --> 00:11:16.880 align:middle line:84% but also use the power for multiple things. 00:11:16.880 --> 00:11:19.480 align:middle line:84% This is another reason why electricity is so important. 00:11:19.480 --> 00:11:22.570 align:middle line:84% It's considered a general purpose technology. 00:11:22.570 --> 00:11:25.630 align:middle line:84% Electricity can be used for lots of things-- lighting, cooking, 00:11:25.630 --> 00:11:29.450 align:middle line:84% our computers, now heating, cooling, and electric vehicles. 00:11:29.450 --> 00:11:31.850 align:middle line:84% It's a general purpose technology. 00:11:31.850 --> 00:11:35.950 align:middle line:84% And so this is-- you can see how quickly the electric technology 00:11:35.950 --> 00:11:36.820 align:middle line:90% develops. 00:11:36.820 --> 00:11:40.870 align:middle line:84% The dynamo, I think, in Thomas Edison's Pearl Street Station 00:11:40.870 --> 00:11:42.520 align:middle line:90% looks like this. 00:11:42.520 --> 00:11:44.600 align:middle line:84% I think, within a decade or two, dynamo 00:11:44.600 --> 00:11:45.850 align:middle line:90% would start to look like this. 00:11:45.850 --> 00:11:50.080 align:middle line:84% Apparently, it was so big that it shook the building. 00:11:50.080 --> 00:11:53.080 align:middle line:84% Samuel Insull encouraged Westinghouse, I think, 00:11:53.080 --> 00:11:57.160 align:middle line:84% to keep on building larger and larger dynamos to supply 00:11:57.160 --> 00:12:00.110 align:middle line:90% his growing utility in Chicago. 00:12:00.110 --> 00:12:04.670 align:middle line:84% About 10 or 20 years later, by 1929, Samuel Insull actually 00:12:04.670 --> 00:12:07.790 align:middle line:84% is supplying more electricity through his companies 00:12:07.790 --> 00:12:10.003 align:middle line:84% than most of Europe is supplying its customers. 00:12:10.003 --> 00:12:12.170 align:middle line:84% This is another reason why we talk about electricity 00:12:12.170 --> 00:12:13.410 align:middle line:90% so much in the United States. 00:12:13.410 --> 00:12:14.840 align:middle line:90% It was the grid. 00:12:14.840 --> 00:12:17.118 align:middle line:84% Utilities were essentially invented here, 00:12:17.118 --> 00:12:18.410 align:middle line:90% and we're rather proud of that. 00:12:18.410 --> 00:12:21.650 align:middle line:84% But also, this is the first fairly democratization 00:12:21.650 --> 00:12:22.820 align:middle line:90% of this technology. 00:12:22.820 --> 00:12:25.160 align:middle line:84% This is when electricity becomes cheap enough 00:12:25.160 --> 00:12:27.020 align:middle line:84% to use for many different things and starts 00:12:27.020 --> 00:12:29.960 align:middle line:84% to penetrate different uses beyond restaurants 00:12:29.960 --> 00:12:32.690 align:middle line:84% and department stores, first, factories, 00:12:32.690 --> 00:12:35.850 align:middle line:84% but also, increasingly, homes in cities. 00:12:35.850 --> 00:12:39.270 align:middle line:84% If you want to see a dramatization of this story, 00:12:39.270 --> 00:12:41.520 align:middle line:84% this movie came out about three or four years ago. 00:12:41.520 --> 00:12:43.200 align:middle line:90% It's called The Current War. 00:12:43.200 --> 00:12:46.140 align:middle line:84% You can see that it features many famous actors 00:12:46.140 --> 00:12:49.890 align:middle line:84% like Benedict Cumberbatch, Michael Shannon. 00:12:49.890 --> 00:12:53.430 align:middle line:84% Tom Holland is here, now the current Spider-Man, 00:12:53.430 --> 00:12:54.450 align:middle line:90% as well as-- 00:12:54.450 --> 00:12:56.610 align:middle line:84% I think this is Nicholas Hoult. He 00:12:56.610 --> 00:13:00.240 align:middle line:84% plays Nikolai Tesla, the original Tesla namesake-- 00:13:00.240 --> 00:13:02.880 align:middle line:84% the electric vehicle company is named after today. 00:13:02.880 --> 00:13:07.710 align:middle line:84% The Current War dramatizes this early kind of battle 00:13:07.710 --> 00:13:09.840 align:middle line:84% over the future of the electric grid. 00:13:09.840 --> 00:13:12.210 align:middle line:90% That's why it's The Current War. 00:13:12.210 --> 00:13:18.440 align:middle line:84% The metascore on Metacritic is 55, so your mileage may vary. 00:13:18.440 --> 00:13:20.850 align:middle line:84% I've been trying to see this movie for a number of years. 00:13:20.850 --> 00:13:24.640 align:middle line:84% Maybe this, year I'll finally get around to seeing it. 00:13:24.640 --> 00:13:26.630 align:middle line:84% Another reason why electricity is so important, 00:13:26.630 --> 00:13:30.790 align:middle line:84% though, is that shortly after Insull's empire implodes 00:13:30.790 --> 00:13:33.640 align:middle line:84% with the stock market crash in 1929, 00:13:33.640 --> 00:13:37.180 align:middle line:84% partly because Samuel Insull's ousted by JP Morgan-- 00:13:37.180 --> 00:13:39.760 align:middle line:90% it's a good series of stories. 00:13:39.760 --> 00:13:43.420 align:middle line:84% In 1932-- I want to note that FDR is probably 00:13:43.420 --> 00:13:45.700 align:middle line:84% one of the last presidential candidates 00:13:45.700 --> 00:13:49.450 align:middle line:84% to talk quite often, on the campaign trail, 00:13:49.450 --> 00:13:50.830 align:middle line:90% about electricity. 00:13:50.830 --> 00:13:54.100 align:middle line:84% He campaigns against large utility companies 00:13:54.100 --> 00:13:56.440 align:middle line:90% that he considers to have-- 00:13:56.440 --> 00:13:58.900 align:middle line:84% considers to be large corporations abusing 00:13:58.900 --> 00:14:01.370 align:middle line:90% American consumers and citizens. 00:14:01.370 --> 00:14:04.960 align:middle line:84% And so in the 1932 speech on the campaign trail against Herbert 00:14:04.960 --> 00:14:07.460 align:middle line:84% Hoover, he actually says in Portland, Oregon-- 00:14:07.460 --> 00:14:09.550 align:middle line:84% he says, "Let us consider for a moment 00:14:09.550 --> 00:14:12.070 align:middle line:84% the vast importance of the American utilities 00:14:12.070 --> 00:14:13.600 align:middle line:90% in our economic life. 00:14:13.600 --> 00:14:17.080 align:middle line:84% The utility industry in 1931 went to over $4 billion 00:14:17.080 --> 00:14:20.890 align:middle line:84% in one year from the users of electricity, gas telephone, 00:14:20.890 --> 00:14:22.150 align:middle line:90% and telegraph. 00:14:22.150 --> 00:14:26.020 align:middle line:84% That means an average of $133 from each and every family 00:14:26.020 --> 00:14:27.400 align:middle line:90% in the United States." 00:14:27.400 --> 00:14:30.700 align:middle line:84% There's just a few things worth noting about this. 00:14:30.700 --> 00:14:34.780 align:middle line:84% $4 billion in one year may not sound like very much to us 00:14:34.780 --> 00:14:38.290 align:middle line:90% now-- about 90, 91 years later. 00:14:38.290 --> 00:14:41.290 align:middle line:84% But $133 from each and every family United States 00:14:41.290 --> 00:14:43.330 align:middle line:84% doesn't sound like a small amount of money, 00:14:43.330 --> 00:14:45.220 align:middle line:84% necessarily, for most households. 00:14:45.220 --> 00:14:49.018 align:middle line:84% And in fact, we should realize that $133 from each 00:14:49.018 --> 00:14:50.560 align:middle line:84% and every family in the United States 00:14:50.560 --> 00:14:53.440 align:middle line:84% is based on a vastly lower number, or vastly 00:14:53.440 --> 00:14:55.960 align:middle line:84% smaller number of households using electricity 00:14:55.960 --> 00:14:57.220 align:middle line:90% than we currently have. 00:14:57.220 --> 00:15:01.090 align:middle line:84% That's why it only adds up to $4 billion in one year. 00:15:01.090 --> 00:15:04.330 align:middle line:84% So we know we spend much more on electricity and other utilities 00:15:04.330 --> 00:15:06.588 align:middle line:90% like gas right now. 00:15:06.588 --> 00:15:08.380 align:middle line:84% But we should also realize that prices have 00:15:08.380 --> 00:15:10.610 align:middle line:90% become much cheaper over time. 00:15:10.610 --> 00:15:13.270 align:middle line:84% Energy and electricity have become much more plentiful. 00:15:13.270 --> 00:15:15.327 align:middle line:84% But it still adds up to a lot of money, 00:15:15.327 --> 00:15:17.410 align:middle line:84% and this is why I've emphasized, a number of times 00:15:17.410 --> 00:15:19.390 align:middle line:84% in the past in our discussions, that we're 00:15:19.390 --> 00:15:22.270 align:middle line:84% going to focus on utilities, where utilities are 00:15:22.270 --> 00:15:24.820 align:middle line:84% the kind of institutions and mechanisms 00:15:24.820 --> 00:15:27.400 align:middle line:84% by which we provide electricity or we charge people 00:15:27.400 --> 00:15:30.250 align:middle line:84% for electricity or we sell electricity 00:15:30.250 --> 00:15:33.100 align:middle line:84% but that this utility industry is still present. 00:15:33.100 --> 00:15:37.750 align:middle line:84% It was very important to FDR in 1931 and 1932, 00:15:37.750 --> 00:15:41.260 align:middle line:84% but also still important to us today. 00:15:41.260 --> 00:15:43.650 align:middle line:84% So just to show you a few pieces of what the electricity 00:15:43.650 --> 00:15:46.200 align:middle line:84% system looks like, in terms of physical pieces. 00:15:46.200 --> 00:15:49.920 align:middle line:84% These are high-voltage transmission lines. 00:15:49.920 --> 00:15:53.040 align:middle line:84% There's many different kinds of structures or transmission 00:15:53.040 --> 00:15:56.940 align:middle line:84% lines engineered differently, depending on the wind or snow 00:15:56.940 --> 00:15:59.850 align:middle line:84% loads that may occur, the weight of the cables 00:15:59.850 --> 00:16:03.080 align:middle line:90% and how far they have to span. 00:16:03.080 --> 00:16:04.550 align:middle line:90% This is a transformer yard. 00:16:04.550 --> 00:16:07.040 align:middle line:84% You've probably seen these in city neighborhoods 00:16:07.040 --> 00:16:09.660 align:middle line:84% and never looked very carefully at them. 00:16:09.660 --> 00:16:11.210 align:middle line:90% This is one in Australia. 00:16:11.210 --> 00:16:13.290 align:middle line:84% But typically, in a transformer yard, 00:16:13.290 --> 00:16:15.140 align:middle line:84% you have a high-voltage transmission line 00:16:15.140 --> 00:16:16.670 align:middle line:90% coming into the city. 00:16:16.670 --> 00:16:20.840 align:middle line:84% These are transformers that step it down to a lower voltage. 00:16:20.840 --> 00:16:24.200 align:middle line:84% And then your utility company distributes it locally. 00:16:24.200 --> 00:16:26.360 align:middle line:84% Quite often-- I like this picture 00:16:26.360 --> 00:16:28.430 align:middle line:84% as a representative picture because it also 00:16:28.430 --> 00:16:31.700 align:middle line:84% shows pictures taken through a chain-linked fence. 00:16:31.700 --> 00:16:34.640 align:middle line:84% Transformer yards are places that 00:16:34.640 --> 00:16:36.950 align:middle line:84% are quite often distributed through cities 00:16:36.950 --> 00:16:38.510 align:middle line:90% and within neighborhoods. 00:16:38.510 --> 00:16:42.400 align:middle line:84% They're close to where utilities distribute electricity 00:16:42.400 --> 00:16:44.090 align:middle line:84% and where people consume electricity, 00:16:44.090 --> 00:16:46.730 align:middle line:84% but there are also security vulnerabilities. 00:16:46.730 --> 00:16:48.980 align:middle line:84% A number of years ago, there was actually 00:16:48.980 --> 00:16:52.190 align:middle line:84% an incident in California, which has never been quite 00:16:52.190 --> 00:16:53.810 align:middle line:90% adequately explained. 00:16:53.810 --> 00:16:58.400 align:middle line:84% Somebody actually deliberately took a rifle and shot-- 00:16:58.400 --> 00:17:01.950 align:middle line:84% shot bullets into one of these oil tanks to see-- 00:17:01.950 --> 00:17:05.150 align:middle line:84% and people think that it was basically a test of the ability 00:17:05.150 --> 00:17:06.890 align:middle line:90% to take down the electric grid. 00:17:06.890 --> 00:17:10.430 align:middle line:84% Whether or not this was another state actor 00:17:10.430 --> 00:17:13.880 align:middle line:84% or if it was a terrorist group, nobody knows, 00:17:13.880 --> 00:17:16.040 align:middle line:84% but it's been investigated quite heavily, 00:17:16.040 --> 00:17:18.290 align:middle line:84% and it's considered a major vulnerability 00:17:18.290 --> 00:17:20.790 align:middle line:90% in the electric grid. 00:17:20.790 --> 00:17:22.540 align:middle line:84% This is just to show you a picture of what 00:17:22.540 --> 00:17:24.040 align:middle line:90% local distribution looks like. 00:17:24.040 --> 00:17:25.810 align:middle line:84% This should be pretty familiar to you 00:17:25.810 --> 00:17:28.870 align:middle line:84% from wherever you grew up if you grew up United States. 00:17:28.870 --> 00:17:32.390 align:middle line:90% This is a pole and a wire. 00:17:32.390 --> 00:17:35.350 align:middle line:84% This is the distribution line coming in 00:17:35.350 --> 00:17:39.970 align:middle line:84% from the utility-- from that transformer yard or substation 00:17:39.970 --> 00:17:41.075 align:middle line:90% that I told you about. 00:17:41.075 --> 00:17:43.450 align:middle line:84% And these are all the various lines going off the houses. 00:17:43.450 --> 00:17:46.540 align:middle line:84% You can see that these lines go to all these houses. 00:17:46.540 --> 00:17:49.470 align:middle line:84% But it's also worth noting what the vulnerability of this is. 00:17:49.470 --> 00:17:53.860 align:middle line:84% These are poles and wires, above ground, in most American cities 00:17:53.860 --> 00:17:57.130 align:middle line:84% because it's very expensive to put wires in the ground. 00:17:57.130 --> 00:17:59.590 align:middle line:84% And second, American cities tend to be more spread out 00:17:59.590 --> 00:18:01.160 align:middle line:90% than in other countries. 00:18:01.160 --> 00:18:03.855 align:middle line:84% For example, if you go to European cities or a dense 00:18:03.855 --> 00:18:05.980 align:middle line:84% American city-- let's say, the center of the city-- 00:18:05.980 --> 00:18:08.110 align:middle line:84% you often will not see poles and wires 00:18:08.110 --> 00:18:10.438 align:middle line:84% because those will be underground already. 00:18:10.438 --> 00:18:11.980 align:middle line:84% But there are certain vulnerabilities 00:18:11.980 --> 00:18:14.240 align:middle line:84% to having above-ground poles and wires. 00:18:14.240 --> 00:18:17.290 align:middle line:84% For example, you can see the wires go down my street, 00:18:17.290 --> 00:18:18.603 align:middle line:90% through this tree. 00:18:18.603 --> 00:18:20.020 align:middle line:84% I've seen the utility out a number 00:18:20.020 --> 00:18:21.970 align:middle line:90% of times trimming this tree. 00:18:21.970 --> 00:18:24.460 align:middle line:84% If we have a Nor'easter-- a Nor'easter 00:18:24.460 --> 00:18:28.270 align:middle line:84% storm in New England, then when the leaves are still 00:18:28.270 --> 00:18:31.420 align:middle line:84% on the tree, you get heavy rain and wet snow, 00:18:31.420 --> 00:18:32.900 align:middle line:90% taking down branches. 00:18:32.900 --> 00:18:35.180 align:middle line:84% Then you lose these wires, and you lose power. 00:18:35.180 --> 00:18:36.790 align:middle line:84% So quite a number of times, when I'm 00:18:36.790 --> 00:18:38.890 align:middle line:84% teaching this class in October and November, 00:18:38.890 --> 00:18:41.680 align:middle line:84% I will show pictures or utility estimates 00:18:41.680 --> 00:18:44.140 align:middle line:84% of the numbers of thousands of people who've 00:18:44.140 --> 00:18:48.290 align:middle line:84% lost power because branches have taken down these local wires. 00:18:48.290 --> 00:18:50.380 align:middle line:84% And it's actually quite remarkable 00:18:50.380 --> 00:18:52.150 align:middle line:84% how quickly sometimes the utility 00:18:52.150 --> 00:18:54.393 align:middle line:84% is able to restore power and also 00:18:54.393 --> 00:18:55.810 align:middle line:84% surprising when the utility is not 00:18:55.810 --> 00:18:58.990 align:middle line:90% able to restore power quickly. 00:18:58.990 --> 00:19:04.170 align:middle line:84% If you look at another waypoint on the grid from that diagram 00:19:04.170 --> 00:19:06.900 align:middle line:84% I showed you before, this is my meter. 00:19:06.900 --> 00:19:09.390 align:middle line:84% I actually have three meters in my house 00:19:09.390 --> 00:19:11.880 align:middle line:84% because I live in a two-unit condominium. 00:19:11.880 --> 00:19:13.300 align:middle line:90% This is my neighbor's meter. 00:19:13.300 --> 00:19:14.190 align:middle line:90% This is my meter. 00:19:14.190 --> 00:19:16.917 align:middle line:84% And this is a third meter for our solar panels. 00:19:16.917 --> 00:19:18.750 align:middle line:84% I also find it somewhat amusing that there's 00:19:18.750 --> 00:19:21.900 align:middle line:84% a box on the side of my house that has On or Off, 00:19:21.900 --> 00:19:23.730 align:middle line:84% where people walking by could just turn 00:19:23.730 --> 00:19:26.280 align:middle line:90% on or off the solar panels. 00:19:26.280 --> 00:19:29.293 align:middle line:84% And this is amusing to me because we just 00:19:29.293 --> 00:19:31.710 align:middle line:84% take for granted-- this is the kind of thing that's bolted 00:19:31.710 --> 00:19:32.793 align:middle line:90% on the side of our houses. 00:19:32.793 --> 00:19:34.530 align:middle line:90% We almost never notice. 00:19:34.530 --> 00:19:36.510 align:middle line:84% But this does tell you something about how 00:19:36.510 --> 00:19:38.370 align:middle line:84% electricity is used and distributed 00:19:38.370 --> 00:19:41.650 align:middle line:90% inside the house itself. 00:19:41.650 --> 00:19:44.670 align:middle line:84% Now, to go to a really different situation, just to show you 00:19:44.670 --> 00:19:48.520 align:middle line:84% how electricity use can vary in different countries-- 00:19:48.520 --> 00:19:51.030 align:middle line:84% this is an example I want to show you 00:19:51.030 --> 00:19:53.430 align:middle line:84% among a number of different examples 00:19:53.430 --> 00:19:55.050 align:middle line:84% from different countries about how 00:19:55.050 --> 00:19:59.250 align:middle line:84% electricity distribution and use changes in different cities. 00:19:59.250 --> 00:20:01.830 align:middle line:84% This is an informal settlement in Rio de Janeiro 00:20:01.830 --> 00:20:03.510 align:middle line:90% called Santa Marta. 00:20:03.510 --> 00:20:06.690 align:middle line:84% It's got this really beautiful paint scheme 00:20:06.690 --> 00:20:08.790 align:middle line:90% in the main square. 00:20:08.790 --> 00:20:10.200 align:middle line:90% You can see a number of things. 00:20:10.200 --> 00:20:13.110 align:middle line:84% There's this busy street in the center. 00:20:13.110 --> 00:20:14.450 align:middle line:90% There's a porta potty. 00:20:14.450 --> 00:20:16.410 align:middle line:90% Somehow the truck got behind it. 00:20:16.410 --> 00:20:18.420 align:middle line:84% A number of stores along the side. 00:20:18.420 --> 00:20:21.270 align:middle line:84% So informal settlements in Brazil and Rio de Janeiro 00:20:21.270 --> 00:20:23.503 align:middle line:84% aren't necessarily unplanned settlements. 00:20:23.503 --> 00:20:25.170 align:middle line:84% You can see, obviously, it would require 00:20:25.170 --> 00:20:28.320 align:middle line:84% some level of planning to build five or six-story buildings. 00:20:28.320 --> 00:20:30.690 align:middle line:84% Quite often, informal settlements start 00:20:30.690 --> 00:20:36.160 align:middle line:84% on steep hillsides in Rio de Janeiro, outside of, 00:20:36.160 --> 00:20:38.250 align:middle line:84% let's say, allotted lands or lands 00:20:38.250 --> 00:20:42.090 align:middle line:90% that are zoned for development. 00:20:42.090 --> 00:20:43.650 align:middle line:84% And informal settlements will occur 00:20:43.650 --> 00:20:47.130 align:middle line:84% when migrants come into dense cities 00:20:47.130 --> 00:20:50.550 align:middle line:84% and just start building homes because they can't afford homes 00:20:50.550 --> 00:20:51.100 align:middle line:90% elsewhere. 00:20:51.100 --> 00:20:53.250 align:middle line:84% So Rio de Janeiro is an unusual city 00:20:53.250 --> 00:20:55.830 align:middle line:84% because rich and poor neighborhoods are actually 00:20:55.830 --> 00:20:58.980 align:middle line:84% very close together, and poor neighborhoods quite often creep 00:20:58.980 --> 00:21:02.350 align:middle line:84% up the hillsides and actually have amazingly good views. 00:21:02.350 --> 00:21:05.760 align:middle line:84% But what I want to emphasize in this informal settlement 00:21:05.760 --> 00:21:07.350 align:middle line:84% is not only the fact that it requires 00:21:07.350 --> 00:21:09.120 align:middle line:84% some level of planning to build five 00:21:09.120 --> 00:21:12.810 align:middle line:84% or six-story concrete buildings, to have 00:21:12.810 --> 00:21:16.440 align:middle line:84% economic uses and commerce here, mixed very closely 00:21:16.440 --> 00:21:19.290 align:middle line:84% with some settlements that may have been built over time. 00:21:19.290 --> 00:21:23.190 align:middle line:84% But let's look at the electric distribution grid here. 00:21:23.190 --> 00:21:26.820 align:middle line:90% This is a typical street lamp. 00:21:26.820 --> 00:21:29.430 align:middle line:84% This has about-- looks like hundreds of wires 00:21:29.430 --> 00:21:30.660 align:middle line:90% going off of it. 00:21:30.660 --> 00:21:32.970 align:middle line:84% And a lot of these wires may not actually 00:21:32.970 --> 00:21:36.360 align:middle line:84% be paid for or metered from the utility company, 00:21:36.360 --> 00:21:39.750 align:middle line:84% simply because about 40% of all electricity in Brazil 00:21:39.750 --> 00:21:40.920 align:middle line:90% is stolen. 00:21:40.920 --> 00:21:42.060 align:middle line:90% It's not paid for. 00:21:42.060 --> 00:21:46.800 align:middle line:84% It's taken from by users, quite often in informal settlements, 00:21:46.800 --> 00:21:49.260 align:middle line:84% for their use, and not necessarily paid 00:21:49.260 --> 00:21:51.210 align:middle line:90% through a meter. 00:21:51.210 --> 00:21:53.590 align:middle line:84% Just to show you another informal settlement, 00:21:53.590 --> 00:21:56.070 align:middle line:84% this is Rochinha, also in Rio de Janeiro. 00:21:56.070 --> 00:21:58.590 align:middle line:84% It's this informal settlement creeping up the hillside. 00:21:58.590 --> 00:21:59.700 align:middle line:90% But it's quite organized. 00:21:59.700 --> 00:22:02.370 align:middle line:84% You see that there's a pretty large road. 00:22:02.370 --> 00:22:05.410 align:middle line:84% There's multistory concrete buildings. 00:22:05.410 --> 00:22:09.810 align:middle line:84% There's a lot of city planning and city development occurring. 00:22:09.810 --> 00:22:12.360 align:middle line:84% It doesn't necessarily look like traditional city planning 00:22:12.360 --> 00:22:13.805 align:middle line:90% or city development. 00:22:13.805 --> 00:22:15.180 align:middle line:84% And again, in the middle of this, 00:22:15.180 --> 00:22:19.410 align:middle line:84% you have this pole with hundreds of wires coming off of it. 00:22:19.410 --> 00:22:22.680 align:middle line:84% Quite often, residents will hire what they call a gato, which 00:22:22.680 --> 00:22:24.720 align:middle line:90% means, cat, in Portuguese. 00:22:24.720 --> 00:22:27.090 align:middle line:84% And a gato is based on an electrician who 00:22:27.090 --> 00:22:29.130 align:middle line:84% will go to an existing power line 00:22:29.130 --> 00:22:32.850 align:middle line:84% and essentially drive a nail into it with a wire. 00:22:32.850 --> 00:22:35.140 align:middle line:84% And they'll tap the electric line 00:22:35.140 --> 00:22:37.530 align:middle line:84% and use that for individual households. 00:22:37.530 --> 00:22:40.302 align:middle line:84% So you get these proliferation of these small wires, 00:22:40.302 --> 00:22:41.760 align:middle line:84% very similar to the wires that come 00:22:41.760 --> 00:22:43.963 align:middle line:90% to my house in my neighborhood. 00:22:43.963 --> 00:22:45.630 align:middle line:84% It's just that there's hundreds of them, 00:22:45.630 --> 00:22:47.520 align:middle line:84% and they aren't necessarily planned. 00:22:47.520 --> 00:22:49.950 align:middle line:84% And at the same time, the grid and the utility 00:22:49.950 --> 00:22:52.260 align:middle line:84% has to accommodate hundreds of users 00:22:52.260 --> 00:22:56.430 align:middle line:84% taking electricity from points like this. 00:22:56.430 --> 00:22:58.710 align:middle line:84% And just to show you where some of those uses 00:22:58.710 --> 00:23:02.580 align:middle line:84% go in informal settlements, which are also 00:23:02.580 --> 00:23:06.420 align:middle line:90% called favelas or comunidades. 00:23:06.420 --> 00:23:09.720 align:middle line:84% These are settlements that are built incrementally. 00:23:09.720 --> 00:23:12.300 align:middle line:84% You can see that this is an unoccupied space built 00:23:12.300 --> 00:23:13.650 align:middle line:90% with cinderblocks. 00:23:13.650 --> 00:23:16.590 align:middle line:84% It looks somewhat precarious on this very steep hillside. 00:23:16.590 --> 00:23:20.640 align:middle line:84% But almost all of these homes have satellite television. 00:23:20.640 --> 00:23:22.500 align:middle line:84% There's another satellite dish there. 00:23:22.500 --> 00:23:24.480 align:middle line:90% You see water storage tanks. 00:23:24.480 --> 00:23:27.393 align:middle line:84% These are the places I think I mentioned in class discussion, 00:23:27.393 --> 00:23:29.310 align:middle line:84% where quite often, you'll have a lot of uses-- 00:23:29.310 --> 00:23:32.520 align:middle line:84% like refrigerators and lights and televisions. 00:23:32.520 --> 00:23:35.130 align:middle line:84% These are actually well-serviced electric grids. 00:23:35.130 --> 00:23:39.150 align:middle line:84% They're just not necessarily planned electric grids. 00:23:39.150 --> 00:23:41.970 align:middle line:84% Again, to emphasize the point that this electricity is not 00:23:41.970 --> 00:23:45.210 align:middle line:84% always metered or paid for in the same way that we 00:23:45.210 --> 00:23:50.310 align:middle line:84% pay for it, this is actually a informal settlement or favela 00:23:50.310 --> 00:23:54.630 align:middle line:84% that the state moved into to try to regularize or try 00:23:54.630 --> 00:23:57.150 align:middle line:84% to bring governance or a different kind of governance 00:23:57.150 --> 00:24:00.340 align:middle line:84% or formal governance to this community. 00:24:00.340 --> 00:24:02.700 align:middle line:84% So they've actually put this box here 00:24:02.700 --> 00:24:04.890 align:middle line:90% to stop tampering with meters. 00:24:04.890 --> 00:24:06.750 align:middle line:84% Again, if I go back to the picture 00:24:06.750 --> 00:24:08.910 align:middle line:84% of the meter for my house, you can 00:24:08.910 --> 00:24:11.880 align:middle line:84% see that there's these little blocks that 00:24:11.880 --> 00:24:15.720 align:middle line:84% stop tampering so people can't change their electric bill. 00:24:15.720 --> 00:24:17.280 align:middle line:84% Also, meters in the United States 00:24:17.280 --> 00:24:19.080 align:middle line:84% quite often read by what's called 00:24:19.080 --> 00:24:22.320 align:middle line:84% the automated or automatic meter reading, which 00:24:22.320 --> 00:24:25.260 align:middle line:84% means a car drives by my house and they pick up 00:24:25.260 --> 00:24:26.970 align:middle line:90% the signal from this meter. 00:24:26.970 --> 00:24:30.060 align:middle line:84% It used to be meter people would go look at the number on this 00:24:30.060 --> 00:24:31.860 align:middle line:84% and record the number, and my bill 00:24:31.860 --> 00:24:34.770 align:middle line:84% was based on that every month-- based on a meter reading. 00:24:34.770 --> 00:24:36.465 align:middle line:84% But automatic meter reading is the way 00:24:36.465 --> 00:24:39.120 align:middle line:84% a car driving down the street, probably communicating, 00:24:39.120 --> 00:24:43.870 align:middle line:84% in many cases, with these meters by radio signal. 00:24:43.870 --> 00:24:47.550 align:middle line:84% So if you look at this house and this meter, 00:24:47.550 --> 00:24:49.560 align:middle line:84% they've actually built the plastic box 00:24:49.560 --> 00:24:51.670 align:middle line:90% to stop any tampering with it. 00:24:51.670 --> 00:24:53.670 align:middle line:84% You see the electric line goes into this box, 00:24:53.670 --> 00:24:56.410 align:middle line:84% but there's no actual physical meter inside this box. 00:24:56.410 --> 00:24:59.190 align:middle line:84% This is the informal settlement that the government at the time 00:24:59.190 --> 00:25:01.710 align:middle line:84% was trying to bring formal governance to. 00:25:01.710 --> 00:25:05.580 align:middle line:84% They may not have actually put a meter into the box yet. 00:25:05.580 --> 00:25:08.970 align:middle line:84% To give you another picture of what this distribution 00:25:08.970 --> 00:25:11.440 align:middle line:84% grid looks like in an informal settlement-- again, 00:25:11.440 --> 00:25:15.360 align:middle line:84% you have remarkably high five or six-story buildings, mostly 00:25:15.360 --> 00:25:16.680 align:middle line:90% built out of concrete. 00:25:16.680 --> 00:25:19.620 align:middle line:84% They may have been built in successive stages. 00:25:19.620 --> 00:25:22.320 align:middle line:84% And again, you can see this pole with hundreds 00:25:22.320 --> 00:25:27.630 align:middle line:84% of wires coming off of it, probably tapped by gatos. 00:25:27.630 --> 00:25:30.250 align:middle line:84% If you look inside these informal settlements, 00:25:30.250 --> 00:25:32.250 align:middle line:84% this is what a local distribution line looks 00:25:32.250 --> 00:25:34.170 align:middle line:90% like inside the settlement. 00:25:34.170 --> 00:25:35.580 align:middle line:90% It's clearly not undergrounded. 00:25:35.580 --> 00:25:39.000 align:middle line:84% It's barely suspended by poles and wires. 00:25:39.000 --> 00:25:42.420 align:middle line:84% It's basically a whole tangle of wires overhead. 00:25:42.420 --> 00:25:45.780 align:middle line:84% Quite often, you will have electrocution incidents-- 00:25:45.780 --> 00:25:49.110 align:middle line:84% electrocution occurring inside favelas. 00:25:49.110 --> 00:25:55.440 align:middle line:84% You have water or weather events interfering with electricity 00:25:55.440 --> 00:25:56.210 align:middle line:90% sometimes. 00:25:56.210 --> 00:25:57.960 align:middle line:84% But again, there's a different expectation 00:25:57.960 --> 00:26:01.440 align:middle line:84% of how people pay for it, how reliable it is, how they expect 00:26:01.440 --> 00:26:03.680 align:middle line:90% to get their electricity. 00:26:03.680 --> 00:26:06.140 align:middle line:84% And of course, we should point out 00:26:06.140 --> 00:26:09.650 align:middle line:84% that these favelas actually have quite a bit of electric uses 00:26:09.650 --> 00:26:10.310 align:middle line:90% and loads. 00:26:10.310 --> 00:26:13.460 align:middle line:84% You can see that there's a small store here selling 00:26:13.460 --> 00:26:15.140 align:middle line:90% [PORTUGUESE], flip-flops. 00:26:15.140 --> 00:26:18.890 align:middle line:84% It's a bar that probably sells cold drinks and ice 00:26:18.890 --> 00:26:21.260 align:middle line:90% cream and other condiments. 00:26:21.260 --> 00:26:23.657 align:middle line:84% It probably sells some basic groceries. 00:26:23.657 --> 00:26:25.490 align:middle line:84% You can see there's an air conditioner built 00:26:25.490 --> 00:26:27.590 align:middle line:90% into this informal settlement. 00:26:27.590 --> 00:26:30.890 align:middle line:84% You can see streetlights built along this informal settlement. 00:26:30.890 --> 00:26:33.530 align:middle line:84% These are places that use quite a bit of electricity, 00:26:33.530 --> 00:26:35.900 align:middle line:84% not relative to richer neighborhoods, 00:26:35.900 --> 00:26:39.830 align:middle line:84% but it's not like they have no electricity needs at all. 00:26:39.830 --> 00:26:41.950 align:middle line:84% If we look at a really different place, 00:26:41.950 --> 00:26:45.370 align:middle line:84% this is a hardware store in Jamshedpur, India, 00:26:45.370 --> 00:26:47.230 align:middle line:90% alongside the highway. 00:26:47.230 --> 00:26:51.350 align:middle line:84% And you can see that as people build their homes and villages, 00:26:51.350 --> 00:26:54.070 align:middle line:84% they often recreate their own infrastructure. 00:26:54.070 --> 00:26:58.180 align:middle line:84% You can see that there is plastic tarps overhead 00:26:58.180 --> 00:27:00.460 align:middle line:90% to keep this store dry. 00:27:00.460 --> 00:27:04.000 align:middle line:84% You can see that these are all watering cans and perhaps 00:27:04.000 --> 00:27:06.850 align:middle line:90% water gas cans to store water. 00:27:06.850 --> 00:27:09.160 align:middle line:84% You can see that there's nylon and rope here 00:27:09.160 --> 00:27:11.440 align:middle line:90% to secure or build homes. 00:27:11.440 --> 00:27:13.000 align:middle line:84% And most importantly, you can see 00:27:13.000 --> 00:27:14.542 align:middle line:84% all these electrical outlets are just 00:27:14.542 --> 00:27:16.000 align:middle line:90% simply hanging in the string. 00:27:16.000 --> 00:27:18.880 align:middle line:84% If you want to build electricity in your house, 00:27:18.880 --> 00:27:22.570 align:middle line:84% you can hire a builder or perhaps simply do it yourself 00:27:22.570 --> 00:27:24.640 align:middle line:84% by just pulling up to the roadside stand 00:27:24.640 --> 00:27:28.920 align:middle line:84% and buying yourself these outlets and switches. 00:27:28.920 --> 00:27:31.830 align:middle line:84% Another example-- one of my colleagues pointed out when we 00:27:31.830 --> 00:27:33.930 align:middle line:84% were doing a research field trip in India-- 00:27:33.930 --> 00:27:37.320 align:middle line:84% was that quite often in developing countries, 00:27:37.320 --> 00:27:40.740 align:middle line:84% we don't have the same information about how and how 00:27:40.740 --> 00:27:42.630 align:middle line:90% not to use electricity. 00:27:42.630 --> 00:27:45.330 align:middle line:84% He pointed out that this is one of the exact problems we 00:27:45.330 --> 00:27:46.900 align:middle line:90% have in developing countries. 00:27:46.900 --> 00:27:51.450 align:middle line:84% This is a light bulb on during the day in India. 00:27:51.450 --> 00:27:53.983 align:middle line:84% This probably came from a coal-fired power plant. 00:27:53.983 --> 00:27:55.650 align:middle line:84% And yet, this electricity is essentially 00:27:55.650 --> 00:27:58.290 align:middle line:84% being wasted during the day in India 00:27:58.290 --> 00:28:00.780 align:middle line:84% because there's no need for this electric light. 00:28:00.780 --> 00:28:02.678 align:middle line:84% At the same time, it's incandescent bulb. 00:28:02.678 --> 00:28:03.970 align:middle line:90% You can see the filament there. 00:28:03.970 --> 00:28:05.880 align:middle line:84% So it's actually using a lot more electricity 00:28:05.880 --> 00:28:08.010 align:middle line:90% than a LED light bulb would. 00:28:08.010 --> 00:28:10.860 align:middle line:84% But it probably runs all day and night 00:28:10.860 --> 00:28:14.850 align:middle line:84% because the person who gets the bill gets a bill very rarely. 00:28:14.850 --> 00:28:18.330 align:middle line:84% This is a farmer we were talking to a number of years ago. 00:28:18.330 --> 00:28:20.688 align:middle line:84% They had a very large electric bill. 00:28:20.688 --> 00:28:22.230 align:middle line:84% But at the same time, they never knew 00:28:22.230 --> 00:28:23.670 align:middle line:90% what their electric bill was. 00:28:23.670 --> 00:28:27.270 align:middle line:84% It seemed to continually keep on simply growing. 00:28:27.270 --> 00:28:29.760 align:middle line:84% They didn't necessarily get it on a regular basis. 00:28:29.760 --> 00:28:32.220 align:middle line:84% And they didn't necessarily pay their electric bill, also. 00:28:32.220 --> 00:28:35.490 align:middle line:90% 00:28:35.490 --> 00:28:38.910 align:middle line:84% It's not like every country and every city 00:28:38.910 --> 00:28:42.810 align:middle line:84% has regular mechanisms of enforcement and payment 00:28:42.810 --> 00:28:47.770 align:middle line:84% and bill collection or collection for energy used. 00:28:47.770 --> 00:28:49.890 align:middle line:84% Another example of local distribution or I 00:28:49.890 --> 00:28:51.750 align:middle line:84% guess the lack of local distribution 00:28:51.750 --> 00:28:54.820 align:middle line:84% I saw in India, in Gumla, India-- 00:28:54.820 --> 00:28:56.550 align:middle line:84% these are concrete electric poles 00:28:56.550 --> 00:28:58.260 align:middle line:90% lying by the side of the road. 00:28:58.260 --> 00:29:00.570 align:middle line:84% When I was traveling there with my research team, 00:29:00.570 --> 00:29:02.760 align:middle line:84% I asked a villager, how long have 00:29:02.760 --> 00:29:04.062 align:middle line:90% the electric poles been here? 00:29:04.062 --> 00:29:05.520 align:middle line:84% And they said, these concrete poles 00:29:05.520 --> 00:29:08.730 align:middle line:84% have been lying here in this field for about five years. 00:29:08.730 --> 00:29:11.760 align:middle line:84% So they'd been promised electricity in the village. 00:29:11.760 --> 00:29:15.210 align:middle line:84% The utility had gone as far to pile up the utility 00:29:15.210 --> 00:29:18.000 align:middle line:84% poles or the poles and wires in a field 00:29:18.000 --> 00:29:19.860 align:middle line:84% but hadn't come back in five years 00:29:19.860 --> 00:29:23.230 align:middle line:84% to actually build the electric grid. 00:29:23.230 --> 00:29:28.060 align:middle line:84% One research paper my colleagues and I did in this village 00:29:28.060 --> 00:29:31.870 align:middle line:84% in India was to ask villagers about their expectations 00:29:31.870 --> 00:29:33.220 align:middle line:90% for electricity. 00:29:33.220 --> 00:29:36.310 align:middle line:84% A lot of these households have some electric uses. 00:29:36.310 --> 00:29:38.840 align:middle line:84% Some is based on local solar panels. 00:29:38.840 --> 00:29:41.890 align:middle line:84% Some are based on highly unreliable electricity coming 00:29:41.890 --> 00:29:43.220 align:middle line:90% from the grid. 00:29:43.220 --> 00:29:46.100 align:middle line:84% So my colleagues, who are both trained as architects, 00:29:46.100 --> 00:29:49.810 align:middle line:84% and I developed these cards that basically enabled people 00:29:49.810 --> 00:29:50.920 align:middle line:90% to express-- 00:29:50.920 --> 00:29:53.620 align:middle line:84% if you survey or interview people about things 00:29:53.620 --> 00:29:55.570 align:middle line:84% they may not have or not have seen, 00:29:55.570 --> 00:29:57.940 align:middle line:84% like reliable electric service or, let's say, 00:29:57.940 --> 00:30:00.070 align:middle line:84% electricity storage or appliances they 00:30:00.070 --> 00:30:02.500 align:middle line:84% don't necessarily own, you don't actually, 00:30:02.500 --> 00:30:04.660 align:middle line:84% I think, always get a clear response. 00:30:04.660 --> 00:30:07.090 align:middle line:84% And it also wasn't clear if individuals 00:30:07.090 --> 00:30:10.150 align:middle line:84% would be able to respond or groups would respond to this. 00:30:10.150 --> 00:30:12.700 align:middle line:84% So my colleagues, who are trained as architects, 00:30:12.700 --> 00:30:14.950 align:middle line:84% developed a card game, and we used this card game 00:30:14.950 --> 00:30:19.360 align:middle line:84% to structure our interviews and ask people, what do you prefer, 00:30:19.360 --> 00:30:21.070 align:middle line:84% or why did you make certain choices 00:30:21.070 --> 00:30:23.890 align:middle line:84% about how you use electricity at certain times? 00:30:23.890 --> 00:30:25.960 align:middle line:84% We saw, quite often with household transitions, 00:30:25.960 --> 00:30:28.330 align:middle line:84% that some people used propane for some things, 00:30:28.330 --> 00:30:31.480 align:middle line:84% go to electricity, find the electricity was unreliable, 00:30:31.480 --> 00:30:34.270 align:middle line:84% go back to propane, or find a different technology 00:30:34.270 --> 00:30:38.480 align:middle line:84% to supply electricity, like a solar panel or an LED light. 00:30:38.480 --> 00:30:40.230 align:middle line:84% Just to give you another example, 00:30:40.230 --> 00:30:42.960 align:middle line:90% this is somebody's DC converter. 00:30:42.960 --> 00:30:45.860 align:middle line:84% It probably is used to convert a DC power 00:30:45.860 --> 00:30:49.370 align:middle line:84% from a lead-acid battery, maybe charged by a solar panel 00:30:49.370 --> 00:30:51.050 align:middle line:90% or by a diesel generator. 00:30:51.050 --> 00:30:54.660 align:middle line:84% And they convert this direct current to other uses, 00:30:54.660 --> 00:30:59.930 align:middle line:84% such as AC uses like fans and appliances and refrigerators 00:30:59.930 --> 00:31:01.463 align:middle line:90% and laptops. 00:31:01.463 --> 00:31:03.380 align:middle line:84% Another example in the background here-- these 00:31:03.380 --> 00:31:07.430 align:middle line:84% are LED lights handed out, probably by an NGO. 00:31:07.430 --> 00:31:11.210 align:middle line:84% These are powered by solar panels, but they can be charged 00:31:11.210 --> 00:31:15.090 align:middle line:90% and they provide light here. 00:31:15.090 --> 00:31:17.740 align:middle line:84% Another example is the research we did in Tanzania 00:31:17.740 --> 00:31:19.930 align:middle line:84% with a small electricity company there, 00:31:19.930 --> 00:31:26.200 align:middle line:84% or small provider of electricity meters and service. 00:31:26.200 --> 00:31:28.290 align:middle line:84% This is a new neighborhood actually being 00:31:28.290 --> 00:31:29.580 align:middle line:90% built in Tanzania. 00:31:29.580 --> 00:31:32.060 align:middle line:84% And you can see-- again, similar to the neighborhood 00:31:32.060 --> 00:31:35.070 align:middle line:84% we saw in Brazil, there's a water tank on the roof. 00:31:35.070 --> 00:31:37.950 align:middle line:84% There might be a satellite dish coming. 00:31:37.950 --> 00:31:41.370 align:middle line:84% And you can see these lines go up this pole and down 00:31:41.370 --> 00:31:44.070 align:middle line:84% these wires to different households. 00:31:44.070 --> 00:31:47.900 align:middle line:84% This is another view of the same neighborhood. 00:31:47.900 --> 00:31:50.420 align:middle line:84% But truthfully, I was there with a company 00:31:50.420 --> 00:31:53.660 align:middle line:84% called My Power or Zola, and what they do 00:31:53.660 --> 00:31:57.140 align:middle line:84% is they actually have meters that supply electricity 00:31:57.140 --> 00:31:59.570 align:middle line:90% from leased solar panels. 00:31:59.570 --> 00:32:01.400 align:middle line:84% Crucially, because solar panels are 00:32:01.400 --> 00:32:02.990 align:middle line:84% expensive for these households-- they 00:32:02.990 --> 00:32:04.782 align:middle line:84% may be the second largest thing that people 00:32:04.782 --> 00:32:07.700 align:middle line:84% bought after the house, what you do is lease people 00:32:07.700 --> 00:32:10.460 align:middle line:84% solar panels by putting a solar panel on the roof 00:32:10.460 --> 00:32:15.530 align:middle line:84% and putting access to the power of the solar panel on a keypad 00:32:15.530 --> 00:32:17.720 align:middle line:84% that you pay through cell phones. 00:32:17.720 --> 00:32:20.930 align:middle line:84% A large portion of GDP in Tanzania and Kenya 00:32:20.930 --> 00:32:23.150 align:middle line:84% is transacted through cell phones, 00:32:23.150 --> 00:32:26.390 align:middle line:84% so you can rely on the financial infrastructure of cell phones 00:32:26.390 --> 00:32:27.830 align:middle line:90% to enable payment. 00:32:27.830 --> 00:32:29.780 align:middle line:90% So people lease the solar panel. 00:32:29.780 --> 00:32:32.480 align:middle line:84% And in order to access the power from the solar panel 00:32:32.480 --> 00:32:35.840 align:middle line:84% and make regular payments, they text their company-- 00:32:35.840 --> 00:32:37.430 align:middle line:90% text money to their company. 00:32:37.430 --> 00:32:39.200 align:middle line:84% The company sends them back a code. 00:32:39.200 --> 00:32:41.420 align:middle line:84% They punch the code into this panel. 00:32:41.420 --> 00:32:45.380 align:middle line:84% And they access electricity from solar panels and batteries. 00:32:45.380 --> 00:32:47.480 align:middle line:84% If they aren't able to make their payments, 00:32:47.480 --> 00:32:50.240 align:middle line:84% then people repossess the solar panels and batteries. 00:32:50.240 --> 00:32:51.830 align:middle line:90% But this is basically just-- 00:32:51.830 --> 00:32:54.710 align:middle line:84% I want you to think about this as an alternative system 00:32:54.710 --> 00:32:58.040 align:middle line:84% of finance and collection for electricity. 00:32:58.040 --> 00:33:00.740 align:middle line:84% It has financial aspects of, let's say, 00:33:00.740 --> 00:33:03.830 align:middle line:84% a car loan wrapped up with it to enable 00:33:03.830 --> 00:33:06.110 align:middle line:90% people to buy a large asset. 00:33:06.110 --> 00:33:08.255 align:middle line:90% But you also need to encourage-- 00:33:08.255 --> 00:33:10.280 align:middle line:84% or rather, this company's business model 00:33:10.280 --> 00:33:13.010 align:middle line:84% is encouraging people to make regular payments for this, 00:33:13.010 --> 00:33:14.570 align:middle line:90% and it's been very successful. 00:33:14.570 --> 00:33:17.450 align:middle line:84% Solar leasing has taken off quite a bit in countries 00:33:17.450 --> 00:33:21.610 align:middle line:84% like Kenya and Tanzania, if not outright ownership 00:33:21.610 --> 00:33:25.060 align:middle line:84% of solar panels attached to households. 00:33:25.060 --> 00:33:29.070 align:middle line:84% So taking us back to this idea of grid architecture, this, 00:33:29.070 --> 00:33:32.340 align:middle line:84% again, is another diagram I drew about 13 years ago. 00:33:32.340 --> 00:33:35.070 align:middle line:84% It greatly simplifies what we want to do. 00:33:35.070 --> 00:33:38.040 align:middle line:84% But we want to have renewable resources like solar and wind. 00:33:38.040 --> 00:33:39.930 align:middle line:84% We want to connect it to the grid. 00:33:39.930 --> 00:33:41.760 align:middle line:84% And now, on the end of the grid, we 00:33:41.760 --> 00:33:43.380 align:middle line:84% may have many different possibilities, 00:33:43.380 --> 00:33:44.585 align:middle line:90% such as smart meters. 00:33:44.585 --> 00:33:45.960 align:middle line:84% These are meters that communicate 00:33:45.960 --> 00:33:48.000 align:middle line:84% to the utility through the internet 00:33:48.000 --> 00:33:51.000 align:middle line:84% or through cell networks instead of a car driving by 00:33:51.000 --> 00:33:52.830 align:middle line:90% to read your electricity use. 00:33:52.830 --> 00:33:55.020 align:middle line:84% Our homes may have distributed solar. 00:33:55.020 --> 00:33:57.030 align:middle line:84% That can either send energy back to the grid 00:33:57.030 --> 00:33:59.820 align:middle line:84% or directly supply uses in the home. 00:33:59.820 --> 00:34:01.440 align:middle line:84% We may have home energy management, 00:34:01.440 --> 00:34:04.350 align:middle line:84% like I've shown you with thermostats and phones. 00:34:04.350 --> 00:34:07.650 align:middle line:84% And at the time, I thought we might have plug-in hybrid-- 00:34:07.650 --> 00:34:09.330 align:middle line:90% maybe now electric vehicles. 00:34:09.330 --> 00:34:11.670 align:middle line:84% The most amusing thing to me is actually the size 00:34:11.670 --> 00:34:13.500 align:middle line:90% of the phone I drew in 2009. 00:34:13.500 --> 00:34:18.270 align:middle line:84% It's a truly ginormous phone with huge icons for apps. 00:34:18.270 --> 00:34:21.210 align:middle line:84% Obviously, our cell phones have developed much further 00:34:21.210 --> 00:34:22.440 align:middle line:90% since then. 00:34:22.440 --> 00:34:25.469 align:middle line:84% This is all just to frame our expectations around the grid. 00:34:25.469 --> 00:34:29.639 align:middle line:84% I've talked to you a lot about the historical development 00:34:29.639 --> 00:34:32.156 align:middle line:84% of the grid and the architecture of the grid. 00:34:32.156 --> 00:34:34.239 align:middle line:84% But obviously, the future architecture of the grid 00:34:34.239 --> 00:34:36.500 align:middle line:84% is going to depend on technological changes 00:34:36.500 --> 00:34:38.739 align:middle line:84% and, frankly, behavior changes occurring 00:34:38.739 --> 00:34:40.760 align:middle line:90% at a lot of different levels. 00:34:40.760 --> 00:34:42.159 align:middle line:90% So thank you very much. 00:34:42.159 --> 00:34:45.400 align:middle line:84% We'll go into the technology, politics, 00:34:45.400 --> 00:34:49.960 align:middle line:84% and market organization of the grid in the next few lectures, 00:34:49.960 --> 00:34:52.010 align:middle line:90% I'll see you soon. 00:34:52.010 --> 00:35:03.000 align:middle line:90%