1 00:00:15,652 --> 00:00:16,610 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Great. 2 00:00:16,610 --> 00:00:18,277 Really great questions during the break. 3 00:00:18,277 --> 00:00:19,160 So appreciate that. 4 00:00:19,160 --> 00:00:20,400 Thanks. 5 00:00:20,400 --> 00:00:22,790 So this morning we started off with, 6 00:00:22,790 --> 00:00:24,710 you know, how airplanes fly. 7 00:00:24,710 --> 00:00:28,790 And Phillip talked you through the aircraft systems 8 00:00:28,790 --> 00:00:31,250 and what's going on inside an airplane that's 9 00:00:31,250 --> 00:00:33,950 helping that airplane function. 10 00:00:33,950 --> 00:00:37,200 This afternoon we're really going to focus on navigation. 11 00:00:37,200 --> 00:00:39,770 So we're going to talk about charts and airspace. 12 00:00:39,770 --> 00:00:42,380 And we're going to talk about the flight environment 13 00:00:42,380 --> 00:00:45,570 and how you navigate through it. 14 00:00:45,570 --> 00:00:49,510 So let's get started with charts and airspace. 15 00:00:49,510 --> 00:00:52,420 So aeronautical charts, they kind of help you 16 00:00:52,420 --> 00:00:54,940 out with where you're going. 17 00:00:54,940 --> 00:00:57,940 So there are actually a number of electronic charts. 18 00:00:57,940 --> 00:01:00,610 So there are a couple of websites. 19 00:01:00,610 --> 00:01:03,460 So skyvector.com is a great website 20 00:01:03,460 --> 00:01:05,650 that shows these charts. 21 00:01:05,650 --> 00:01:08,440 There's a search bar so you can type in an airport, 22 00:01:08,440 --> 00:01:09,130 for example. 23 00:01:09,130 --> 00:01:12,810 And it'll zoom right in to that chart. 24 00:01:12,810 --> 00:01:15,030 You can also get some apps. 25 00:01:15,030 --> 00:01:19,350 And I'm going to pass around my iPad. 26 00:01:19,350 --> 00:01:22,080 There is a program called Foreflight. 27 00:01:22,080 --> 00:01:25,450 So how many people have used Foreflight before? 28 00:01:25,450 --> 00:01:27,120 So just a handful of you. 29 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:30,080 So there are a lot of different software. 30 00:01:30,080 --> 00:01:33,350 And Garmin has great software, too. 31 00:01:33,350 --> 00:01:36,090 I'm not really recommending any over the other, 32 00:01:36,090 --> 00:01:39,600 but this just happens to be on my iPad. 33 00:01:39,600 --> 00:01:41,660 I take this with me when I go flying. 34 00:01:41,660 --> 00:01:43,340 And so I have the app pulled up. 35 00:01:43,340 --> 00:01:47,180 So you can basically move around and look at the map. 36 00:01:47,180 --> 00:01:49,700 And then I have a physical map that I will also pass around. 37 00:01:56,660 --> 00:02:01,160 Which this particular map is a VFR sectional map. 38 00:02:01,160 --> 00:02:04,250 So VFR is for visual flight rules, 39 00:02:04,250 --> 00:02:07,070 as opposed to IFR, which is instrument flight rules. 40 00:02:07,070 --> 00:02:10,789 It will have a whole talk just on instrument flight rules 41 00:02:10,789 --> 00:02:11,420 later. 42 00:02:11,420 --> 00:02:12,980 But for now, when you start flying 43 00:02:12,980 --> 00:02:14,688 you start with visual flight rules, which 44 00:02:14,688 --> 00:02:16,670 means that you can look outside the airplane, 45 00:02:16,670 --> 00:02:19,040 there are no clouds obscuring your view. 46 00:02:19,040 --> 00:02:23,870 And so this is a very giant and unwieldy document 47 00:02:23,870 --> 00:02:25,730 to have in your plane while you're flying. 48 00:02:28,250 --> 00:02:31,070 And so this is why I don't carry this in the plane 49 00:02:31,070 --> 00:02:33,440 and I instead carry the iPad. 50 00:02:33,440 --> 00:02:37,280 But this sectional, there are actually different parts 51 00:02:37,280 --> 00:02:40,940 across the US where there are very busy areas 52 00:02:40,940 --> 00:02:42,140 with lots of airports. 53 00:02:42,140 --> 00:02:44,090 And so they have these sectional maps. 54 00:02:44,090 --> 00:02:46,730 So a section of the United States. 55 00:02:46,730 --> 00:02:49,400 And you can look at those. 56 00:02:49,400 --> 00:02:51,950 And so I'm going to pass this around 57 00:02:51,950 --> 00:02:53,450 as we talk through the slides, which 58 00:02:53,450 --> 00:02:56,000 zoom in to various parts of this for you to take a look at. 59 00:03:03,510 --> 00:03:06,210 OK, so I think the most important part 60 00:03:06,210 --> 00:03:09,150 of the sectional chart is the legend. 61 00:03:09,150 --> 00:03:12,810 And it basically answers all the questions 62 00:03:12,810 --> 00:03:15,900 that you're going to get on your exam about it, which asks you 63 00:03:15,900 --> 00:03:17,970 what all of these different do-hickies are. 64 00:03:17,970 --> 00:03:20,190 So we'll zoom in to a particular part. 65 00:03:20,190 --> 00:03:21,660 So this is about an airport. 66 00:03:24,690 --> 00:03:27,960 So there's a lot of different data contained. 67 00:03:27,960 --> 00:03:32,100 And it can be a little bit overwhelming. 68 00:03:32,100 --> 00:03:36,750 So when you look at that chunk of text and data, 69 00:03:36,750 --> 00:03:40,080 you really can just look at a sectional chart's legend 70 00:03:40,080 --> 00:03:41,715 to tell you what all of that means. 71 00:03:45,500 --> 00:03:49,430 So this is the chunk of text, numbers, and letters 72 00:03:49,430 --> 00:03:51,230 that you would see on a sectional chart. 73 00:03:51,230 --> 00:03:53,630 And then over here it explains what they are. 74 00:03:53,630 --> 00:03:57,620 So you can see what each thing is. 75 00:03:57,620 --> 00:04:01,610 So ATIS over here, which it's nicely defined over here, 76 00:04:01,610 --> 00:04:03,350 so you don't have to memorize anything-- 77 00:04:03,350 --> 00:04:06,320 Automatic Terminal Information Service, 78 00:04:06,320 --> 00:04:09,590 the ATIS, which is what provides weather information. 79 00:04:09,590 --> 00:04:12,260 We'll have a whole talk just about weather information 80 00:04:12,260 --> 00:04:15,300 and radar comms and air traffic control. 81 00:04:15,300 --> 00:04:19,370 But you can see here that there is a frequency, 123.8. 82 00:04:19,370 --> 00:04:20,870 So that's telling you that in order 83 00:04:20,870 --> 00:04:24,710 to get the weather information for that particular airport, 84 00:04:24,710 --> 00:04:27,170 you'd turn to the frequency 123.8 85 00:04:27,170 --> 00:04:29,570 and you can hear what the weather is. 86 00:04:29,570 --> 00:04:33,510 There's a lot of other data on here. 87 00:04:33,510 --> 00:04:38,480 So for example, it tells you some Automated Surface Weather 88 00:04:38,480 --> 00:04:42,110 or ASOS, 135.42. 89 00:04:42,110 --> 00:04:45,680 So you know that you can contact that frequency 90 00:04:45,680 --> 00:04:47,960 if you want to get the Automated Weather Service. 91 00:04:47,960 --> 00:04:51,823 So a lot of this data is listed there. 92 00:04:51,823 --> 00:04:53,240 So we won't go through everything, 93 00:04:53,240 --> 00:04:56,450 because it is nicely defined in the legend. 94 00:04:56,450 --> 00:04:58,190 Another area we'll focus on are just 95 00:04:58,190 --> 00:05:01,040 what do airports look like. 96 00:05:01,040 --> 00:05:04,790 So over here is the part of the sectional 97 00:05:04,790 --> 00:05:07,400 that has Boston Logan Airport. 98 00:05:07,400 --> 00:05:12,090 So you see all these lines that are outlined in blue. 99 00:05:12,090 --> 00:05:14,780 So if you look over at the legend, 100 00:05:14,780 --> 00:05:17,000 it describes exactly what that means. 101 00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:21,320 So having these lines outlined in blue, hard surfaced 102 00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:25,160 runways greater than 8,000 feet. 103 00:05:25,160 --> 00:05:29,510 And so it just tells you exactly what that information is. 104 00:05:29,510 --> 00:05:33,980 And smaller airports with shorter runways 105 00:05:33,980 --> 00:05:36,470 have these circles with lines. 106 00:05:36,470 --> 00:05:39,700 And the lines are generally trying to depict the runway. 107 00:05:39,700 --> 00:05:41,930 And so the line here will generally 108 00:05:41,930 --> 00:05:44,807 be aligned with what the direction of the runway is. 109 00:05:44,807 --> 00:05:46,640 And when there are two lines, that generally 110 00:05:46,640 --> 00:05:50,940 is representing two runways. 111 00:05:50,940 --> 00:05:53,490 So this down here in the bottom right corner 112 00:05:53,490 --> 00:05:56,010 is a hand scan of Bedford. 113 00:05:56,010 --> 00:06:00,520 And so you can see the two crossing runways here depicted 114 00:06:00,520 --> 00:06:01,020 here. 115 00:06:04,950 --> 00:06:10,000 So continuing along, there are also abandoned airports. 116 00:06:10,000 --> 00:06:13,590 So the actual airport has a X on it. 117 00:06:13,590 --> 00:06:16,830 And then you'll also see this X through the circle 118 00:06:16,830 --> 00:06:19,320 to represent that it's an abandoned place. 119 00:06:19,320 --> 00:06:22,293 So it still might be a good option if there's an emergency 120 00:06:22,293 --> 00:06:24,210 and you're really looking for a place to land. 121 00:06:24,210 --> 00:06:26,280 But it's not a good idea if you have the ability 122 00:06:26,280 --> 00:06:28,590 to get to a functioning open airport where 123 00:06:28,590 --> 00:06:29,970 you know the runways clear. 124 00:06:33,580 --> 00:06:36,760 Other information that is provided in these charts 125 00:06:36,760 --> 00:06:39,910 and sectionals are whether or not fuel is available 126 00:06:39,910 --> 00:06:42,700 and what are the operating times of the tower. 127 00:06:42,700 --> 00:06:45,610 Because all that information changes very frequently, 128 00:06:45,610 --> 00:06:47,920 those sectional charts have to be updated. 129 00:06:47,920 --> 00:06:50,200 So that particular sectional that I'm passing around 130 00:06:50,200 --> 00:06:51,190 is out of date. 131 00:06:51,190 --> 00:06:53,180 They get out of date very quickly. 132 00:06:53,180 --> 00:06:59,170 For Foreflight, you can constantly download new maps. 133 00:06:59,170 --> 00:07:01,660 So before you fly, you kind of download everything 134 00:07:01,660 --> 00:07:05,510 and it refreshes, and then you have it good to go. 135 00:07:05,510 --> 00:07:08,860 Another thing that a sectional chart is really good for 136 00:07:08,860 --> 00:07:11,410 is identifying obstacles. 137 00:07:11,410 --> 00:07:16,390 So these are the kind of descriptions of a tower, 138 00:07:16,390 --> 00:07:21,220 for example, or more than one a group of obstructions. 139 00:07:21,220 --> 00:07:24,860 And so it kind of tells you that there is an obstruction. 140 00:07:24,860 --> 00:07:26,650 So in the bottom right corner, we 141 00:07:26,650 --> 00:07:32,560 see there's an obstruction right here with this little triangle. 142 00:07:32,560 --> 00:07:34,430 And then it has two numbers. 143 00:07:34,430 --> 00:07:36,220 So it has 796. 144 00:07:36,220 --> 00:07:39,190 And then it has (335). 145 00:07:39,190 --> 00:07:42,010 Now, it explains in words what that means. 146 00:07:42,010 --> 00:07:44,620 So the top number is the elevation 147 00:07:44,620 --> 00:07:46,490 above the mean sea level. 148 00:07:46,490 --> 00:07:49,690 And then the one in parentheses is the height above ground. 149 00:07:49,690 --> 00:07:53,080 Now, the way I like to remember it, it's a little bit morbid, 150 00:07:53,080 --> 00:07:54,580 but it really helps you remember it, 151 00:07:54,580 --> 00:08:01,240 is the number on top is the altitude that 152 00:08:01,240 --> 00:08:04,240 will be indicated on your altimeter 153 00:08:04,240 --> 00:08:06,513 if you hit the top of the obstacle. 154 00:08:06,513 --> 00:08:07,930 And then the number in parentheses 155 00:08:07,930 --> 00:08:12,250 is how far you will fall to hit the ground. 156 00:08:12,250 --> 00:08:14,170 So that's a good way of remembering 157 00:08:14,170 --> 00:08:18,500 what those two numbers are and what's the difference. 158 00:08:18,500 --> 00:08:21,020 So any questions about sectional charts 159 00:08:21,020 --> 00:08:23,440 before I move on to airspace? 160 00:08:23,440 --> 00:08:24,986 Yes? 161 00:08:24,986 --> 00:08:26,486 AUDIENCE: On the previous slide, you 162 00:08:26,486 --> 00:08:28,382 were talking about the blue outline. 163 00:08:28,382 --> 00:08:30,282 But then there was a red outline. 164 00:08:30,282 --> 00:08:31,990 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Yes, so the question was 165 00:08:31,990 --> 00:08:33,700 about blue versus red outlines. 166 00:08:33,700 --> 00:08:37,450 That's in fact answered directly by different types of airspace. 167 00:08:37,450 --> 00:08:38,770 So it's a great transition. 168 00:08:38,770 --> 00:08:40,880 So I'll move straight into that. 169 00:08:40,880 --> 00:08:44,020 So there are different types of airspace. 170 00:08:44,020 --> 00:08:47,570 And they're labeled with these letters. 171 00:08:47,570 --> 00:08:50,560 So in aviation speak, just to make 172 00:08:50,560 --> 00:08:54,643 sure we're being clear instead of saying B, we say bravo. 173 00:08:54,643 --> 00:08:56,185 Because we don't want to get confused 174 00:08:56,185 --> 00:08:58,150 did you say B, or C, or D? 175 00:08:58,150 --> 00:08:59,605 So you say Bravo. 176 00:08:59,605 --> 00:09:01,480 So we have these different types of airspace. 177 00:09:01,480 --> 00:09:05,920 So uncontrolled airspace is Class G or Class Golf. 178 00:09:05,920 --> 00:09:07,770 And then you have the controlled airspace. 179 00:09:07,770 --> 00:09:11,200 So Class A, Class Bravo, Class Charlie, et cetera. 180 00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:14,380 And then there's some special use airspace. 181 00:09:14,380 --> 00:09:17,650 So the short answer is the different colors 182 00:09:17,650 --> 00:09:22,510 of blue and purple represent different types of airspace, 183 00:09:22,510 --> 00:09:24,940 as well as different classes of airspace, 184 00:09:24,940 --> 00:09:27,580 and can represent whether you're close to certain types 185 00:09:27,580 --> 00:09:28,940 of airports. 186 00:09:28,940 --> 00:09:32,140 So the way to think about airspace-- 187 00:09:32,140 --> 00:09:33,820 now, there's a lot going on in this map. 188 00:09:33,820 --> 00:09:36,070 I agree with you-- but there are a bunch 189 00:09:36,070 --> 00:09:38,320 of circles that are going on. 190 00:09:38,320 --> 00:09:40,030 Well, one thing to keep in mind is 191 00:09:40,030 --> 00:09:43,810 that each circle is actually operating 192 00:09:43,810 --> 00:09:47,110 at a particular elevation. 193 00:09:47,110 --> 00:09:49,450 And so one way to think about it is that airspace 194 00:09:49,450 --> 00:09:52,060 is three dimensional and a lot of people 195 00:09:52,060 --> 00:09:54,400 think about it as a wedding cake, 196 00:09:54,400 --> 00:09:56,913 as an upside down wedding cake. 197 00:09:56,913 --> 00:09:58,330 And the reason they think about it 198 00:09:58,330 --> 00:10:01,900 that way is that usually around a particular airport, 199 00:10:01,900 --> 00:10:05,465 like Boston Logan Airport, there is restricted airspace, right? 200 00:10:05,465 --> 00:10:07,090 They don't want you to just fly through 201 00:10:07,090 --> 00:10:09,820 because you could interfere with commercial traffic that's 202 00:10:09,820 --> 00:10:10,630 landing there. 203 00:10:10,630 --> 00:10:13,120 So they want you to have certain restrictions when 204 00:10:13,120 --> 00:10:14,968 you're close to an airport. 205 00:10:14,968 --> 00:10:17,260 So the reason it looks like an upside down wedding cake 206 00:10:17,260 --> 00:10:21,160 is that when airplanes are being sequenced to come in, 207 00:10:21,160 --> 00:10:23,012 they're usually at pretty high altitudes 208 00:10:23,012 --> 00:10:24,970 because they've been flying across the country. 209 00:10:24,970 --> 00:10:28,870 So the restrictions on the airspace start high up. 210 00:10:28,870 --> 00:10:33,850 So you can actually fly underneath the Class Bravo 211 00:10:33,850 --> 00:10:34,780 airspace. 212 00:10:34,780 --> 00:10:38,220 So if you're flying on this side, 213 00:10:38,220 --> 00:10:40,180 so we show kind of to the left, you 214 00:10:40,180 --> 00:10:43,000 can be underneath the Class Bravo airspace. 215 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:45,520 And the restricted space can be above you. 216 00:10:45,520 --> 00:10:47,920 But as you get closer to the airport, 217 00:10:47,920 --> 00:10:49,990 the restricted airspace goes all the way down 218 00:10:49,990 --> 00:10:51,790 to the ground, right, to the surface. 219 00:10:51,790 --> 00:10:54,512 So it touches the ground around the airport 220 00:10:54,512 --> 00:10:56,470 because that's where the airplanes are landing. 221 00:10:56,470 --> 00:10:58,510 So that's why it's like a layer of the wedding 222 00:10:58,510 --> 00:11:02,780 cake that is lower and lower until it touches the ground. 223 00:11:02,780 --> 00:11:04,018 Does that makes sense? 224 00:11:04,018 --> 00:11:07,010 Great. 225 00:11:07,010 --> 00:11:09,760 OK, so here's a specific answer to the question 226 00:11:09,760 --> 00:11:10,810 you were talking about-- 227 00:11:10,810 --> 00:11:12,435 there are all kinds of different lines. 228 00:11:12,435 --> 00:11:13,240 What do they mean? 229 00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:16,930 So if you see a solid blue line, that 230 00:11:16,930 --> 00:11:19,330 represents Class Bravo airspace. 231 00:11:19,330 --> 00:11:22,360 So that's like the airspace around Boston Logan Airport 232 00:11:22,360 --> 00:11:23,650 is Class Bravo. 233 00:11:23,650 --> 00:11:25,300 So you'll see a solid blue line. 234 00:11:25,300 --> 00:11:28,840 And the solid magenta line is Class Charlie airspace, 235 00:11:28,840 --> 00:11:31,510 which is for a usually slightly less busy airport. 236 00:11:31,510 --> 00:11:33,070 We'll define it in a moment. 237 00:11:33,070 --> 00:11:35,140 But you might have seen other lines, 238 00:11:35,140 --> 00:11:41,590 which are kind of these big fat kind of faded lines lower down. 239 00:11:41,590 --> 00:11:43,790 And so that really depends. 240 00:11:43,790 --> 00:11:49,560 It usually is denoting some form of Class E airspace. 241 00:11:49,560 --> 00:11:54,570 And depending on where it is, it is 242 00:11:54,570 --> 00:11:56,200 in effect different altitudes. 243 00:11:56,200 --> 00:12:00,100 And we'll dive into those minimums and descriptions 244 00:12:00,100 --> 00:12:02,090 in just a moment. 245 00:12:02,090 --> 00:12:05,650 So let's start at the top at Class A airspace. 246 00:12:05,650 --> 00:12:07,300 So this is very high up. 247 00:12:07,300 --> 00:12:11,710 Pretty much as a private pilot in a single engine airplane, 248 00:12:11,710 --> 00:12:14,320 you're never going to encounter this Class 249 00:12:14,320 --> 00:12:18,340 A airspace, because it starts at 18,000 feet. 250 00:12:18,340 --> 00:12:19,570 So it's pretty high up. 251 00:12:19,570 --> 00:12:22,300 So pretty much only big jets, commercial jets, 252 00:12:22,300 --> 00:12:25,480 fly at that altitude. 253 00:12:25,480 --> 00:12:27,350 In order to fly into that altitude, 254 00:12:27,350 --> 00:12:31,270 you actually have to have your instrument flight rating. 255 00:12:31,270 --> 00:12:33,790 And we're going to have a whole lecture devoted just 256 00:12:33,790 --> 00:12:35,350 to instrument flight training. 257 00:12:35,350 --> 00:12:36,910 But really what it means is that you 258 00:12:36,910 --> 00:12:39,040 could be flying through clouds where 259 00:12:39,040 --> 00:12:40,870 you can't see outside the airplane 260 00:12:40,870 --> 00:12:43,000 to avoid other airplanes and you're just 261 00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:44,980 relying on your instruments. 262 00:12:44,980 --> 00:12:47,370 It requires also a lot more precision. 263 00:12:47,370 --> 00:12:50,050 That when you say that you're at 20,000 feet, 264 00:12:50,050 --> 00:12:51,430 you have to be at 20,000 feet. 265 00:12:51,430 --> 00:12:54,010 You can't drift off to 21,000 feet. 266 00:12:54,010 --> 00:12:55,270 You have to stay put. 267 00:12:55,270 --> 00:12:58,120 And the reason is that when you're flying the instrument, 268 00:12:58,120 --> 00:13:01,000 you're relying on the air traffic controllers 269 00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:02,170 to sequence you. 270 00:13:02,170 --> 00:13:04,570 And so they have multiple airplanes in the same space. 271 00:13:04,570 --> 00:13:06,490 And they're basically depending that you'll 272 00:13:06,490 --> 00:13:09,490 be able to hold the altitude that they 273 00:13:09,490 --> 00:13:11,340 give you and the heading that they give you. 274 00:13:11,340 --> 00:13:13,810 And they might put another airplane relatively 275 00:13:13,810 --> 00:13:15,310 close to you, but they know that you 276 00:13:15,310 --> 00:13:17,590 can both fly very well and accurately so you're not 277 00:13:17,590 --> 00:13:18,640 going to hit each other. 278 00:13:18,640 --> 00:13:21,340 So they have all kinds of airplanes up in the Class Alpha 279 00:13:21,340 --> 00:13:22,885 or Class A airspace. 280 00:13:22,885 --> 00:13:24,760 In fact, the pro tip is that most people just 281 00:13:24,760 --> 00:13:27,610 call it Class A even though you're supposed to say Alpha. 282 00:13:30,160 --> 00:13:32,770 Phillip talked a little bit about the altimeter setting 283 00:13:32,770 --> 00:13:35,740 and how the actual altimeter setting 284 00:13:35,740 --> 00:13:37,570 can vary from where you are. 285 00:13:40,380 --> 00:13:43,200 But since you have big jets that are traveling very quickly 286 00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:46,410 and they might cross multiple places with different altimeter 287 00:13:46,410 --> 00:13:49,890 settings, in Class A airspace, you actually 288 00:13:49,890 --> 00:13:55,050 have everybody using the exact same altimeter setting, 29.92. 289 00:13:55,050 --> 00:13:59,610 And that way everybody is viewing the same altitude 290 00:13:59,610 --> 00:14:01,300 as the other person at the same height 291 00:14:01,300 --> 00:14:03,850 so that everyone can make sure not to hit each other. 292 00:14:03,850 --> 00:14:07,320 And when anyone is supposed to be at 18,000, 293 00:14:07,320 --> 00:14:11,340 they're at the same altitude as the people around them. 294 00:14:11,340 --> 00:14:14,120 OK, the next is Class Bravo. 295 00:14:14,120 --> 00:14:16,370 This is a lot more relevant to something 296 00:14:16,370 --> 00:14:19,235 that you might encounter. 297 00:14:19,235 --> 00:14:22,250 So over here, it's right around Boston Logan Airport. 298 00:14:22,250 --> 00:14:25,250 We heard Meenakshi talk about her time talking 299 00:14:25,250 --> 00:14:28,880 to JFK at Kennedy Tower right around New York. 300 00:14:28,880 --> 00:14:31,760 All of the busy airports have Class Bravo. 301 00:14:31,760 --> 00:14:34,840 So the way to remember Bravo is Bravo is busiest. 302 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:37,670 So the busiest airports are Class Bravo. 303 00:14:37,670 --> 00:14:41,090 You actually have to have an explicit clearance to enter. 304 00:14:41,090 --> 00:14:44,247 Someone has to say you're cleared through the Bravo. 305 00:14:44,247 --> 00:14:46,580 If they don't tell you you're cleared through the Bravo, 306 00:14:46,580 --> 00:14:48,425 you're not allowed to enter that airspace. 307 00:14:53,360 --> 00:14:56,060 Even after you get your solo and you're a student pilot, 308 00:14:56,060 --> 00:14:58,370 you have to have a specific endorsement. 309 00:14:58,370 --> 00:15:00,990 Again, endorsement is a signature by your instructor 310 00:15:00,990 --> 00:15:05,450 that says you're allowed to enter that particular airspace. 311 00:15:05,450 --> 00:15:08,420 Your aircraft also requires specific equipment. 312 00:15:08,420 --> 00:15:11,720 And in particular, it needs a Mode C transponder, 313 00:15:11,720 --> 00:15:15,200 which basically helps to identify more accurately where 314 00:15:15,200 --> 00:15:17,190 the aircraft is. 315 00:15:17,190 --> 00:15:20,460 And then we talked about this upside down wedding cake. 316 00:15:20,460 --> 00:15:23,362 So typically right in the middle of the wedding cake, 317 00:15:23,362 --> 00:15:25,320 right around the airport, it's from the surface 318 00:15:25,320 --> 00:15:26,940 to 10,000 feet. 319 00:15:26,940 --> 00:15:30,790 But it goes out wider starting at a higher altitude. 320 00:15:30,790 --> 00:15:33,270 So right here near Logan Airport, 321 00:15:33,270 --> 00:15:35,850 for example, there are parts of it 322 00:15:35,850 --> 00:15:39,040 where the Class Bravo doesn't start until 3,000 feet. 323 00:15:39,040 --> 00:15:42,150 So if you fly at 2,500 feet, you can fly right 324 00:15:42,150 --> 00:15:43,860 underneath the Class Bravo. 325 00:15:43,860 --> 00:15:46,770 You don't have to get clearance to fly there. 326 00:15:46,770 --> 00:15:49,460 And if you accidentally fly too high 327 00:15:49,460 --> 00:15:52,020 and you go through that 3,000 foot barrier, 328 00:15:52,020 --> 00:15:54,420 it's called busting the Bravo, and you're in big trouble, 329 00:15:54,420 --> 00:15:55,170 and don't do that. 330 00:15:57,700 --> 00:16:01,920 OK, so again, Boston Logan Airport is right in the middle. 331 00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:03,710 And then the rings going around it 332 00:16:03,710 --> 00:16:06,330 show the different rising altitudes. 333 00:16:06,330 --> 00:16:08,350 So how do you know what the altitude is? 334 00:16:08,350 --> 00:16:13,460 So right in the center, it has a 70 and then 335 00:16:13,460 --> 00:16:15,260 a line that says SFC. 336 00:16:15,260 --> 00:16:17,060 So SFC means surface. 337 00:16:17,060 --> 00:16:18,950 So right in the center of the circle, 338 00:16:18,950 --> 00:16:20,690 it goes down to the surface. 339 00:16:20,690 --> 00:16:23,630 And then you see now the number change to 20. 340 00:16:23,630 --> 00:16:25,850 So you can go up to 2,000 feet. 341 00:16:25,850 --> 00:16:27,530 And out here, 30. 342 00:16:27,530 --> 00:16:31,160 So that means if you're at 3,000 feet, 343 00:16:31,160 --> 00:16:34,130 up to 7,000 feet is where the restriction is. 344 00:16:34,130 --> 00:16:38,820 Below 3,000 feet, you're OK. 345 00:16:38,820 --> 00:16:41,670 OK, so now is Class Charlie. 346 00:16:41,670 --> 00:16:44,580 So they are also busy airports, but they're not quite as busy 347 00:16:44,580 --> 00:16:46,060 as the Class Bravo airports. 348 00:16:46,060 --> 00:16:49,300 So for example, Manchester, New Hampshire, Providence, 349 00:16:49,300 --> 00:16:50,100 Rhode Island. 350 00:16:50,100 --> 00:16:53,220 Here you're required to establish two-way radio 351 00:16:53,220 --> 00:16:55,140 communication, where they actually 352 00:16:55,140 --> 00:16:57,930 know the tail number of your aircraft. 353 00:16:57,930 --> 00:16:59,610 So every aircraft has a number. 354 00:16:59,610 --> 00:17:02,580 If it's a US aircraft, it usually has an N or November 355 00:17:02,580 --> 00:17:03,480 at the beginning. 356 00:17:03,480 --> 00:17:07,410 So you know, November 535, you know, Alpha Bravo. 357 00:17:07,410 --> 00:17:11,660 And so you actually have to say what your tail number is. 358 00:17:11,660 --> 00:17:15,690 So in this example, 808 Whiskey Tango. 359 00:17:15,690 --> 00:17:18,540 But if you just say I'm an aircraft five 360 00:17:18,540 --> 00:17:23,010 miles to the south, they haven't identified you in particular. 361 00:17:23,010 --> 00:17:24,970 So that doesn't count as establishing 362 00:17:24,970 --> 00:17:26,400 the two-way communication. 363 00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:28,740 But once you have established two-way communication 364 00:17:28,740 --> 00:17:32,280 with the controller, you can enter 365 00:17:32,280 --> 00:17:34,825 without a specific clearance to enter the Class Charlie 366 00:17:34,825 --> 00:17:35,325 airspace. 367 00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:41,330 So here's an example of that. 368 00:17:41,330 --> 00:17:42,900 So we have the airport in the middle. 369 00:17:42,900 --> 00:17:45,740 And now we have magenta lines instead of blue lines 370 00:17:45,740 --> 00:17:48,855 because it's a Class Charlie airspace instead of Class Bravo 371 00:17:48,855 --> 00:17:49,355 airspace. 372 00:17:54,660 --> 00:17:58,980 So Class Delta, one of the airports 373 00:17:58,980 --> 00:18:02,580 we've been talking about, Hanscom, also known as Bedford, 374 00:18:02,580 --> 00:18:04,500 is a Class Delta airport. 375 00:18:04,500 --> 00:18:08,580 And so here you have to establish two-way radio 376 00:18:08,580 --> 00:18:09,930 communication as well. 377 00:18:09,930 --> 00:18:13,710 It's indicated by a dashed blue line. 378 00:18:13,710 --> 00:18:17,310 So this is an example of Worcester airport. 379 00:18:17,310 --> 00:18:20,760 And you can see the dash blue circle around the airport. 380 00:18:24,180 --> 00:18:28,200 OK, now Class E airspace is when you start 381 00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:30,420 getting a little complicated. 382 00:18:30,420 --> 00:18:35,100 So it's not necessarily related to a particular airport. 383 00:18:35,100 --> 00:18:39,480 And it really applies to just other controlled airspace 384 00:18:39,480 --> 00:18:40,650 around. 385 00:18:40,650 --> 00:18:46,170 And the reason that they have this airspace 386 00:18:46,170 --> 00:18:48,970 is to define certain weather restrictions. 387 00:18:48,970 --> 00:18:51,960 So how close and far you can be from clouds, 388 00:18:51,960 --> 00:18:54,060 what the visibility needs to be in order for you 389 00:18:54,060 --> 00:18:56,380 to fly in these environments. 390 00:18:56,380 --> 00:18:58,530 So it can be indicated in a lot of different ways. 391 00:18:58,530 --> 00:18:59,890 It gets very confusing. 392 00:18:59,890 --> 00:19:04,890 So we have both magenta blurry lines and blue blurry lines. 393 00:19:04,890 --> 00:19:07,870 And the legend, of course, is your friend. 394 00:19:07,870 --> 00:19:12,460 It defines exactly what it means and why it's a different color. 395 00:19:12,460 --> 00:19:14,040 And you can see those throughout. 396 00:19:14,040 --> 00:19:17,790 So sometimes like when we were flying to Bar Harbor 397 00:19:17,790 --> 00:19:20,100 as we talked about earlier along the coastline, 398 00:19:20,100 --> 00:19:24,400 you might see those restrictions or around a small airport. 399 00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:28,660 So now let's zoom back out this big picture. 400 00:19:28,660 --> 00:19:30,490 You might see a whole bunch of things 401 00:19:30,490 --> 00:19:34,010 going on in the sectionals that are coming around the room. 402 00:19:34,010 --> 00:19:36,750 It looks very complicated. 403 00:19:36,750 --> 00:19:40,600 But now you kind of know what the little dots mean. 404 00:19:40,600 --> 00:19:42,670 You also see some yellow. 405 00:19:42,670 --> 00:19:45,870 The yellow indicates a congested area. 406 00:19:45,870 --> 00:19:48,377 So there might be like dense population over there. 407 00:19:48,377 --> 00:19:49,960 So that's relevant, because you're not 408 00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:52,150 supposed to fly low over a congested area. 409 00:19:52,150 --> 00:19:54,370 But it's also helpful when you're flying around 410 00:19:54,370 --> 00:19:56,260 to identify where you are, that, oh, OK, I'm 411 00:19:56,260 --> 00:20:00,840 over a city versus I'm over just some fields. 412 00:20:00,840 --> 00:20:04,830 There are also airways on those sectionals and maps being 413 00:20:04,830 --> 00:20:07,500 passed around, which are indicated 414 00:20:07,500 --> 00:20:10,560 by these kind of blue lines with an arrow on it with a heading. 415 00:20:10,560 --> 00:20:14,940 So what I mean by heading is like if it says 132 degrees. 416 00:20:14,940 --> 00:20:20,070 And so these airways are places that sometimes an airplane gets 417 00:20:20,070 --> 00:20:22,320 told to follow a particular airway, 418 00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:26,590 might be the fastest way to get from one place to another. 419 00:20:26,590 --> 00:20:29,140 So here's an example of an airway on the sectional. 420 00:20:29,140 --> 00:20:31,825 You can see these blue lines kind of cutting across. 421 00:20:34,660 --> 00:20:38,410 And then another relatively confusing airspace 422 00:20:38,410 --> 00:20:41,140 is this Class Gulf airspace. 423 00:20:41,140 --> 00:20:43,690 And it basically is uncontrolled airspace. 424 00:20:43,690 --> 00:20:45,290 You can do whatever you want. 425 00:20:45,290 --> 00:20:48,018 You might see this over a desert. 426 00:20:48,018 --> 00:20:49,810 You won't see any of this in the Northeast. 427 00:20:49,810 --> 00:20:52,830 There are too many airports and too many things going on. 428 00:20:52,830 --> 00:20:55,270 But in the middle of the country or in certain places 429 00:20:55,270 --> 00:20:56,830 that are not as populated, you'll 430 00:20:56,830 --> 00:20:58,780 see this uncontrolled airspace. 431 00:20:58,780 --> 00:21:01,390 And you can do whatever you want. 432 00:21:01,390 --> 00:21:05,660 So the memory aid here is Golf means go for it. 433 00:21:05,660 --> 00:21:06,830 So here's the summary. 434 00:21:06,830 --> 00:21:10,800 So Class Bravo is that upside down wedding cake. 435 00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:14,090 And then you get the Class Charlie, Class Delta. 436 00:21:14,090 --> 00:21:18,770 And then Class E is kind of everywhere 437 00:21:18,770 --> 00:21:20,690 that doesn't have other restrictions. 438 00:21:20,690 --> 00:21:22,700 And then Class Golf is unrestricted. 439 00:21:26,240 --> 00:21:30,980 Now each of those types of airspace-- so A, B, C, 440 00:21:30,980 --> 00:21:34,850 D-- they all have some specific requirements associated 441 00:21:34,850 --> 00:21:36,180 with them. 442 00:21:36,180 --> 00:21:39,800 So for example, we talked about in Class 443 00:21:39,800 --> 00:21:42,140 A airspace you have to be instrument rated. 444 00:21:46,070 --> 00:21:47,510 In Class Bravo airspace, you might 445 00:21:47,510 --> 00:21:49,520 need to get a special endorsement 446 00:21:49,520 --> 00:21:52,250 to be able to fly there. 447 00:21:52,250 --> 00:21:53,870 Then the entry requirements. 448 00:21:53,870 --> 00:21:55,520 So Class Golf is go for it. 449 00:21:55,520 --> 00:21:57,102 You can fly in Class Golf airspace 450 00:21:57,102 --> 00:21:58,810 without talking to anyone about anything. 451 00:21:58,810 --> 00:22:00,770 You just take off and you fly. 452 00:22:00,770 --> 00:22:02,390 Whereas we talked about, for example, 453 00:22:02,390 --> 00:22:04,700 Class Bravo where you need explicit clearance 454 00:22:04,700 --> 00:22:06,890 to enter the airspace. 455 00:22:06,890 --> 00:22:11,050 And then come all of the visibility or minimums, 456 00:22:11,050 --> 00:22:12,260 as they talk about. 457 00:22:12,260 --> 00:22:15,540 These are prime candidates for the FAA exam, 458 00:22:15,540 --> 00:22:20,210 because they're just things you basically have to remember. 459 00:22:20,210 --> 00:22:23,030 So Class A airspace, you already have 460 00:22:23,030 --> 00:22:24,920 to have an instrument rating, which means, 461 00:22:24,920 --> 00:22:27,540 hey, there can be instrument conditions, 462 00:22:27,540 --> 00:22:30,270 which means it can be cloudy, you could be flying in a cloud. 463 00:22:30,270 --> 00:22:32,888 So there's no specific visibility requirement. 464 00:22:32,888 --> 00:22:35,180 There could be zero visibility and you could be flying. 465 00:22:35,180 --> 00:22:42,590 So that's why it says N/A for all of the Class A visibility. 466 00:22:42,590 --> 00:22:46,340 But on the other ones, there are some more restrictions. 467 00:22:46,340 --> 00:22:51,740 And so for example, when you're in Class Bravo airspace, 468 00:22:51,740 --> 00:22:54,320 you have to remain clear of clouds. 469 00:22:54,320 --> 00:22:58,520 The reason that they don't have more stringent restriction, 470 00:22:58,520 --> 00:23:01,543 you know, that you have to be 1,000 miles away from a cloud 471 00:23:01,543 --> 00:23:02,960 is because they're really watching 472 00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:05,300 everybody in that airspace and moving them around. 473 00:23:05,300 --> 00:23:07,640 So they can generally make sure that there 474 00:23:07,640 --> 00:23:09,380 isn't an airplane in a cloud that's 475 00:23:09,380 --> 00:23:11,090 about to pop out and hit you. 476 00:23:11,090 --> 00:23:13,160 You're already aware of all the other aircraft. 477 00:23:13,160 --> 00:23:15,562 Whereas when you have less control 478 00:23:15,562 --> 00:23:18,020 and they're not air traffic controllers necessarily talking 479 00:23:18,020 --> 00:23:20,570 to everyone, they want to make you 480 00:23:20,570 --> 00:23:22,220 stay farther away from a cloud. 481 00:23:22,220 --> 00:23:24,530 Because if you're in a cloud, if you're near a cloud, 482 00:23:24,530 --> 00:23:26,060 you may not see an aircraft that's 483 00:23:26,060 --> 00:23:27,800 on the other side of the cloud. 484 00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:31,290 And then you could have a collision. 485 00:23:31,290 --> 00:23:35,070 So there's also a fair amount of special use airspace. 486 00:23:35,070 --> 00:23:38,820 So there's restricted areas. 487 00:23:38,820 --> 00:23:39,320 Oh, yes. 488 00:23:39,320 --> 00:23:40,695 Go ahead? 489 00:23:40,695 --> 00:23:43,422 AUDIENCE: How do you know how far away you are from a cloud? 490 00:23:43,422 --> 00:23:45,130 TINA SRIVASTAVA: That's a great question, 491 00:23:45,130 --> 00:23:47,005 how do you know how far you are from a cloud? 492 00:23:47,005 --> 00:23:48,710 There's no good way to know. 493 00:23:48,710 --> 00:23:50,460 You're just supposed to guesstimate really 494 00:23:50,460 --> 00:23:54,000 by looking outside the window and looking at the cloud. 495 00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:55,920 If you're near an airport, then you 496 00:23:55,920 --> 00:23:58,350 might know what the runway length is. 497 00:23:58,350 --> 00:24:01,380 So you can use that to kind of gauge distances. 498 00:24:01,380 --> 00:24:04,020 But there isn't a hard and fast rule 499 00:24:04,020 --> 00:24:06,420 of knowing how far you are from a cloud. 500 00:24:09,228 --> 00:24:11,560 AUDIENCE: What do you mean? 501 00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:13,810 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Well, clear of clouds is really easy. 502 00:24:13,810 --> 00:24:16,633 You just don't go in the cloud. 503 00:24:16,633 --> 00:24:18,300 I would say there is not a very good way 504 00:24:18,300 --> 00:24:21,480 of knowing whether you're 1,000 feet or 2,000 feet away 505 00:24:21,480 --> 00:24:22,410 from a cloud. 506 00:24:22,410 --> 00:24:24,660 In general, I use those as guidance 507 00:24:24,660 --> 00:24:26,603 that, OK, I should basically stay as far away 508 00:24:26,603 --> 00:24:27,770 from the clouds as possible. 509 00:24:27,770 --> 00:24:30,768 So if there's a cloud near me, I'll turn off course. 510 00:24:30,768 --> 00:24:32,310 Whereas if it's just clear of clouds, 511 00:24:32,310 --> 00:24:34,800 I'm willing to come right underneath that cloud. 512 00:24:38,400 --> 00:24:40,530 Good question. 513 00:24:40,530 --> 00:24:41,950 OK, so restricted area. 514 00:24:41,950 --> 00:24:45,130 So some restricted areas, restricted areas 515 00:24:45,130 --> 00:24:49,400 are either hot or on, or they're cold and they're not active. 516 00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:53,170 So you only have to avoid a restricted area if it's hot. 517 00:24:53,170 --> 00:24:55,420 So if you're already in communication with air traffic 518 00:24:55,420 --> 00:24:58,600 control, you could just ask them if a particular restricted area 519 00:24:58,600 --> 00:25:01,020 is active or not. 520 00:25:01,020 --> 00:25:02,710 There are also some prohibited areas, 521 00:25:02,710 --> 00:25:05,560 like over president's houses. 522 00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:08,800 And then there are temporary flight restrictions, or TFRs. 523 00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:12,010 And they can be very complicated. 524 00:25:12,010 --> 00:25:13,960 We'll talk about a couple in particular. 525 00:25:13,960 --> 00:25:17,123 So around the stadium, you're not supposed to fly there. 526 00:25:17,123 --> 00:25:18,790 Around Disney World, you're not supposed 527 00:25:18,790 --> 00:25:21,190 to fly low over Disney World. 528 00:25:21,190 --> 00:25:25,090 And sometimes if the president is traveling somewhere, 529 00:25:25,090 --> 00:25:27,350 there will be a temporary flight restriction. 530 00:25:27,350 --> 00:25:29,980 And it might not tell you that it's the president. 531 00:25:29,980 --> 00:25:32,320 It might just say a VIP is in the areas. 532 00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:35,797 So you're not allowed to fly. 533 00:25:35,797 --> 00:25:37,630 And then there's certain areas that you just 534 00:25:37,630 --> 00:25:41,020 have to proceed with caution, but you're allowed to enter. 535 00:25:41,020 --> 00:25:44,020 So alert areas, military operation areas, 536 00:25:44,020 --> 00:25:45,460 and other warning areas. 537 00:25:45,460 --> 00:25:47,530 You just want to be especially alert 538 00:25:47,530 --> 00:25:49,060 when you're in those spaces. 539 00:25:49,060 --> 00:25:51,400 And then, again, you have a whole bunch more blue 540 00:25:51,400 --> 00:25:55,060 and magenta lines that mean different things that basically 541 00:25:55,060 --> 00:25:57,310 describe all of the different types of environments 542 00:25:57,310 --> 00:25:58,390 that we talked about. 543 00:25:58,390 --> 00:26:02,140 So I think the one you're most likely to encounter 544 00:26:02,140 --> 00:26:06,110 is this one that's very close to Minuteman Airport. 545 00:26:06,110 --> 00:26:09,520 So this is really just west of Hanscom. 546 00:26:09,520 --> 00:26:10,990 There's a small area there. 547 00:26:10,990 --> 00:26:12,080 It's not usually active. 548 00:26:12,080 --> 00:26:16,490 But if it is, it's one that you want to keep an eye out. 549 00:26:16,490 --> 00:26:18,523 And then we talked about TFRs-- 550 00:26:18,523 --> 00:26:19,940 the Temporary Flight Restrictions. 551 00:26:19,940 --> 00:26:21,440 There are some that are unpublished. 552 00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:25,100 So over stadiums or over football games, 553 00:26:25,100 --> 00:26:27,410 sometimes you won't see those published in advance. 554 00:26:27,410 --> 00:26:30,230 But in general, it's a good idea to be aware 555 00:26:30,230 --> 00:26:35,370 when you're going over a stadium not to be too low over it. 556 00:26:35,370 --> 00:26:37,620 There are a lot of different resources to dive in. 557 00:26:37,620 --> 00:26:39,210 We already talked about Sky Vector. 558 00:26:39,210 --> 00:26:42,312 There are a bunch of different options here. 559 00:26:42,312 --> 00:26:43,770 And we're seeing that going around. 560 00:26:43,770 --> 00:26:47,196 Just so I can see where it is, who has the iPad? 561 00:26:47,196 --> 00:26:49,030 Oh, that made its way pretty far. 562 00:26:49,030 --> 00:26:50,970 And then the sectional I see over there. 563 00:26:50,970 --> 00:26:54,040 So we'll keep it passing around all afternoon. 564 00:26:54,040 --> 00:26:56,560 So just a couple practice questions 565 00:26:56,560 --> 00:27:01,600 to keep us on our toes, which statement about longitude 566 00:27:01,600 --> 00:27:03,030 and latitude is true? 567 00:27:25,380 --> 00:27:28,950 OK, so A, B, or C. Shout it out. 568 00:27:28,950 --> 00:27:33,180 B. All right, that's correct. 569 00:27:33,180 --> 00:27:35,700 One rule I have, a thumb, that helps 570 00:27:35,700 --> 00:27:39,460 me is that you think of longitude versus latitude, 571 00:27:39,460 --> 00:27:42,360 which one goes in which direction, 572 00:27:42,360 --> 00:27:44,820 latitude is horizontal. 573 00:27:44,820 --> 00:27:46,740 And I think of latitude, it sounds 574 00:27:46,740 --> 00:27:49,056 like "fatitude" or being fat. 575 00:27:49,056 --> 00:27:52,710 And so your horizontal. 576 00:27:52,710 --> 00:27:55,450 So anyway, longitude are the vertical lines. 577 00:27:55,450 --> 00:27:58,020 So they cross the equator at right angles. 578 00:28:00,590 --> 00:28:04,180 So I'll leave this to somebody that has a sectional 579 00:28:04,180 --> 00:28:05,750 or has seen the sectional. 580 00:28:05,750 --> 00:28:08,110 Let's see if you can answer this question referring 581 00:28:08,110 --> 00:28:11,150 to one of those legends. 582 00:28:11,150 --> 00:28:15,280 AUDIENCE: So another one for latitude is a bunch of ladders. 583 00:28:15,280 --> 00:28:16,620 It sounds like a ladder. 584 00:28:16,620 --> 00:28:18,037 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Oh, that's great. 585 00:28:18,037 --> 00:28:19,690 So in the back, we got know another way 586 00:28:19,690 --> 00:28:21,040 of remembering latitude. 587 00:28:21,040 --> 00:28:23,750 So you said latitude sounds like a ladder. 588 00:28:23,750 --> 00:28:25,425 So it looks like steps of a ladder. 589 00:28:25,425 --> 00:28:26,800 So that's why they're horizontal. 590 00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:28,340 That's a great idea. 591 00:28:28,340 --> 00:28:29,190 Thanks. 592 00:28:29,190 --> 00:28:32,204 AUDIENCE: Also, longitude goes the long way around. 593 00:28:32,204 --> 00:28:35,480 Latitude, at the poles, is shorter. 594 00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:38,330 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Yeah, so that was that longitude 595 00:28:38,330 --> 00:28:40,280 goes the long way around. 596 00:28:40,280 --> 00:28:44,000 Where as latitude, sometimes, especially at the poles, 597 00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:46,890 is shorter. 598 00:28:46,890 --> 00:28:47,860 Very good ones. 599 00:28:47,860 --> 00:28:48,360 Thanks. 600 00:28:59,730 --> 00:29:04,110 So I'll ask, I guess, the 30 or 40 or so 601 00:29:04,110 --> 00:29:08,010 of you who have already seen the sectional, 602 00:29:08,010 --> 00:29:09,810 to be the ones to guess this one. 603 00:29:09,810 --> 00:29:13,248 So A, B, or C? 604 00:29:13,248 --> 00:29:15,330 C. All right, good job. 605 00:29:15,330 --> 00:29:16,080 Very good. 606 00:29:16,080 --> 00:29:19,980 So these, if you take a look at the legend on those maps, 607 00:29:19,980 --> 00:29:21,660 for the rest of you, as it comes around, 608 00:29:21,660 --> 00:29:23,720 it should be more clear.