1 00:00:16,392 --> 00:00:17,850 PHILIP GREENSPUN: All right, folks, 2 00:00:17,850 --> 00:00:19,410 before Tina is going to talk, I'm 3 00:00:19,410 --> 00:00:22,200 going to share with you something that I've never said 4 00:00:22,200 --> 00:00:27,520 to anyone before in 55 years. 5 00:00:27,520 --> 00:00:30,420 I figured it out on my own by thinking. 6 00:00:34,230 --> 00:00:37,880 So when you put in the flaps, the airplane's nose 7 00:00:37,880 --> 00:00:38,840 has to go down. 8 00:00:41,360 --> 00:00:45,470 So you put in the flaps, nose goes down. 9 00:00:45,470 --> 00:00:46,970 Think about the tail plane. 10 00:00:46,970 --> 00:00:49,670 Remember, a tail plane is actually 11 00:00:49,670 --> 00:00:52,310 flying in the downward direction. 12 00:00:52,310 --> 00:00:57,000 So the angle of attack of the tail is negative. 13 00:00:57,000 --> 00:01:00,560 And if you put the airplane a little bit more nose down, 14 00:01:00,560 --> 00:01:02,930 that increases the angle of attack 15 00:01:02,930 --> 00:01:06,230 on the horizontal stabilizer. 16 00:01:06,230 --> 00:01:08,450 And it can become a stalling angle of attack 17 00:01:08,450 --> 00:01:11,960 if that horizontal stabilizer has been rendered inefficient 18 00:01:11,960 --> 00:01:12,560 by frost. 19 00:01:12,560 --> 00:01:13,740 Does that make sense? 20 00:01:13,740 --> 00:01:16,580 So remember, the angle of attack of the wing 21 00:01:16,580 --> 00:01:22,370 is positive between the relative wind and the wing. 22 00:01:22,370 --> 00:01:25,310 But the tail plane is flying down, generating lift 23 00:01:25,310 --> 00:01:28,070 in a downward direction. 24 00:01:28,070 --> 00:01:32,390 Wings pull up, tail pushes down in a conventional airplane. 25 00:01:32,390 --> 00:01:35,690 And when you go a little bit more nose down, 26 00:01:35,690 --> 00:01:38,240 then you have a higher angle of attack on the tail. 27 00:01:38,240 --> 00:01:40,310 If that becomes a stalling angle of attack, 28 00:01:40,310 --> 00:01:43,820 it's not generating the necessary down force anymore. 29 00:01:43,820 --> 00:01:45,843 So the airplane stalls. 30 00:01:45,843 --> 00:01:46,760 Does that makes sense? 31 00:01:49,360 --> 00:01:50,740 Francis says, yes. 32 00:01:50,740 --> 00:01:52,143 He's awake. 33 00:01:52,143 --> 00:01:53,560 All right, well, anyway, thank you 34 00:01:53,560 --> 00:01:56,350 guys for being here for that unusual moment 35 00:01:56,350 --> 00:01:57,370 in my personal journey. 36 00:02:01,717 --> 00:02:04,880 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: All right, now, we're 37 00:02:04,880 --> 00:02:08,940 going to jump into radar, and communications, 38 00:02:08,940 --> 00:02:10,620 flight information. 39 00:02:10,620 --> 00:02:13,770 And we're going to do a little thing that you probably 40 00:02:13,770 --> 00:02:17,700 haven't done for a long time, especially not here at MIT. 41 00:02:17,700 --> 00:02:20,140 We're going to sing the alphabet together. 42 00:02:20,140 --> 00:02:23,720 So it's going to be a great session. 43 00:02:23,720 --> 00:02:28,490 So we'll start with radar and Air Traffic Control, or ATC 44 00:02:28,490 --> 00:02:30,260 services. 45 00:02:30,260 --> 00:02:33,830 So what's a transponder? 46 00:02:33,830 --> 00:02:35,330 Why do we have transponders? 47 00:02:35,330 --> 00:02:37,220 What does it have to do with anything? 48 00:02:37,220 --> 00:02:41,090 So a transponder is something that helps enhance your radar 49 00:02:41,090 --> 00:02:44,540 return, so that the air traffic controller can better 50 00:02:44,540 --> 00:02:47,360 understand where your airplane is. 51 00:02:47,360 --> 00:02:51,200 So who knows just generally what a radar is? 52 00:02:51,200 --> 00:02:52,460 Let's step back. 53 00:02:52,460 --> 00:02:55,160 Do people know what radar is? 54 00:02:55,160 --> 00:03:02,670 Who's seen the movie or read the book Hunt for Red October? 55 00:03:02,670 --> 00:03:05,190 Goodness, only half the class, that's really a shame. 56 00:03:08,190 --> 00:03:11,160 In that situation, we're talking about sonar. 57 00:03:11,160 --> 00:03:13,980 But sonar, since it's audible, is much easier 58 00:03:13,980 --> 00:03:15,570 sometimes to think about. 59 00:03:15,570 --> 00:03:18,900 Well, in that movie, we have some of the characters 60 00:03:18,900 --> 00:03:20,370 that are in a submarine. 61 00:03:20,370 --> 00:03:22,830 And they're trying to find another submarine. 62 00:03:22,830 --> 00:03:25,710 So they send out a sound, a sonar 63 00:03:25,710 --> 00:03:29,540 that goes out and is supposed to bounce off of whatever 64 00:03:29,540 --> 00:03:30,840 is out there and come back. 65 00:03:30,840 --> 00:03:32,757 So if there's a submarine, it will bounce off. 66 00:03:32,757 --> 00:03:34,560 So you hear, you know, ping. 67 00:03:34,560 --> 00:03:38,550 And then if it comes back, they can hear the sound coming back. 68 00:03:38,550 --> 00:03:43,090 Well, radar works the same way, but it's above the water. 69 00:03:43,090 --> 00:03:46,150 And we use radar to detect aircraft. 70 00:03:46,150 --> 00:03:48,480 So the air traffic control center 71 00:03:48,480 --> 00:03:52,980 has a radar that basically sends out signals that bounce off 72 00:03:52,980 --> 00:03:55,960 of airplanes and come back. 73 00:03:55,960 --> 00:03:58,680 We also can use radar for other things, 74 00:03:58,680 --> 00:04:01,920 like terrain avoidance, so very complex airplanes. 75 00:04:01,920 --> 00:04:05,130 Not usually your little Cessnas, but some more complex airplanes 76 00:04:05,130 --> 00:04:08,700 might have a terrain avoidance radar system. 77 00:04:08,700 --> 00:04:11,240 So as they're flying along, they send out a signal. 78 00:04:11,240 --> 00:04:13,230 It bounces off a mountain and comes back, 79 00:04:13,230 --> 00:04:15,330 and it tells you there's a mountain over there. 80 00:04:15,330 --> 00:04:18,180 Well, we want to make sure that that return, so the signal 81 00:04:18,180 --> 00:04:21,360 bouncing off, is very clear and provides as much information as 82 00:04:21,360 --> 00:04:23,130 possible, so that the air traffic 83 00:04:23,130 --> 00:04:27,540 controller knows where you are and what aircraft you are. 84 00:04:27,540 --> 00:04:28,887 So inside-- yes. 85 00:04:28,887 --> 00:04:30,720 AUDIENCE: I think it's important that we all 86 00:04:30,720 --> 00:04:33,205 realize [INAUDIBLE] invented right 87 00:04:33,205 --> 00:04:34,820 where we're sitting right now. 88 00:04:34,820 --> 00:04:35,626 Do you know that? 89 00:04:35,626 --> 00:04:37,834 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Yeah, that's a really good point, 90 00:04:37,834 --> 00:04:40,980 so just remembering where we are here at MIT and that radar 91 00:04:40,980 --> 00:04:43,022 was, in fact, invented here at MIT. 92 00:04:43,022 --> 00:04:43,980 It's a very good point. 93 00:04:43,980 --> 00:04:45,650 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] this building. 94 00:04:45,650 --> 00:04:46,860 AUDIENCE: Well, [INAUDIBLE]. 95 00:04:46,860 --> 00:04:49,025 AUDIENCE: This building used to be army barracks. 96 00:04:49,025 --> 00:04:52,470 And because radar was invented there, 97 00:04:52,470 --> 00:04:55,140 MIT had to keep the army barracks as a historic site. 98 00:04:55,140 --> 00:04:57,020 And there were, like, wood floors. 99 00:04:57,020 --> 00:04:58,320 And I had classes in there. 100 00:04:58,320 --> 00:05:00,848 It used to be the MIT model [INAUDIBLE].. 101 00:05:00,848 --> 00:05:03,390 And they finally got permission to demolish the Army barracks 102 00:05:03,390 --> 00:05:05,040 to build this building. 103 00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:06,620 So it really was right here. 104 00:05:06,620 --> 00:05:07,140 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Oh, wow. 105 00:05:07,140 --> 00:05:08,580 That's great, so a little history 106 00:05:08,580 --> 00:05:11,628 about what was here before this data center was built here. 107 00:05:11,628 --> 00:05:12,795 That's really great, thanks. 108 00:05:15,820 --> 00:05:19,165 So with that great history about where we are and radar, 109 00:05:19,165 --> 00:05:22,690 a transponder is actually a piece of equipment 110 00:05:22,690 --> 00:05:24,490 that you have in your aircraft. 111 00:05:24,490 --> 00:05:26,660 And this is generally what it looks like. 112 00:05:26,660 --> 00:05:28,660 So it has some numbers across the bottom where 113 00:05:28,660 --> 00:05:32,410 you can type in a particular transponder code or a squawk 114 00:05:32,410 --> 00:05:34,300 code, as it's called. 115 00:05:34,300 --> 00:05:36,190 And there are different types. 116 00:05:36,190 --> 00:05:39,790 When we were talking about the charts and airspace, 117 00:05:39,790 --> 00:05:43,000 we discussed how near the class bravo 118 00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:45,550 we had a big ring around the side that 119 00:05:45,550 --> 00:05:46,750 said mode C transponder. 120 00:05:46,750 --> 00:05:50,320 So it required a specific type of transponder, 121 00:05:50,320 --> 00:05:52,150 so that the air traffic controllers 122 00:05:52,150 --> 00:05:56,980 know exactly what the altitude is of your aircraft. 123 00:05:56,980 --> 00:05:59,350 There are a bunch of different squawk codes. 124 00:05:59,350 --> 00:06:02,260 One that is probably the most important for you to remember 125 00:06:02,260 --> 00:06:05,300 is a 1200. 126 00:06:05,300 --> 00:06:10,160 So that is the VFR or visual flight squawk code. 127 00:06:10,160 --> 00:06:13,270 So if you don't have a particular flight plan going 128 00:06:13,270 --> 00:06:17,890 on, you'll need this squawk code dialed in almost all the time. 129 00:06:17,890 --> 00:06:20,890 And this is usually a question on the FAA exam you know, 130 00:06:20,890 --> 00:06:22,780 if you're a VFR flight, and then they 131 00:06:22,780 --> 00:06:24,760 add a bunch of other things to the question. 132 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:28,840 But if you're VFR flight and you don't have a specific flight 133 00:06:28,840 --> 00:06:31,900 plan, or flight tracking happening, then 134 00:06:31,900 --> 00:06:35,940 you should be on that 1200 squawk code. 135 00:06:35,940 --> 00:06:37,895 There are also a couple other ones. 136 00:06:37,895 --> 00:06:39,270 Hopefully, you won't have to deal 137 00:06:39,270 --> 00:06:41,150 with this in a small, you know, two-seater 138 00:06:41,150 --> 00:06:42,600 or four-seater airplane. 139 00:06:42,600 --> 00:06:44,790 But in case you get hijacked, you 140 00:06:44,790 --> 00:06:52,560 need to enter a particular squawk code, 7500. 141 00:06:52,560 --> 00:06:55,740 Seriously, please don't enter this unless you mean it. 142 00:06:55,740 --> 00:06:57,780 You might find yourself entering this. 143 00:06:57,780 --> 00:07:01,290 You might hear someone not actually say the word hijack. 144 00:07:01,290 --> 00:07:02,880 Maybe they don't want your person 145 00:07:02,880 --> 00:07:04,800 hijacking you to know that that's happening. 146 00:07:04,800 --> 00:07:10,540 And they might just say, confirm transponder squawk code 7500. 147 00:07:10,540 --> 00:07:13,590 And if you confirm, that means you've been hijacked. 148 00:07:13,590 --> 00:07:17,040 You might see a special plane come fly up next 149 00:07:17,040 --> 00:07:18,750 to you or something bad happen. 150 00:07:18,750 --> 00:07:21,570 So please only use this if necessary. 151 00:07:21,570 --> 00:07:25,480 Lost comms is really important, 7600. 152 00:07:25,480 --> 00:07:27,678 So if you indicate that, it might be the case 153 00:07:27,678 --> 00:07:29,220 that your transponder is working even 154 00:07:29,220 --> 00:07:33,180 if your radios, for example, are not working. 155 00:07:33,180 --> 00:07:36,330 So by indicating this, that would be how you tell the air 156 00:07:36,330 --> 00:07:39,180 traffic controller, for example, the tower controller 157 00:07:39,180 --> 00:07:42,480 at your airport, that, hey, I don't have radio comms. 158 00:07:42,480 --> 00:07:45,660 And that's when they would use that light gun signal, 159 00:07:45,660 --> 00:07:48,690 as we discussed the different colors, to indicate 160 00:07:48,690 --> 00:07:50,927 different instructions to you. 161 00:07:50,927 --> 00:07:53,010 And then in general, if there's just an emergency, 162 00:07:53,010 --> 00:07:55,740 if you've lost your engine, if you're declaring an emergency, 163 00:07:55,740 --> 00:08:00,210 7700 is a great one to just indicate to everyone 164 00:08:00,210 --> 00:08:01,810 that you're in trouble. 165 00:08:01,810 --> 00:08:05,700 So don't accidentally dial in these squawk codes. 166 00:08:05,700 --> 00:08:08,730 Please be very mindful of these in particular. 167 00:08:08,730 --> 00:08:11,100 And in general, there's also an FAA question 168 00:08:11,100 --> 00:08:12,990 that comes up that says, you know, 169 00:08:12,990 --> 00:08:15,523 what's a squawk code you don't want to dial in accidentally? 170 00:08:15,523 --> 00:08:17,190 And those are those three at the bottom. 171 00:08:20,930 --> 00:08:24,700 So let's just take a step back and talk about this. 172 00:08:24,700 --> 00:08:27,550 In general, when I first became a pilot 173 00:08:27,550 --> 00:08:30,550 before I learned all this material, 174 00:08:30,550 --> 00:08:33,130 I was under the impression that you pretty much always had 175 00:08:33,130 --> 00:08:34,809 to have a flight plan. 176 00:08:34,809 --> 00:08:36,370 That before you flew anywhere, you 177 00:08:36,370 --> 00:08:38,450 had to decide where you were going. 178 00:08:38,450 --> 00:08:39,700 You had to file a flight plan. 179 00:08:39,700 --> 00:08:41,440 You had to communicate to different people 180 00:08:41,440 --> 00:08:43,398 and tell them that this is where you were going 181 00:08:43,398 --> 00:08:44,620 to go and get it approved. 182 00:08:44,620 --> 00:08:47,560 And then when you took off, you had to fly exactly that flight 183 00:08:47,560 --> 00:08:48,430 plan. 184 00:08:48,430 --> 00:08:51,170 Well, turns out that's not always the case. 185 00:08:51,170 --> 00:08:53,410 And in fact, that's only usually the case 186 00:08:53,410 --> 00:08:56,920 on specific types of flights or an instrument flight, 187 00:08:56,920 --> 00:08:57,940 for example. 188 00:08:57,940 --> 00:09:01,750 But most of the time in general aviation on a good weather day 189 00:09:01,750 --> 00:09:03,490 you don't have to file a flight plan. 190 00:09:03,490 --> 00:09:06,460 And most of the time most people don't file a flight plan. 191 00:09:06,460 --> 00:09:10,780 You can even decide what you're doing after you've taken off. 192 00:09:10,780 --> 00:09:13,420 It's a good idea to know in advance generally where 193 00:09:13,420 --> 00:09:15,430 you're flying, because you need to know certain 194 00:09:15,430 --> 00:09:18,130 of those required things we talked about-- airports 195 00:09:18,130 --> 00:09:20,260 in the vicinity, fuel, runway length. 196 00:09:20,260 --> 00:09:24,050 But if you always fly kind of in your home airport area, 197 00:09:24,050 --> 00:09:26,740 so if you fly here at Lawrence, or you fly out 198 00:09:26,740 --> 00:09:29,410 of Bedford, Beverly, one of the local airports 199 00:09:29,410 --> 00:09:32,920 and you're familiar with all the airports in the area, when you 200 00:09:32,920 --> 00:09:35,140 take off on a given day you don't necessarily 201 00:09:35,140 --> 00:09:38,290 have to tell anyone in advance where you're going. 202 00:09:38,290 --> 00:09:39,910 You might go with an instructor. 203 00:09:39,910 --> 00:09:42,760 And that instructor, kind of as you're flying, will decide, 204 00:09:42,760 --> 00:09:45,130 you know, we should do a couple landings at Worcester. 205 00:09:45,130 --> 00:09:47,860 We should practice an instrument approach at Lawrence 206 00:09:47,860 --> 00:09:50,920 or whatever they're deciding in the air. 207 00:09:50,920 --> 00:09:54,170 And so you don't have to file these flight plans. 208 00:09:54,170 --> 00:09:56,830 So when you're in the air there are certain times 209 00:09:56,830 --> 00:09:58,788 that you don't actually have to talk to anyone. 210 00:09:58,788 --> 00:10:00,913 And we discussed the different classes of airspace. 211 00:10:00,913 --> 00:10:03,040 So as long as you're not in a class of airspace 212 00:10:03,040 --> 00:10:05,440 where you have to be specifically communicating, 213 00:10:05,440 --> 00:10:08,140 you can actually just take off without a lot of communication 214 00:10:08,140 --> 00:10:10,240 equipment and just look outside the airplane 215 00:10:10,240 --> 00:10:13,330 to avoid aircraft and go where you're going. 216 00:10:13,330 --> 00:10:17,230 But if you do want to have some guidance-- 217 00:10:17,230 --> 00:10:18,730 so let's say you're flying somewhere 218 00:10:18,730 --> 00:10:22,120 you're not in a class bravo or a class Charlie airspace. 219 00:10:22,120 --> 00:10:24,880 But you know, say you're just taking a flight. 220 00:10:24,880 --> 00:10:28,850 You want to go south to Provincetown, let's say. 221 00:10:28,850 --> 00:10:30,730 And while you're flying, you just 222 00:10:30,730 --> 00:10:34,150 want to have an additional pair of eyes in the sky 223 00:10:34,150 --> 00:10:38,020 to help you know if there's a really bad quick changing 224 00:10:38,020 --> 00:10:40,960 weather front coming in that maybe developed that you didn't 225 00:10:40,960 --> 00:10:43,680 notice before you took off, which usually-- 226 00:10:43,680 --> 00:10:44,930 we'll talk about weather data. 227 00:10:44,930 --> 00:10:46,420 Hopefully, you'll know in advance. 228 00:10:46,420 --> 00:10:49,600 Or you just want to be aware and alerted to other traffic 229 00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:51,850 in the area, traffic meaning other airplanes 230 00:10:51,850 --> 00:10:52,990 flying in the area. 231 00:10:52,990 --> 00:10:56,590 So you can actually choose as a voluntary thing 232 00:10:56,590 --> 00:11:01,000 to call in and ask the air traffic controllers to give you 233 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:02,472 those traffic advisories. 234 00:11:02,472 --> 00:11:04,180 And there are different types of services 235 00:11:04,180 --> 00:11:05,980 available in different areas. 236 00:11:05,980 --> 00:11:07,870 There are even parts of the country where 237 00:11:07,870 --> 00:11:09,310 it's not available at all. 238 00:11:09,310 --> 00:11:11,530 So even if you wanted to have someone 239 00:11:11,530 --> 00:11:13,780 to talk to you when you're flying up there to tell you 240 00:11:13,780 --> 00:11:16,390 what's going on, there is no radar service 241 00:11:16,390 --> 00:11:19,130 in all parts of the country. 242 00:11:19,130 --> 00:11:21,405 So how do you request the service? 243 00:11:21,405 --> 00:11:22,780 So you can do it a couple of ways 244 00:11:22,780 --> 00:11:24,460 depending on where you are. 245 00:11:24,460 --> 00:11:27,430 Sometimes when you're still on the ground 246 00:11:27,430 --> 00:11:29,140 before you've taken off, you're taxiing 247 00:11:29,140 --> 00:11:30,580 or you're in the run up area, you 248 00:11:30,580 --> 00:11:35,320 can ask for certain types of flight services. 249 00:11:35,320 --> 00:11:37,180 But a lot of times, it's after you've 250 00:11:37,180 --> 00:11:39,820 taken off from the airport, after you 251 00:11:39,820 --> 00:11:42,190 have left the tower controller. 252 00:11:42,190 --> 00:11:44,500 And you've switched to a local radar. 253 00:11:44,500 --> 00:11:49,120 And you want to ask for some types of radar following. 254 00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:52,210 So in general, whenever you do a radio call, 255 00:11:52,210 --> 00:11:54,400 you start with who you're talking to. 256 00:11:54,400 --> 00:11:56,005 So in this case, Boston Approach. 257 00:11:56,005 --> 00:11:58,870 So Boston Approach is who you're talking to. 258 00:11:58,870 --> 00:12:00,010 And then who you are-- 259 00:12:00,010 --> 00:12:04,530 so in this example Cirrus 707 whiskey tango. 260 00:12:04,530 --> 00:12:06,670 So that's the name of the airplane that you're in 261 00:12:06,670 --> 00:12:08,260 and the tail number. 262 00:12:08,260 --> 00:12:10,390 And then you have to say where you are, 263 00:12:10,390 --> 00:12:11,870 so they can try to find you. 264 00:12:11,870 --> 00:12:14,260 So you can say 5 south of Hanscom. 265 00:12:14,260 --> 00:12:18,370 So that means you're 5 miles south of Hanscom or Bedford 266 00:12:18,370 --> 00:12:19,540 field. 267 00:12:19,540 --> 00:12:21,490 And then what you want, why you're calling-- 268 00:12:21,490 --> 00:12:24,708 so requesting VFR advisories, Provincetown. 269 00:12:24,708 --> 00:12:26,500 So that's saying kind of where you're going 270 00:12:26,500 --> 00:12:29,530 and what you're asking for help with. 271 00:12:29,530 --> 00:12:33,820 So once you do that and, first of all, before you call in, 272 00:12:33,820 --> 00:12:36,580 you want to listen to the radio for just a moment to make sure 273 00:12:36,580 --> 00:12:38,530 you don't talk over somebody. 274 00:12:38,530 --> 00:12:40,120 But once you make that call, you're 275 00:12:40,120 --> 00:12:43,220 waiting for the approach controller to call you back. 276 00:12:43,220 --> 00:12:45,070 And so if they call you back, they'll 277 00:12:45,070 --> 00:12:46,690 say who they're talking to first. 278 00:12:46,690 --> 00:12:48,940 So that's you, so seven Whiskey Tango. 279 00:12:48,940 --> 00:12:52,500 And then they'll tell you what to do, squawk 4231. 280 00:12:52,500 --> 00:12:57,550 So that means to type into your transponder the numbers 4231. 281 00:12:57,550 --> 00:13:01,150 And ident, so ident is short for identify. 282 00:13:01,150 --> 00:13:03,820 And there's an ident button on your transponder. 283 00:13:03,820 --> 00:13:07,690 When you hit ident, it basically blinks on their screen 284 00:13:07,690 --> 00:13:10,240 to make them find you easier with all 285 00:13:10,240 --> 00:13:13,050 the airplanes on their screen. 286 00:13:13,050 --> 00:13:13,590 OK. 287 00:13:13,590 --> 00:13:18,750 And it's also possible that you call the controller, 288 00:13:18,750 --> 00:13:20,220 and you don't hear any response. 289 00:13:20,220 --> 00:13:22,357 Maybe they're busy doing some other thing. 290 00:13:22,357 --> 00:13:23,940 So you give them a little bit of time. 291 00:13:23,940 --> 00:13:25,890 You can just make your call again and hope 292 00:13:25,890 --> 00:13:27,960 that they respond to you. 293 00:13:27,960 --> 00:13:30,190 And once the controller tells you, 294 00:13:30,190 --> 00:13:32,340 you know, radar contact, so that's 295 00:13:32,340 --> 00:13:34,980 where they say that they found you on their screen. 296 00:13:34,980 --> 00:13:37,350 So you know, radar contact 7 miles south 297 00:13:37,350 --> 00:13:40,290 of the Bedford airport, that means they caught you. 298 00:13:40,290 --> 00:13:42,740 And in this example, as you can see, 299 00:13:42,740 --> 00:13:46,560 you traveled 2 miles before they actually got the radar contact. 300 00:13:46,560 --> 00:13:49,080 Sometimes that happens. 301 00:13:49,080 --> 00:13:51,810 When you're getting traffic advisories, 302 00:13:51,810 --> 00:13:54,455 they do it in reference to a clock. 303 00:13:54,455 --> 00:13:55,830 So if you remember, you guys have 304 00:13:55,830 --> 00:13:58,230 to go back and remember your analog clocks. 305 00:13:58,230 --> 00:14:02,072 And you know, just so I do it to you guys, 306 00:14:02,072 --> 00:14:03,030 so you're looking here. 307 00:14:03,030 --> 00:14:06,050 So you know, 1 o'clock, 2 o'clock, 3 o'clock, 308 00:14:06,050 --> 00:14:08,650 so basically it's like a clock. 309 00:14:08,650 --> 00:14:10,720 And they're trying to do it in reference to you. 310 00:14:10,720 --> 00:14:14,205 So when you flying the plane look at your 3 o'clock, 311 00:14:14,205 --> 00:14:16,920 that means look out your right window. 312 00:14:16,920 --> 00:14:20,580 It just noted that wind can affect that sometimes. 313 00:14:20,580 --> 00:14:23,940 So even if they said 3 o'clock, it might be at 2 o'clock. 314 00:14:23,940 --> 00:14:25,630 So just keep that in mind. 315 00:14:25,630 --> 00:14:28,590 So we'll just do a little practice question here. 316 00:14:28,590 --> 00:14:31,920 So here just to make it easy, we're 317 00:14:31,920 --> 00:14:35,820 saying the pilot is flying on a heading of 360. 318 00:14:35,820 --> 00:14:37,230 So why is that easy? 319 00:14:37,230 --> 00:14:39,750 Well, 360 is north. 320 00:14:39,750 --> 00:14:42,300 And so north sometimes makes it easy to think about. 321 00:14:42,300 --> 00:14:45,600 So if you're flying on a heading of 360 degrees 322 00:14:45,600 --> 00:14:52,800 and the controller says traffic, 10 o'clock 2 miles southbound, 323 00:14:52,800 --> 00:14:54,645 where are you looking for this traffic? 324 00:14:58,180 --> 00:14:59,340 So A, B, or C? 325 00:14:59,340 --> 00:15:00,396 Shout it out. 326 00:15:00,396 --> 00:15:01,130 AUDIENCE: A. 327 00:15:01,130 --> 00:15:03,180 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: All right, good. 328 00:15:03,180 --> 00:15:06,570 So you're flying north. 329 00:15:06,570 --> 00:15:10,050 And so when you're talking about traffic at 10 o'clock, 330 00:15:10,050 --> 00:15:12,510 so 10 o'clock will be a little bit to your left. 331 00:15:12,510 --> 00:15:16,030 So that's the 10:00. 332 00:15:16,030 --> 00:15:17,980 And then 2 miles is kind of how far 333 00:15:17,980 --> 00:15:20,900 away that is in the direction that traffic is going. 334 00:15:20,900 --> 00:15:21,400 Yes. 335 00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:23,860 AUDIENCE: Is that clock heading relative to you? 336 00:15:23,860 --> 00:15:27,250 So if you would be traveling at heading of zero, 337 00:15:27,250 --> 00:15:33,290 would 10 o'clock be southwest? 338 00:15:33,290 --> 00:15:34,360 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Yes. 339 00:15:34,360 --> 00:15:37,580 So the question was, is the clock relative to you? 340 00:15:37,580 --> 00:15:39,380 So it is relative to you. 341 00:15:39,380 --> 00:15:41,300 So we just made it easy by saying, 342 00:15:41,300 --> 00:15:43,230 you're flying 360 or north. 343 00:15:43,230 --> 00:15:45,610 But yes, if you were flying south, 344 00:15:45,610 --> 00:15:49,840 180, if they say 10 o'clock, it's 345 00:15:49,840 --> 00:15:53,540 still going to be out your left window a little bit forward. 346 00:15:53,540 --> 00:15:59,040 But in that direction, it's going to be now southeast. 347 00:15:59,040 --> 00:16:00,400 Good question. 348 00:16:00,400 --> 00:16:00,900 OK. 349 00:16:00,900 --> 00:16:03,000 So we've already talked about this a little bit 350 00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:06,580 yesterday, the ATIS, or Automatic Terminal Information 351 00:16:06,580 --> 00:16:07,080 Service. 352 00:16:07,080 --> 00:16:09,538 So we talked about that when we were looking at the charts. 353 00:16:09,538 --> 00:16:11,770 And we talked about the ATIS frequency. 354 00:16:11,770 --> 00:16:13,830 So it's a frequency you can dial in. 355 00:16:13,830 --> 00:16:16,500 And basically, it's information that's being broadcast. 356 00:16:16,500 --> 00:16:19,080 So when you dial into that particular frequency, 357 00:16:19,080 --> 00:16:21,030 you get a certain amount of information. 358 00:16:21,030 --> 00:16:22,830 Now, the first couple times, I admit 359 00:16:22,830 --> 00:16:24,750 when you hear this ATIS information, 360 00:16:24,750 --> 00:16:26,760 it seems very overwhelming. 361 00:16:26,760 --> 00:16:29,745 And you might have to listen to it 3 times, 4 times even 362 00:16:29,745 --> 00:16:31,770 to understand what they're saying. 363 00:16:31,770 --> 00:16:35,540 But I trust you, it gets a lot easier over time. 364 00:16:35,540 --> 00:16:37,710 So they give you a whole bunch of information. 365 00:16:37,710 --> 00:16:39,458 So they give you the airport name. 366 00:16:39,458 --> 00:16:41,000 That's really important to listen to. 367 00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:42,892 Maybe you dialed the frequency wrong 368 00:16:42,892 --> 00:16:45,350 and you're getting the ATIS information from the completely 369 00:16:45,350 --> 00:16:46,670 wrong airport. 370 00:16:46,670 --> 00:16:49,520 So look at the airport location, and then the letter. 371 00:16:49,520 --> 00:16:53,360 So they'll say, you know, Bedford information whiskey. 372 00:16:53,360 --> 00:16:57,770 So that letter is referring to the most recent update. 373 00:16:57,770 --> 00:17:01,280 So let's say you listen to it, it says information whiskey. 374 00:17:01,280 --> 00:17:04,210 Then you go off, you do some practice turns or whatever. 375 00:17:04,210 --> 00:17:06,530 And you're coming back to Bedford, and you dial it in. 376 00:17:06,530 --> 00:17:08,210 If it's still information whiskey, 377 00:17:08,210 --> 00:17:09,829 then you don't have to listen to the whole recording. 378 00:17:09,829 --> 00:17:11,310 You already have that information. 379 00:17:11,310 --> 00:17:13,470 But if it's now advanced to the next letter, 380 00:17:13,470 --> 00:17:14,970 then you know it's new information. 381 00:17:14,970 --> 00:17:17,579 So you need to listen to it. 382 00:17:17,579 --> 00:17:20,910 So a whole bunch of weather information is provided here. 383 00:17:20,910 --> 00:17:23,089 So it'll give you the time. 384 00:17:23,089 --> 00:17:25,700 We'll explain what we mean by Zulu time, the wind, 385 00:17:25,700 --> 00:17:28,410 visibility, ceiling, those types of information. 386 00:17:28,410 --> 00:17:30,750 It'll also tell you local information, 387 00:17:30,750 --> 00:17:33,200 so if a certain taxiway is closed. 388 00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:36,410 Or right now, you're likely to get a lot of those warnings, 389 00:17:36,410 --> 00:17:38,370 because there's snow everywhere. 390 00:17:38,370 --> 00:17:40,730 So they might have piled up snow on certain parts 391 00:17:40,730 --> 00:17:41,570 of the airport. 392 00:17:41,570 --> 00:17:45,110 So they'll indicate that those different taxiways or runways 393 00:17:45,110 --> 00:17:47,680 might be closed. 394 00:17:47,680 --> 00:17:50,340 So in case you want to listen and practice 395 00:17:50,340 --> 00:17:53,760 to listening to different ATISs, this is an example. 396 00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:56,010 You can click on and listen to what it is. 397 00:17:56,010 --> 00:17:59,020 There's also a phone number that I've highlighted here. 398 00:17:59,020 --> 00:18:01,260 So you can just use your regular phone. 399 00:18:01,260 --> 00:18:06,420 Call that number, and you can listen to the ATIS information. 400 00:18:06,420 --> 00:18:10,350 And it updates approximately once an hour. 401 00:18:10,350 --> 00:18:12,450 It can update more often, especially if weather 402 00:18:12,450 --> 00:18:15,930 is changing frequently. 403 00:18:15,930 --> 00:18:17,930 They're also flight service stations. 404 00:18:17,930 --> 00:18:21,252 And there's a lot of way to get weather data. 405 00:18:21,252 --> 00:18:23,210 So when you're on the ground before your flight 406 00:18:23,210 --> 00:18:24,890 and you're preparing, you can actually 407 00:18:24,890 --> 00:18:26,740 get a weather briefing. 408 00:18:26,740 --> 00:18:28,730 You can get a full weather briefing. 409 00:18:28,730 --> 00:18:31,370 It's very important to do this, especially 410 00:18:31,370 --> 00:18:33,680 before your FAA check ride. 411 00:18:33,680 --> 00:18:35,990 But also, any kind of cross-country flights, it's 412 00:18:35,990 --> 00:18:37,670 a good idea to call in. 413 00:18:37,670 --> 00:18:40,040 And you can provide your tail number. 414 00:18:40,040 --> 00:18:44,690 You can indicate where your starting airport is, 415 00:18:44,690 --> 00:18:47,480 where your destination airport is, when you plan to take off, 416 00:18:47,480 --> 00:18:49,910 how long you plan to be in flight. 417 00:18:49,910 --> 00:18:52,670 And then that way they know what weather data to give you. 418 00:18:52,670 --> 00:18:55,190 And they'll actually just tell you all the information 419 00:18:55,190 --> 00:18:57,350 that you need to know in a very long spiel. 420 00:18:57,350 --> 00:19:01,610 So you want to be ready to write all that information down. 421 00:19:01,610 --> 00:19:03,260 But what's really great about that 422 00:19:03,260 --> 00:19:06,170 is they also keep a record that you called in 423 00:19:06,170 --> 00:19:08,090 and that you got this weather data. 424 00:19:08,090 --> 00:19:09,980 And so it's one way to kind of demonstrate 425 00:19:09,980 --> 00:19:13,013 that you've adequately prepared for the flight 426 00:19:13,013 --> 00:19:15,305 and gotten the appropriate weather briefing in advance. 427 00:19:17,810 --> 00:19:21,010 All right, so radio procedures, so this 428 00:19:21,010 --> 00:19:24,820 is where we're going to do our fun alphabet test here. 429 00:19:24,820 --> 00:19:26,300 So we actually did this last year, 430 00:19:26,300 --> 00:19:28,730 but some people said they kind of forgot the alphabet. 431 00:19:28,730 --> 00:19:32,140 So it wasn't that they forgot that B stood for Bravo, they 432 00:19:32,140 --> 00:19:34,490 just forgot what letter of the alphabet came next. 433 00:19:34,490 --> 00:19:37,010 So to remove that as an excuse for you, 434 00:19:37,010 --> 00:19:39,340 I have the full alphabet here. 435 00:19:39,340 --> 00:19:42,250 And together, we're going to see how much you 436 00:19:42,250 --> 00:19:46,510 know about the full aviation phonetic alphabet. 437 00:19:46,510 --> 00:19:49,270 So what they mean is instead of saying A, you say alpha. 438 00:19:49,270 --> 00:19:51,220 Instead of saying B, you say bravo. 439 00:19:51,220 --> 00:19:53,270 So let's go through together. 440 00:19:53,270 --> 00:19:55,090 So let's start from the top-- 441 00:19:55,090 --> 00:20:04,750 alpha, bravo, Charlie, delta, echo, foxtrot, golf, hotel, 442 00:20:04,750 --> 00:20:16,060 India, Juliet, kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, 443 00:20:16,060 --> 00:20:24,277 Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey-- 444 00:20:24,277 --> 00:20:25,110 [INTERPOSING VOICES] 445 00:20:25,110 --> 00:20:25,985 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 446 00:20:25,985 --> 00:20:28,690 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Yankee, Zulu. 447 00:20:28,690 --> 00:20:30,730 All right, good job. 448 00:20:30,730 --> 00:20:33,880 So I know that some of you aren't familiar with that, 449 00:20:33,880 --> 00:20:35,780 and that's totally fine. 450 00:20:35,780 --> 00:20:38,200 So if you were just listening along, that's OK. 451 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:40,090 It's good to just get used to hearing it. 452 00:20:40,090 --> 00:20:42,040 But it's a good thing to practice. 453 00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:46,090 And you might notice that in your daily life, 454 00:20:46,090 --> 00:20:47,890 especially if you're someone like me that 455 00:20:47,890 --> 00:20:51,430 has a very long last name, Srivastava. 456 00:20:51,430 --> 00:20:53,350 I have to spell it out to people. 457 00:20:53,350 --> 00:20:57,700 I love to use my aviation phonetic alphabet to do that. 458 00:20:57,700 --> 00:20:59,500 And you might find a fellow pilot 459 00:20:59,500 --> 00:21:00,860 on the other end of the line. 460 00:21:00,860 --> 00:21:02,440 So that's always fun to do. 461 00:21:02,440 --> 00:21:04,960 But it's good to just start practicing this 462 00:21:04,960 --> 00:21:06,370 and get used to it. 463 00:21:06,370 --> 00:21:09,620 Not only is it a fun trick you can whip out when you need to, 464 00:21:09,620 --> 00:21:13,450 but it's extremely helpful just to have that kind of memorized 465 00:21:13,450 --> 00:21:16,753 and be familiar with that. 466 00:21:16,753 --> 00:21:18,420 In terms of the numbers, you pretty much 467 00:21:18,420 --> 00:21:19,600 just say the numbers. 468 00:21:19,600 --> 00:21:22,590 Sometimes people say niner instead of nine, 469 00:21:22,590 --> 00:21:24,030 some people don't. 470 00:21:24,030 --> 00:21:27,600 Also, instead of saying three, they say tree. 471 00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:29,370 A lot of people consider that pretentious, 472 00:21:29,370 --> 00:21:30,660 and they don't like it when you do that. 473 00:21:30,660 --> 00:21:33,420 But officially, you're supposed to say tree instead of three. 474 00:21:33,420 --> 00:21:36,540 It's supposedly easier to hear on the radios. 475 00:21:36,540 --> 00:21:39,640 There's also different ways that you describe a number. 476 00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:44,940 So if you're talking about 1,200 feet, like your altitude, 477 00:21:44,940 --> 00:21:46,710 you say 1,200. 478 00:21:46,710 --> 00:21:52,440 But if you're over 10,000, then you say one zero thousand. 479 00:21:52,440 --> 00:21:54,450 And then if you're talking about a frequency 480 00:21:54,450 --> 00:21:59,250 where you have a decimal point, so you would say 124.4. 481 00:21:59,250 --> 00:22:00,780 So it's really important to do that, 482 00:22:00,780 --> 00:22:04,770 because if you start saying 124.4, 483 00:22:04,770 --> 00:22:07,140 then you take up too much time on the radio. 484 00:22:07,140 --> 00:22:09,840 And people aren't used to hearing the numbers that way. 485 00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:11,707 It can confuse people. 486 00:22:11,707 --> 00:22:13,290 So just a question to make sure you've 487 00:22:13,290 --> 00:22:22,914 gotten that, so A, B, or C? 488 00:22:22,914 --> 00:22:23,870 AUDIENCE: C. 489 00:22:23,870 --> 00:22:27,860 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Right, so one zero thousand five hundred. 490 00:22:27,860 --> 00:22:30,620 There's inevitably a question on the FAA exam about this. 491 00:22:30,620 --> 00:22:34,970 It's not that hard to do, but please try to remember it. 492 00:22:34,970 --> 00:22:39,860 All right, so Zulu time is the same as the UTC time. 493 00:22:39,860 --> 00:22:43,550 So does anyone know what time zone we're currently in? 494 00:22:43,550 --> 00:22:44,603 AUDIENCE: Eastern. 495 00:22:44,603 --> 00:22:45,770 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Eastern. 496 00:22:45,770 --> 00:22:48,967 But is it Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Time? 497 00:22:48,967 --> 00:22:50,300 AUDIENCE: Eastern Standard Time. 498 00:22:50,300 --> 00:22:52,280 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Eastern Standard Time, that's right. 499 00:22:52,280 --> 00:22:53,990 And do you know how many hours that is 500 00:22:53,990 --> 00:22:56,440 different from the Zulu time? 501 00:22:56,440 --> 00:22:56,940 AUDIENCE: 5. 502 00:22:56,940 --> 00:22:58,148 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: 5, right. 503 00:22:58,148 --> 00:23:00,330 So you subtract 5 from the Zulu time 504 00:23:00,330 --> 00:23:03,050 to get our Eastern Standard Time. 505 00:23:03,050 --> 00:23:05,838 And does it stay like that year round? 506 00:23:05,838 --> 00:23:06,380 AUDIENCE: No. 507 00:23:06,380 --> 00:23:07,338 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: No. 508 00:23:07,338 --> 00:23:11,240 So when it turns into Daylight Time in the March time frame, 509 00:23:11,240 --> 00:23:14,420 then you do minus 6 or minus 4? 510 00:23:14,420 --> 00:23:15,320 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 511 00:23:15,320 --> 00:23:16,640 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Minus 4. 512 00:23:16,640 --> 00:23:20,120 So it's good to just know that, because a lot of the weather 513 00:23:20,120 --> 00:23:23,000 data and information is provided in Zulu time. 514 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:26,330 And you might need to convert it to your local time zone. 515 00:23:29,340 --> 00:23:32,010 So when you're speaking on the radio, 516 00:23:32,010 --> 00:23:34,500 it's very important to know that that radio is 517 00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:37,133 for essential purposes. 518 00:23:37,133 --> 00:23:38,550 You know, it needs to be available 519 00:23:38,550 --> 00:23:40,008 if somebody is having an emergency, 520 00:23:40,008 --> 00:23:41,700 if somebody is lost or disoriented, 521 00:23:41,700 --> 00:23:43,230 if somebody is having a problem. 522 00:23:43,230 --> 00:23:45,630 So you don't just speak and talk on the radio 523 00:23:45,630 --> 00:23:48,420 unless you have something in particular to say. 524 00:23:48,420 --> 00:23:51,660 That logic goes out the door if you're at a very tiny, 525 00:23:51,660 --> 00:23:55,680 not very often used airport. 526 00:23:55,680 --> 00:23:57,510 The other thing to keep in mind is 527 00:23:57,510 --> 00:24:00,510 that a lot of the communication radios 528 00:24:00,510 --> 00:24:04,060 operate at a VHF, or Very High Frequency, 529 00:24:04,060 --> 00:24:06,310 which means that it's line of sight. 530 00:24:06,310 --> 00:24:08,880 So if there's a mountain range in between you 531 00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:10,440 and what's transmitting, then you 532 00:24:10,440 --> 00:24:12,485 won't be able to hear that connection. 533 00:24:12,485 --> 00:24:13,860 So there are a number of airports 534 00:24:13,860 --> 00:24:15,750 in the Northeast that are kind of nestled 535 00:24:15,750 --> 00:24:18,270 in between some mountains. 536 00:24:18,270 --> 00:24:20,430 You've got to be very careful of mountains. 537 00:24:20,430 --> 00:24:22,135 Philip talked a lot about fog associated 538 00:24:22,135 --> 00:24:24,510 with mountains and different wind effects near mountains. 539 00:24:24,510 --> 00:24:27,180 So mountains are not something to be trifled with. 540 00:24:27,180 --> 00:24:30,510 But in addition, you may not have proper radio 541 00:24:30,510 --> 00:24:31,622 communications. 542 00:24:31,622 --> 00:24:34,080 So if you're trying to land at an airport in the mountains, 543 00:24:34,080 --> 00:24:36,360 you may not be able to get the ATIS unless you 544 00:24:36,360 --> 00:24:38,970 fly high enough that you have a line of sight 545 00:24:38,970 --> 00:24:42,350 to that airport above the mountains, for example. 546 00:24:42,350 --> 00:24:44,100 And then whenever you're using the radio-- 547 00:24:44,100 --> 00:24:46,690 we already briefly covered this with one example. 548 00:24:46,690 --> 00:24:48,930 But there are a couple things you need to say. 549 00:24:48,930 --> 00:24:52,500 So you need to say you, so who am I talking to, first. 550 00:24:52,500 --> 00:24:56,280 And then who I am, where I am, what I want, 551 00:24:56,280 --> 00:24:57,990 and then sometimes you have to say with, 552 00:24:57,990 --> 00:25:02,760 with meaning what information you have with you. 553 00:25:02,760 --> 00:25:04,710 And that's referring to the ATIS. 554 00:25:04,710 --> 00:25:09,540 So if you are trying to take off from Hanscom Airport 555 00:25:09,540 --> 00:25:12,480 and you have received the ATIS information whiskey, 556 00:25:12,480 --> 00:25:14,465 then you say with whiskey. 557 00:25:14,465 --> 00:25:15,840 Because if you don't say whiskey, 558 00:25:15,840 --> 00:25:17,700 then they might not know if you have 559 00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:20,730 the right barometric pressure setting, for example. 560 00:25:20,730 --> 00:25:23,975 Or you might not know that an airport runway is closed. 561 00:25:23,975 --> 00:25:26,350 So they want to make sure you have the right information. 562 00:25:26,350 --> 00:25:27,370 So this is an example. 563 00:25:27,370 --> 00:25:30,030 So first, whenever you get on the radio, 564 00:25:30,030 --> 00:25:31,650 don't just start talking. 565 00:25:31,650 --> 00:25:33,360 First, listen to make sure you're not 566 00:25:33,360 --> 00:25:35,190 talking over anybody. 567 00:25:35,190 --> 00:25:37,960 And then state all that type of information. 568 00:25:37,960 --> 00:25:40,710 So in this particular example, it's 569 00:25:40,710 --> 00:25:45,390 a Cessna coming back to Hanscom to land there. 570 00:25:45,390 --> 00:25:47,760 So you would say, you're talking to Hanscom Tower. 571 00:25:47,760 --> 00:25:51,030 So you would say, Hanscom Tower, Skyhawk November 572 00:25:51,030 --> 00:25:55,950 five three five six niner, 5 miles west of the field. 573 00:25:55,950 --> 00:25:58,500 Field is referring to the airport. 574 00:25:58,500 --> 00:26:00,660 Inbound for landing, so that's what I 575 00:26:00,660 --> 00:26:03,990 want, with information whiskey. 576 00:26:03,990 --> 00:26:07,320 And one thing to keep in mind with all radio communications, 577 00:26:07,320 --> 00:26:09,450 you are the pilot in command. 578 00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:13,980 It's important that you first aviate, which is fly the plane. 579 00:26:13,980 --> 00:26:16,980 Then navigate, make sure you know where you're going. 580 00:26:16,980 --> 00:26:19,060 And last, communicate. 581 00:26:19,060 --> 00:26:21,060 That's really important, because sometimes there 582 00:26:21,060 --> 00:26:23,520 can be a very aggressive air traffic 583 00:26:23,520 --> 00:26:26,160 controller on the phone trying to get you to respond 584 00:26:26,160 --> 00:26:29,262 or, even if you've declared an emergency, trying to help you. 585 00:26:29,262 --> 00:26:31,470 And if you need to tell them to stand by, if you even 586 00:26:31,470 --> 00:26:34,020 need to unplug your communications so that you 587 00:26:34,020 --> 00:26:36,630 can focus on landing the plane, you should do that. 588 00:26:36,630 --> 00:26:38,490 Because aviate is most important, 589 00:26:38,490 --> 00:26:40,750 then navigate, and finally communicate. 590 00:26:40,750 --> 00:26:42,780 And if the air traffic controller gives you 591 00:26:42,780 --> 00:26:46,320 any instruction regardless of how assertively they 592 00:26:46,320 --> 00:26:49,278 tell you to do something, you can just say, unable. 593 00:26:49,278 --> 00:26:50,820 That means you're not going to do it. 594 00:26:50,820 --> 00:26:52,540 They have to figure out a way around it. 595 00:26:52,540 --> 00:26:55,340 They have to either move other planes out of the way. 596 00:26:55,340 --> 00:26:57,090 And you're telling them what you're doing. 597 00:26:57,090 --> 00:27:00,060 So in the unfortunate case of the-- 598 00:27:00,060 --> 00:27:02,430 ultimately positive case of Captain Sully 599 00:27:02,430 --> 00:27:06,127 landing in the Hudson, if you watch the movie 600 00:27:06,127 --> 00:27:07,710 or if you hear the recordings of that, 601 00:27:07,710 --> 00:27:09,793 you hear that the air traffic controller is trying 602 00:27:09,793 --> 00:27:11,760 to be really helpful and is trying to say, 603 00:27:11,760 --> 00:27:13,550 hey, you can land at Teterboro. 604 00:27:13,550 --> 00:27:16,290 You know, I've cleared all these airports for you. 605 00:27:16,290 --> 00:27:21,260 And Captain Sully just says, unable. 606 00:27:21,260 --> 00:27:24,930 So there's a Common Traffic Advisory Frequency, or CTAF. 607 00:27:24,930 --> 00:27:27,140 So this is where there are a lot of airports 608 00:27:27,140 --> 00:27:29,368 increasingly, unfortunately due to budget cuts, 609 00:27:29,368 --> 00:27:31,160 there are more and more airports that don't 610 00:27:31,160 --> 00:27:34,070 have operating control towers. 611 00:27:34,070 --> 00:27:37,130 So in these spaces, you have a frequency 612 00:27:37,130 --> 00:27:39,710 that airplanes can just talk to each other 613 00:27:39,710 --> 00:27:42,530 on to make sure they're coordinating with other people 614 00:27:42,530 --> 00:27:44,490 there. 615 00:27:44,490 --> 00:27:47,760 So I'm going to give you a couple examples and procedures. 616 00:27:47,760 --> 00:27:49,140 So you want to do your first call 617 00:27:49,140 --> 00:27:51,270 10 miles away from the airport and then 618 00:27:51,270 --> 00:27:52,650 just report certain things. 619 00:27:52,650 --> 00:27:55,650 So when you're entering the downwind, the base, the final, 620 00:27:55,650 --> 00:27:58,230 these are the legs of the traffic pattern to land. 621 00:27:58,230 --> 00:28:01,890 When you're leaving, also when you're taxiing on the field, 622 00:28:01,890 --> 00:28:04,590 those are things that you would want to call out on the radio. 623 00:28:04,590 --> 00:28:06,630 And nobody will respond to you. 624 00:28:06,630 --> 00:28:09,690 Sometimes you just say that, so that anyone 625 00:28:09,690 --> 00:28:11,490 who's around who might be in the vicinity 626 00:28:11,490 --> 00:28:15,310 can hear that there's another airplane and what you're doing. 627 00:28:15,310 --> 00:28:17,430 And so just kind of tying it back 628 00:28:17,430 --> 00:28:19,710 to when we're looking at the charts, so here's 629 00:28:19,710 --> 00:28:22,710 a snapshot from a sectional chart. 630 00:28:22,710 --> 00:28:25,410 So you see in the middle there there's a tiny little airport. 631 00:28:25,410 --> 00:28:27,510 It says, Jamestown. 632 00:28:27,510 --> 00:28:29,850 So if you want to figure out what the CTAF is, 633 00:28:29,850 --> 00:28:34,050 so just zooming in there, so you can see where 634 00:28:34,050 --> 00:28:36,660 it says in magenta Jamestown. 635 00:28:36,660 --> 00:28:37,980 It talks about the airport. 636 00:28:37,980 --> 00:28:41,400 It first gives the ASOS, which is the automated weather 637 00:28:41,400 --> 00:28:42,780 information. 638 00:28:42,780 --> 00:28:44,860 It gives you more information there 639 00:28:44,860 --> 00:28:50,010 that it's the bottom right numbers 123.0 is that CTAF. 640 00:28:50,010 --> 00:28:52,590 So that's the frequency at which you would just 641 00:28:52,590 --> 00:28:58,330 announce that you're coming in, that you're landing, et cetera. 642 00:28:58,330 --> 00:29:01,740 So there are a lot of different radar facilities. 643 00:29:01,740 --> 00:29:03,540 You may not necessarily interact with all 644 00:29:03,540 --> 00:29:06,720 of these as a private pilot, but there are things 645 00:29:06,720 --> 00:29:09,280 called clearance delivery. 646 00:29:09,280 --> 00:29:13,110 They're really frequently at busy airports. 647 00:29:13,110 --> 00:29:16,627 And they talk about a lot of specific operations. 648 00:29:16,627 --> 00:29:18,210 You probably won't deal with this much 649 00:29:18,210 --> 00:29:21,420 as a private pilot just getting your first license. 650 00:29:21,420 --> 00:29:24,510 Ground control you'll definitely talk to if you're 651 00:29:24,510 --> 00:29:26,250 at Hanscom, even at Lawrence. 652 00:29:26,250 --> 00:29:28,950 There's usually both a tower and ground. 653 00:29:28,950 --> 00:29:34,260 And so when you're ready to enter the runway, 654 00:29:34,260 --> 00:29:36,600 so you finished your engine run up, 655 00:29:36,600 --> 00:29:38,910 you're lined up waiting to enter the runway, that's 656 00:29:38,910 --> 00:29:40,860 when you talk to tower. 657 00:29:40,860 --> 00:29:42,795 You tell them that you want to take off, 658 00:29:42,795 --> 00:29:44,670 and then they give you clearance to take off. 659 00:29:44,670 --> 00:29:46,795 And when you're flying and approaching the airport, 660 00:29:46,795 --> 00:29:48,030 you're talking to tower. 661 00:29:48,030 --> 00:29:51,900 But once you've landed and you exit the active runway, 662 00:29:51,900 --> 00:29:53,370 then you switch over to ground. 663 00:29:53,370 --> 00:29:56,550 And ground will tell you how to taxi around the runway 664 00:29:56,550 --> 00:30:00,990 and get to wherever you're parking your airplane. 665 00:30:00,990 --> 00:30:04,720 So if you lose your communications, 666 00:30:04,720 --> 00:30:07,020 the first thing you should do is actually 667 00:30:07,020 --> 00:30:09,600 make sure you did lose your communications. 668 00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:12,510 It turns out vast majority of the time you actually 669 00:30:12,510 --> 00:30:14,747 just bumped your plug out of the socket, 670 00:30:14,747 --> 00:30:16,080 and you just need to plug it in. 671 00:30:16,080 --> 00:30:18,360 Or you turned your volume down. 672 00:30:18,360 --> 00:30:20,532 Or you're not talking on the right frequency. 673 00:30:20,532 --> 00:30:21,990 So make sure all of that's working, 674 00:30:21,990 --> 00:30:27,130 because it's very infrequent that your comms actually die. 675 00:30:27,130 --> 00:30:28,830 But if they do, we've talked about how 676 00:30:28,830 --> 00:30:31,760 you can enter that transponder code 677 00:30:31,760 --> 00:30:37,670 and indicate that you don't have your comms available. 678 00:30:37,670 --> 00:30:41,000 And we talked about that that transponder code is 7600. 679 00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:43,730 So that's the last communications. 680 00:30:43,730 --> 00:30:45,620 And depending on the class of airspace, 681 00:30:45,620 --> 00:30:49,220 they might give you a light gun signals to tell you what to do. 682 00:30:49,220 --> 00:30:52,430 Or you could actually just go to an untowered airport 683 00:30:52,430 --> 00:30:55,280 where you don't require communications with anyone, 684 00:30:55,280 --> 00:30:58,010 and you can and just kind of look around, 685 00:30:58,010 --> 00:31:00,410 see and avoid other aircraft, and land. 686 00:31:00,410 --> 00:31:05,150 You can also transmit in case it's the fact that your ability 687 00:31:05,150 --> 00:31:07,700 to hear has died, but your ability to transmit 688 00:31:07,700 --> 00:31:08,570 is still alive. 689 00:31:08,570 --> 00:31:10,070 So you can still transmit, you know, 690 00:31:10,070 --> 00:31:12,440 I'm approaching such and such airport. 691 00:31:12,440 --> 00:31:13,820 I'm entering the final. 692 00:31:13,820 --> 00:31:16,130 But don't continuously transmit. 693 00:31:16,130 --> 00:31:19,070 Because keep in mind it might be that your transmission is 694 00:31:19,070 --> 00:31:20,990 working just great, you just can't hear. 695 00:31:20,990 --> 00:31:24,940 So don't clog up the entire radio. 696 00:31:24,940 --> 00:31:30,460 This is just a review of those light gun signals as well. 697 00:31:30,460 --> 00:31:32,627 OK, so emergency procedures, there 698 00:31:32,627 --> 00:31:34,460 are a lot of different emergency procedures, 699 00:31:34,460 --> 00:31:37,760 but here we're focusing on from our radios 700 00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:39,620 and comms perspective. 701 00:31:39,620 --> 00:31:43,070 Again, you need to first aviate, then navigate, then 702 00:31:43,070 --> 00:31:45,130 communicate. 703 00:31:45,130 --> 00:31:46,880 So the first things you do really 704 00:31:46,880 --> 00:31:48,590 depends on what the emergency is, right? 705 00:31:48,590 --> 00:31:50,420 If it's an engine failure, then your focus 706 00:31:50,420 --> 00:31:54,170 is on pitching to an appropriate airspeed, 707 00:31:54,170 --> 00:31:56,780 so that you can get the greatest time 708 00:31:56,780 --> 00:31:58,580 and distance to where you need to land, 709 00:31:58,580 --> 00:32:01,070 finding a place to land and trying to restart your engine. 710 00:32:01,070 --> 00:32:06,470 That aside, with regard to the radios and the communications, 711 00:32:06,470 --> 00:32:10,460 there is an emergency frequency, 121.5. 712 00:32:10,460 --> 00:32:13,250 There's a squawk code, 7700. 713 00:32:13,250 --> 00:32:14,790 We already talked about that. 714 00:32:14,790 --> 00:32:17,780 And you can radio just mayday, mayday, mayday. 715 00:32:17,780 --> 00:32:22,980 That alerts folks of the fact that you have an emergency. 716 00:32:22,980 --> 00:32:25,980 We also discussed when we were talking about required 717 00:32:25,980 --> 00:32:28,530 equipment on your aircraft, there's 718 00:32:28,530 --> 00:32:32,790 a such thing called an ELT, or Emergency Locator Transmitter. 719 00:32:32,790 --> 00:32:35,820 And this thing basically turns on by itself 720 00:32:35,820 --> 00:32:39,840 and will basically broadcast where you are. 721 00:32:39,840 --> 00:32:43,350 And it needs to be tested fairly often. 722 00:32:43,350 --> 00:32:46,170 You can actually tune into the frequency 723 00:32:46,170 --> 00:32:50,880 that it's emitting at to test if it is transmitting. 724 00:32:50,880 --> 00:32:54,550 OK, flight information, this is our last big section. 725 00:32:54,550 --> 00:32:59,260 So this is talking about information around an airport. 726 00:32:59,260 --> 00:33:02,420 So I'm going to grab the ForeFlight again. 727 00:33:02,420 --> 00:33:05,170 So again, just like with the case of the sectional, 728 00:33:05,170 --> 00:33:07,330 there's always a physical version 729 00:33:07,330 --> 00:33:08,930 or an electronic version. 730 00:33:08,930 --> 00:33:11,650 So the picture you see on the slide 731 00:33:11,650 --> 00:33:13,640 is something that you could actually look at. 732 00:33:13,640 --> 00:33:16,300 So there's an airport flight directory. 733 00:33:16,300 --> 00:33:19,090 So that will give you the types of information 734 00:33:19,090 --> 00:33:20,500 you're looking at. 735 00:33:20,500 --> 00:33:25,990 Or on a ForeFlight, and I'll pass this around, 736 00:33:25,990 --> 00:33:28,630 you can search a particular airport 737 00:33:28,630 --> 00:33:31,080 and get the same information. 738 00:33:31,080 --> 00:33:33,010 So I'll just pass this around. 739 00:33:37,120 --> 00:33:38,760 So there's a lot of good information. 740 00:33:38,760 --> 00:33:40,920 We already discussed some of it when we were first 741 00:33:40,920 --> 00:33:44,790 talking about charts and runway markings and runway length 742 00:33:44,790 --> 00:33:46,150 and those types of things. 743 00:33:46,150 --> 00:33:48,150 But from a communications perspective, 744 00:33:48,150 --> 00:33:50,340 it also has a lot of great information with regard 745 00:33:50,340 --> 00:33:52,890 to what the ATIS is, what the tower frequency is, 746 00:33:52,890 --> 00:33:56,320 what the ground, all of that type of information. 747 00:33:56,320 --> 00:33:57,810 And we've also discussed previously 748 00:33:57,810 --> 00:34:02,890 the FAR/AIM very large book of regulations. 749 00:34:02,890 --> 00:34:06,370 There are a number of other types of notices called Notices 750 00:34:06,370 --> 00:34:08,800 to Airmen, or NOTAMs. 751 00:34:08,800 --> 00:34:12,662 And NOTAMs basically can be warnings 752 00:34:12,662 --> 00:34:13,870 of different types of things. 753 00:34:13,870 --> 00:34:18,040 We've discussed a TFRs or temporary flight restrictions. 754 00:34:18,040 --> 00:34:20,260 But you might also get a NOTAM that there's 755 00:34:20,260 --> 00:34:22,370 parachute jumping in the area. 756 00:34:22,370 --> 00:34:26,870 So watch out for that happening. 757 00:34:26,870 --> 00:34:30,350 Sometimes there's also an advisory circular. 758 00:34:30,350 --> 00:34:34,489 These are not required or binding, 759 00:34:34,489 --> 00:34:37,010 but information that is put out to help 760 00:34:37,010 --> 00:34:38,960 you understand or clarify if there's 761 00:34:38,960 --> 00:34:42,889 confusion with regulations. 762 00:34:42,889 --> 00:34:45,400 OK, I have the answer up here for you, 763 00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:48,260 but just a couple practice questions. 764 00:34:48,260 --> 00:34:51,280 So this one is about basic radar service. 765 00:34:51,280 --> 00:34:53,980 And so this is about what we were just describing. 766 00:34:53,980 --> 00:34:56,800 If you call up and ask for flight following, 767 00:34:56,800 --> 00:34:58,450 what are they providing you? 768 00:34:58,450 --> 00:35:00,550 Well, they're providing you safety alerts, traffic 769 00:35:00,550 --> 00:35:02,080 advisories. 770 00:35:02,080 --> 00:35:04,240 Sometimes they'll do vectoring. 771 00:35:04,240 --> 00:35:06,190 So what do I mean by vectoring is 772 00:35:06,190 --> 00:35:10,447 let's say there's traffic, traffic 12 o'clock 3 miles. 773 00:35:10,447 --> 00:35:13,030 That means there's traffic right in front of you 3 miles away. 774 00:35:13,030 --> 00:35:14,140 And then they come back. 775 00:35:14,140 --> 00:35:17,920 And you know, you're saying, looking for traffic. 776 00:35:17,920 --> 00:35:19,540 You can't find the traffic. 777 00:35:19,540 --> 00:35:22,570 They say traffic 12 o'clock 2 miles 778 00:35:22,570 --> 00:35:23,780 in the same altitude as you. 779 00:35:23,780 --> 00:35:26,350 So if you're at 3,000, they say 3,000. 780 00:35:26,350 --> 00:35:28,270 And then you still can't see it. 781 00:35:28,270 --> 00:35:31,420 And you're just like, you know, negative traffic. 782 00:35:31,420 --> 00:35:33,190 So then they'll just tell you. 783 00:35:33,190 --> 00:35:38,320 You know, they'll just give you another heading. 784 00:35:38,320 --> 00:35:41,350 So they'll give you a number, so heading 360. 785 00:35:41,350 --> 00:35:44,950 Or they'll say, turn 10 degrees left. 786 00:35:44,950 --> 00:35:47,320 And so that is what they mean by limited vectoring. 787 00:35:47,320 --> 00:35:49,630 So they'll tell you what to do for a little bit 788 00:35:49,630 --> 00:35:52,860 to avoid something dangerous.