1 00:00:11,380 --> 00:00:14,920 TINA SRIVASTAVA: All right, so flying at night is really fun. 2 00:00:14,920 --> 00:00:17,020 And in order to get your private pilot, 3 00:00:17,020 --> 00:00:19,750 you actually have to fly at night. 4 00:00:19,750 --> 00:00:24,170 You even have to do a short cross-country flight at night. 5 00:00:24,170 --> 00:00:27,670 So it's really important for you to understand the dimensions 6 00:00:27,670 --> 00:00:29,110 of flying at night. 7 00:00:29,110 --> 00:00:32,380 And it's something else to set personal minimums about. 8 00:00:32,380 --> 00:00:34,180 But overall, I love flying at night. 9 00:00:34,180 --> 00:00:36,970 It's one of my favorite things to do. 10 00:00:36,970 --> 00:00:40,060 And this is actually a picture that the person 11 00:00:40,060 --> 00:00:43,555 sitting on the right seat took when I was landing in Bedford. 12 00:00:47,320 --> 00:00:51,900 So what do you see in this picture? 13 00:00:51,900 --> 00:00:54,017 Who can identify where the runway is? 14 00:00:54,017 --> 00:00:55,350 Can you at least see the runway? 15 00:00:55,350 --> 00:00:56,970 All right, this just-- yes? 16 00:00:56,970 --> 00:00:58,650 In the yellow shirt. 17 00:00:58,650 --> 00:01:01,860 AUDIENCE: It's right after the yellow cross. 18 00:01:01,860 --> 00:01:05,319 And there's red and yellow lights 19 00:01:05,319 --> 00:01:07,020 on either side of the runway. 20 00:01:07,020 --> 00:01:09,970 And the very end of it is marked with a line of green lights. 21 00:01:09,970 --> 00:01:11,220 TINA SRIVASTAVA: That's right. 22 00:01:11,220 --> 00:01:15,270 So the green line is marking the threshold of the runway. 23 00:01:15,270 --> 00:01:18,690 Along the sides of the runway, it's yellow and then becomes 24 00:01:18,690 --> 00:01:19,830 red at the end. 25 00:01:19,830 --> 00:01:22,725 What are those lights to the right of the runway? 26 00:01:25,782 --> 00:01:27,143 AUDIENCE: Glide slope. 27 00:01:27,143 --> 00:01:28,560 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Your glide slope. 28 00:01:28,560 --> 00:01:29,656 What is it called? 29 00:01:29,656 --> 00:01:30,333 AUDIENCE: PAPI. 30 00:01:30,333 --> 00:01:31,250 TINA SRIVASTAVA: PAPI. 31 00:01:31,250 --> 00:01:32,330 All right. 32 00:01:32,330 --> 00:01:33,350 Come on, guys. 33 00:01:33,350 --> 00:01:35,240 We've covered VASIs and PAPIs. 34 00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:38,540 So the VASI was the vertical one where the two lights are on top 35 00:01:38,540 --> 00:01:40,130 and then two lights are at the bottom. 36 00:01:40,130 --> 00:01:42,770 And the PAPI is the horizontal one. 37 00:01:42,770 --> 00:01:45,560 And so as you can see in my beautiful picture, 38 00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:47,600 because it's my perfect flying abilities, 39 00:01:47,600 --> 00:01:50,420 I have two red lights and two white lights. 40 00:01:50,420 --> 00:01:51,260 Thank you very much. 41 00:01:53,940 --> 00:01:54,440 Yes? 42 00:01:54,440 --> 00:01:57,193 AUDIENCE: It doesn't look like you're level. 43 00:01:57,193 --> 00:01:59,360 TINA SRIVASTAVA: It either looks like I'm not level, 44 00:01:59,360 --> 00:02:01,235 or the person taking the picture isn't level. 45 00:02:01,235 --> 00:02:02,622 But it's definitely not level. 46 00:02:02,622 --> 00:02:03,330 I agree with you. 47 00:02:07,240 --> 00:02:09,620 Now I would tell you how I'm getting bounced around 48 00:02:09,620 --> 00:02:10,460 by the wind. 49 00:02:10,460 --> 00:02:14,540 But in fact, at night, usually, there isn't that much wind. 50 00:02:14,540 --> 00:02:18,080 So let's talk about the definition of night. 51 00:02:18,080 --> 00:02:21,110 We actually had a good conversation at dinner 52 00:02:21,110 --> 00:02:23,690 last night with Mark Nathanson. 53 00:02:23,690 --> 00:02:25,700 And he was talking about his FAA exam 54 00:02:25,700 --> 00:02:28,310 where he was examining a friend of mine, Emily, 55 00:02:28,310 --> 00:02:32,180 on her oral exam and asked her when's sunset? 56 00:02:32,180 --> 00:02:34,520 And she said, well, which sunset do you mean? 57 00:02:34,520 --> 00:02:36,890 So there are a lot of different definitions. 58 00:02:36,890 --> 00:02:39,890 And so if you're just flying at night 59 00:02:39,890 --> 00:02:42,770 and you want to log hours that you're flying at night, 60 00:02:42,770 --> 00:02:46,670 then it's really any time after sunset or after civil twilight. 61 00:02:46,670 --> 00:02:48,530 But there are specific requirements 62 00:02:48,530 --> 00:02:51,710 in terms of having landings at night. 63 00:02:51,710 --> 00:02:53,540 And you can log whether your landing 64 00:02:53,540 --> 00:02:55,760 is at night or during the day. 65 00:02:55,760 --> 00:02:58,560 And they're a little bit more strict restrictions. 66 00:02:58,560 --> 00:03:02,455 So the landing has to be a full hour after sunset. 67 00:03:02,455 --> 00:03:04,580 And if you're in the wee hours of the morning, then 68 00:03:04,580 --> 00:03:06,800 a full hour before sunrise. 69 00:03:06,800 --> 00:03:11,820 And that's because it's still pretty light during that time. 70 00:03:11,820 --> 00:03:13,940 So even after the sun sets, it stays 71 00:03:13,940 --> 00:03:15,592 bright for about an hour or so. 72 00:03:15,592 --> 00:03:17,300 And so they want to make sure that you're 73 00:03:17,300 --> 00:03:21,130 really familiar with flying in true night conditions. 74 00:03:21,130 --> 00:03:21,630 Yeah. 75 00:03:21,630 --> 00:03:22,710 I love flying at night. 76 00:03:22,710 --> 00:03:26,430 One thing that's a lot easier is sometimes seeing the traffic, 77 00:03:26,430 --> 00:03:27,930 so seeing other aircraft. 78 00:03:27,930 --> 00:03:31,880 If you get notified, hey, there's a traffic 3 o'clock. 79 00:03:31,880 --> 00:03:33,270 You look out, and there it is. 80 00:03:33,270 --> 00:03:36,180 You can see the light. 81 00:03:36,180 --> 00:03:37,950 There also aren't that many other planes. 82 00:03:37,950 --> 00:03:39,960 So sometimes you get the airport to yourself 83 00:03:39,960 --> 00:03:41,850 or the tower controller to yourself. 84 00:03:41,850 --> 00:03:46,230 And depending on the weather and the climate, 85 00:03:46,230 --> 00:03:48,610 it can be really great. 86 00:03:48,610 --> 00:03:50,550 What's really interesting is that in the US, 87 00:03:50,550 --> 00:03:52,310 there is no special rating. 88 00:03:52,310 --> 00:03:53,310 So we talked about this. 89 00:03:53,310 --> 00:03:58,450 You don't need your instrument rating to fly at night. 90 00:03:58,450 --> 00:04:02,700 Now that's not the case in other countries. 91 00:04:02,700 --> 00:04:07,250 And I wouldn't say that we're, as I think Philip noted, 92 00:04:07,250 --> 00:04:09,578 we don't think that the Mexicans know-- 93 00:04:09,578 --> 00:04:11,870 we think that maybe they know something we don't, which 94 00:04:11,870 --> 00:04:14,300 is that you really need to take a lot of precautions. 95 00:04:14,300 --> 00:04:17,089 Flying at night is, in some ways, 96 00:04:17,089 --> 00:04:20,420 similar to flying in instrument conditions. 97 00:04:20,420 --> 00:04:23,360 And we talked about some of the visual effects and cues 98 00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:26,240 that you can get disoriented in. 99 00:04:26,240 --> 00:04:28,060 So during your private, you're going 100 00:04:28,060 --> 00:04:31,260 to have three hours of night training, which is really cool. 101 00:04:31,260 --> 00:04:32,800 So you're going to fly at night. 102 00:04:32,800 --> 00:04:36,920 You're going to also do a short cross-country flight. 103 00:04:36,920 --> 00:04:39,163 But in terms of currency requirements, 104 00:04:39,163 --> 00:04:41,330 some people were asking about currency requirements, 105 00:04:41,330 --> 00:04:43,610 this is one of the currency requirements 106 00:04:43,610 --> 00:04:45,290 that you really want to keep in mind. 107 00:04:45,290 --> 00:04:49,550 So this after you get your pilot private pilot license, in order 108 00:04:49,550 --> 00:04:52,250 for you to fly with passengers, you 109 00:04:52,250 --> 00:04:56,450 have to have three takeoffs and landings to a full stop 110 00:04:56,450 --> 00:04:59,040 within the preceding 90 days. 111 00:04:59,040 --> 00:05:00,560 So this is important. 112 00:05:00,560 --> 00:05:02,550 If you go on a trip during the day. 113 00:05:02,550 --> 00:05:04,160 And if it's going to be night, you 114 00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:07,010 might have to land somewhere, kick out your passengers, 115 00:05:07,010 --> 00:05:10,490 do your currency, and then continue. 116 00:05:10,490 --> 00:05:13,640 I've had to do that at least once. 117 00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:15,237 So night vision, so we talked a lot 118 00:05:15,237 --> 00:05:16,820 when we're talking about human factors 119 00:05:16,820 --> 00:05:19,710 about your visual system. 120 00:05:19,710 --> 00:05:21,620 So one thing I think people might 121 00:05:21,620 --> 00:05:25,190 have heard of the different rods and cones in your eyes. 122 00:05:25,190 --> 00:05:27,260 So I'm getting a lot of head nods. 123 00:05:27,260 --> 00:05:30,020 So the rods are actually the thing 124 00:05:30,020 --> 00:05:32,120 that can really help you see. 125 00:05:32,120 --> 00:05:35,720 But it's a lot easier to look on the sides. 126 00:05:35,720 --> 00:05:39,260 So looking straight during the daytime, 127 00:05:39,260 --> 00:05:40,370 that's where you can see. 128 00:05:40,370 --> 00:05:44,690 But your rods that do a better job at nighttime 129 00:05:44,690 --> 00:05:47,300 are your primary receptors for night vision. 130 00:05:47,300 --> 00:05:50,240 And so, unfortunately, the problem is if you stare right 131 00:05:50,240 --> 00:05:53,510 at something, it might actually be harder to see it 132 00:05:53,510 --> 00:05:55,160 than if you were scanning, and you 133 00:05:55,160 --> 00:05:58,470 were five to 10 degrees off of what you were looking at. 134 00:05:58,470 --> 00:06:00,470 And so one thing when you're flying 135 00:06:00,470 --> 00:06:03,710 at night, when you're looking for traffic, instead of just 136 00:06:03,710 --> 00:06:09,900 looking in one spot, try to scan to look around. 137 00:06:09,900 --> 00:06:12,530 Another thing is that it takes you a long time for your eyes 138 00:06:12,530 --> 00:06:14,400 to adjust to the darkness. 139 00:06:14,400 --> 00:06:18,170 So you can just probably have noticed this yourself 140 00:06:18,170 --> 00:06:20,060 when you're in your room at night or working 141 00:06:20,060 --> 00:06:22,610 on something, your eyes take a little time 142 00:06:22,610 --> 00:06:26,270 to adjust to that night light. 143 00:06:26,270 --> 00:06:28,820 And so what you want to do, if you're flying at night, 144 00:06:28,820 --> 00:06:31,850 is to give yourself a chance to adjust to that. 145 00:06:31,850 --> 00:06:35,120 You don't want to be in a very bright place right 146 00:06:35,120 --> 00:06:38,690 before you go flying at night because your eyes won't adjust. 147 00:06:38,690 --> 00:06:42,470 Another thing you can consider doing is using red lights. 148 00:06:42,470 --> 00:06:43,980 And I actually do that. 149 00:06:43,980 --> 00:06:46,970 So this is a super fashionable picture 150 00:06:46,970 --> 00:06:49,420 of me wearing a giant headlamp. 151 00:06:49,420 --> 00:06:52,160 And I actually have a red light headlight. 152 00:06:52,160 --> 00:06:54,050 And there are pros and cons. 153 00:06:54,050 --> 00:06:56,090 I think it's great because it really helps. 154 00:06:56,090 --> 00:06:59,180 You can have illumination without it destroying 155 00:06:59,180 --> 00:07:01,200 your night vision adjustment. 156 00:07:01,200 --> 00:07:03,470 But it also washes out red color. 157 00:07:03,470 --> 00:07:05,550 So you just want to keep that in mind. 158 00:07:05,550 --> 00:07:09,620 But also, just in general, having that lamp on your head 159 00:07:09,620 --> 00:07:11,430 is really helpful. 160 00:07:11,430 --> 00:07:14,000 Although, you look not so great. 161 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:17,453 It's a good thing that even if you take off in the evening 162 00:07:17,453 --> 00:07:19,370 when it's still bright outside, if you already 163 00:07:19,370 --> 00:07:22,280 have that light in place, then once it gets dark, 164 00:07:22,280 --> 00:07:24,398 once you need it, you have it right there. 165 00:07:24,398 --> 00:07:26,690 Again, you're not bending over, moving your head a lot, 166 00:07:26,690 --> 00:07:29,720 and searching the ground or your bag to look for a flashlight 167 00:07:29,720 --> 00:07:31,970 after it's dark when you're trying to fly a plane. 168 00:07:31,970 --> 00:07:33,140 That's not a good thing. 169 00:07:33,140 --> 00:07:35,180 If it's going to get dark or could possibly 170 00:07:35,180 --> 00:07:36,620 get dark while you're still flying 171 00:07:36,620 --> 00:07:38,390 have those flashlights available. 172 00:07:38,390 --> 00:07:41,270 Make sure you know where the light buttons are for all 173 00:07:41,270 --> 00:07:43,722 of your instrument panels. 174 00:07:43,722 --> 00:07:44,680 PHILIP GREENSPUN: Yeah. 175 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:47,143 It's important to mention that if the airplane, 176 00:07:47,143 --> 00:07:48,560 if everything is working properly, 177 00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:51,440 it should have a dome light or a map reading light 178 00:07:51,440 --> 00:07:54,050 or something that's in the airplane. 179 00:07:54,050 --> 00:07:57,530 So you don't absolutely need the flashlight 180 00:07:57,530 --> 00:07:59,803 unless something is broken. 181 00:07:59,803 --> 00:08:01,220 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Well, it depends. 182 00:08:01,220 --> 00:08:03,590 You might need a flashlight, for example, 183 00:08:03,590 --> 00:08:06,800 just to conduct your pre-flight inspection, so to walk around 184 00:08:06,800 --> 00:08:09,260 the airplane, make sure all of the control surfaces 185 00:08:09,260 --> 00:08:10,670 can move free and clear. 186 00:08:10,670 --> 00:08:13,190 You want to use a light to do that. 187 00:08:13,190 --> 00:08:15,860 I won't get into the details, but there was an accident 188 00:08:15,860 --> 00:08:17,300 in Hanscom a couple years back. 189 00:08:17,300 --> 00:08:20,150 And one of the concerns was that they had a lock on one 190 00:08:20,150 --> 00:08:21,600 of the control surfaces. 191 00:08:21,600 --> 00:08:24,110 And it was nighttime when they were trying to take off. 192 00:08:24,110 --> 00:08:26,120 And so having a flashlight, I think, 193 00:08:26,120 --> 00:08:28,730 is really critical in order to do your pre-flight inspection 194 00:08:28,730 --> 00:08:31,410 and make sure your airplane is safe to fly. 195 00:08:31,410 --> 00:08:31,965 Yes? 196 00:08:31,965 --> 00:08:34,340 AUDIENCE: I've had this question for about the last year. 197 00:08:34,340 --> 00:08:36,539 Can you do anything special with your iPad at night 198 00:08:36,539 --> 00:08:38,539 because that's enough to ruin your night vision. 199 00:08:38,539 --> 00:08:39,110 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Yeah. 200 00:08:39,110 --> 00:08:40,443 So that is a very good question. 201 00:08:40,443 --> 00:08:42,390 Do you do anything special with your iPad 202 00:08:42,390 --> 00:08:44,920 because it's enough to ruin your night vision? 203 00:08:44,920 --> 00:08:45,420 Yeah. 204 00:08:45,420 --> 00:08:48,990 So I actually think it is definitely something 205 00:08:48,990 --> 00:08:50,730 I keep in mind always. 206 00:08:50,730 --> 00:08:53,250 You can adjust the brightness setting on the iPad. 207 00:08:53,250 --> 00:08:54,460 It still can be very bright. 208 00:08:54,460 --> 00:08:57,100 And then sometimes it has a night mode, 209 00:08:57,100 --> 00:08:58,625 and that does work for some things. 210 00:08:58,625 --> 00:09:00,000 It doesn't work for other things. 211 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:03,390 I think the approach plates are still pretty bright. 212 00:09:03,390 --> 00:09:06,450 But you can make your whole map and the weather information 213 00:09:06,450 --> 00:09:07,720 in night mode. 214 00:09:07,720 --> 00:09:09,750 And I think actually Garmin default mode 215 00:09:09,750 --> 00:09:12,690 is a much better viewable on your iPad 216 00:09:12,690 --> 00:09:13,840 than for flight as well. 217 00:09:17,280 --> 00:09:17,780 Yes? 218 00:09:17,780 --> 00:09:19,850 AUDIENCE: You could also try inverting colors. 219 00:09:19,850 --> 00:09:21,774 It makes something that's white to black. 220 00:09:21,774 --> 00:09:23,123 I 221 00:09:23,123 --> 00:09:24,040 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Yeah. 222 00:09:24,040 --> 00:09:25,915 AUDIENCE: Some of the colors that go on a map 223 00:09:25,915 --> 00:09:27,744 are the colors that won't show correctly. 224 00:09:27,744 --> 00:09:29,323 But it's something you can try. 225 00:09:29,323 --> 00:09:30,990 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Yeah, so the suggestion 226 00:09:30,990 --> 00:09:33,792 was when you're using a tablet to invert the colors, 227 00:09:33,792 --> 00:09:36,000 and that can help make everything white that's black. 228 00:09:36,000 --> 00:09:38,655 Would also be where the other colors might change. 229 00:09:38,655 --> 00:09:41,280 So if you're looking for cues like we talked earlier 230 00:09:41,280 --> 00:09:43,890 about the VFR versus IFR lights, make sure 231 00:09:43,890 --> 00:09:47,590 the green didn't turn red and the red didn't turn green. 232 00:09:47,590 --> 00:09:52,430 OK, so night illusions, so this is something to keep in mind. 233 00:09:52,430 --> 00:09:54,160 Especially in the Northeast, there's 234 00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:57,550 so many airports but also cities everywhere. 235 00:09:57,550 --> 00:10:00,460 And a lot of times, you can accidentally 236 00:10:00,460 --> 00:10:02,730 think that certain lights are something else. 237 00:10:02,730 --> 00:10:06,222 We talked about the black hole illusion earlier 238 00:10:06,222 --> 00:10:07,930 when we were talking about human factors. 239 00:10:07,930 --> 00:10:11,230 That if, for example, there's a lot of snow around 240 00:10:11,230 --> 00:10:13,570 and it's dark, it makes it even harder 241 00:10:13,570 --> 00:10:15,700 to see features on the ground. 242 00:10:15,700 --> 00:10:20,620 And if it makes it, you might actually be lower than you are, 243 00:10:20,620 --> 00:10:22,480 than you think you are just because if there 244 00:10:22,480 --> 00:10:24,370 aren't any visual cues where you see 245 00:10:24,370 --> 00:10:26,440 exactly where the ground is. 246 00:10:26,440 --> 00:10:30,190 Another concern is if the runway lights are too bright, 247 00:10:30,190 --> 00:10:33,070 it can make it seem like the runway is closer to you. 248 00:10:33,070 --> 00:10:36,370 So that's why a VASI or a PAPI, some sort of glide slope 249 00:10:36,370 --> 00:10:39,400 reference is a really good idea at night to make sure 250 00:10:39,400 --> 00:10:41,200 your eyes aren't playing tricks on you, 251 00:10:41,200 --> 00:10:44,200 and you're actually where you think you are. 252 00:10:44,200 --> 00:10:46,800 So there's a whole bunch of equipment ratings 253 00:10:46,800 --> 00:10:47,720 that you need. 254 00:10:47,720 --> 00:10:50,260 This is you need everything that you need 255 00:10:50,260 --> 00:10:52,100 during the day for VFR flight. 256 00:10:52,100 --> 00:10:54,520 But you also need some additional lights. 257 00:10:54,520 --> 00:10:57,500 And certainly, if you want to think about another issue 258 00:10:57,500 --> 00:10:58,600 is the electrical system. 259 00:10:58,600 --> 00:11:00,340 So that's a more difficult thing. 260 00:11:00,340 --> 00:11:02,410 That if you lose your electrical system 261 00:11:02,410 --> 00:11:04,180 when you're flying at night, you don't 262 00:11:04,180 --> 00:11:06,190 have the ability to look outside to see 263 00:11:06,190 --> 00:11:07,722 where you are quite as easily. 264 00:11:07,722 --> 00:11:08,680 PHILIP GREENSPUN: Yeah. 265 00:11:08,680 --> 00:11:10,390 And if your airplane has circuit breakers 266 00:11:10,390 --> 00:11:12,000 and doesn't have fuses, then you don't 267 00:11:12,000 --> 00:11:15,520 need the spare set of fuses, just so you aren't concerned. 268 00:11:17,507 --> 00:11:19,340 TINA SRIVASTAVA: And then this is a reminder 269 00:11:19,340 --> 00:11:22,040 of all that equipment that you need anyway 270 00:11:22,040 --> 00:11:24,830 during the day for flying. 271 00:11:24,830 --> 00:11:27,680 So speaking more specifically about the lights that 272 00:11:27,680 --> 00:11:30,020 are required on an aircraft, so you actually 273 00:11:30,020 --> 00:11:33,452 have to have lights related to navigation. 274 00:11:33,452 --> 00:11:35,660 And so there are different type of navigation lights. 275 00:11:35,660 --> 00:11:41,000 In general, you have a red light on the left to try to say, 276 00:11:41,000 --> 00:11:42,680 red is like port. 277 00:11:42,680 --> 00:11:45,190 Port is red. 278 00:11:45,190 --> 00:11:46,410 The port wine is red. 279 00:11:46,410 --> 00:11:47,730 And so red is on the left. 280 00:11:47,730 --> 00:11:51,140 That's one way they suggest that you remember that. 281 00:11:51,140 --> 00:11:54,380 There's also this big anti-collision strobe light 282 00:11:54,380 --> 00:11:56,732 that blinks. 283 00:11:56,732 --> 00:11:58,190 Sometimes you actually have to have 284 00:11:58,190 --> 00:12:00,830 that light all the time like even during the day 285 00:12:00,830 --> 00:12:02,210 to avoid collisions. 286 00:12:02,210 --> 00:12:04,160 But it's especially important at night. 287 00:12:04,160 --> 00:12:06,110 But what's also especially important 288 00:12:06,110 --> 00:12:07,400 is when you turn it off. 289 00:12:07,400 --> 00:12:09,590 You don't want to keep that anti-collision strobe 290 00:12:09,590 --> 00:12:11,872 light on when you're taxiing on the ground. 291 00:12:11,872 --> 00:12:13,580 Again, when you're flying, sometimes it's 292 00:12:13,580 --> 00:12:15,320 hard to tell if something's on the ground 293 00:12:15,320 --> 00:12:16,620 or if it's in the air. 294 00:12:16,620 --> 00:12:18,290 And if you see a bunch of lights, 295 00:12:18,290 --> 00:12:20,570 you might think it's a plane that's flying, 296 00:12:20,570 --> 00:12:22,220 and it can get confusing. 297 00:12:22,220 --> 00:12:25,010 So once you're off of an active runway, 298 00:12:25,010 --> 00:12:30,190 also turn off your anti-collision strobe light. 299 00:12:30,190 --> 00:12:33,250 This is where it talks about that red light on the left 300 00:12:33,250 --> 00:12:35,290 is port. 301 00:12:35,290 --> 00:12:38,170 But the basic idea is based on where these are. 302 00:12:38,170 --> 00:12:42,710 That if you see a red light, that it's probably an airplane. 303 00:12:42,710 --> 00:12:47,620 And so if the red light is on the left wing, 304 00:12:47,620 --> 00:12:49,990 and you see an airplane, it's usually 305 00:12:49,990 --> 00:12:51,820 if I'm flying an airplane and this 306 00:12:51,820 --> 00:12:54,890 is another airplane crossing me, if it's flying in this way, 307 00:12:54,890 --> 00:12:55,930 I see the red light. 308 00:12:55,930 --> 00:12:58,750 If it's flying the other way, then I see the green light. 309 00:12:58,750 --> 00:13:00,670 So the colors help you figure out 310 00:13:00,670 --> 00:13:02,077 which way the plane is going. 311 00:13:02,077 --> 00:13:03,910 PHILIP GREENSPUN: Yeah, I realize this slide 312 00:13:03,910 --> 00:13:04,827 is a little confusing. 313 00:13:04,827 --> 00:13:07,150 That flashing red is not one of the navigation lights. 314 00:13:07,150 --> 00:13:11,140 That would be like an anti-collision beacon 315 00:13:11,140 --> 00:13:12,753 or something rotating. 316 00:13:12,753 --> 00:13:13,670 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Yeah. 317 00:13:13,670 --> 00:13:15,730 And we'll talk about beacons next. 318 00:13:15,730 --> 00:13:18,790 So one thing that's really fun is when you're flying 319 00:13:18,790 --> 00:13:21,530 is to look for airports. 320 00:13:21,530 --> 00:13:23,680 So even if you're on a commercial flight, 321 00:13:23,680 --> 00:13:26,890 I really recommend just staring out the window while you're 322 00:13:26,890 --> 00:13:28,900 flying over a city and try to see if you 323 00:13:28,900 --> 00:13:30,380 can see one of these beacons. 324 00:13:30,380 --> 00:13:31,840 And odds are, you probably will. 325 00:13:31,840 --> 00:13:35,110 Even if you're in a tall building and look out, 326 00:13:35,110 --> 00:13:36,640 the Northeast has so many airports, 327 00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:39,070 you might be able to find one of these beacons. 328 00:13:39,070 --> 00:13:44,050 So it'll basically be flashing green, white, green, white. 329 00:13:44,050 --> 00:13:47,540 Or if it's a military airport, slightly different. 330 00:13:47,540 --> 00:13:51,880 And so this little video, if you pay attention on the top right 331 00:13:51,880 --> 00:13:58,360 corner, it's showing that green, white, green. 332 00:13:58,360 --> 00:14:00,430 And the way that I just said it where you see it, 333 00:14:00,430 --> 00:14:02,200 and you say what's happening, that's 334 00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:06,138 a good way to check with your co-pilot or just the person 335 00:14:06,138 --> 00:14:08,680 sitting next to you if they're seeing the same thing you are. 336 00:14:08,680 --> 00:14:10,300 So there's so many lights in a city. 337 00:14:10,300 --> 00:14:11,260 And they're different colors. 338 00:14:11,260 --> 00:14:13,450 And they're same color as street lights and other lights. 339 00:14:13,450 --> 00:14:14,560 And so to really make sure you've 340 00:14:14,560 --> 00:14:16,900 identified an airport and the other person sitting 341 00:14:16,900 --> 00:14:19,000 next you identified the same airport 342 00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:21,250 and you both agree you're heading to the same place, 343 00:14:21,250 --> 00:14:24,275 it's good to make sure that you guys are following the beacon. 344 00:14:24,275 --> 00:14:26,650 And you're making sure you've identified the same airport 345 00:14:26,650 --> 00:14:29,850 that you're heading to. 346 00:14:29,850 --> 00:14:32,877 So this is that just seems like people had a lot of familiarity 347 00:14:32,877 --> 00:14:35,460 when we even just started with the first picture of me landing 348 00:14:35,460 --> 00:14:36,300 at Bedford. 349 00:14:36,300 --> 00:14:38,853 So you can see all the different lights on a runway. 350 00:14:38,853 --> 00:14:40,770 The types of lights that you see on the runway 351 00:14:40,770 --> 00:14:42,450 depend on the runway itself. 352 00:14:42,450 --> 00:14:44,670 So a smaller airport might only just 353 00:14:44,670 --> 00:14:47,870 have lights on the boundary of the runway. 354 00:14:47,870 --> 00:14:50,730 Whereas a really big, long runway, 355 00:14:50,730 --> 00:14:55,140 Boston Logan has a whole bunch of lights going on. 356 00:14:55,140 --> 00:14:59,190 The blue lights are actually the taxiway lights. 357 00:14:59,190 --> 00:15:01,290 And again, so if you're on a commercial flight, 358 00:15:01,290 --> 00:15:04,350 really highly recommend getting a window seat even if you 359 00:15:04,350 --> 00:15:06,300 have to pay $20 bucks for it. 360 00:15:06,300 --> 00:15:08,573 And while you're taxiing, look out the window, 361 00:15:08,573 --> 00:15:10,990 and you'll see all these blue lights while you're taxiing. 362 00:15:10,990 --> 00:15:13,020 And you can look at the runway markers as well. 363 00:15:15,940 --> 00:15:16,740 Yes? 364 00:15:16,740 --> 00:15:18,610 AUDIENCE: At the beginning of the runway, 365 00:15:18,610 --> 00:15:29,783 there's another [INAUDIBLE] parallel and then [INAUDIBLE] 366 00:15:29,783 --> 00:15:30,700 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Yeah. 367 00:15:30,700 --> 00:15:33,300 So you sometimes call those approach light bars. 368 00:15:33,300 --> 00:15:36,870 And those are at big, big airports. 369 00:15:36,870 --> 00:15:42,360 And even some runways even have what's called a, is it a rabbit 370 00:15:42,360 --> 00:15:45,537 or a ribbon, where they have lights that-- 371 00:15:45,537 --> 00:15:47,370 AUDIENCE: It's a lead in, the lead in light. 372 00:15:47,370 --> 00:15:48,430 TINA SRIVASTAVA: A lead in light. 373 00:15:48,430 --> 00:15:49,805 So it's not even that they're all 374 00:15:49,805 --> 00:15:53,940 just on but a light that turns. 375 00:15:53,940 --> 00:15:57,150 So there's a row of lights, and they turn them on in a row. 376 00:15:57,150 --> 00:16:02,990 So it looks like a line that's pointing towards the runway. 377 00:16:02,990 --> 00:16:06,500 So even here at Hanscom, one of the runways has that. 378 00:16:06,500 --> 00:16:09,740 The one with the ILS approach has that. 379 00:16:09,740 --> 00:16:11,852 I think they call it a ribbon or a rabbit light. 380 00:16:11,852 --> 00:16:13,810 AUDIENCE: It can also be called a rabbit, yeah. 381 00:16:13,810 --> 00:16:14,560 TINA SRIVASTAVA: A rabbit. 382 00:16:14,560 --> 00:16:15,060 Yeah. 383 00:16:18,290 --> 00:16:21,410 So this is a story I just wanted to share with you. 384 00:16:21,410 --> 00:16:25,295 Recently, I did a flight to Lawrence Airport. 385 00:16:25,295 --> 00:16:27,080 So Lawrence is very close by. 386 00:16:27,080 --> 00:16:29,360 It's just north of here. 387 00:16:29,360 --> 00:16:33,680 And I was going to land at this airport. 388 00:16:33,680 --> 00:16:38,420 And I know that from all the markings in the book 389 00:16:38,420 --> 00:16:41,990 that this runway that I was landing at had a PAPI. 390 00:16:41,990 --> 00:16:43,880 But as I was coming in to land, so this 391 00:16:43,880 --> 00:16:48,400 is-- so if you look in this, so the runway 392 00:16:48,400 --> 00:16:54,210 is up in the left corner of this picture over here. 393 00:16:54,210 --> 00:16:56,610 And so that's what the runway looked like. 394 00:16:56,610 --> 00:16:57,750 This is the picture. 395 00:16:57,750 --> 00:17:01,640 As you can see on the left and the right, there is no PAPI. 396 00:17:01,640 --> 00:17:03,150 So there's no PAPI there. 397 00:17:03,150 --> 00:17:05,121 And so as I was coming in to land, 398 00:17:05,121 --> 00:17:07,079 I wanted to make sure I was in the right place, 399 00:17:07,079 --> 00:17:08,579 everything was working properly. 400 00:17:08,579 --> 00:17:10,200 So I asked the tower controller. 401 00:17:10,200 --> 00:17:11,609 It was a towered airport. 402 00:17:11,609 --> 00:17:14,310 Is the PAPI on? 403 00:17:14,310 --> 00:17:14,970 Is it active? 404 00:17:14,970 --> 00:17:15,540 Is it broken? 405 00:17:15,540 --> 00:17:17,280 Is there something I missed in the no tam 406 00:17:17,280 --> 00:17:18,720 that the PAPI was out. 407 00:17:18,720 --> 00:17:21,180 And he said that the PAPI was on. 408 00:17:21,180 --> 00:17:24,480 And so this confused me because, obviously, the PAPI is not on. 409 00:17:24,480 --> 00:17:27,420 And so I didn't know exactly. 410 00:17:27,420 --> 00:17:28,410 Something was wrong. 411 00:17:28,410 --> 00:17:31,770 Either it was out, or maybe I was at the wrong runway. 412 00:17:31,770 --> 00:17:33,610 I didn't want to take any chances. 413 00:17:33,610 --> 00:17:35,340 So I executed a go around. 414 00:17:35,340 --> 00:17:39,270 And I told the tower controller, I don't see the PAPI. 415 00:17:39,270 --> 00:17:41,490 He was like, no, the PAPI is definitely on. 416 00:17:41,490 --> 00:17:42,948 So OK. 417 00:17:42,948 --> 00:17:43,740 I did my go around. 418 00:17:43,740 --> 00:17:45,750 I proceeded in the traffic pattern. 419 00:17:45,750 --> 00:17:46,620 I came back. 420 00:17:46,620 --> 00:17:49,430 And miraculously, the second time around, I 421 00:17:49,430 --> 00:17:52,410 could see the PAPI very clearly. 422 00:17:52,410 --> 00:17:54,000 Tower controller stuck to his story 423 00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:55,250 that it was on the whole time. 424 00:17:55,250 --> 00:17:58,210 But I have photo evidence that that wasn't true. 425 00:17:58,210 --> 00:18:00,810 So here on the left, you can see the PAPI. 426 00:18:04,280 --> 00:18:06,770 I think the reason that story is relevant also, 427 00:18:06,770 --> 00:18:09,470 though, is that you want to make sure that you are seeing 428 00:18:09,470 --> 00:18:11,120 what you expect to see, right? 429 00:18:11,120 --> 00:18:13,100 We talked about the importance of a PAPI 430 00:18:13,100 --> 00:18:17,600 certainly to help with issues in terms of what your height is 431 00:18:17,600 --> 00:18:19,520 and visual illusions that are going on. 432 00:18:19,520 --> 00:18:21,500 But also, if you expect something to be there 433 00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:24,440 and it's not, maybe there's a lighted wind sock. 434 00:18:24,440 --> 00:18:26,180 And the lighted wind sock's not there. 435 00:18:26,180 --> 00:18:27,710 You might want to check. 436 00:18:27,710 --> 00:18:30,050 Did I miss a notification of it being out? 437 00:18:30,050 --> 00:18:31,490 Or am I in the right place? 438 00:18:31,490 --> 00:18:33,470 You don't want to proceed, especially 439 00:18:33,470 --> 00:18:37,590 at night, into an area that you might not be familiar with. 440 00:18:37,590 --> 00:18:39,300 It also obviously helps to have a tower 441 00:18:39,300 --> 00:18:40,540 controller to talk to you. 442 00:18:40,540 --> 00:18:42,290 If you're at an uncontrolled airport, 443 00:18:42,290 --> 00:18:44,010 there is something called pilot-controlled lighting 444 00:18:44,010 --> 00:18:44,843 that we'll get into. 445 00:18:50,260 --> 00:18:54,320 So this is just talking more about lights at big runways. 446 00:18:54,320 --> 00:18:56,150 OK, pilot-controlled lighting. 447 00:18:56,150 --> 00:18:59,630 So you'll see in this little video, 448 00:18:59,630 --> 00:19:02,690 so it starts off there's no light at the runway. 449 00:19:02,690 --> 00:19:06,120 And then, all of a sudden, the light pops up. 450 00:19:06,120 --> 00:19:08,880 So we're looking right over here. 451 00:19:08,880 --> 00:19:11,028 And that one has that ribbon light or rabbit 452 00:19:11,028 --> 00:19:12,320 light that I was talking about. 453 00:19:12,320 --> 00:19:15,777 So you see the white light that's moving. 454 00:19:15,777 --> 00:19:17,360 And then it lights up the whole thing. 455 00:19:20,130 --> 00:19:22,130 So pilot-controlled lighting is kind of cool. 456 00:19:22,130 --> 00:19:26,883 So at non-towered airports or even at airports 457 00:19:26,883 --> 00:19:29,050 that are usually towered but at night they might not 458 00:19:29,050 --> 00:19:31,930 have the tower controller working overnight, 459 00:19:31,930 --> 00:19:33,782 they can turn off the lights. 460 00:19:33,782 --> 00:19:35,740 And the way that you turn it on is you actually 461 00:19:35,740 --> 00:19:37,070 do pilot-controlled lighting. 462 00:19:37,070 --> 00:19:38,470 So there's a frequency. 463 00:19:38,470 --> 00:19:39,910 Sometimes it's the same frequency 464 00:19:39,910 --> 00:19:42,360 as the tower frequency. 465 00:19:42,360 --> 00:19:44,380 And you basically on the same button 466 00:19:44,380 --> 00:19:47,650 that you hold down when you're speaking, you just click it. 467 00:19:47,650 --> 00:19:49,150 So you keep pushing that button. 468 00:19:49,150 --> 00:19:52,720 So if you push it five times, it turns on the lights. 469 00:19:52,720 --> 00:19:54,550 The number of times you click it, 470 00:19:54,550 --> 00:19:59,350 impacts what the brightness is of the intensity of the light. 471 00:19:59,350 --> 00:20:02,020 One thing to also keep in mind is that the light is usually 472 00:20:02,020 --> 00:20:04,160 only on for about 15 minutes. 473 00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:07,420 So if you're still very far away from the airport, 474 00:20:07,420 --> 00:20:09,700 it's not a good idea to turn the light 475 00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:12,400 on because you don't want a situation where it takes you 476 00:20:12,400 --> 00:20:14,030 15 minutes to get there. 477 00:20:14,030 --> 00:20:16,802 And then as soon as you're landing, the light turn off. 478 00:20:16,802 --> 00:20:18,760 So it's good to just wait until you're actually 479 00:20:18,760 --> 00:20:21,380 close to the airport and do that. 480 00:20:21,380 --> 00:20:23,920 Now one thing that maybe isn't recommended but is really 481 00:20:23,920 --> 00:20:28,510 fun to do, one time, I was flying at night. 482 00:20:28,510 --> 00:20:31,320 And I was flying over a bunch of untowered airports. 483 00:20:31,320 --> 00:20:33,637 There are a whole bunch in the Northeast area. 484 00:20:33,637 --> 00:20:35,720 And just to get used to pilot-controlled lighting, 485 00:20:35,720 --> 00:20:39,080 we would look up untowered airports we were flying over. 486 00:20:39,080 --> 00:20:41,267 And we would just light up various airports. 487 00:20:41,267 --> 00:20:42,100 That was really fun. 488 00:20:42,100 --> 00:20:43,220 But it's generally a bad idea. 489 00:20:43,220 --> 00:20:44,800 Again, because if somebody is coming 490 00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:47,937 in to land and the lights are already on, 491 00:20:47,937 --> 00:20:49,770 they might off when they're not supposed to. 492 00:20:49,770 --> 00:20:51,640 So you really want the pilot who's 493 00:20:51,640 --> 00:20:53,380 landing to control when it turns on, 494 00:20:53,380 --> 00:20:54,850 so they get their 15 minutes. 495 00:20:58,100 --> 00:20:59,580 So I just wanted to have a-- yes? 496 00:20:59,580 --> 00:21:00,960 Go ahead. 497 00:21:00,960 --> 00:21:03,400 AUDIENCE: Are the PAPI and VASI light always on the left 498 00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:05,497 or sometimes on the right? 499 00:21:05,497 --> 00:21:06,330 TINA SRIVASTAVA: No. 500 00:21:06,330 --> 00:21:07,980 The question is, are the PAPI and VASI 501 00:21:07,980 --> 00:21:11,310 lights always on either the left or on the right of the runway? 502 00:21:11,310 --> 00:21:11,820 And no. 503 00:21:11,820 --> 00:21:13,472 I think I've seen both situations. 504 00:21:13,472 --> 00:21:14,430 PHILIP GREENSPUN: Yeah. 505 00:21:14,430 --> 00:21:16,080 I think left is kind of standard. 506 00:21:16,080 --> 00:21:19,983 But for whatever reason, you also may see them on the right. 507 00:21:19,983 --> 00:21:20,900 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Yeah. 508 00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:25,545 I think they were on the left here in this Lawrence picture. 509 00:21:27,755 --> 00:21:29,380 AUDIENCE: At what point in the approach 510 00:21:29,380 --> 00:21:31,458 do you typically want to see the lights? 511 00:21:31,458 --> 00:21:33,500 TINA SRIVASTAVA: So at what point in the approach 512 00:21:33,500 --> 00:21:35,240 do you want to see the lights? 513 00:21:35,240 --> 00:21:37,658 Well, usually, before you're making your approach, 514 00:21:37,658 --> 00:21:38,450 you see the lights. 515 00:21:38,450 --> 00:21:41,090 So when you're identifying the airport 516 00:21:41,090 --> 00:21:42,770 is when you see the lights. 517 00:21:42,770 --> 00:21:45,530 So we didn't talk about it much today 518 00:21:45,530 --> 00:21:47,570 but how you usually do a landing, 519 00:21:47,570 --> 00:21:49,760 we discussed a little bit on instrument approaches. 520 00:21:49,760 --> 00:21:53,050 But when you're just flying VFR, including VFR at night, 521 00:21:53,050 --> 00:21:54,800 the way that you do an approach to landing 522 00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:58,130 actually involves flying. 523 00:21:58,130 --> 00:22:00,590 Let me draw it over here. 524 00:22:00,590 --> 00:22:02,920 PHILIP GREENSPUN: And while you're doing that, 525 00:22:02,920 --> 00:22:07,298 I'll point out that the runway lights are directional. 526 00:22:07,298 --> 00:22:08,840 So they'll be substantial-- if you're 527 00:22:08,840 --> 00:22:10,700 lined up with the runway, they'll be a lot brighter. 528 00:22:10,700 --> 00:22:12,283 Still not as bright as the surrounding 529 00:22:12,283 --> 00:22:15,230 clutter and the shopping malls and so forth. 530 00:22:15,230 --> 00:22:16,880 But they'll be much, much brighter 531 00:22:16,880 --> 00:22:18,740 when you're lined up with the runway 532 00:22:18,740 --> 00:22:20,810 than if you're looking from straight down 533 00:22:20,810 --> 00:22:26,930 or from the downwind leg as Tine is about to draw for you. 534 00:22:26,930 --> 00:22:29,000 TINA SRIVASTAVA: So if this is your runway, 535 00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,350 and so it would have all of its runway markings. 536 00:22:31,350 --> 00:22:34,256 So let's say this is runway 29. 537 00:22:34,256 --> 00:22:38,150 You don't just-- you could do a straight in where you just 538 00:22:38,150 --> 00:22:39,110 kind of come to it. 539 00:22:39,110 --> 00:22:41,480 But most of the time, you would practice 540 00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:44,780 doing an approach where you actually 541 00:22:44,780 --> 00:22:49,740 enter the traffic pattern 45 degrees, 542 00:22:49,740 --> 00:22:51,860 so at a 45 degree angle here. 543 00:22:55,890 --> 00:23:00,330 And then you enter this is kind of the midpoint. 544 00:23:00,330 --> 00:23:02,960 So you enter in at the 45 degrees, 545 00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:05,610 and then you continue this way. 546 00:23:05,610 --> 00:23:09,380 And so that's considered being on the downwind leg. 547 00:23:09,380 --> 00:23:13,100 So why would it be considered being on the downwind leg? 548 00:23:13,100 --> 00:23:13,913 Anyone? 549 00:23:13,913 --> 00:23:16,080 AUDIENCE: The wind's blowing that way because you're 550 00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:17,090 landing this way. 551 00:23:17,090 --> 00:23:17,690 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Exactly. 552 00:23:17,690 --> 00:23:18,110 Exactly. 553 00:23:18,110 --> 00:23:18,680 Very good. 554 00:23:18,680 --> 00:23:21,950 So the wind is going to be blowing this way. 555 00:23:21,950 --> 00:23:25,860 Because when you land, you want to land into the wind. 556 00:23:25,860 --> 00:23:28,340 And so if you're flying in the opposite direction 557 00:23:28,340 --> 00:23:30,920 of the runway, the wind's going to be behind you. 558 00:23:30,920 --> 00:23:34,160 So you're on the downwind leg. 559 00:23:34,160 --> 00:23:38,150 This point over here is called being abeam the runway 560 00:23:38,150 --> 00:23:39,860 or abeam the numbers. 561 00:23:39,860 --> 00:23:44,120 And then, you fly out about to here. 562 00:23:44,120 --> 00:23:47,660 Usually, you'll start getting used to what this angle is. 563 00:23:47,660 --> 00:23:49,190 It might also be 45 degrees. 564 00:23:49,190 --> 00:23:53,755 But sometimes it depends on if there are noise abatement 565 00:23:53,755 --> 00:23:55,880 areas, and you're supposed to make a close approach 566 00:23:55,880 --> 00:23:57,410 or a different approach. 567 00:23:57,410 --> 00:24:00,080 But essentially, you come out over here. 568 00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:02,720 You can see the runway out your wing. 569 00:24:02,720 --> 00:24:07,140 And then you turn your base leg, so that's this way. 570 00:24:07,140 --> 00:24:08,690 So then you're on base. 571 00:24:08,690 --> 00:24:10,453 Pretty much, depending on the airplane, 572 00:24:10,453 --> 00:24:11,870 when you're abeam the numbers, you 573 00:24:11,870 --> 00:24:15,020 might start getting into runway in your landing configuration. 574 00:24:15,020 --> 00:24:18,590 You might start putting 10 degrees of flaps, 575 00:24:18,590 --> 00:24:19,790 slowing down your airspeed. 576 00:24:19,790 --> 00:24:24,740 You might want to be 80 or 90 knots of airspeed. 577 00:24:24,740 --> 00:24:26,810 Then you turn base. 578 00:24:26,810 --> 00:24:29,090 You might want to put in another 10 degrees of flaps. 579 00:24:29,090 --> 00:24:31,700 You're at 20 degrees of flaps. 580 00:24:31,700 --> 00:24:33,890 And then, as you come in, you might want 581 00:24:33,890 --> 00:24:36,350 to be between 80 and 90 knots. 582 00:24:36,350 --> 00:24:39,050 And now when you turn final, that's final. 583 00:24:39,050 --> 00:24:41,990 And as you get much closer, it's short final. 584 00:24:41,990 --> 00:24:45,710 And here, you want to be trying to be 585 00:24:45,710 --> 00:24:49,040 very aligned with the numbers and the runway. 586 00:24:49,040 --> 00:24:52,880 At the beginning, you want to be looking at the VASI and PAPI. 587 00:24:52,880 --> 00:24:55,670 But once you get closer, again, you want to look at the runway 588 00:24:55,670 --> 00:24:56,570 itself. 589 00:24:56,570 --> 00:24:58,490 So the question was when do you want to see 590 00:24:58,490 --> 00:25:00,230 the lights of the runway? 591 00:25:00,230 --> 00:25:03,655 Before you enter the traffic pattern, you want to see that. 592 00:25:03,655 --> 00:25:05,030 Because otherwise, you don't know 593 00:25:05,030 --> 00:25:07,253 exactly where the midpoint is. 594 00:25:07,253 --> 00:25:08,420 You don't know how to enter. 595 00:25:08,420 --> 00:25:10,337 You don't know how to make sure you're exactly 596 00:25:10,337 --> 00:25:12,112 flying alongside the runway. 597 00:25:12,112 --> 00:25:13,070 PHILIP GREENSPUN: Yeah. 598 00:25:13,070 --> 00:25:15,690 And just keep in mind, this is called right traffic 599 00:25:15,690 --> 00:25:17,230 because you're making right turns. 600 00:25:17,230 --> 00:25:19,190 At a towered airport like Hanscom, 601 00:25:19,190 --> 00:25:21,170 depending on what direction you're coming from, 602 00:25:21,170 --> 00:25:23,840 you'll be assigned either right or left traffic to keep you 603 00:25:23,840 --> 00:25:25,160 from crossing the runway. 604 00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:27,860 At an untowered airport, it's conventional, usually, 605 00:25:27,860 --> 00:25:31,010 to fly left traffic pattern unless there's 606 00:25:31,010 --> 00:25:32,900 terrain or some other consideration that'll 607 00:25:32,900 --> 00:25:34,260 be published. 608 00:25:34,260 --> 00:25:37,250 And they'll tell you that right pattern is preferred. 609 00:25:37,250 --> 00:25:39,190 But if they don't tell you anything, 610 00:25:39,190 --> 00:25:40,910 then left traffic is the convention. 611 00:25:40,910 --> 00:25:41,350 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Yeah, absolutely. 612 00:25:41,350 --> 00:25:43,730 And just for completeness, once you take off, 613 00:25:43,730 --> 00:25:45,020 you're in the upwind. 614 00:25:45,020 --> 00:25:48,110 And then you could turn crosswind and then downwind 615 00:25:48,110 --> 00:25:48,740 again. 616 00:25:48,740 --> 00:25:50,330 And there might be other people that 617 00:25:50,330 --> 00:25:53,540 are flying the other side of the traffic pattern 618 00:25:53,540 --> 00:25:56,060 at the same time. 619 00:25:56,060 --> 00:25:58,220 So that's usually the case at Hanscom. 620 00:25:58,220 --> 00:25:59,930 There are people doing both. 621 00:25:59,930 --> 00:26:01,120 Is there a question? 622 00:26:01,120 --> 00:26:01,723 Yes? 623 00:26:01,723 --> 00:26:03,140 AUDIENCE: Are there any situations 624 00:26:03,140 --> 00:26:05,450 where you have to call an airport to turn on the lights 625 00:26:05,450 --> 00:26:06,547 like you were saying? 626 00:26:06,547 --> 00:26:07,630 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Oh, yeah. 627 00:26:07,630 --> 00:26:10,460 So the question was, do you have to call an airport 628 00:26:10,460 --> 00:26:12,500 to tell them to turn on the lights? 629 00:26:12,500 --> 00:26:15,170 So Hyannis, in the story I was giving before, 630 00:26:15,170 --> 00:26:16,530 had the lights on. 631 00:26:16,530 --> 00:26:19,190 But as we talked about procession, 632 00:26:19,190 --> 00:26:22,640 your heading indicator, in this particular plane, 633 00:26:22,640 --> 00:26:24,260 was really, really not good. 634 00:26:24,260 --> 00:26:29,960 And regardless, you have to keep updating your heading indicator 635 00:26:29,960 --> 00:26:33,050 with your magnetic compass during flight. 636 00:26:33,050 --> 00:26:34,670 So your heading indicator is going 637 00:26:34,670 --> 00:26:37,705 to drift and get a couple degrees off. 638 00:26:37,705 --> 00:26:39,080 And so throughout the flight, you 639 00:26:39,080 --> 00:26:42,740 have to continuously look at your magnetic compass 640 00:26:42,740 --> 00:26:45,440 and adjust your heading indicator. 641 00:26:45,440 --> 00:26:49,490 And so usually, you only have to do that every so often, maybe 642 00:26:49,490 --> 00:26:51,140 every 30 minutes, every hour. 643 00:26:51,140 --> 00:26:54,095 But this particular plane that it was in it 644 00:26:54,095 --> 00:26:56,030 was just a terrible instrument. 645 00:26:56,030 --> 00:26:58,980 And it would get 20 degrees off within five minutes. 646 00:26:58,980 --> 00:27:01,760 And I was basically just moving it all the time. 647 00:27:01,760 --> 00:27:03,710 The thing was basically busted. 648 00:27:03,710 --> 00:27:06,860 And the problem with it was I was flying at night. 649 00:27:06,860 --> 00:27:09,505 And at nighttime, although you can illuminate your flight 650 00:27:09,505 --> 00:27:10,880 instruments, you can't illuminate 651 00:27:10,880 --> 00:27:12,510 that magnetic compass. 652 00:27:12,510 --> 00:27:14,720 And so that little ball with the liquid in it, 653 00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:18,290 I couldn't illuminate it without having my headlight on and then 654 00:27:18,290 --> 00:27:19,580 losing my night vision. 655 00:27:19,580 --> 00:27:21,680 So it very difficult for me to figure out 656 00:27:21,680 --> 00:27:25,088 exactly what heading I was on at that particular moment. 657 00:27:25,088 --> 00:27:26,630 And so that's why I wanted to call up 658 00:27:26,630 --> 00:27:29,270 Hyannis, which had two intersecting runways, 659 00:27:29,270 --> 00:27:31,100 to just double check and double confirm 660 00:27:31,100 --> 00:27:33,740 I was going into the runway that I thought I was going into. 661 00:27:33,740 --> 00:27:36,680 And the really nice tower controller at Hyannis 662 00:27:36,680 --> 00:27:39,587 lit up to a higher light intensity the runway 663 00:27:39,587 --> 00:27:42,170 that I was going to land on, so I could make sure, yes, that's 664 00:27:42,170 --> 00:27:43,170 where I was going. 665 00:27:43,170 --> 00:27:45,980 And then he reduced the light intensity back down. 666 00:27:45,980 --> 00:27:48,355 PHILIP GREENSPUN: That was a great commercial for a glass 667 00:27:48,355 --> 00:27:51,290 cockpit or an HSI, which is slave to a magnetometer out 668 00:27:51,290 --> 00:27:53,480 in the wing. 669 00:27:53,480 --> 00:27:56,023 All right, we should wrap this one up. 670 00:27:56,023 --> 00:27:57,440 TINA SRIVASTAVA: So the last thing 671 00:27:57,440 --> 00:28:00,860 is just I wanted to do it a little bit of a discussion 672 00:28:00,860 --> 00:28:05,077 on where you might try to land if you had an engine failure, 673 00:28:05,077 --> 00:28:07,160 and you weren't able to get your engine restarted. 674 00:28:07,160 --> 00:28:09,200 Most of the time you have an engine failure, 675 00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:11,420 there's a whole flow that you go through. 676 00:28:11,420 --> 00:28:13,777 And turns out, you probably messed something up. 677 00:28:13,777 --> 00:28:15,860 You didn't have enough mixture of whatever it was, 678 00:28:15,860 --> 00:28:17,300 and you can get the engine restarted. 679 00:28:17,300 --> 00:28:19,050 But if you can't get the engine restarted, 680 00:28:19,050 --> 00:28:21,570 and you have to do a forced landing, where would we go? 681 00:28:21,570 --> 00:28:24,230 So in this picture, the red x is where I'm 682 00:28:24,230 --> 00:28:25,953 saying you had that failure. 683 00:28:25,953 --> 00:28:28,370 You don't think you could make it all the way to Mansfield 684 00:28:28,370 --> 00:28:30,080 or another airport. 685 00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:31,760 So I threw up a couple letters. 686 00:28:31,760 --> 00:28:33,018 But where? 687 00:28:33,018 --> 00:28:34,560 Let's talk about the thought process. 688 00:28:34,560 --> 00:28:36,710 How would you decide where you would land? 689 00:28:39,770 --> 00:28:41,930 Land in the Hudson. 690 00:28:41,930 --> 00:28:45,415 OK, one suggestion. 691 00:28:45,415 --> 00:28:48,292 AUDIENCE: Not A or C because they're populated areas. 692 00:28:48,292 --> 00:28:49,250 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Great. 693 00:28:49,250 --> 00:28:52,160 Not A or C because they are populated areas. 694 00:28:52,160 --> 00:28:52,710 Very good. 695 00:28:52,710 --> 00:28:55,310 You would get that right on the FAA exam. 696 00:28:55,310 --> 00:28:57,270 All right, what about B or D? 697 00:29:00,650 --> 00:29:01,160 Which one? 698 00:29:01,160 --> 00:29:03,410 Bravo or delta? 699 00:29:03,410 --> 00:29:04,760 AUDIENCE: Bravo. 700 00:29:04,760 --> 00:29:05,990 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Yeah, bravo. 701 00:29:05,990 --> 00:29:08,713 Why would you choose bravo? 702 00:29:08,713 --> 00:29:09,660 AUDIENCE: It's a road. 703 00:29:09,660 --> 00:29:10,130 TINA SRIVASTAVA: It's a road. 704 00:29:10,130 --> 00:29:12,190 Why is a road a good place to land at night? 705 00:29:12,190 --> 00:29:14,330 AUDIENCE: As compared to water. 706 00:29:14,330 --> 00:29:15,950 TINA SRIVASTAVA: As compared to water. 707 00:29:15,950 --> 00:29:18,740 D is not on-- delta is not on water. 708 00:29:18,740 --> 00:29:23,900 That blue line is a mode b transponder line. 709 00:29:23,900 --> 00:29:25,220 AUDIENCE: Illumination. 710 00:29:25,220 --> 00:29:27,290 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Illumination, that's it. 711 00:29:27,290 --> 00:29:29,630 A road is likely to be illuminated. 712 00:29:29,630 --> 00:29:31,130 So you can actually see it at night. 713 00:29:31,130 --> 00:29:34,460 And it'll be this nice long runway that you can land on. 714 00:29:34,460 --> 00:29:35,295 Yes? 715 00:29:35,295 --> 00:29:37,090 AUDIENCE: I was going to say it's paved. 716 00:29:37,090 --> 00:29:37,710 TINA SRIVASTAVA: It's paved. 717 00:29:37,710 --> 00:29:38,840 AUDIENCE: It's a little bit more forgiving. 718 00:29:38,840 --> 00:29:39,720 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Yeah, absolutely. 719 00:29:39,720 --> 00:29:42,320 It's much better to pick a paved surface than landing 720 00:29:42,320 --> 00:29:45,170 in a dark field which might turn out to be a lake, 721 00:29:45,170 --> 00:29:46,670 and you didn't realize. 722 00:29:46,670 --> 00:29:49,340 Also, D, if you notice, is towards the mountains. 723 00:29:49,340 --> 00:29:51,800 So landing in the mountains is not a good plan. 724 00:29:51,800 --> 00:29:54,560 Trying to see mountains at night is not a good plan. 725 00:29:54,560 --> 00:29:59,470 So it's probably not a good idea to go north in this picture. 726 00:29:59,470 --> 00:30:00,258 All right. 727 00:30:00,258 --> 00:30:01,800 AUDIENCE: What's the blue line again? 728 00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:03,467 PHILIP GREENSPUN: That was the airspace. 729 00:30:03,467 --> 00:30:04,973 It's part of the Boston bravo. 730 00:30:04,973 --> 00:30:05,890 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Yeah. 731 00:30:05,890 --> 00:30:09,040 That's the blue line surrounding the Boston class bravo 732 00:30:09,040 --> 00:30:09,540 airspace. 733 00:30:09,540 --> 00:30:12,040 PHILIP GREENSPUN: Yeah, and then that magenta one down there 734 00:30:12,040 --> 00:30:16,240 at the bottom is the 30 nautical mile mode c veil, it's called. 735 00:30:16,240 --> 00:30:21,280 And then these here, that's one tower. 736 00:30:21,280 --> 00:30:25,890 And these M things, that's multiple radio towers. 737 00:30:25,890 --> 00:30:30,675 AUDIENCE: Now how would the risk of hitting a car 738 00:30:30,675 --> 00:30:32,453 impact your decision to land on a road? 739 00:30:32,453 --> 00:30:33,370 TINA SRIVASTAVA: Yeah. 740 00:30:33,370 --> 00:30:35,140 So what's really interesting is actually 741 00:30:35,140 --> 00:30:37,300 the speed at which you land. 742 00:30:37,300 --> 00:30:40,630 So this is true for day or night operations. 743 00:30:40,630 --> 00:30:43,510 When a Cessna is landing, it usually 744 00:30:43,510 --> 00:30:45,970 lands at about 40 to 50 knots. 745 00:30:45,970 --> 00:30:47,650 And turns out, that's actually very 746 00:30:47,650 --> 00:30:50,950 similar to the miles per hour at which a car would 747 00:30:50,950 --> 00:30:52,270 be traveling on a highway. 748 00:30:52,270 --> 00:30:55,600 So what's really cool is if you did have to land on a highway, 749 00:30:55,600 --> 00:30:58,523 you'd probably be going about the same speed as the cars. 750 00:30:58,523 --> 00:31:00,190 PHILIP GREENSPUN: Even on busy highways, 751 00:31:00,190 --> 00:31:01,750 people seem to have just walked away. 752 00:31:01,750 --> 00:31:03,917 You never hear about somebody landing on the highway 753 00:31:03,917 --> 00:31:05,950 and then was killed by a car. 754 00:31:05,950 --> 00:31:06,880 All right, let's-- 755 00:31:06,880 --> 00:31:08,672 TINA SRIVASTAVA: And the last point on that 756 00:31:08,672 --> 00:31:10,180 is that, in Alaska, you're actually 757 00:31:10,180 --> 00:31:12,100 required to do a landing on a highway 758 00:31:12,100 --> 00:31:13,678 because they have so few airports. 759 00:31:13,678 --> 00:31:15,220 PHILIP GREENSPUN: In a couple places. 760 00:31:15,220 --> 00:31:17,140 All right, we've got one more presentation and then 761 00:31:17,140 --> 00:31:17,990 the ForeFlight guys. 762 00:31:17,990 --> 00:31:20,590 So we'll wrap this with my final advice 763 00:31:20,590 --> 00:31:24,010 based on I've done a fair amount of night flying. 764 00:31:24,010 --> 00:31:26,990 It's good to take off before civil twilight. 765 00:31:26,990 --> 00:31:29,700 That gives you time to adjust to the world of darkness. 766 00:31:29,700 --> 00:31:32,200 So I like to take off on when it's still a little bit light. 767 00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:33,680 I don't mind landing in the dark, 768 00:31:33,680 --> 00:31:36,010 especially at a familiar airport. 769 00:31:36,010 --> 00:31:39,910 I treat all the non-local night flights as instrument flights. 770 00:31:39,910 --> 00:31:41,500 The FAA says you can fly at night. 771 00:31:41,500 --> 00:31:42,910 That doesn't mean that you should 772 00:31:42,910 --> 00:31:46,210 do every flight at night, especially without a co-pilot. 773 00:31:46,210 --> 00:31:50,172 So either bring a co-pilot or use an IFR approach. 774 00:31:50,172 --> 00:31:51,880 That helps you to find the correct runway 775 00:31:51,880 --> 00:31:53,230 at the correct airport. 776 00:31:53,230 --> 00:31:56,350 Remember your two-pilot airline crews have, quite a few times, 777 00:31:56,350 --> 00:31:59,740 landed at the wrong airport altogether. 778 00:31:59,740 --> 00:32:01,840 Bigger airports are better at night. 779 00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:02,380 You know? 780 00:32:02,380 --> 00:32:03,880 Landing at Hanscom at night is a lot 781 00:32:03,880 --> 00:32:05,740 like landing during the day. 782 00:32:05,740 --> 00:32:07,540 There's just a million lights. 783 00:32:07,540 --> 00:32:09,280 And that's a nice big space. 784 00:32:09,280 --> 00:32:12,550 And the serious parachutes good at night.