1 00:00:16,210 --> 00:00:18,220 RANDY GORDON: Well, guys, you have 2 00:00:18,220 --> 00:00:22,500 picked the coolest independent activities period class you 3 00:00:22,500 --> 00:00:23,800 could ever do at ground school. 4 00:00:23,800 --> 00:00:25,900 This is the most awesome thing possible 5 00:00:25,900 --> 00:00:27,550 when I saw the course offerings. 6 00:00:27,550 --> 00:00:29,680 So kudos to Tina and Phil for teaching this. 7 00:00:29,680 --> 00:00:30,970 This is a good, good. 8 00:00:30,970 --> 00:00:32,110 Gig. 9 00:00:32,110 --> 00:00:33,340 I go by Laz. 10 00:00:33,340 --> 00:00:34,780 It's a fighter pilot thing. 11 00:00:34,780 --> 00:00:37,110 All fighter pilots have call signs. 12 00:00:37,110 --> 00:00:38,950 They're not like what you see in the movies. 13 00:00:38,950 --> 00:00:41,500 By the way, Top Gun is the worst movie for any fighter pilot 14 00:00:41,500 --> 00:00:42,000 to watch. 15 00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:43,660 It's terrible, drives you crazy. 16 00:00:43,660 --> 00:00:45,400 No one is called Maverick because they're 17 00:00:45,400 --> 00:00:47,440 the most awesome thing on the face of the planet. 18 00:00:47,440 --> 00:00:48,940 Never happens that way. 19 00:00:48,940 --> 00:00:50,680 You're always named for something silly. 20 00:00:50,680 --> 00:00:54,120 So the previous discussion about crew resource management, 21 00:00:54,120 --> 00:00:56,620 if you're a single seat, you still have air traffic control, 22 00:00:56,620 --> 00:01:01,470 you have other guys, I am living proof that that's 100% true. 23 00:01:01,470 --> 00:01:03,640 So I won't get into it too much, but suffice to say, 24 00:01:03,640 --> 00:01:05,560 if you know the biblical story of Lazarus, 25 00:01:05,560 --> 00:01:07,720 you know a lot about how I got my name, 26 00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:08,810 and I'll leave it at that. 27 00:01:08,810 --> 00:01:11,060 Normally that's over a beer afterwards. 28 00:01:11,060 --> 00:01:13,600 So we're here to talk about F-22 flight control stuff. 29 00:01:13,600 --> 00:01:16,090 I'm going to give you the punch line right at the start. 30 00:01:16,090 --> 00:01:18,610 I'm here to tell you that everything you're learning-- so 31 00:01:18,610 --> 00:01:21,460 who's actually flown airplanes here already, like sailplanes? 32 00:01:21,460 --> 00:01:22,990 So a lot of guys. 33 00:01:22,990 --> 00:01:24,900 So first time then for probably the other half 34 00:01:24,900 --> 00:01:25,900 of the class or so. 35 00:01:25,900 --> 00:01:27,400 So here's what I'm here to tell you. 36 00:01:27,400 --> 00:01:29,200 The same stuff that you're learning 37 00:01:29,200 --> 00:01:32,680 with respect to Cessnas and all this stuff with respect 38 00:01:32,680 --> 00:01:37,030 to the ground school, there's no difference between this 39 00:01:37,030 --> 00:01:38,350 and between my beloved Raptor. 40 00:01:38,350 --> 00:01:39,590 It's the same thing. 41 00:01:39,590 --> 00:01:40,900 So there's great relevance. 42 00:01:40,900 --> 00:01:43,060 And you as MIT guys have the ability 43 00:01:43,060 --> 00:01:45,660 to derive and figure out what makes the Raptor look 44 00:01:45,660 --> 00:01:48,160 the way that it does, and we can talk a lot about the flight 45 00:01:48,160 --> 00:01:48,770 controls. 46 00:01:48,770 --> 00:01:49,660 It's not cosmic. 47 00:01:49,660 --> 00:01:51,740 We can go through that. 48 00:01:51,740 --> 00:01:53,910 So with that, they always have the standard personal 49 00:01:53,910 --> 00:01:55,440 background slide. 50 00:01:55,440 --> 00:01:56,259 Here's the gig. 51 00:01:56,259 --> 00:01:57,390 I'll keep it really simple. 52 00:01:57,390 --> 00:02:01,290 I am a test pilot, which means I am a fighter pilot 53 00:02:01,290 --> 00:02:02,730 and I'm also an engineer. 54 00:02:02,730 --> 00:02:05,560 It means I like Beavis and Butthead greatly, 55 00:02:05,560 --> 00:02:06,720 and I read Carl Sagan. 56 00:02:06,720 --> 00:02:08,440 It's the same thing to me. 57 00:02:08,440 --> 00:02:10,020 So as a fighter test pilot, you live 58 00:02:10,020 --> 00:02:11,980 in the world of being a fighter pilot, 59 00:02:11,980 --> 00:02:14,070 but you also have the ability to understand Matlab 60 00:02:14,070 --> 00:02:17,040 and to be able to do cool neat MIT-ish kind of things. 61 00:02:17,040 --> 00:02:18,540 Because all of the stuff that you're 62 00:02:18,540 --> 00:02:22,329 working with as a test pilot are brand new things-- 63 00:02:22,329 --> 00:02:26,810 new weapons, new avionics, new airplanes, in some cases. 64 00:02:26,810 --> 00:02:28,650 And that's not the world of a fighter pilot. 65 00:02:28,650 --> 00:02:31,290 Fighter pilots are exceptionally good at taking this airplane 66 00:02:31,290 --> 00:02:33,630 to combat and doing the normal kind of missions with it. 67 00:02:33,630 --> 00:02:35,490 But when there's something new on board, 68 00:02:35,490 --> 00:02:37,170 that requires an engineer. 69 00:02:37,170 --> 00:02:39,780 So I have a deep, deep connection 70 00:02:39,780 --> 00:02:40,710 with this institution. 71 00:02:40,710 --> 00:02:43,130 I finished up here last year in 2018. 72 00:02:43,130 --> 00:02:45,300 I've done a whole bunch of other kind of funky stuff 73 00:02:45,300 --> 00:02:46,920 along the way. 74 00:02:46,920 --> 00:02:48,400 Two combat tours. 75 00:02:48,400 --> 00:02:49,320 That was a lot of fun. 76 00:02:49,320 --> 00:02:51,400 I'll tell you, flying is one of my great passions. 77 00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:53,550 Flying and getting shot at and missed 78 00:02:53,550 --> 00:02:54,960 is my second great passion. 79 00:02:54,960 --> 00:02:56,020 That's much cooler. 80 00:02:56,020 --> 00:02:58,320 And then when you can fly and you can use that airplane 81 00:02:58,320 --> 00:03:00,720 to actually protect people from bad guys, 82 00:03:00,720 --> 00:03:03,880 that's life-fulfilling to go get a chance to go do that. 83 00:03:03,880 --> 00:03:06,760 So we can talk a little bit more through that as well. 84 00:03:06,760 --> 00:03:09,310 Test pilots, we get a chance to fly a lot of different stuff. 85 00:03:09,310 --> 00:03:12,420 So you'll see this 76 different airplanes. 86 00:03:12,420 --> 00:03:15,450 That might sound weird to the rest of the world, 87 00:03:15,450 --> 00:03:17,790 but in the world of flight test, that's pretty normal. 88 00:03:17,790 --> 00:03:19,350 And the reason that's there is it's 89 00:03:19,350 --> 00:03:23,250 just like-- look, by the way, warning to the class, 90 00:03:23,250 --> 00:03:26,460 I talk a lot in terms of movies, Game of Thrones, or whatever, 91 00:03:26,460 --> 00:03:29,010 television shows and sports because no matter where 92 00:03:29,010 --> 00:03:31,230 you come from, those three topics always 93 00:03:31,230 --> 00:03:33,700 tend to bring everybody all together. 94 00:03:33,700 --> 00:03:36,300 So it is just like what you-- 95 00:03:36,300 --> 00:03:39,390 when you've gone car shopping and you sit in this car and go, 96 00:03:39,390 --> 00:03:41,940 oh, man, I really like the way this steering wheel feels 97 00:03:41,940 --> 00:03:43,770 but I hate the way the radio is set up, 98 00:03:43,770 --> 00:03:45,680 and you go to another car and you go, oh, man, 99 00:03:45,680 --> 00:03:49,020 this is great from the sunroof or whatever but this stinks. 100 00:03:49,020 --> 00:03:51,900 That same kind of discernment that you 101 00:03:51,900 --> 00:03:54,630 have when you're shopping for cars, this airplane 102 00:03:54,630 --> 00:03:56,160 is a couple hundred million dollars. 103 00:03:56,160 --> 00:03:57,579 You don't want to be wrong about that, 104 00:03:57,579 --> 00:03:59,370 and so you want your test pilots very, very 105 00:03:59,370 --> 00:04:01,380 experienced in a lot of different airplanes. 106 00:04:01,380 --> 00:04:03,360 So I've got a chance to fly helicopters-- 107 00:04:03,360 --> 00:04:04,080 spectacular. 108 00:04:04,080 --> 00:04:05,590 In pilot training, I don't know why, 109 00:04:05,590 --> 00:04:08,160 but we send our worst pilot training students 110 00:04:08,160 --> 00:04:09,100 to helicopters. 111 00:04:09,100 --> 00:04:12,000 It's the dumbest idea because helicopters are really, really 112 00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:13,310 challenging to go fly. 113 00:04:13,310 --> 00:04:15,060 But we've had a chance to fly helicopters. 114 00:04:15,060 --> 00:04:17,279 Your discussion, Tina, earlier about right of way, 115 00:04:17,279 --> 00:04:18,820 I was laughing with that because I've 116 00:04:18,820 --> 00:04:20,820 flown a Zeppelin, an airship. 117 00:04:20,820 --> 00:04:21,940 It's quite spectacular. 118 00:04:21,940 --> 00:04:25,140 It's a big Lab-Z-Boy couch with a big trim wheel 119 00:04:25,140 --> 00:04:27,450 and big engines that actually pivot on the outside, 120 00:04:27,450 --> 00:04:29,830 so you can turn the whole ship based on that. 121 00:04:29,830 --> 00:04:31,680 That's pretty normal for being a test pilot, 122 00:04:31,680 --> 00:04:34,020 is getting a chance to fly a lot of different airplanes, 123 00:04:34,020 --> 00:04:36,810 more so than just one particular airplane your whole life. 124 00:04:36,810 --> 00:04:39,140 Most of my stuff is in fighters. 125 00:04:39,140 --> 00:04:40,740 So I've flown every frontline fighter 126 00:04:40,740 --> 00:04:42,330 with the exception of the F-35. 127 00:04:42,330 --> 00:04:46,510 Hopefully I'll fix that soon, shortly, in a few months. 128 00:04:46,510 --> 00:04:47,310 But a lot of stuff. 129 00:04:47,310 --> 00:04:49,550 So MIT guy, Harvard guy. 130 00:04:49,550 --> 00:04:50,180 Did some stuff. 131 00:04:50,180 --> 00:04:51,430 It's been a good life. 132 00:04:51,430 --> 00:04:53,730 Really, at the end of the day what I want to impress on 133 00:04:53,730 --> 00:04:58,710 you is I am 100% zero different from anybody in this room. 134 00:04:58,710 --> 00:05:00,720 I just have more battle scars on me 135 00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:02,430 just from a lifetime of doing this. 136 00:05:02,430 --> 00:05:03,850 I started off flying Cessnas. 137 00:05:03,850 --> 00:05:05,520 I did that for several years of my life. 138 00:05:05,520 --> 00:05:06,360 I still do it. 139 00:05:06,360 --> 00:05:07,380 I love it. 140 00:05:07,380 --> 00:05:08,340 Fly sailplanes. 141 00:05:08,340 --> 00:05:10,290 Still do it, love it. 142 00:05:10,290 --> 00:05:12,660 And all the stuff that you learn with this 143 00:05:12,660 --> 00:05:15,180 has direct applicability to the more advanced fighter 144 00:05:15,180 --> 00:05:15,780 airplanes. 145 00:05:15,780 --> 00:05:18,870 In fact, I'll tell you, this is actually harder 146 00:05:18,870 --> 00:05:21,780 to fly than the Raptor, and we'll talk a little bit more 147 00:05:21,780 --> 00:05:23,260 about that as we go through. 148 00:05:23,260 --> 00:05:23,760 All right. 149 00:05:23,760 --> 00:05:25,030 So more fun and games. 150 00:05:25,030 --> 00:05:25,530 All right. 151 00:05:25,530 --> 00:05:27,640 So now comes the class participation part. 152 00:05:27,640 --> 00:05:29,950 My talks are very interactive. 153 00:05:29,950 --> 00:05:31,530 I love hearing what you guys think. 154 00:05:31,530 --> 00:05:33,150 So we'll do a quick thought exercise. 155 00:05:33,150 --> 00:05:35,100 I'll try and keep a mental note because I stink 156 00:05:35,100 --> 00:05:36,480 at writing on a chalkboard. 157 00:05:36,480 --> 00:05:38,730 But we'll chat through this just so you can understand 158 00:05:38,730 --> 00:05:40,409 that there's really not that much difference from what 159 00:05:40,409 --> 00:05:42,780 you're learning now to go off to do something like that. 160 00:05:42,780 --> 00:05:46,560 So why does a Cessna look the way that it does? 161 00:05:46,560 --> 00:05:49,020 And why does a Raptor look the way that it does? 162 00:05:49,020 --> 00:05:51,320 What were the engineers trying to do? 163 00:05:51,320 --> 00:05:52,380 And just call them out. 164 00:05:52,380 --> 00:05:53,680 No real-- go ahead, just shoot. 165 00:05:53,680 --> 00:05:54,860 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] Raptor. 166 00:05:54,860 --> 00:05:55,560 RANDY GORDON: OK. 167 00:05:55,560 --> 00:05:56,230 So explain. 168 00:05:56,230 --> 00:06:00,420 AUDIENCE: You have way more area that's clear [INAUDIBLE] 169 00:06:04,180 --> 00:06:05,980 RANDY GORDON: So you brought up two things. 170 00:06:05,980 --> 00:06:07,600 One is the position of the wing, right. 171 00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:10,620 So in a Cessna, the wings are obviously-- 172 00:06:10,620 --> 00:06:12,870 well, in a lot of airplanes, really, not just Cessnas. 173 00:06:12,870 --> 00:06:14,100 But in the Cessna, the wings are directly 174 00:06:14,100 --> 00:06:15,870 above you, big Hershey bar wing. 175 00:06:15,870 --> 00:06:17,870 Why did they put the wings this way in a Cessna? 176 00:06:21,720 --> 00:06:23,180 [LAUGHTER] 177 00:06:23,180 --> 00:06:24,270 You're doing great so far. 178 00:06:24,270 --> 00:06:25,310 Keep going, man. 179 00:06:25,310 --> 00:06:26,960 PROFESSOR: I'm going to answer that. 180 00:06:26,960 --> 00:06:29,960 Get in or out of a Cirrus in heavy rain, 181 00:06:29,960 --> 00:06:32,810 and you will immediately see the value of that Cessna wing. 182 00:06:32,810 --> 00:06:34,190 RANDY GORDON: Yeah, they did this 183 00:06:34,190 --> 00:06:36,740 so that my wife doesn't yell at me in bad weather conditions, 184 00:06:36,740 --> 00:06:38,240 so that you can get inside the airplane 185 00:06:38,240 --> 00:06:39,560 with not getting completely wet. 186 00:06:39,560 --> 00:06:40,970 The other part about the high wing 187 00:06:40,970 --> 00:06:44,450 is it's great for visibility, looking down. 188 00:06:44,450 --> 00:06:46,240 Where this is terrible is if you're turning 189 00:06:46,240 --> 00:06:48,200 and you have to be able to see through the wing 190 00:06:48,200 --> 00:06:49,830 because you're kind of doing the old-- 191 00:06:49,830 --> 00:06:52,620 looking over the side to see out the outside. 192 00:06:52,620 --> 00:06:54,260 So that's one advantage over Raptor. 193 00:06:54,260 --> 00:06:56,100 It's not a high wing or a-- it's kind of a mid wing, 194 00:06:56,100 --> 00:06:56,600 if you will. 195 00:06:56,600 --> 00:06:59,750 But that wing is well after the cockpit for what reason? 196 00:07:04,110 --> 00:07:04,990 AUDIENCE: Visibility. 197 00:07:04,990 --> 00:07:07,460 RANDY GORDON: Visibility, yeah. 198 00:07:07,460 --> 00:07:09,030 That's the big, huge reason why. 199 00:07:09,030 --> 00:07:12,740 And then you also brought up the idea of the swept wings. 200 00:07:12,740 --> 00:07:17,330 Why the swept wings compared to, say, straight wings? 201 00:07:17,330 --> 00:07:19,830 AUDIENCE: Well, wouldn't they have an aerodynamic advantage? 202 00:07:19,830 --> 00:07:20,530 RANDY GORDON: OK. 203 00:07:20,530 --> 00:07:22,790 What's that advantage? 204 00:07:22,790 --> 00:07:25,870 AUDIENCE: Something that [INAUDIBLE] 205 00:07:30,290 --> 00:07:31,740 RANDY GORDON: Close. 206 00:07:31,740 --> 00:07:34,240 I'll stop picking on you because you're bold and went first. 207 00:07:34,240 --> 00:07:34,740 Go ahead. 208 00:07:34,740 --> 00:07:35,700 AUDIENCE: Mach. 209 00:07:35,700 --> 00:07:36,140 RANDY GORDON: Yeah, Mach. 210 00:07:36,140 --> 00:07:36,970 So explain Mach. 211 00:07:38,830 --> 00:07:40,960 AUDIENCE: The closer you get to the speed of sound, 212 00:07:40,960 --> 00:07:42,620 the more compressibility is important. 213 00:07:42,620 --> 00:07:43,370 RANDY GORDON: Yep. 214 00:07:43,370 --> 00:07:45,220 AUDIENCE: Aerodynamically, the wing 215 00:07:45,220 --> 00:07:48,930 really behaves like it's going at the speed normal to leading 216 00:07:48,930 --> 00:07:49,430 edge. 217 00:07:49,430 --> 00:07:50,220 RANDY GORDON: Yeah. 218 00:07:50,220 --> 00:07:52,780 So you ever see those old, the first jet 219 00:07:52,780 --> 00:07:54,460 airplanes that came out? 220 00:07:54,460 --> 00:07:56,350 The wings on the jet airplanes had 221 00:07:56,350 --> 00:07:59,320 wings that looked exactly like this, and that was a problem. 222 00:07:59,320 --> 00:08:01,570 I'm going to do something I said I wouldn't try to do, 223 00:08:01,570 --> 00:08:02,480 but I'll try to do it. 224 00:08:02,480 --> 00:08:04,340 So here's your swept wing. 225 00:08:04,340 --> 00:08:07,950 Here's the arrows that come over the wing. 226 00:08:07,950 --> 00:08:10,260 And then what ends up happening is, really 227 00:08:10,260 --> 00:08:13,440 what you care about is the air that's going over 228 00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:16,660 top of the wing, that's normal to the chord line of the wing 229 00:08:16,660 --> 00:08:17,160 itself. 230 00:08:17,160 --> 00:08:18,960 You know what I mean when I say chord? 231 00:08:18,960 --> 00:08:20,230 Just like this imaginary line. 232 00:08:20,230 --> 00:08:23,310 So on a Hershey bar wing, all of that air hits the wing 233 00:08:23,310 --> 00:08:25,920 and it goes directly over top of that chord line of the wing. 234 00:08:25,920 --> 00:08:28,260 So like when we talked about over here, 235 00:08:28,260 --> 00:08:29,790 the wings have camber. 236 00:08:29,790 --> 00:08:33,000 So what happens to the air as it goes over top of any wing? 237 00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:35,299 Doesn't matter if it's a fighter wing or whatever else. 238 00:08:35,299 --> 00:08:38,490 But what happens to the velocity of the air as it goes over top? 239 00:08:38,490 --> 00:08:40,150 It goes faster, right. 240 00:08:40,150 --> 00:08:42,640 So if I'm already going fast and air hits my wing 241 00:08:42,640 --> 00:08:45,220 and goes over top of my wing and goes faster 242 00:08:45,220 --> 00:08:47,160 than the rest of the airplane, that's 243 00:08:47,160 --> 00:08:49,950 going to cause a problem when you get to very high speeds 244 00:08:49,950 --> 00:08:52,330 approaching Mach because what ends up happening is you'll 245 00:08:52,330 --> 00:08:54,250 get a shockwave forming on that wing. 246 00:08:54,250 --> 00:08:56,590 And the moment you get a shockwave form in there, that's 247 00:08:56,590 --> 00:08:59,710 like a big brick wall to the wind 248 00:08:59,710 --> 00:09:01,690 and that causes all types of drag downstream, 249 00:09:01,690 --> 00:09:03,800 slows down the airplane, all types of things. 250 00:09:03,800 --> 00:09:05,920 So what they found is I can sweep the wing. 251 00:09:05,920 --> 00:09:08,560 When I sweep the wing, some of that air 252 00:09:08,560 --> 00:09:09,790 is normal to the chord line. 253 00:09:09,790 --> 00:09:12,160 So if this is the fuselage over here, and here's the wing 254 00:09:12,160 --> 00:09:14,420 and it comes back over here, some of that air 255 00:09:14,420 --> 00:09:16,330 is going to be that way, and some of that air 256 00:09:16,330 --> 00:09:20,020 is going to actually go out and go span-wise, if you will, 257 00:09:20,020 --> 00:09:20,710 like this. 258 00:09:20,710 --> 00:09:22,210 So I'm trying to draw this correctly 259 00:09:22,210 --> 00:09:23,850 to get the right angles. 260 00:09:23,850 --> 00:09:25,340 But you get my point. 261 00:09:25,340 --> 00:09:27,680 So some of that air goes span-wise. 262 00:09:27,680 --> 00:09:29,230 Some of the reasons why you have wing 263 00:09:29,230 --> 00:09:31,410 winglets, right, to prevent some of that drag that 264 00:09:31,410 --> 00:09:32,410 happens at the winglets. 265 00:09:32,410 --> 00:09:33,610 But then also what you're worried about 266 00:09:33,610 --> 00:09:35,680 is rather than the full component of this wind, 267 00:09:35,680 --> 00:09:37,450 you're only worried about the wind 268 00:09:37,450 --> 00:09:40,510 that's normal to the flow of the way the chord line is set up. 269 00:09:40,510 --> 00:09:42,190 So that's why they sweep the wings. 270 00:09:42,190 --> 00:09:42,690 OK. 271 00:09:42,690 --> 00:09:43,420 So what else? 272 00:09:43,420 --> 00:09:44,770 Why does a Cessna look this way? 273 00:09:44,770 --> 00:09:45,980 Why does this look like that? 274 00:09:45,980 --> 00:09:48,500 Go ahead. 275 00:09:48,500 --> 00:09:49,530 Yeah, go ahead, both. 276 00:09:49,530 --> 00:09:51,490 AUDIENCE: Stealth and payload and [INAUDIBLE].. 277 00:09:51,490 --> 00:09:52,810 RANDY GORDON: OK, so stealth. 278 00:09:52,810 --> 00:09:54,070 Payload is an important thing. 279 00:09:54,070 --> 00:09:55,930 Let's talk about the payload for a second. 280 00:09:55,930 --> 00:09:57,340 Actually, we'll talk about stealth 281 00:09:57,340 --> 00:09:58,820 since you brought it up. 282 00:09:58,820 --> 00:10:00,880 So look at that plan form, and what 283 00:10:00,880 --> 00:10:04,640 do you notice with regards to stealth? 284 00:10:04,640 --> 00:10:06,120 AUDIENCE: It's all angles. 285 00:10:06,120 --> 00:10:07,460 RANDY GORDON: All angles, right. 286 00:10:07,460 --> 00:10:10,200 That angle, that angle, that angle. 287 00:10:10,200 --> 00:10:11,290 AUDIENCE: No right angles. 288 00:10:11,290 --> 00:10:12,930 RANDY GORDON: Yeah, no right angles. 289 00:10:12,930 --> 00:10:14,950 So the reason is-- 290 00:10:14,950 --> 00:10:19,880 and I'll do my high tech pizza aid here. 291 00:10:19,880 --> 00:10:21,710 So who's Double E in here? 292 00:10:21,710 --> 00:10:23,080 Anyone Double E for MIT? 293 00:10:23,080 --> 00:10:23,930 OK. 294 00:10:23,930 --> 00:10:27,920 So if you're a beam of radar energy, you love this. 295 00:10:27,920 --> 00:10:31,160 You love when you have a nice flat thing directly 296 00:10:31,160 --> 00:10:31,880 that reflects. 297 00:10:31,880 --> 00:10:35,540 All that radar energy you put at me goes right back at you. 298 00:10:35,540 --> 00:10:38,690 Now what happens if I take that panel 299 00:10:38,690 --> 00:10:40,700 and I go like this a little bit? 300 00:10:40,700 --> 00:10:42,250 So yeah, there's not so much. 301 00:10:42,250 --> 00:10:43,670 Now I'll really mess up your mind. 302 00:10:43,670 --> 00:10:45,770 What happens if I do that? 303 00:10:45,770 --> 00:10:49,710 And now you have to start dealing with angles and edges. 304 00:10:49,710 --> 00:10:54,920 The Raptor is this constant fight between the Double E guys 305 00:10:54,920 --> 00:10:56,940 and the aeronautical engineers. 306 00:10:56,940 --> 00:10:58,400 When you make an airplane like this 307 00:10:58,400 --> 00:10:59,810 and you make angles like this, and you 308 00:10:59,810 --> 00:11:01,820 make it there's no right angles or whatever else like that, 309 00:11:01,820 --> 00:11:04,280 you're exactly right, it greatly reduces the stealth. 310 00:11:04,280 --> 00:11:05,990 Now, this is not Wonder Woman's airplane. 311 00:11:05,990 --> 00:11:07,610 It's not like you just become invisible 312 00:11:07,610 --> 00:11:08,870 and no one can see you. 313 00:11:08,870 --> 00:11:11,920 But it's very, very hard to see on radar. 314 00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:13,760 But there's a challenge in that because when 315 00:11:13,760 --> 00:11:16,730 you make an airplane that looks like this, which the Double E 316 00:11:16,730 --> 00:11:19,730 guys tend to like, the aeroengineer guys 317 00:11:19,730 --> 00:11:23,450 tend to hate because it makes the airplane unstable. 318 00:11:23,450 --> 00:11:25,250 So we'll talk about that. 319 00:11:25,250 --> 00:11:28,560 This airplane, very, very stable, very, very stable. 320 00:11:28,560 --> 00:11:29,060 OK. 321 00:11:29,060 --> 00:11:29,330 What else? 322 00:11:29,330 --> 00:11:30,240 A couple other things. 323 00:11:30,240 --> 00:11:32,820 So why is the Raptor look this way? 324 00:11:32,820 --> 00:11:36,030 Why does the Cessna look this way? 325 00:11:36,030 --> 00:11:37,010 Go ahead. 326 00:11:37,010 --> 00:11:38,460 AUDIENCE: I feel like the Cessna is 327 00:11:38,460 --> 00:11:41,650 designed to be produced with cheap commodity materials. 328 00:11:41,650 --> 00:11:44,700 The Raptor uses exotic metals. 329 00:11:44,700 --> 00:11:47,360 RANDY GORDON: Yep, titanium, whole types of stuff, right. 330 00:11:47,360 --> 00:11:50,870 So this is an airplane people buy commercially. 331 00:11:50,870 --> 00:11:53,090 If you were Jeff Bezos, you would never 332 00:11:53,090 --> 00:11:57,050 purchase this airplane because it is hyper expensive. 333 00:11:57,050 --> 00:11:59,840 My jets were test jets, which means 334 00:11:59,840 --> 00:12:03,530 they were very different, almost like hand-built custom F-22s. 335 00:12:03,530 --> 00:12:07,490 Each one, $300 million to $400 million a piece. 336 00:12:07,490 --> 00:12:10,370 Scary in terms of how much it actually costs. 337 00:12:10,370 --> 00:12:12,800 The canopy on this thing, probably worth more than about 338 00:12:12,800 --> 00:12:15,670 10 of these all put together. 339 00:12:15,670 --> 00:12:17,630 The payload part-- you brought up payload, too. 340 00:12:17,630 --> 00:12:20,150 So the other part about the stealth, if you can see here, 341 00:12:20,150 --> 00:12:21,470 I've got doors. 342 00:12:21,470 --> 00:12:24,400 So there's a big main weapon bay door, big 17-foot doors, 343 00:12:24,400 --> 00:12:24,900 if you will. 344 00:12:24,900 --> 00:12:28,730 And then there's doors on the side that come open here. 345 00:12:28,730 --> 00:12:30,550 Unlike a Cessna, we talked about-- 346 00:12:30,550 --> 00:12:31,300 where did Tina go? 347 00:12:31,300 --> 00:12:32,240 Oh, she disappeared. 348 00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:34,280 The dropped object, dropping pumpkins. 349 00:12:34,280 --> 00:12:36,800 My pumpkins are 1,000 pounds, come off 350 00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:38,000 the airplane just like that. 351 00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:40,130 Different missiles and different bombs or whatever. 352 00:12:40,130 --> 00:12:41,670 The center of gravity of the airplane 353 00:12:41,670 --> 00:12:43,730 is right about where my finger is. 354 00:12:43,730 --> 00:12:46,490 And so these weapons that are here, when I release them, 355 00:12:46,490 --> 00:12:49,220 it's suddenly like dropping a car off the front end 356 00:12:49,220 --> 00:12:50,370 of your airplane. 357 00:12:50,370 --> 00:12:52,730 And so there's a huge center of gravity shift 358 00:12:52,730 --> 00:12:54,810 that happens just like that. 359 00:12:54,810 --> 00:12:56,360 And so the flight controls need to be 360 00:12:56,360 --> 00:12:58,280 able to compensate for something like that. 361 00:12:58,280 --> 00:13:00,200 Last piece I'll give you just for sake of time 362 00:13:00,200 --> 00:13:02,010 is, what's the speed envelope, if you will, 363 00:13:02,010 --> 00:13:06,150 that this airplane operates? 364 00:13:06,150 --> 00:13:07,110 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 365 00:13:07,110 --> 00:13:08,110 RANDY GORDON: What's up? 366 00:13:08,110 --> 00:13:09,210 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 367 00:13:09,210 --> 00:13:10,540 RANDY GORDON: Oh, I wish 200. 368 00:13:10,540 --> 00:13:11,590 Man, I wish 200. 369 00:13:11,590 --> 00:13:15,960 I would buy one right now if I could go 200 in this thing. 370 00:13:15,960 --> 00:13:17,170 AUDIENCE: About 160. 371 00:13:17,170 --> 00:13:20,170 RANDY GORDON: Yeah, on a good day. 372 00:13:20,170 --> 00:13:22,390 You might get, if you get a really, really high end 373 00:13:22,390 --> 00:13:25,600 general aviation airplane, 160 knots or so, 374 00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:26,440 something like that. 375 00:13:26,440 --> 00:13:28,100 You can get more than that, but then you 376 00:13:28,100 --> 00:13:30,310 start getting into some real, like, Mercedes Benz 377 00:13:30,310 --> 00:13:32,590 exotic class, general aviation planes that 378 00:13:32,590 --> 00:13:35,260 are like the Cirrus that go beyond there. 379 00:13:35,260 --> 00:13:37,270 In general, you're talking somewhere between 80 380 00:13:37,270 --> 00:13:42,340 and about 140, 150 for most of them, or something like that. 381 00:13:42,340 --> 00:13:44,410 Believe it or not, this airplane can actually 382 00:13:44,410 --> 00:13:47,950 fly as slow as a Cessna, but it also 383 00:13:47,950 --> 00:13:51,040 can fly two times the speed of sound. 384 00:13:51,040 --> 00:13:53,950 And it does that pretty easily, believe it or not. 385 00:13:53,950 --> 00:13:56,580 Also, this airplane, 60 degrees of bank 386 00:13:56,580 --> 00:13:58,960 starts to get really extreme, a little bit uncomfortable. 387 00:13:58,960 --> 00:14:01,690 This airplane, fully aerobatic, doesn't care. 388 00:14:01,690 --> 00:14:02,540 Pulls 9 g's. 389 00:14:02,540 --> 00:14:03,670 You guys know what g's are? 390 00:14:03,670 --> 00:14:05,560 The accelerations of gravity. 391 00:14:05,560 --> 00:14:09,610 So my human head-- well, MIT heads weight about 20 pounds 392 00:14:09,610 --> 00:14:11,890 or so, a little bit more than the norm. 393 00:14:11,890 --> 00:14:14,620 So at 9 g's, everything on your body weighs nine times as much. 394 00:14:14,620 --> 00:14:16,930 So that's 180 pounds. 395 00:14:16,930 --> 00:14:18,710 Your neck has to be able to support that. 396 00:14:18,710 --> 00:14:20,170 Imagine everything on this airplane 397 00:14:20,170 --> 00:14:21,760 has to be stressed such that it can 398 00:14:21,760 --> 00:14:23,770 tolerate that load and more. 399 00:14:23,770 --> 00:14:26,290 Also, it can go negative g as well. 400 00:14:26,290 --> 00:14:27,850 Altitude-wise, I think the highest 401 00:14:27,850 --> 00:14:31,930 I've ever had a Cessna was about 14,000 feet. 402 00:14:31,930 --> 00:14:33,130 And it was wheezing. 403 00:14:33,130 --> 00:14:35,800 I mean, it was really, really hard for it to get up there. 404 00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:38,860 This airplane goes 0 feet all the way up to about 60,000 405 00:14:38,860 --> 00:14:40,510 to 65,000 feet. 406 00:14:40,510 --> 00:14:43,120 So it flies twice as high of what you would see 407 00:14:43,120 --> 00:14:44,650 on your commercial airliners. 408 00:14:44,650 --> 00:14:46,150 What I'm trying to impress on you 409 00:14:46,150 --> 00:14:50,620 is it's a huge flight envelope with a very different solution 410 00:14:50,620 --> 00:14:53,740 set compared to what you might have on a Cessna. 411 00:14:53,740 --> 00:14:56,040 The only other thing I would say with Raptor is-- 412 00:14:56,040 --> 00:14:57,880 and this was something that took me a while. 413 00:14:57,880 --> 00:15:00,760 My first combat mission, I really understood this. 414 00:15:00,760 --> 00:15:03,730 In a Cessna, if I have a problem, I can land 415 00:15:03,730 --> 00:15:05,260 and most likely people will come out 416 00:15:05,260 --> 00:15:08,560 to help me and call home and let everybody know I'm OK. 417 00:15:08,560 --> 00:15:11,740 In bad guy land, if people are coming to get me, 418 00:15:11,740 --> 00:15:13,870 they really are coming to get me. 419 00:15:13,870 --> 00:15:16,090 So you're in very hostile territory 420 00:15:16,090 --> 00:15:18,640 where you do not want to leave the airplane if you 421 00:15:18,640 --> 00:15:19,640 can avoid it. 422 00:15:19,640 --> 00:15:22,660 So there is a tremendous amount of redundancy that's 423 00:15:22,660 --> 00:15:24,340 built into this airplane. 424 00:15:24,340 --> 00:15:26,120 We'll talk more through that a little bit. 425 00:15:26,120 --> 00:15:29,770 So anyway, you've essentially derived all of the challenges 426 00:15:29,770 --> 00:15:33,100 that a flight control engineer would have to deal with. 427 00:15:33,100 --> 00:15:36,030 Let's talk a little bit about-- 428 00:15:36,030 --> 00:15:40,600 I'll put this here just for sake of making it easy to rest. 429 00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:43,090 This airplane has what's called reversible flight control 430 00:15:43,090 --> 00:15:43,590 system. 431 00:15:43,590 --> 00:15:45,740 What does that mean? 432 00:15:45,740 --> 00:15:46,950 You guys talk about that yet? 433 00:15:46,950 --> 00:15:47,450 Go ahead. 434 00:15:47,450 --> 00:15:50,240 AUDIENCE: I think it's basically [INAUDIBLE] or when 435 00:15:50,240 --> 00:15:52,000 you move [INAUDIBLE] 436 00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:52,750 RANDY GORDON: Yep. 437 00:15:52,750 --> 00:15:54,000 So not only when you move the stick. 438 00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:55,970 What happens if you go outside the airplane, grab the aileron, 439 00:15:55,970 --> 00:15:56,600 move that up and down? 440 00:15:56,600 --> 00:15:57,350 What happens inside? 441 00:15:57,350 --> 00:15:57,650 AUDIENCE: The stick-- 442 00:15:57,650 --> 00:15:58,310 RANDY GORDON: The stick moves, right. 443 00:15:58,310 --> 00:15:59,690 So it's reversible. 444 00:15:59,690 --> 00:16:03,560 I move the stick, and the flight control surfaces will deflect. 445 00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:05,140 Or I move the flight control surfaces, 446 00:16:05,140 --> 00:16:06,260 and the stick will deflect. 447 00:16:06,260 --> 00:16:08,600 So they are directly connected with pulleys and cables 448 00:16:08,600 --> 00:16:10,930 to one another. 449 00:16:10,930 --> 00:16:13,060 For the guys who have flown, what does the airplane 450 00:16:13,060 --> 00:16:17,470 feel like when you get to 100, 120, 130, 140 miles an hour? 451 00:16:17,470 --> 00:16:20,700 I mean, what does it feel like on the control surfaces? 452 00:16:20,700 --> 00:16:21,470 AUDIENCE: Heavy. 453 00:16:21,470 --> 00:16:22,820 RANDY GORDON: Yeah, so it gets heavy, 454 00:16:22,820 --> 00:16:23,860 it gets real stick kind of heavy. 455 00:16:23,860 --> 00:16:26,350 Same thing if you're slow, everything gets kind of sloppy, 456 00:16:26,350 --> 00:16:28,420 if you will, because you are directly 457 00:16:28,420 --> 00:16:30,570 feeling the air loads on the airplane 458 00:16:30,570 --> 00:16:32,800 as transmitted to the stick. 459 00:16:32,800 --> 00:16:36,200 In this airplane, these flight control surfaces, 460 00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:38,650 this tail surface back here is about the size 461 00:16:38,650 --> 00:16:39,910 of a lot of fighter wings. 462 00:16:39,910 --> 00:16:42,080 It's huge. 463 00:16:42,080 --> 00:16:44,790 And you can imagine at 120, 130, the airplane 464 00:16:44,790 --> 00:16:46,450 is really hard to really move. 465 00:16:46,450 --> 00:16:49,610 Well, what happens if you're going 1,000 miles per hour? 466 00:16:49,610 --> 00:16:51,070 You could be Arnold Schwarzenegger. 467 00:16:51,070 --> 00:16:54,860 You do not have the strength to maneuver these controls around. 468 00:16:54,860 --> 00:16:58,780 So this airplane has a very, very exotic hydraulic system 469 00:16:58,780 --> 00:17:01,060 and a computer system and an electric system that 470 00:17:01,060 --> 00:17:02,750 allows all that to operate. 471 00:17:02,750 --> 00:17:04,300 From the hydraulics, I'm not kidding, 472 00:17:04,300 --> 00:17:09,220 there's like 4,000 psi of hydraulic fluid that 473 00:17:09,220 --> 00:17:12,910 moves this whole thing around, swings it back and forth. 474 00:17:12,910 --> 00:17:15,010 From the electric standpoint, now, again, this 475 00:17:15,010 --> 00:17:18,060 is a reversible flight control system, all manual. 476 00:17:18,060 --> 00:17:19,560 The flight controls in this airplane 477 00:17:19,560 --> 00:17:23,440 don't work unless the electrics are turned on to go do it. 478 00:17:23,440 --> 00:17:27,460 So your flight controls are electrically 479 00:17:27,460 --> 00:17:29,530 controlled-- hydraulically powered 480 00:17:29,530 --> 00:17:30,790 but electrically controlled. 481 00:17:30,790 --> 00:17:33,700 Which is a little weird when you think about it 482 00:17:33,700 --> 00:17:36,160 because now all of a sudden, electrical problems 483 00:17:36,160 --> 00:17:38,560 in this airplane start impacting your ability 484 00:17:38,560 --> 00:17:42,280 to fly the airplane, which gets a little bit strange. 485 00:17:42,280 --> 00:17:43,780 You guys ever hear of a thing called 486 00:17:43,780 --> 00:17:45,310 a permanent magnetic generator? 487 00:17:45,310 --> 00:17:46,740 Do you know what that is? 488 00:17:46,740 --> 00:17:49,090 A little bit of a technical term. 489 00:17:49,090 --> 00:17:49,730 Who knows? 490 00:17:49,730 --> 00:17:50,360 You know a lot. 491 00:17:50,360 --> 00:17:51,270 Go ahead. 492 00:17:51,270 --> 00:17:53,290 AUDIENCE: Is it a type of generator that 493 00:17:53,290 --> 00:17:54,590 uses permanent magnetic energy? 494 00:17:54,590 --> 00:17:55,680 RANDY GORDON: Outstanding! 495 00:17:55,680 --> 00:17:57,900 Yes, you have correctly derived the definition 496 00:17:57,900 --> 00:17:59,640 of a permanent magnetic generator. 497 00:17:59,640 --> 00:18:00,390 No. 498 00:18:00,390 --> 00:18:03,630 The way it works is this airplane 499 00:18:03,630 --> 00:18:05,610 has six permanent magnetic generators. 500 00:18:05,610 --> 00:18:08,760 They are the primary source of flight control power. 501 00:18:08,760 --> 00:18:11,740 All that has to happen is the engines have to rotate. 502 00:18:11,740 --> 00:18:12,340 That's it. 503 00:18:12,340 --> 00:18:13,890 So even if the engines are shut down, 504 00:18:13,890 --> 00:18:15,810 I can just keep wind going through the engines 505 00:18:15,810 --> 00:18:17,190 and they rotate, they will rotate 506 00:18:17,190 --> 00:18:20,040 sufficient to generate power from the permanent magnetic 507 00:18:20,040 --> 00:18:20,940 generators. 508 00:18:20,940 --> 00:18:24,220 If those fail, the airplane also has electrical generators 509 00:18:24,220 --> 00:18:24,720 on board. 510 00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:25,710 There's two of them-- there's actually 511 00:18:25,710 --> 00:18:26,660 three of them on board. 512 00:18:26,660 --> 00:18:29,050 They can power the flight controls as well. 513 00:18:29,050 --> 00:18:32,520 Worst case scenario for a Raptor pilot, the engines seize up, 514 00:18:32,520 --> 00:18:33,880 I lose my electrical power. 515 00:18:33,880 --> 00:18:35,670 The only thing I have left is a battery. 516 00:18:35,670 --> 00:18:37,470 And just like anything else with a battery, 517 00:18:37,470 --> 00:18:39,220 the more you use it, the more it depletes. 518 00:18:39,220 --> 00:18:41,910 So at that point, any deflection of the flight control surfaces 519 00:18:41,910 --> 00:18:44,490 depletes the electrical energy and you don't have that much 520 00:18:44,490 --> 00:18:46,470 left to actually control it. 521 00:18:46,470 --> 00:18:47,040 OK. 522 00:18:47,040 --> 00:18:49,370 One last thing here and we'll move on to the next slide. 523 00:18:49,370 --> 00:18:52,040 We'll talk a little bit-- just some definitions. 524 00:18:52,040 --> 00:18:53,590 The wing has this thing on the front. 525 00:18:53,590 --> 00:18:55,110 Do you know what that's called? 526 00:18:55,110 --> 00:18:56,070 AUDIENCE: Leading edge. 527 00:18:56,070 --> 00:18:57,150 RANDY GORDON: Leading edge flaps, right. 528 00:18:57,150 --> 00:18:57,780 OK, perfect. 529 00:18:57,780 --> 00:18:58,710 All right. 530 00:18:58,710 --> 00:18:59,720 What's that called? 531 00:18:59,720 --> 00:19:00,620 AUDIENCE: Ailerons. 532 00:19:00,620 --> 00:19:02,990 RANDY GORDON: Ailerons. 533 00:19:02,990 --> 00:19:03,660 What did I hear? 534 00:19:03,660 --> 00:19:04,680 I heard something else. 535 00:19:04,680 --> 00:19:05,580 AUDIENCE: Flaperon. 536 00:19:05,580 --> 00:19:06,280 RANDY GORDON: Ah. 537 00:19:06,280 --> 00:19:07,570 Who said that? 538 00:19:07,570 --> 00:19:08,070 OK. 539 00:19:08,070 --> 00:19:09,250 Explain. 540 00:19:09,250 --> 00:19:12,890 AUDIENCE: It's a combination of both flap and aileron. 541 00:19:12,890 --> 00:19:15,940 Flaps are on the outside, ailerons are on the inside. 542 00:19:15,940 --> 00:19:17,090 And-- no. 543 00:19:17,090 --> 00:19:18,140 Did I get that backwards? 544 00:19:18,140 --> 00:19:19,230 RANDY GORDON: Yep, other way around. 545 00:19:19,230 --> 00:19:20,350 AUDIENCE: Other way around. 546 00:19:20,350 --> 00:19:23,130 And depending on which [INAUDIBLE] of flight you're 547 00:19:23,130 --> 00:19:26,100 in, you either have full use of those control surfaces 548 00:19:26,100 --> 00:19:28,470 or part of it is dedicated to the flap and part of it 549 00:19:28,470 --> 00:19:30,450 is dedicated to being the aileron. 550 00:19:30,450 --> 00:19:32,040 RANDY GORDON: Yeah. 551 00:19:32,040 --> 00:19:32,540 Outstanding. 552 00:19:32,540 --> 00:19:33,510 That's good. 553 00:19:33,510 --> 00:19:35,700 And this airplane-- this airplane has what? 554 00:19:35,700 --> 00:19:37,020 Ailerons, right. 555 00:19:37,020 --> 00:19:39,750 So if I want to go right and I move the yoke right, 556 00:19:39,750 --> 00:19:42,690 what happens to the ailerons here in this airplane? 557 00:19:42,690 --> 00:19:43,860 Sorry, I'll put it that way. 558 00:19:43,860 --> 00:19:45,020 That way, you're setting up. 559 00:19:45,020 --> 00:19:45,970 So I'm going this way. 560 00:19:45,970 --> 00:19:47,610 So this aileron is doing what? 561 00:19:47,610 --> 00:19:48,360 AUDIENCE: It's going that way. 562 00:19:48,360 --> 00:19:49,140 RANDY GORDON: Going that way, right. 563 00:19:49,140 --> 00:19:50,280 This aileron is doing what? 564 00:19:50,280 --> 00:19:50,850 AUDIENCE: Up. 565 00:19:50,850 --> 00:19:53,490 RANDY GORDON: Up, right. 566 00:19:53,490 --> 00:19:55,170 So I'll cut to the chase. 567 00:19:55,170 --> 00:19:57,270 These are ailerons, these are-- 568 00:19:57,270 --> 00:19:59,530 so these are the flaperons here on the inside. 569 00:19:59,530 --> 00:20:01,830 These are the ailerons. 570 00:20:01,830 --> 00:20:05,560 In a Raptor, those aileron deflect differentially. 571 00:20:05,560 --> 00:20:07,140 So just like you have in a Cessna, 572 00:20:07,140 --> 00:20:09,750 they can also both deflect up, they 573 00:20:09,750 --> 00:20:12,300 can also both deflect down. 574 00:20:12,300 --> 00:20:16,500 The flaps on the inboard are flaps and ailerons-- flaperons. 575 00:20:16,500 --> 00:20:19,560 So they can deflect up and they can deflect down. 576 00:20:19,560 --> 00:20:22,090 We'll show why that brings up some neat stuff. 577 00:20:22,090 --> 00:20:22,860 OK. 578 00:20:22,860 --> 00:20:25,680 Rudder, obviously back here. 579 00:20:25,680 --> 00:20:28,170 In this airplane, when I push the rudder left, 580 00:20:28,170 --> 00:20:30,690 the rudder deflects left, I deflect right. 581 00:20:30,690 --> 00:20:32,430 This has two rudders. 582 00:20:32,430 --> 00:20:34,050 Both rudders can deflect one way, 583 00:20:34,050 --> 00:20:35,370 they can deflect the other way. 584 00:20:35,370 --> 00:20:37,770 They can both deflect in, and there's some reasons 585 00:20:37,770 --> 00:20:39,060 why you'd want to do that. 586 00:20:39,060 --> 00:20:42,240 And they can both deflect out. 587 00:20:42,240 --> 00:20:44,800 The last piece I'll give you is back here, 588 00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:46,590 normally this would be called an elevator, 589 00:20:46,590 --> 00:20:48,540 but on a supersonic airplane we call 590 00:20:48,540 --> 00:20:51,170 these horizontal stabilizers. 591 00:20:51,170 --> 00:20:53,880 If you guys have read the story of the Bell X-1, 592 00:20:53,880 --> 00:20:56,310 so Chuck Yeager when he went supersonic-- 593 00:20:56,310 --> 00:20:58,730 we talked a little bit earlier about supersonic shockwaves 594 00:20:58,730 --> 00:21:01,500 forming on the airplane as you start going fast. 595 00:21:01,500 --> 00:21:04,200 What Chuck Yeager discovered is that the elevator, 596 00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:08,280 like in a traditional Cessna, that horizontal stabilizer 597 00:21:08,280 --> 00:21:09,480 does not move. 598 00:21:09,480 --> 00:21:11,970 So the elevator at the back moves, 599 00:21:11,970 --> 00:21:15,050 but this part stays fixed. 600 00:21:15,050 --> 00:21:17,550 That shockwave that would form right here 601 00:21:17,550 --> 00:21:20,940 would actually blank the air back to the elevator, 602 00:21:20,940 --> 00:21:22,640 and they wouldn't have any pitch control. 603 00:21:22,640 --> 00:21:24,810 So when they talk about this thing called Mach tuck, 604 00:21:24,810 --> 00:21:26,340 which was a scary, scary thing that 605 00:21:26,340 --> 00:21:28,980 happened to a lot of World War II fighter pilots when 606 00:21:28,980 --> 00:21:30,500 they got into a dive-- 607 00:21:30,500 --> 00:21:32,670 they would start forming shockwaves on the airplane. 608 00:21:32,670 --> 00:21:34,920 They didn't have the elevator authority to pull up, 609 00:21:34,920 --> 00:21:36,810 and so they would actually nose dive all the way in 610 00:21:36,810 --> 00:21:39,220 because they go faster and faster and faster heading down. 611 00:21:39,220 --> 00:21:42,180 The answer was rather than the back end 612 00:21:42,180 --> 00:21:46,170 of this thing maneuvering, the entire surface moves. 613 00:21:46,170 --> 00:21:48,000 So as a fighter pilot, especially 614 00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:50,130 when you got people walking underneath the airplane 615 00:21:50,130 --> 00:21:52,500 because they're maintainers, they're working on things, 616 00:21:52,500 --> 00:21:54,880 you always, always, always, you show them your hands. 617 00:21:54,880 --> 00:21:56,990 Because if you tap that stick, again, 618 00:21:56,990 --> 00:21:59,160 the stick is not directly connected just like it is, 619 00:21:59,160 --> 00:22:00,790 the stick's connected to a computer. 620 00:22:00,790 --> 00:22:02,880 The computer votes and it allows things to happen. 621 00:22:02,880 --> 00:22:06,330 It then commands a 4,000 hydraulic psi system to deflect 622 00:22:06,330 --> 00:22:07,500 basically this big old wing. 623 00:22:07,500 --> 00:22:09,490 You can actually take a guy's head off 624 00:22:09,490 --> 00:22:10,870 with the flight control surfaces. 625 00:22:10,870 --> 00:22:12,270 So you always, always show your hands 626 00:22:12,270 --> 00:22:14,600 whenever you have people walking underneath the airplane 627 00:22:14,600 --> 00:22:15,360 for that. 628 00:22:15,360 --> 00:22:17,880 So it's got a very, very advanced flight control 629 00:22:17,880 --> 00:22:18,690 system on board. 630 00:22:18,690 --> 00:22:20,440 We'll talk through a little bit about what 631 00:22:20,440 --> 00:22:22,330 advantages that gives you. 632 00:22:22,330 --> 00:22:25,230 The last piece I'll give you is the engines 633 00:22:25,230 --> 00:22:28,590 at the back, which are a thing of beauty. 634 00:22:28,590 --> 00:22:30,270 I was a propulsion guy, aeronautics 635 00:22:30,270 --> 00:22:32,590 engineer kind of thing. 636 00:22:32,590 --> 00:22:35,250 It's almost like modern art masterpiece to me. 637 00:22:35,250 --> 00:22:38,160 Those engines have the ability to call 638 00:22:38,160 --> 00:22:39,690 what's called thrust vectoring. 639 00:22:39,690 --> 00:22:42,690 They'll swing up and they'll swing down. 640 00:22:42,690 --> 00:22:44,620 Where would you want to use that? 641 00:22:44,620 --> 00:22:47,520 Why do the engines have thrust vectoring? 642 00:22:47,520 --> 00:22:49,020 You've answered a lot today. 643 00:22:49,020 --> 00:22:49,470 You're smart, though. 644 00:22:49,470 --> 00:22:50,510 You know what's going on. 645 00:22:50,510 --> 00:22:51,360 Go ahead. 646 00:22:51,360 --> 00:22:52,560 AUDIENCE: Very low speeds. 647 00:22:52,560 --> 00:22:53,200 RANDY GORDON: Very low speeds. 648 00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:54,250 Outstanding, yep. 649 00:22:54,250 --> 00:22:55,770 Where's another regime? 650 00:22:55,770 --> 00:22:59,070 Think of the flight envelope of the airplane. 651 00:22:59,070 --> 00:23:00,530 AUDIENCE: Yeah, very high altitude. 652 00:23:00,530 --> 00:23:01,900 RANDY GORDON: Very high altitude. 653 00:23:01,900 --> 00:23:04,280 So why high altitudes? 654 00:23:04,280 --> 00:23:06,450 AUDIENCE: A little lift from the wings, or the wings 655 00:23:06,450 --> 00:23:07,630 could be small so-- 656 00:23:07,630 --> 00:23:08,680 RANDY GORDON: Yeah, yeah. 657 00:23:08,680 --> 00:23:11,530 Density goes way down as you go up in altitude. 658 00:23:11,530 --> 00:23:12,460 So if I deflect-- 659 00:23:12,460 --> 00:23:14,110 I mean, I have to get more deflection 660 00:23:14,110 --> 00:23:17,110 to move that air to be able to move the airplane if I'm 661 00:23:17,110 --> 00:23:19,690 relying just on the aerosurfaces alone. 662 00:23:19,690 --> 00:23:23,590 The way I get around that is I put two 35,000 thrust pound 663 00:23:23,590 --> 00:23:25,900 engines, if you will, on board the airplane. 664 00:23:25,900 --> 00:23:28,660 And just like a fire hose, if I grab a fire hose and I move it, 665 00:23:28,660 --> 00:23:31,330 you would feel that torque on your body, the same thing 666 00:23:31,330 --> 00:23:34,570 here with the thrust vectoring on the back. 667 00:23:34,570 --> 00:23:36,490 So with just the movement of my hand, 668 00:23:36,490 --> 00:23:39,530 I can deflect 70,000 pounds of thrust way 669 00:23:39,530 --> 00:23:40,870 at the back end of the airplane. 670 00:23:40,870 --> 00:23:44,500 So we talked about center of gravity being right about here. 671 00:23:44,500 --> 00:23:46,590 So that moment arm of that thrust force 672 00:23:46,590 --> 00:23:48,760 is all the way back here, and I can deflect that up. 673 00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:51,940 And at very, very low speeds, where the flight control 674 00:23:51,940 --> 00:23:53,860 surfaces might not be doing well, 675 00:23:53,860 --> 00:23:57,970 I can still move the airplane just by using the thrust alone. 676 00:23:57,970 --> 00:23:59,500 At high altitude, where I don't have 677 00:23:59,500 --> 00:24:02,200 a lot of density, same thing, I can maneuver the airplane 678 00:24:02,200 --> 00:24:04,770 just by using the thrust alone. 679 00:24:04,770 --> 00:24:06,010 So where that helps you-- 680 00:24:06,010 --> 00:24:08,260 because, again, this is a dog fighter. 681 00:24:08,260 --> 00:24:10,720 Here's what happens, and you'll see this from time to time. 682 00:24:10,720 --> 00:24:12,760 So I'll do this with a side look. 683 00:24:12,760 --> 00:24:14,410 When I get to high angle of attack, 684 00:24:14,410 --> 00:24:16,750 so the wind is coming like this and it's 685 00:24:16,750 --> 00:24:19,780 hitting the bottom surface of the airplane, 686 00:24:19,780 --> 00:24:21,580 I don't have the ability to really maneuver 687 00:24:21,580 --> 00:24:24,880 a lot because sometimes some aerosurfaces are blanked 688 00:24:24,880 --> 00:24:27,460 by just the size of that fuselage coming 689 00:24:27,460 --> 00:24:28,630 right out into the wing. 690 00:24:28,630 --> 00:24:31,540 So I cheat, if you will, by using the engines to get 691 00:24:31,540 --> 00:24:33,220 that final little pitch rate. 692 00:24:33,220 --> 00:24:35,350 We'll see later on in the Raptor demo video 693 00:24:35,350 --> 00:24:36,700 where the airplane will go-- 694 00:24:36,700 --> 00:24:39,890 it's called a high alpha loop, high angle of attack loop. 695 00:24:39,890 --> 00:24:43,090 It'll go vertical-- rather than doing a loop where 696 00:24:43,090 --> 00:24:46,000 you see it prescribed this whole path over here, 697 00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:47,290 the airplane will go vertical. 698 00:24:47,290 --> 00:24:49,710 I'll engage the thrust vectoring, and it'll pivot. 699 00:24:49,710 --> 00:24:51,880 So the velocity vector is still heading straight up, 700 00:24:51,880 --> 00:24:53,530 so the airplane is still moving up. 701 00:24:53,530 --> 00:24:56,170 But it kind of does this gymnastics thing 702 00:24:56,170 --> 00:24:58,120 where I've now turned the airplane using thrust 703 00:24:58,120 --> 00:24:59,960 vectoring, even though the airplane is still 704 00:24:59,960 --> 00:25:00,870 heading straight up. 705 00:25:00,870 --> 00:25:02,400 It's wacky. 706 00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:03,280 It's totally cool. 707 00:25:06,790 --> 00:25:07,290 All right. 708 00:25:07,290 --> 00:25:09,260 Let's talk through a couple other things. 709 00:25:09,260 --> 00:25:09,760 OK. 710 00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:10,970 So that's the flight controls. 711 00:25:10,970 --> 00:25:11,850 How we do in timeline? 712 00:25:11,850 --> 00:25:12,030 OK. 713 00:25:12,030 --> 00:25:13,110 We're looking pretty good. 714 00:25:15,480 --> 00:25:20,460 Anyone recognize the cockpit on your left? 715 00:25:20,460 --> 00:25:21,090 AUDIENCE: F-15. 716 00:25:21,090 --> 00:25:22,200 RANDY GORDON: F-15, yeah. 717 00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:22,890 Outstanding. 718 00:25:22,890 --> 00:25:23,850 Good. 719 00:25:23,850 --> 00:25:25,680 This was my very first airplane. 720 00:25:25,680 --> 00:25:26,850 I didn't know any better. 721 00:25:26,850 --> 00:25:28,920 I sat down I said, wow, what a cool cockpit. 722 00:25:28,920 --> 00:25:30,090 Look at all this cool stuff. 723 00:25:30,090 --> 00:25:33,640 Buttons everywhere and switches all over the place. 724 00:25:33,640 --> 00:25:37,920 This is an airplane of the '70s, designed when Richard Nixon, 725 00:25:37,920 --> 00:25:41,460 Jimmy Carter, that kind of era, if you will-- 726 00:25:41,460 --> 00:25:45,030 very, very first intro to solid state electronics. 727 00:25:45,030 --> 00:25:47,700 Really wasn't fully fleshed out at this stage. 728 00:25:47,700 --> 00:25:49,890 This airplane had a hydro mechanical system, 729 00:25:49,890 --> 00:25:51,690 which meant that just like in this airplane 730 00:25:51,690 --> 00:25:54,420 where there were cables and pulleys, a similar kind 731 00:25:54,420 --> 00:25:57,260 of flight control system in it there. 732 00:25:57,260 --> 00:26:00,720 This picture is the Raptor's cockpit on the inside. 733 00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:02,950 Some pretty dramatic differences between the two. 734 00:26:02,950 --> 00:26:04,160 So again, just call them out. 735 00:26:04,160 --> 00:26:06,260 What do you see? 736 00:26:06,260 --> 00:26:07,460 AUDIENCE: Glass cockpit. 737 00:26:07,460 --> 00:26:08,180 RANDY GORDON: Glass cockpit. 738 00:26:08,180 --> 00:26:09,220 Where does that help you? 739 00:26:11,610 --> 00:26:14,240 AUDIENCE: I say the glass is cooler. 740 00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:15,200 RANDY GORDON: Go ahead. 741 00:26:15,200 --> 00:26:16,330 AUDIENCE: It can be display. 742 00:26:16,330 --> 00:26:17,200 RANDY GORDON: What's up? 743 00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:18,010 AUDIENCE: It can be multi-display. 744 00:26:18,010 --> 00:26:19,000 You can change it to-- 745 00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:19,960 RANDY GORDON: Oh, yeah. 746 00:26:19,960 --> 00:26:20,710 It's great. 747 00:26:20,710 --> 00:26:23,380 You can see these new digital cockpit Mercedes Benz 748 00:26:23,380 --> 00:26:25,690 and BMWs or whatever, where in the old days 749 00:26:25,690 --> 00:26:27,790 you just had speed and tack, if you will. 750 00:26:27,790 --> 00:26:30,610 Now you can configure it however you want. 751 00:26:30,610 --> 00:26:34,530 Now, the moment you start putting that in there-- 752 00:26:34,530 --> 00:26:35,470 no, got it. 753 00:26:35,470 --> 00:26:37,050 Yeah, the moment you start doing stuff 754 00:26:37,050 --> 00:26:40,410 like that, you start creating a software airplane, which 755 00:26:40,410 --> 00:26:42,600 gives you a lot of flexibility and a danger. 756 00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:44,600 We'll talk about that one a little bit later on. 757 00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:49,540 What else do you see flight controls-wise 758 00:26:49,540 --> 00:26:51,960 since we're talking mainly about flight controls today? 759 00:26:51,960 --> 00:26:52,840 AUDIENCE: Side stick. 760 00:26:52,840 --> 00:26:54,570 RANDY GORDON: Side stick, yeah. 761 00:26:54,570 --> 00:27:01,110 So right there is the control stick in an F-15. 762 00:27:01,110 --> 00:27:03,330 Sits directly between your knees. 763 00:27:03,330 --> 00:27:07,390 In a Raptor, that is your control stick. 764 00:27:07,390 --> 00:27:09,000 It's on the side. 765 00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:10,700 Why would you ever want to put something 766 00:27:10,700 --> 00:27:11,620 like that on the side? 767 00:27:11,620 --> 00:27:12,120 Go ahead. 768 00:27:12,120 --> 00:27:13,600 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 769 00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:14,940 RANDY GORDON: That's part of it. 770 00:27:14,940 --> 00:27:15,440 That helps. 771 00:27:15,440 --> 00:27:17,100 And there's actually-- you can't see it. 772 00:27:17,100 --> 00:27:19,530 Here it's partly there, but this little section here, it's 773 00:27:19,530 --> 00:27:21,150 a foldout armrest. 774 00:27:21,150 --> 00:27:23,310 So your wrist is on the stick. 775 00:27:23,310 --> 00:27:26,040 Your elbow, if you will, it's resting on an arm rest. 776 00:27:26,040 --> 00:27:28,110 So it gives you a lot of leverage from there. 777 00:27:28,110 --> 00:27:28,890 That's one reason. 778 00:27:28,890 --> 00:27:30,390 What's a couple other reasons why 779 00:27:30,390 --> 00:27:32,580 you'd want to go side stick versus center stick? 780 00:27:32,580 --> 00:27:33,960 AUDIENCE: Your legs get in the way on the center stick. 781 00:27:33,960 --> 00:27:35,370 RANDY GORDON: Legs get in the way. 782 00:27:35,370 --> 00:27:38,700 That's a big deal because in this airplane, 783 00:27:38,700 --> 00:27:40,950 you actually got pretty good after while of flying it, 784 00:27:40,950 --> 00:27:42,500 where if you really need to maneuver the stick, 785 00:27:42,500 --> 00:27:44,340 you kind of do the leg up and kind of move 786 00:27:44,340 --> 00:27:46,470 over that way to get everything out of the way. 787 00:27:46,470 --> 00:27:49,090 The other side about it, too, it might not be quite so obvious, 788 00:27:49,090 --> 00:27:50,310 but you see how that stick-- 789 00:27:50,310 --> 00:27:52,330 that's about where your eye height would be. 790 00:27:52,330 --> 00:27:53,790 You see how that stick kind of gets 791 00:27:53,790 --> 00:27:56,730 in the way of seeing some of the instruments? 792 00:27:56,730 --> 00:27:58,040 It's just sitting right there. 793 00:27:58,040 --> 00:28:00,900 In a side stick, that's completely off to the side 794 00:28:00,900 --> 00:28:04,590 and all of this real estate is completely open. 795 00:28:04,590 --> 00:28:07,680 The other thing I'll give you, again, just for sake of time, 796 00:28:07,680 --> 00:28:10,590 it's a little bit of a thought change. 797 00:28:10,590 --> 00:28:15,160 When you have a center stick, it's 798 00:28:15,160 --> 00:28:17,000 like when you're driving a car. 799 00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:19,310 And when you're parking-- 800 00:28:19,310 --> 00:28:20,770 you're trying to park your car, you 801 00:28:20,770 --> 00:28:24,360 want to be able to maneuver that wheel around a lot. 802 00:28:24,360 --> 00:28:25,780 But when you're at highway speeds, 803 00:28:25,780 --> 00:28:27,650 if you were to take the wheel and maneuver it 804 00:28:27,650 --> 00:28:30,280 that much again, you're going to roll the car. 805 00:28:30,280 --> 00:28:35,950 So in a center stick, you move the stick around 806 00:28:35,950 --> 00:28:38,210 to be able to deflect the flight control surfaces. 807 00:28:38,210 --> 00:28:40,210 There's a physical displacement of the stick 808 00:28:40,210 --> 00:28:41,500 to make that happen. 809 00:28:41,500 --> 00:28:44,830 On a side stick, that stick, initially when they first 810 00:28:44,830 --> 00:28:48,220 put it in, did not move at all. 811 00:28:48,220 --> 00:28:50,990 So imagine if you were in your car and you wanted to steer, 812 00:28:50,990 --> 00:28:52,930 and rather than the wheel actually moving, 813 00:28:52,930 --> 00:28:55,270 you just put pressure on the wheel itself 814 00:28:55,270 --> 00:28:58,120 and that was enough to transmit to the computer in the car 815 00:28:58,120 --> 00:28:59,860 to turn the wheels. 816 00:28:59,860 --> 00:29:03,310 That was a problem initially, which we can talk about 817 00:29:03,310 --> 00:29:04,270 after the presentation. 818 00:29:04,270 --> 00:29:06,130 That's a little bit of a sidebar discussion. 819 00:29:06,130 --> 00:29:08,020 This is a human factors thing. 820 00:29:08,020 --> 00:29:09,190 It's a side stick. 821 00:29:09,190 --> 00:29:10,510 Initially it didn't move. 822 00:29:10,510 --> 00:29:13,070 Eventually they decided, I'll put in some deflection. 823 00:29:13,070 --> 00:29:15,730 So I can go a half inch left, a half inch right, 824 00:29:15,730 --> 00:29:20,340 about a quarter inch forward, I go about a half inch back 825 00:29:20,340 --> 00:29:22,930 because normally I really want to get the nose going this way. 826 00:29:22,930 --> 00:29:24,510 If I had that much deflection forward, 827 00:29:24,510 --> 00:29:26,410 I don't want to fly the airplane this way. 828 00:29:26,410 --> 00:29:28,170 So you have the ability to do that. 829 00:29:28,170 --> 00:29:30,550 But it gives you a little bit of the best of both worlds. 830 00:29:30,550 --> 00:29:32,140 There's some deflection to give you 831 00:29:32,140 --> 00:29:34,810 feedback that you've input something on the stick, 832 00:29:34,810 --> 00:29:36,230 but not so much deflection that it 833 00:29:36,230 --> 00:29:38,530 gets in the way of everything else you're trying to do. 834 00:29:38,530 --> 00:29:41,470 So there's a little bit of real estate in the fighter cockpit. 835 00:29:41,470 --> 00:29:43,590 The last piece I'll give you, and it's a little bit 836 00:29:43,590 --> 00:29:49,960 hard to see here, is all those buttons there on the stick. 837 00:29:49,960 --> 00:29:51,670 What you have the ability to do-- so 838 00:29:51,670 --> 00:29:55,540 it's exactly like modern car steering wheels right now. 839 00:29:55,540 --> 00:29:58,270 You can control volume, radio, everything else like that, 840 00:29:58,270 --> 00:30:00,010 you can do it from the steering wheel. 841 00:30:00,010 --> 00:30:01,090 Same thing in a fighter. 842 00:30:01,090 --> 00:30:03,450 It's called hands-on throttle and stick, HOTAS. 843 00:30:03,450 --> 00:30:05,080 And it allows you to control everything 844 00:30:05,080 --> 00:30:06,780 that you would want to do on the airplane 845 00:30:06,780 --> 00:30:09,430 with never having to leave your hands 846 00:30:09,430 --> 00:30:11,380 from the throttle on the stick. 847 00:30:11,380 --> 00:30:13,540 The other piece I'll give you is that in a Raptor-- 848 00:30:13,540 --> 00:30:16,060 so in a fighter like this, this is your stick, 849 00:30:16,060 --> 00:30:17,280 this is your throttle. 850 00:30:17,280 --> 00:30:19,480 In a Raptor, because the flight control modes 851 00:30:19,480 --> 00:30:22,540 can change so much, this is your right inceptor 852 00:30:22,540 --> 00:30:25,180 and this is your left inceptor. 853 00:30:25,180 --> 00:30:28,130 It's all considered part of the flight control system. 854 00:30:28,130 --> 00:30:28,630 All right. 855 00:30:28,630 --> 00:30:31,200 Let's keep going. 856 00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:35,690 So just like on your car where if you want to go to XM radio, 857 00:30:35,690 --> 00:30:38,630 you go to media source or whatever 858 00:30:38,630 --> 00:30:41,720 and go XM satellite radio, you have buttons 859 00:30:41,720 --> 00:30:44,990 because it's a software-driven jet, just like we saw before, 860 00:30:44,990 --> 00:30:47,390 and I can pull up a flight control display that 861 00:30:47,390 --> 00:30:50,130 shows me the position of all my flight control surfaces. 862 00:30:50,130 --> 00:30:54,020 Again, the pilot is way forward on the front end 863 00:30:54,020 --> 00:30:54,740 of this airplane. 864 00:30:54,740 --> 00:30:58,160 As I deflect things, sometimes I can't actually see them. 865 00:30:58,160 --> 00:31:00,310 And so initially, this was a flight test display 866 00:31:00,310 --> 00:31:02,480 so that I don't have to do the old poltergeist thing 867 00:31:02,480 --> 00:31:03,980 and try to rotate all the way around 868 00:31:03,980 --> 00:31:06,140 to be able to see to the back end of the airplane 869 00:31:06,140 --> 00:31:07,940 to see if the elevators moving. 870 00:31:07,940 --> 00:31:09,860 I basically instrument everything and I 871 00:31:09,860 --> 00:31:10,880 can see it here. 872 00:31:10,880 --> 00:31:12,590 Now, some of the human factor stuff 873 00:31:12,590 --> 00:31:14,510 that's kind of cool with how they did this-- 874 00:31:17,950 --> 00:31:20,730 so again, this tells you, at the top, rudder deflection 875 00:31:20,730 --> 00:31:24,270 surfaces, ailerons, where the horizontal stabilizers are at, 876 00:31:24,270 --> 00:31:25,680 how the engines are doing. 877 00:31:25,680 --> 00:31:27,070 This is a little weird. 878 00:31:27,070 --> 00:31:28,380 I don't really like how they did this one, 879 00:31:28,380 --> 00:31:30,750 but this is the leading edge flaps, LE flaps, the leading 880 00:31:30,750 --> 00:31:31,180 edge flaps. 881 00:31:31,180 --> 00:31:33,470 So it just shows you how far they're deflected, dug in, 882 00:31:33,470 --> 00:31:35,100 dug down. 883 00:31:35,100 --> 00:31:38,680 On the lower left-hand corner, it shows you center of gravity. 884 00:31:38,680 --> 00:31:40,380 So there's limits. 885 00:31:40,380 --> 00:31:41,910 Just like what you would normally 886 00:31:41,910 --> 00:31:43,670 do on flight planning for your Cessna-- 887 00:31:43,670 --> 00:31:46,020 hey, I can only put this much fuel with this much passengers, 888 00:31:46,020 --> 00:31:47,760 and I've got to be within this limit for takeoff, 889 00:31:47,760 --> 00:31:50,430 for landing and everything else, the airplane tells you that. 890 00:31:50,430 --> 00:31:52,470 Now, what's cool about some of the things they've 891 00:31:52,470 --> 00:31:54,510 done in Raptor is that if it's out of limits, 892 00:31:54,510 --> 00:31:56,490 again, it doesn't expect you to get out the piece of paper 893 00:31:56,490 --> 00:31:58,050 with the whiz wheel and the E6B. 894 00:31:58,050 --> 00:31:59,550 It just changes color. 895 00:31:59,550 --> 00:32:03,840 It goes red and it gives you a warning that says, hey, idiot, 896 00:32:03,840 --> 00:32:06,950 you are beyond the aft center of gravity. 897 00:32:06,950 --> 00:32:08,910 No gauge tells you it's just having a hard time 898 00:32:08,910 --> 00:32:10,380 seeing where all the fuel is and everything else. 899 00:32:10,380 --> 00:32:11,530 That's a different story. 900 00:32:11,530 --> 00:32:15,270 But it tells you what percentage of mean aerodynamic chord 901 00:32:15,270 --> 00:32:18,370 that you're sitting at and it's able to adjust stuff around. 902 00:32:18,370 --> 00:32:21,570 So I'll give that to you because what this allows is-- 903 00:32:21,570 --> 00:32:23,820 oh, by the way, the last part here is flight control-- 904 00:32:23,820 --> 00:32:26,340 so in other words, this tells you where you moved your stick 905 00:32:26,340 --> 00:32:27,470 and it tells you trim. 906 00:32:27,470 --> 00:32:28,890 So you know where the trim is set, 907 00:32:28,890 --> 00:32:30,760 and it also tells you where the stick is set. 908 00:32:30,760 --> 00:32:32,910 So you know your inputs that go through there. 909 00:32:32,910 --> 00:32:35,220 When you have a software-driven machine, 910 00:32:35,220 --> 00:32:39,220 you can customize things and make it very simple. 911 00:32:39,220 --> 00:32:41,760 You guys have seen that terrible, terrible awful movie 912 00:32:41,760 --> 00:32:42,700 Top Gun, right? 913 00:32:42,700 --> 00:32:44,190 It's just awful, right? 914 00:32:44,190 --> 00:32:46,960 So that scene where Maverick loses his engines 915 00:32:46,960 --> 00:32:49,590 and they go through this, engine one is out, engine two is out, 916 00:32:49,590 --> 00:32:52,950 and they go on this flat spin to sea, which is a bunch of BS. 917 00:32:52,950 --> 00:32:55,710 When you're in a spin, you don't translate over the ground, 918 00:32:55,710 --> 00:32:56,820 you fall straight down. 919 00:32:56,820 --> 00:32:59,200 So this whole flying out to sea thing is ridiculous. 920 00:32:59,200 --> 00:33:00,330 It doesn't happen that way. 921 00:33:02,980 --> 00:33:04,860 If you don't have a software-driven airplane, 922 00:33:04,860 --> 00:33:06,750 when you lose engines like that, then you've got to go through 923 00:33:06,750 --> 00:33:07,560 this whole-- 924 00:33:07,560 --> 00:33:11,410 for instance, in the Cessna, if you lose the motor, 925 00:33:11,410 --> 00:33:12,330 what do you got to do? 926 00:33:12,330 --> 00:33:14,710 Establish your glide, get everything set up, check to see 927 00:33:14,710 --> 00:33:16,710 am I my left, right, or both on the fuel source, 928 00:33:16,710 --> 00:33:19,410 what's my whatever, blah, blah, blah, and everything else. 929 00:33:19,410 --> 00:33:21,660 In the Raptor it's the most awesome thing possible, 930 00:33:21,660 --> 00:33:23,760 you literally do nothing. 931 00:33:23,760 --> 00:33:26,530 You sit there and the computer goes, oh, you've lost a motor. 932 00:33:26,530 --> 00:33:28,160 I've noticed that you have a problem. 933 00:33:28,160 --> 00:33:30,210 Let me see if I can help you, and it will restart 934 00:33:30,210 --> 00:33:31,750 the motor for you if it can. 935 00:33:31,750 --> 00:33:33,600 If it can't restart the motor, chances 936 00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:36,150 are it ain't going to restart and you can leave it shut down, 937 00:33:36,150 --> 00:33:37,290 if you will. 938 00:33:37,290 --> 00:33:39,900 It allows some neat human factor designs 939 00:33:39,900 --> 00:33:42,700 because in this airplane-- in the Raptor, believe it or not, 940 00:33:42,700 --> 00:33:44,250 when you're flying the Raptor, you're 941 00:33:44,250 --> 00:33:46,950 not thinking about flying the Raptor. 942 00:33:46,950 --> 00:33:48,820 You're thinking about employing the Raptor. 943 00:33:48,820 --> 00:33:51,030 So you're trying to find where all of your wing mates 944 00:33:51,030 --> 00:33:54,180 are, where the bad guys are, et cetera, et cetera. 945 00:33:54,180 --> 00:33:56,730 Flying is secondary. 946 00:33:56,730 --> 00:33:59,520 Whereas in this plane, flying is everything. 947 00:33:59,520 --> 00:34:01,920 So they tried to as much as possible 948 00:34:01,920 --> 00:34:04,740 alleviate the pilot from as much burden of responsibility 949 00:34:04,740 --> 00:34:06,750 of thinking about flying the airplane by doing 950 00:34:06,750 --> 00:34:08,650 neat little tricks like that. 951 00:34:08,650 --> 00:34:11,100 The other thing I'll give you too about the flight controls 952 00:34:11,100 --> 00:34:13,830 is, again, we talked about how ailerons can go up, 953 00:34:13,830 --> 00:34:16,590 ailerons can come down, flaperons go up, they go down, 954 00:34:16,590 --> 00:34:18,030 rudders come out and go down. 955 00:34:18,030 --> 00:34:21,880 On takeoff mode, I'll show you something kind of cool. 956 00:34:21,880 --> 00:34:24,780 So here's the nose look on here. 957 00:34:24,780 --> 00:34:26,760 On takeoff mode, without any input 958 00:34:26,760 --> 00:34:29,790 from the pilot-- so there's no flap switch in the cockpit, 959 00:34:29,790 --> 00:34:32,870 there's no leading edge, there's nothing like that. 960 00:34:32,870 --> 00:34:34,710 It just knows, based on the fact that you've 961 00:34:34,710 --> 00:34:37,190 got the gear handled down and that you're on the ground, 962 00:34:37,190 --> 00:34:39,150 that it senses the weight on wheels, it thinks, 963 00:34:39,150 --> 00:34:40,770 this guy wants to take off. 964 00:34:40,770 --> 00:34:44,210 So the rudders will both deflect inward. 965 00:34:44,210 --> 00:34:46,070 Why would you do that? 966 00:34:46,070 --> 00:34:46,570 Go ahead. 967 00:34:46,570 --> 00:34:50,440 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 968 00:34:55,550 --> 00:34:58,280 RANDY GORDON: So not quite. 969 00:34:58,280 --> 00:35:00,400 There is a tie between the flight controls, though. 970 00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:02,070 So in other words, if I take the rudders 971 00:35:02,070 --> 00:35:05,920 and I tow them both in, so both rudders are deflected in, 972 00:35:05,920 --> 00:35:08,870 what does that do from an aerodynamic standpoint? 973 00:35:08,870 --> 00:35:11,500 Which way's the nose going to go if these rudders are deflected 974 00:35:11,500 --> 00:35:12,140 in? 975 00:35:12,140 --> 00:35:12,680 AUDIENCE: Up. 976 00:35:12,680 --> 00:35:14,230 RANDY GORDON: Up, right. 977 00:35:14,230 --> 00:35:17,050 So it makes it easier to rotate the airplane on takeoff 978 00:35:17,050 --> 00:35:19,210 because the rudders are deflecting in. 979 00:35:19,210 --> 00:35:21,460 Both of them go in. 980 00:35:21,460 --> 00:35:23,290 The other part about it too is-- 981 00:35:23,290 --> 00:35:24,400 so we talked about this. 982 00:35:24,400 --> 00:35:26,710 You guys ever see a competition aerobatic, 983 00:35:26,710 --> 00:35:29,190 one of those extra 300 kind of airplanes? 984 00:35:29,190 --> 00:35:31,450 See how the aileron runs the entire length 985 00:35:31,450 --> 00:35:32,540 of the whole wing? 986 00:35:32,540 --> 00:35:34,750 So the pilot, all they got to do is just tap the wing 987 00:35:34,750 --> 00:35:37,270 and the airplane is going to do corkscrews and spirals. 988 00:35:37,270 --> 00:35:39,190 On a Raptor, that's part of the reason 989 00:35:39,190 --> 00:35:41,650 why the aileron and the flaperon can move together 990 00:35:41,650 --> 00:35:43,250 as one surface. 991 00:35:43,250 --> 00:35:45,760 And so the leading edge flaps will dig in. 992 00:35:45,760 --> 00:35:48,640 The trailing aileron and the trailing edge flap, 993 00:35:48,640 --> 00:35:50,420 that will dig in as well. 994 00:35:50,420 --> 00:35:55,120 So on takeoff, with no input from the pilot, 995 00:35:55,120 --> 00:35:58,090 whereas the wing normally would look like this 996 00:35:58,090 --> 00:36:01,330 with a little bit of camber on it, on takeoff 997 00:36:01,330 --> 00:36:04,250 the wing looks like this. 998 00:36:04,250 --> 00:36:06,750 It's kind of cool like when you look at from the side. 999 00:36:06,750 --> 00:36:09,890 So if you're looking at it from directly side on, 1000 00:36:09,890 --> 00:36:12,650 that leading edge flap comes down, these come down. 1001 00:36:12,650 --> 00:36:16,040 That puts in a whole bunch of camber on the wing, 1002 00:36:16,040 --> 00:36:17,720 and it generates a lot of lift. 1003 00:36:17,720 --> 00:36:19,970 And again, that's completely independent of the pilot. 1004 00:36:19,970 --> 00:36:22,640 The pilot has done nothing other than just tell it, 1005 00:36:22,640 --> 00:36:26,370 I'm on the ground because the gear handle is down. 1006 00:36:26,370 --> 00:36:29,520 PROFESSOR: Laz, what would be a typical rotation speed? 1007 00:36:29,520 --> 00:36:30,320 RANDY GORDON: Yeah. 1008 00:36:30,320 --> 00:36:31,650 So that's a good question. 1009 00:36:31,650 --> 00:36:33,570 What do you guys think? 1010 00:36:33,570 --> 00:36:34,630 So I start on the runway. 1011 00:36:34,630 --> 00:36:36,290 By the way, I need 8,000 feet of runway. 1012 00:36:36,290 --> 00:36:40,000 This whole 2,500 feet is not for a Raptor, unfortunately. 1013 00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:40,890 8,000 feet of runway. 1014 00:36:40,890 --> 00:36:42,940 But by the time I actually get ready to pull back 1015 00:36:42,940 --> 00:36:46,150 on that stick to rotate, how fast do you think it's going? 1016 00:36:50,540 --> 00:36:52,570 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 1017 00:36:52,570 --> 00:36:53,700 RANDY GORDON: Little close. 1018 00:36:53,700 --> 00:36:55,740 150 is the usual-- 1019 00:36:55,740 --> 00:36:57,330 so about take off-- which, by the way, 1020 00:36:57,330 --> 00:37:02,220 this airplane is about 34, 35 tons on takeoff, 1021 00:37:02,220 --> 00:37:06,600 compared to 2,500 pounds or whatever. 1022 00:37:06,600 --> 00:37:07,850 So it's a very heavy airplane. 1023 00:37:07,850 --> 00:37:09,350 It's got to get a lot of speed to be 1024 00:37:09,350 --> 00:37:10,470 able to get that rotation. 1025 00:37:10,470 --> 00:37:13,990 But it's about 150, 160 knots on takeoff, 1026 00:37:13,990 --> 00:37:17,730 which is faster than the never exceed speed of the Cessna, 1027 00:37:17,730 --> 00:37:18,960 as it goes. 1028 00:37:18,960 --> 00:37:21,420 But yeah, so the flight controls are there to help you. 1029 00:37:21,420 --> 00:37:22,800 The other thing I'll show you too 1030 00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:25,380 is there is-- so sailplane guys-- 1031 00:37:25,380 --> 00:37:26,550 where are my sailplane guys? 1032 00:37:26,550 --> 00:37:27,510 Anyone fly sailplanes? 1033 00:37:27,510 --> 00:37:30,630 So on the left in a sailplane cockpit, 1034 00:37:30,630 --> 00:37:34,050 you typically have a lever for the speed brakes, spoilers, 1035 00:37:34,050 --> 00:37:36,450 so these big surfaces that pop up on the wing 1036 00:37:36,450 --> 00:37:38,580 to slow the airplane down to just glide slopes 1037 00:37:38,580 --> 00:37:39,720 and those sorts of things. 1038 00:37:39,720 --> 00:37:41,220 We talked a little bit earlier about 1039 00:37:41,220 --> 00:37:42,870 how the electrical engineer guys want 1040 00:37:42,870 --> 00:37:45,240 this thing to be completely stealthy and whatever else. 1041 00:37:45,240 --> 00:37:48,060 The last thing you want to do, based on the discussion we just 1042 00:37:48,060 --> 00:37:50,520 had, is I don't want to have a big board stick up 1043 00:37:50,520 --> 00:37:52,390 in the middle of this airplane because that's 1044 00:37:52,390 --> 00:37:54,700 going to make my radar reflection go very, very large. 1045 00:37:54,700 --> 00:37:56,400 So they did something kind of remarkable. 1046 00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:59,970 They used the flight control surfaces themselves 1047 00:37:59,970 --> 00:38:01,650 as the speed brakes. 1048 00:38:01,650 --> 00:38:03,480 So if I need to slow the airplane down, 1049 00:38:03,480 --> 00:38:05,250 I hit a little switch on the throttle. 1050 00:38:05,250 --> 00:38:08,640 And immediately what happens is the leading edge flaps will 1051 00:38:08,640 --> 00:38:13,200 come down a bit, the ailerons will both go up, 1052 00:38:13,200 --> 00:38:17,190 the rudders will go out, so they'll both tow out. 1053 00:38:17,190 --> 00:38:19,980 And it's using that to help slow the airplane down. 1054 00:38:19,980 --> 00:38:24,090 It's actually quite effective, which is pretty cool. 1055 00:38:24,090 --> 00:38:24,590 All right. 1056 00:38:24,590 --> 00:38:27,110 A couple other things we'll go through. 1057 00:38:27,110 --> 00:38:29,500 Landing mode. 1058 00:38:29,500 --> 00:38:30,700 Pilot's done nothing. 1059 00:38:30,700 --> 00:38:34,690 Touchdown, throttles are back, gear handle's down, 1060 00:38:34,690 --> 00:38:36,460 and all of this stuff happens. 1061 00:38:36,460 --> 00:38:39,030 Here, let me get this zoomed in here. 1062 00:38:39,030 --> 00:38:40,770 So that's the aileron. 1063 00:38:40,770 --> 00:38:41,730 It's up. 1064 00:38:41,730 --> 00:38:42,600 Holy crap. 1065 00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:44,460 The other one's up, too. 1066 00:38:44,460 --> 00:38:46,500 The flaperon goes up on either side. 1067 00:38:46,500 --> 00:38:48,000 The rudders, you can see how they're 1068 00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:51,350 both kind of towing in there a little bit. 1069 00:38:51,350 --> 00:38:52,770 The reason it's doing that is it's 1070 00:38:52,770 --> 00:38:55,860 trying to transfer all of that weight from the wings 1071 00:38:55,860 --> 00:38:56,920 and put it into the gear. 1072 00:38:56,920 --> 00:38:59,410 So it's trying to kill all of the lift on the wings 1073 00:38:59,410 --> 00:39:00,960 and transfer that to the landing gear 1074 00:39:00,960 --> 00:39:03,780 so that you have the maximum traction on the wheels 1075 00:39:03,780 --> 00:39:07,640 as you hit the brakes as you slow down. 1076 00:39:07,640 --> 00:39:13,660 Also, on refueling-- so when you go air refueling, 1077 00:39:13,660 --> 00:39:16,900 there's a little switch that you open in the jet. 1078 00:39:16,900 --> 00:39:18,050 That opens up this door. 1079 00:39:18,050 --> 00:39:19,510 That tells the jet that I'm getting 1080 00:39:19,510 --> 00:39:21,480 ready to refuel while I'm airborne. 1081 00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:22,980 When it does that, it says, this guy 1082 00:39:22,980 --> 00:39:25,240 isn't trying to dogfight the airplane anymore. 1083 00:39:25,240 --> 00:39:26,530 They're trying to get gas. 1084 00:39:26,530 --> 00:39:29,020 So therefore I don't need all the full roll capability 1085 00:39:29,020 --> 00:39:30,940 and everything else, and really, what I really 1086 00:39:30,940 --> 00:39:32,470 want is an airplane that's really 1087 00:39:32,470 --> 00:39:34,070 responsive with its lift. 1088 00:39:34,070 --> 00:39:37,720 And so, again, no input from the pilot, but the leading edge 1089 00:39:37,720 --> 00:39:40,630 flaps will deploy down, the trailing edge flap 1090 00:39:40,630 --> 00:39:42,400 and the ailerons will also deploy down. 1091 00:39:42,400 --> 00:39:44,820 Again, they're trying to create camber on that wing. 1092 00:39:44,820 --> 00:39:46,320 This is all digital flight controls. 1093 00:39:46,320 --> 00:39:48,170 No input from the pilot whatsoever. 1094 00:39:48,170 --> 00:39:50,170 PROFESSOR: Laz, what would a typical airspeed be 1095 00:39:50,170 --> 00:39:52,390 when doing this air refueling? 1096 00:39:52,390 --> 00:39:54,400 RANDY GORDON: This is about-- oops, sorry. 1097 00:39:54,400 --> 00:39:56,290 Let me go back one here. 1098 00:39:56,290 --> 00:40:01,000 This is about 300 knots or so, something like that. 1099 00:40:01,000 --> 00:40:03,250 You've got to be able to fly-- so for a Raptor, that's 1100 00:40:03,250 --> 00:40:04,630 kind of slow. 1101 00:40:04,630 --> 00:40:07,290 For the tanker airplane, that's somewhat fast. 1102 00:40:07,290 --> 00:40:09,130 So you're trying to find that marriage where 1103 00:40:09,130 --> 00:40:11,310 both airplanes have good flying qualities 1104 00:40:11,310 --> 00:40:13,480 so that one's not about to stall and the other one's 1105 00:40:13,480 --> 00:40:16,360 in full power trying to catch up to him. 1106 00:40:16,360 --> 00:40:18,160 By the way, the most unnatural act 1107 00:40:18,160 --> 00:40:19,870 I've ever done as a fighter pilot 1108 00:40:19,870 --> 00:40:22,450 is to connect up my airplane to another airplane. 1109 00:40:22,450 --> 00:40:23,620 I just never got used to it. 1110 00:40:23,620 --> 00:40:25,600 I can do it just fine, but the whole notion 1111 00:40:25,600 --> 00:40:28,720 of this big boom connecting my airplane to a big airliner 1112 00:40:28,720 --> 00:40:30,820 was just really strange and weird to me. 1113 00:40:30,820 --> 00:40:33,570 Never got used to it. 1114 00:40:33,570 --> 00:40:34,070 OK. 1115 00:40:34,070 --> 00:40:35,010 Some of the limiters. 1116 00:40:35,010 --> 00:40:40,530 So in an F-15, because we talked to that a little bit earlier, 1117 00:40:40,530 --> 00:40:42,670 you can get up to 500, 600 miles an hour. 1118 00:40:42,670 --> 00:40:44,220 You can take both hands on the stick, 1119 00:40:44,220 --> 00:40:46,320 you can pull that stick all the way back, 1120 00:40:46,320 --> 00:40:49,080 and you will rip the wings off the airplane and you will turn 1121 00:40:49,080 --> 00:40:51,960 it into a big ball of metal cascading down to the ground 1122 00:40:51,960 --> 00:40:55,230 because you have over-g'ed the airplane. 1123 00:40:55,230 --> 00:40:57,660 Again, that awful, terrible movie Top Gun in which 1124 00:40:57,660 --> 00:41:01,120 Tom Cruise departs the airplane and gets into a spin, 1125 00:41:01,120 --> 00:41:03,900 again, you've exceeded some capability of the airplane 1126 00:41:03,900 --> 00:41:05,700 and the airplane departs controlled flight 1127 00:41:05,700 --> 00:41:08,310 and gets into some type of uncontrolled situation. 1128 00:41:08,310 --> 00:41:11,670 On a Raptor, there used to be in the pilot operating manual 1129 00:41:11,670 --> 00:41:14,610 a little blurb that said quote you can maneuver 1130 00:41:14,610 --> 00:41:18,330 this airplane with quote reckless abandon, 1131 00:41:18,330 --> 00:41:20,250 and you will not over g the airplane, 1132 00:41:20,250 --> 00:41:22,710 you will not depart the airplane from controlled flight. 1133 00:41:22,710 --> 00:41:27,380 They did a spectacular job allowing this airplane 1134 00:41:27,380 --> 00:41:29,010 to get right to the edge of performance 1135 00:41:29,010 --> 00:41:31,530 but not going over the top. 1136 00:41:31,530 --> 00:41:35,160 So one of the neat things that they did-- 1137 00:41:35,160 --> 00:41:36,840 airplane is in a left-hand turn. 1138 00:41:36,840 --> 00:41:37,830 Look at that aileron. 1139 00:41:37,830 --> 00:41:39,350 It's up. 1140 00:41:39,350 --> 00:41:40,640 Look at that aileron. 1141 00:41:40,640 --> 00:41:42,150 It's up. 1142 00:41:42,150 --> 00:41:45,460 What the crap is going on there? 1143 00:41:45,460 --> 00:41:46,960 And if you know this one, you really 1144 00:41:46,960 --> 00:41:50,370 do get the model because I didn't 1145 00:41:50,370 --> 00:41:52,860 know this for a long time. 1146 00:41:52,860 --> 00:41:54,570 So again, just for sake of time because I 1147 00:41:54,570 --> 00:41:56,590 know we've got guys coming in afterwards, 1148 00:41:56,590 --> 00:42:00,500 center of gravity of the airplane sits right here. 1149 00:42:00,500 --> 00:42:02,090 In your engineering classes you always 1150 00:42:02,090 --> 00:42:04,820 talk about forces acting on the center of gravity. 1151 00:42:04,820 --> 00:42:07,070 And you take this whole airplane and you model it down 1152 00:42:07,070 --> 00:42:10,430 to a point mass and you say that's-- 1153 00:42:10,430 --> 00:42:13,400 for sake of all the sum of forces analysis. 1154 00:42:13,400 --> 00:42:18,260 Well, in real life this airplane's about 43 feet wide. 1155 00:42:18,260 --> 00:42:20,340 Yeah, you can sum the forces through there, 1156 00:42:20,340 --> 00:42:22,670 but there's forces acting all over this airplane 1157 00:42:22,670 --> 00:42:24,020 at different spots. 1158 00:42:24,020 --> 00:42:26,180 Think about here on the wingtip. 1159 00:42:26,180 --> 00:42:28,100 I put g on the airplane. 1160 00:42:28,100 --> 00:42:30,320 And this wing tip, it's almost like the wings want 1161 00:42:30,320 --> 00:42:32,900 to bend up as I'm coming down. 1162 00:42:32,900 --> 00:42:35,420 So you put a lot of stress out on the wing tips. 1163 00:42:35,420 --> 00:42:37,940 So their answer, quite ingeniously, 1164 00:42:37,940 --> 00:42:40,040 was to deflect the ailerons down when 1165 00:42:40,040 --> 00:42:41,360 you're at high maneuvering. 1166 00:42:41,360 --> 00:42:42,590 The way you know you're at high maneuvering 1167 00:42:42,590 --> 00:42:44,880 is you can kind of see these little wispies forming off 1168 00:42:44,880 --> 00:42:45,560 the wingtips. 1169 00:42:45,560 --> 00:42:47,510 So you are creating low pressure. 1170 00:42:47,510 --> 00:42:48,510 That's another one, too. 1171 00:42:48,510 --> 00:42:51,050 You can see the clouds forming on the front edge of the wing. 1172 00:42:51,050 --> 00:42:53,510 Low pressure causes that air to condense, 1173 00:42:53,510 --> 00:42:54,710 and so you make clouds. 1174 00:42:54,710 --> 00:42:57,050 So you know the airplane's really maneuvering up. 1175 00:42:57,050 --> 00:43:00,020 And an answer to reduce stress at the wingtips 1176 00:43:00,020 --> 00:43:01,950 was to deflect the ailerons up. 1177 00:43:01,950 --> 00:43:04,560 What happens to the lift out at the wingtips with the ailerons 1178 00:43:04,560 --> 00:43:06,960 up? 1179 00:43:06,960 --> 00:43:07,670 Goes down, right? 1180 00:43:07,670 --> 00:43:09,740 So it helps to push those wings back 1181 00:43:09,740 --> 00:43:12,920 down again so you're not trying to overstress the airplane. 1182 00:43:12,920 --> 00:43:15,560 There are limiters like this all over the airplane, 1183 00:43:15,560 --> 00:43:18,130 such that you won't over g the airplane. 1184 00:43:18,130 --> 00:43:20,510 Literally, you can do anything you want to this airplane. 1185 00:43:20,510 --> 00:43:23,420 That's what I'm telling you, it's easier to fly a Raptor 1186 00:43:23,420 --> 00:43:25,790 than it is to fly a Cessna because you really 1187 00:43:25,790 --> 00:43:27,380 have to pay attention to what you're doing in a Cessna. 1188 00:43:27,380 --> 00:43:29,060 In a Raptor, I could put my kid in there 1189 00:43:29,060 --> 00:43:31,610 and he can do this all day at whatever speed, and nothing bad 1190 00:43:31,610 --> 00:43:32,770 will happen to the airplane. 1191 00:43:32,770 --> 00:43:36,480 It's really quite spectacular how they did that. 1192 00:43:36,480 --> 00:43:37,860 The other part I'll give you here 1193 00:43:37,860 --> 00:43:39,470 is some of the command systems. 1194 00:43:39,470 --> 00:43:42,970 So if I'm in a dogfight and I'm trying to shoot the other guy, 1195 00:43:42,970 --> 00:43:46,160 I'm going against a maneuvering target. 1196 00:43:46,160 --> 00:43:48,310 And so the flight controls transfer over 1197 00:43:48,310 --> 00:43:50,950 to what's called a g command system. 1198 00:43:50,950 --> 00:43:53,560 So if I'm maneuvering at 4 g's and I let go of the stick, 1199 00:43:53,560 --> 00:43:54,890 the airplane will stay at 4 g's. 1200 00:43:54,890 --> 00:43:57,100 And if I see that the target's maneuvering and I need 1201 00:43:57,100 --> 00:43:58,960 to go to 6 g's or 7 g's, I'll put that in 1202 00:43:58,960 --> 00:44:00,300 and the airplane will keep that. 1203 00:44:00,300 --> 00:44:02,860 So in other words, again, it's a vote. 1204 00:44:02,860 --> 00:44:04,760 I'm not physically connected to anything. 1205 00:44:04,760 --> 00:44:07,240 I talk to the computer and I say, I want 6 g's. 1206 00:44:07,240 --> 00:44:09,850 And the airplane does all types of black magic and sorcery 1207 00:44:09,850 --> 00:44:13,210 behind me, and Lo and behold, the airplane gets to 6 to 7 1208 00:44:13,210 --> 00:44:13,820 g's. 1209 00:44:13,820 --> 00:44:16,030 That really matters when you're in a high maneuvering 1210 00:44:16,030 --> 00:44:18,910 kind of situation, so it goes g command. 1211 00:44:18,910 --> 00:44:21,920 When you're slower, i.e. on landing, 1212 00:44:21,920 --> 00:44:25,210 and I want to put that flight path marker right on that edge 1213 00:44:25,210 --> 00:44:27,550 of the runway because that's where I want to touch down, 1214 00:44:27,550 --> 00:44:31,700 right at the 1,000-foot markers, then in that scenario, 1215 00:44:31,700 --> 00:44:33,850 I'm not really caring so much about g command, 1216 00:44:33,850 --> 00:44:35,360 I care about pitch rate. 1217 00:44:35,360 --> 00:44:37,870 And so it transitions over to a pitch rate command. 1218 00:44:37,870 --> 00:44:39,880 And if I put no input on the stick, 1219 00:44:39,880 --> 00:44:43,240 it says zero pitch rate, again, black magic and sorcery 1220 00:44:43,240 --> 00:44:44,170 will happen behind me. 1221 00:44:44,170 --> 00:44:45,280 The flight controls will do whatever 1222 00:44:45,280 --> 00:44:47,800 they need to do to make sure that my pitch rate stays 1223 00:44:47,800 --> 00:44:48,760 at zero. 1224 00:44:48,760 --> 00:44:51,100 So it transitions from one type of light control system 1225 00:44:51,100 --> 00:44:51,640 to the other. 1226 00:44:51,640 --> 00:44:53,150 No pilot input whatsoever. 1227 00:44:53,150 --> 00:44:57,310 It's just based off of flight command system. 1228 00:44:57,310 --> 00:44:57,810 All right. 1229 00:44:57,810 --> 00:45:00,260 So let's talk through a couple of the implications of that, 1230 00:45:00,260 --> 00:45:03,320 and then we'll go to questions at the end. 1231 00:45:03,320 --> 00:45:05,670 Can you do the flight control video Raptor at the top? 1232 00:45:05,670 --> 00:45:07,210 It's about a minute. 1233 00:45:07,210 --> 00:45:12,010 And then bring it up to full screen and hit pause. 1234 00:45:12,010 --> 00:45:12,980 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 1235 00:45:12,980 --> 00:45:16,380 [MUSIC PLAYING] 1236 00:45:24,650 --> 00:45:26,090 Got to love that music. 1237 00:45:26,090 --> 00:45:26,590 Stop. 1238 00:45:26,590 --> 00:45:27,600 [END PLAYBACK] 1239 00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:28,640 Thank you. 1240 00:45:28,640 --> 00:45:29,230 PROFESSOR: OK. 1241 00:45:29,230 --> 00:45:31,650 This one is full speed and pause. 1242 00:45:31,650 --> 00:45:32,360 RANDY GORDON: OK. 1243 00:45:32,360 --> 00:45:34,610 And can you go back to the beginning on it real quick? 1244 00:45:36,410 --> 00:45:37,850 OK. 1245 00:45:37,850 --> 00:45:41,150 So video in cockpit facing out to the display screens 1246 00:45:41,150 --> 00:45:43,490 is a big no-no because you could see stuff. 1247 00:45:43,490 --> 00:45:45,120 So we won't even bother with that. 1248 00:45:45,120 --> 00:45:47,540 But what they did, this is the Raptor Flight Demonstration 1249 00:45:47,540 --> 00:45:47,750 Team. 1250 00:45:47,750 --> 00:45:49,790 This is out of Langley Air Force Base Virginia. 1251 00:45:49,790 --> 00:45:52,370 They mounted a camera in the cockpit facing aft. 1252 00:45:52,370 --> 00:45:54,460 What I love about this is, again, you 1253 00:45:54,460 --> 00:45:57,980 can see real quick what's going on with the airplane. 1254 00:45:57,980 --> 00:46:00,150 So again, the leading edge slats, 1255 00:46:00,150 --> 00:46:02,660 there's no input from the pilot other than just maneuvering. 1256 00:46:02,660 --> 00:46:04,670 They'll deploy wherever they need to. 1257 00:46:04,670 --> 00:46:06,260 You'll see the horizontal stabilators 1258 00:46:06,260 --> 00:46:07,340 And if you're close, you can actually 1259 00:46:07,340 --> 00:46:09,000 see what the ailerons are doing and what 1260 00:46:09,000 --> 00:46:10,670 the flaperons are doing. 1261 00:46:10,670 --> 00:46:12,470 A neat trick, and we'll see this as they 1262 00:46:12,470 --> 00:46:16,010 go into this high g demo. 1263 00:46:16,010 --> 00:46:17,390 Do you guys know about-- 1264 00:46:17,390 --> 00:46:19,220 this gets a little bit advanced, but a thing 1265 00:46:19,220 --> 00:46:21,940 called static margin, which is a stability 1266 00:46:21,940 --> 00:46:23,030 thing about this airplane. 1267 00:46:23,030 --> 00:46:26,300 Again, this airplane, in its bare airframe configuration, 1268 00:46:26,300 --> 00:46:29,630 no hydraulics, no computers, nothing on board the airplane, 1269 00:46:29,630 --> 00:46:31,400 totally unstable. 1270 00:46:31,400 --> 00:46:33,940 What keeps it stable is the computer itself. 1271 00:46:33,940 --> 00:46:35,990 What you'll see is you'll see this maneuver where 1272 00:46:35,990 --> 00:46:37,280 he'll go into a g turn and you'll 1273 00:46:37,280 --> 00:46:39,860 see all those clouds forming on the back end of the airplane. 1274 00:46:39,860 --> 00:46:42,440 Pay attention to what the leading edge flaps are doing. 1275 00:46:42,440 --> 00:46:43,880 They're digging in. 1276 00:46:43,880 --> 00:46:46,010 The horizontal stabilators, you'll 1277 00:46:46,010 --> 00:46:48,590 see them initially move to get the turn going, 1278 00:46:48,590 --> 00:46:50,950 but then once established in the turn, 1279 00:46:50,950 --> 00:46:52,370 the way it's controlling things is 1280 00:46:52,370 --> 00:46:55,640 it's moving around the aerodynamic center 1281 00:46:55,640 --> 00:46:57,230 and the center of gravity. 1282 00:46:57,230 --> 00:46:58,760 It's doing that by dorking around 1283 00:46:58,760 --> 00:47:00,470 a bit with the lift on the wing, and it's 1284 00:47:00,470 --> 00:47:02,500 doing that by deflecting the leading edge flaps. 1285 00:47:02,500 --> 00:47:05,000 So that flight control surface display I showed you earlier, 1286 00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:07,520 the horizontal stabilators would be completely streamlined. 1287 00:47:07,520 --> 00:47:10,790 And all of the maneuvering is coming from the wing itself, 1288 00:47:10,790 --> 00:47:12,570 which is pretty amazing. 1289 00:47:12,570 --> 00:47:13,490 PROFESSOR: Next video? 1290 00:47:13,490 --> 00:47:13,910 RANDY GORDON: No, no. 1291 00:47:13,910 --> 00:47:14,820 Go to flight controls. 1292 00:47:14,820 --> 00:47:15,600 We'll watch that. 1293 00:47:15,600 --> 00:47:16,100 PROFESSOR: Go back, then? 1294 00:47:16,100 --> 00:47:17,680 RANDY GORDON: Yep, and then we'll just 1295 00:47:17,680 --> 00:47:20,270 watch as it goes through, this time without the funky club 1296 00:47:20,270 --> 00:47:22,810 music, I guess, hopefully. 1297 00:47:22,810 --> 00:47:23,810 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 1298 00:47:23,810 --> 00:47:27,300 [MUSIC PLAYING] 1299 00:47:31,790 --> 00:47:34,090 [INAUDIBLE] 1300 00:47:34,090 --> 00:47:36,210 The horizontal stabilators are streamlined. 1301 00:47:41,200 --> 00:47:47,200 [INAUDIBLE] Incidentally, watch the flight controllers 1302 00:47:47,200 --> 00:47:48,840 in the back. 1303 00:47:48,840 --> 00:47:49,820 AUDIENCE: Oh, man. 1304 00:47:49,820 --> 00:47:51,200 We need somebody better here. 1305 00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:52,460 RANDY GORDON: I know, totally. 1306 00:47:52,460 --> 00:47:55,380 [LAUGHTER] 1307 00:47:58,320 --> 00:48:01,090 So at that speed, again, it's the g command system. 1308 00:48:01,090 --> 00:48:02,950 The pilot is commanding a certain g rate. 1309 00:48:02,950 --> 00:48:05,600 And miner deflections are happening all the way here back 1310 00:48:05,600 --> 00:48:07,100 along the back edge of the airplane. 1311 00:48:07,100 --> 00:48:09,040 The pilot has no input on that. 1312 00:48:09,040 --> 00:48:11,700 The system is doing everything possible to command that g 1313 00:48:11,700 --> 00:48:12,910 that the pilot has asked for. 1314 00:48:15,370 --> 00:48:16,830 You'll see one other maneuver here. 1315 00:48:16,830 --> 00:48:19,640 Pause for a second. 1316 00:48:19,640 --> 00:48:21,700 So what this maneuver is is-- 1317 00:48:21,700 --> 00:48:24,610 and again, slow speed. 1318 00:48:24,610 --> 00:48:27,400 Airplane's going straight up, and what they're trying to do 1319 00:48:27,400 --> 00:48:30,070 is basically pitch forward completely and get 1320 00:48:30,070 --> 00:48:32,320 the airplane-- so it's almost like you're flying an L, 1321 00:48:32,320 --> 00:48:34,040 like you're going straight up and then you 1322 00:48:34,040 --> 00:48:35,910 want to pitch forward and then accelerate out 1323 00:48:35,910 --> 00:48:37,310 horizontally that way. 1324 00:48:37,310 --> 00:48:39,610 The way gets that is through that thrust vectoring that 1325 00:48:39,610 --> 00:48:40,160 happens. 1326 00:48:40,160 --> 00:48:42,250 But as that maneuver happens, again, all the pilot 1327 00:48:42,250 --> 00:48:45,010 is doing is just doing a direct push forward on the stick. 1328 00:48:45,010 --> 00:48:46,660 Watch what happens to all the flight 1329 00:48:46,660 --> 00:48:48,450 controls in the back of the airplane 1330 00:48:48,450 --> 00:48:50,830 to keep that airplane going exactly where the pilot wants 1331 00:48:50,830 --> 00:48:51,160 it to. 1332 00:48:51,160 --> 00:48:51,660 Play. 1333 00:48:54,850 --> 00:48:56,470 So you'll see huge deflections out 1334 00:48:56,470 --> 00:48:58,120 of that horizontal stabilizer. 1335 00:48:58,120 --> 00:48:58,870 It's kind of neat. 1336 00:48:58,870 --> 00:48:59,740 You can keep playing. 1337 00:49:14,110 --> 00:49:16,400 So what you're seeing there is, from the outside 1338 00:49:16,400 --> 00:49:18,560 of the airplane-- we'll see this more on the demo-- 1339 00:49:18,560 --> 00:49:21,930 is the airplane is essentially pirouetting in the sky. 1340 00:49:21,930 --> 00:49:24,350 So it's falling straight down, but it's very controllable. 1341 00:49:24,350 --> 00:49:28,070 It's flying at speeds about 60 to 65 miles an hour, 1342 00:49:28,070 --> 00:49:29,240 but very, very controllable. 1343 00:49:29,240 --> 00:49:31,490 And you'll see every bit of flight control surface 1344 00:49:31,490 --> 00:49:33,290 on the back end of this airplane deflecting 1345 00:49:33,290 --> 00:49:34,620 to do what it needs to do. 1346 00:49:34,620 --> 00:49:37,910 So don't think of it in terms of aileron, elevator. 1347 00:49:37,910 --> 00:49:41,270 It's a little bit fluid when it comes to a Raptor's stuff. 1348 00:49:41,270 --> 00:49:42,320 Stuff happens back there. 1349 00:49:42,320 --> 00:49:43,280 PROFESSOR: Touch and go video? 1350 00:49:43,280 --> 00:49:45,490 RANDY GORDON: OK, so this shows a little bit of-- yeah, 1351 00:49:45,490 --> 00:49:46,780 you can go ahead and play that. 1352 00:49:51,500 --> 00:49:52,740 And hit pause for a second. 1353 00:49:52,740 --> 00:49:55,310 We'll just do the setup. 1354 00:49:55,310 --> 00:49:56,090 OK. 1355 00:49:56,090 --> 00:49:58,640 So very quick, the setup for this video, this 1356 00:49:58,640 --> 00:50:01,850 is the downside of a digital flight control system. 1357 00:50:01,850 --> 00:50:04,700 Because on this airplane, again, it's 1358 00:50:04,700 --> 00:50:07,640 pure cables, pulleys, it's ratios and gears 1359 00:50:07,640 --> 00:50:09,520 and stuff like that. 1360 00:50:09,520 --> 00:50:12,050 On this airplane, it's software code. 1361 00:50:12,050 --> 00:50:15,050 It's zeros and ones, and you better get it right. 1362 00:50:15,050 --> 00:50:16,880 And everything is interconnected. 1363 00:50:16,880 --> 00:50:18,970 We talked about how moving the gear handle 1364 00:50:18,970 --> 00:50:21,140 tells the flight control system something different. 1365 00:50:21,140 --> 00:50:22,940 If I open the air refueling door, 1366 00:50:22,940 --> 00:50:25,430 it tells the flight control something different. 1367 00:50:25,430 --> 00:50:29,000 In this case, the power setting of the airplane 1368 00:50:29,000 --> 00:50:32,750 tells the airplane something different. 1369 00:50:32,750 --> 00:50:35,420 One of my good friends, test pilot, outstanding guy. 1370 00:50:35,420 --> 00:50:37,230 So don't think of this as he's a bad pilot. 1371 00:50:37,230 --> 00:50:39,300 He's not, he's awesome. 1372 00:50:39,300 --> 00:50:41,990 But the jet believes something that 1373 00:50:41,990 --> 00:50:44,390 wasn't really true because there was an error in how 1374 00:50:44,390 --> 00:50:46,130 the software was coded. 1375 00:50:46,130 --> 00:50:48,950 And you'll see the first approach-- 1376 00:50:48,950 --> 00:50:51,210 he'll take off again on what's called military power, 1377 00:50:51,210 --> 00:50:53,030 so they're not using afterburner, 1378 00:50:53,030 --> 00:50:55,610 and the airplane behaves just fine. 1379 00:50:55,610 --> 00:50:58,630 The next time around, he goes around using afterburner power, 1380 00:50:58,630 --> 00:51:01,130 so you'll see fire come out of the back end of the airplane. 1381 00:51:01,130 --> 00:51:03,860 And that changes something in the flight system 1382 00:51:03,860 --> 00:51:06,410 for the engines, which tells the flight control 1383 00:51:06,410 --> 00:51:08,570 computer a different condition. 1384 00:51:08,570 --> 00:51:11,580 And what ended up happening is that the gains, if you will, 1385 00:51:11,580 --> 00:51:14,420 of the stick were completely off. 1386 00:51:14,420 --> 00:51:16,880 So again, this would be like if you were on a highway speed 1387 00:51:16,880 --> 00:51:18,540 and that same wheel deflection you would 1388 00:51:18,540 --> 00:51:20,480 use to park your car in your garage, now 1389 00:51:20,480 --> 00:51:22,280 that little deflection of your wheel 1390 00:51:22,280 --> 00:51:24,710 makes that same turn of the tires up front. 1391 00:51:24,710 --> 00:51:29,060 So you get into what's called a pilot-induced oscillation, PIO, 1392 00:51:29,060 --> 00:51:31,520 which basically says you're out of phase with the airplane. 1393 00:51:31,520 --> 00:51:33,930 If I'm driving my car and I turn the steering wheel right, 1394 00:51:33,930 --> 00:51:35,090 the car is going left. 1395 00:51:35,090 --> 00:51:37,010 As it's going left, I'm trying to correct, I go right, 1396 00:51:37,010 --> 00:51:38,240 and now the thing goes right. 1397 00:51:38,240 --> 00:51:40,280 And so you get out of phase with the airplane, 1398 00:51:40,280 --> 00:51:41,440 and you'll see what happens. 1399 00:51:41,440 --> 00:51:42,440 Go ahead and play. 1400 00:51:42,440 --> 00:51:43,970 By the way, you see all the flight control surfaces 1401 00:51:43,970 --> 00:51:45,200 deflecting in the back? 1402 00:51:45,200 --> 00:51:46,860 This is now in a pitch rate system. 1403 00:51:46,860 --> 00:51:48,560 So he's just trying to land the airplane. 1404 00:51:48,560 --> 00:51:50,150 The back of the airplane does whatever 1405 00:51:50,150 --> 00:51:52,550 it needs to do to keep that flight path marker exactly 1406 00:51:52,550 --> 00:51:53,420 where it needs to go. 1407 00:51:57,650 --> 00:51:59,950 And again, all the flight control surface is deflected. 1408 00:51:59,950 --> 00:52:02,650 Military power because the engines are black, if you will, 1409 00:52:02,650 --> 00:52:03,320 on this one. 1410 00:52:03,320 --> 00:52:04,780 On the next time around, you'll see 1411 00:52:04,780 --> 00:52:07,630 him maneuver with afterburner, and you'll 1412 00:52:07,630 --> 00:52:10,020 see him get into this pitch-induced oscillation. 1413 00:52:18,210 --> 00:52:19,800 That's the chase airplane, by the way. 1414 00:52:19,800 --> 00:52:21,470 It's an F-16 that follows them around. 1415 00:52:29,300 --> 00:52:31,030 So same thing, getting set up to land. 1416 00:52:31,030 --> 00:52:33,100 The camera goes out of focus here for a second, 1417 00:52:33,100 --> 00:52:34,240 comes back in. 1418 00:52:34,240 --> 00:52:35,740 Again, just notice everything that's 1419 00:52:35,740 --> 00:52:37,620 happening on the back end of this airplane 1420 00:52:37,620 --> 00:52:40,120 to keep that pitch rate where the pilot has commanded it to. 1421 00:52:44,950 --> 00:52:46,120 Two things will happen here. 1422 00:52:46,120 --> 00:52:48,030 He selects afterburner and he raises the gear. 1423 00:52:48,030 --> 00:52:50,050 That changes the flight control laws. 1424 00:52:50,050 --> 00:52:53,290 And the gains were not set correctly. 1425 00:52:53,290 --> 00:52:54,290 There's the afterburner. 1426 00:52:54,290 --> 00:52:57,900 And now you see where he's out of phase with the airplane. 1427 00:52:57,900 --> 00:53:00,360 And he's doing everything to keep the airplane from hitting 1428 00:53:00,360 --> 00:53:02,130 the ground, and can't avoid it. 1429 00:53:04,670 --> 00:53:09,500 He's OK, but the airplane was fairly well scraped, 1430 00:53:09,500 --> 00:53:10,920 as you can imagine. 1431 00:53:10,920 --> 00:53:12,350 So it's just a danger. 1432 00:53:12,350 --> 00:53:14,270 The digital flight controls allow a lot 1433 00:53:14,270 --> 00:53:16,370 of flexibility and creativity. 1434 00:53:16,370 --> 00:53:18,950 There used to be a term, eh, it's only software, 1435 00:53:18,950 --> 00:53:20,040 we can figure it out. 1436 00:53:20,040 --> 00:53:24,860 Not true when you're dealing with vehicles like this, 1437 00:53:24,860 --> 00:53:26,500 where small changes in software code 1438 00:53:26,500 --> 00:53:29,090 can have dramatic implications on the ability of the airplane. 1439 00:53:29,090 --> 00:53:32,140 So it takes an amazing amount of-- 1440 00:53:32,140 --> 00:53:32,810 PROFESSOR: Demo? 1441 00:53:32,810 --> 00:53:34,070 RANDY GORDON: Yeah, you can go ahead and do Raptor demo. 1442 00:53:34,070 --> 00:53:35,480 And with that, we can go questions 1443 00:53:35,480 --> 00:53:37,340 because I'm a little bit over. 1444 00:53:37,340 --> 00:53:38,390 PROFESSOR: No, it's fine. 1445 00:53:38,390 --> 00:53:40,190 RANDY GORDON: OK. 1446 00:53:40,190 --> 00:53:42,920 So we can play this full screen, if you will. 1447 00:53:46,320 --> 00:53:48,700 PROFESSOR: You want to take questions while it's running? 1448 00:53:48,700 --> 00:53:48,940 RANDY GORDON: Yeah. 1449 00:53:48,940 --> 00:53:50,350 So this is from another good buddy 1450 00:53:50,350 --> 00:53:52,190 of mine, a guy name Zeke Skalicky, 1451 00:53:52,190 --> 00:53:53,550 who was the Raptor demo pilot. 1452 00:53:53,550 --> 00:53:54,890 Outstanding guy. 1453 00:53:54,890 --> 00:53:57,060 But this is the Raptor demo if you've never seen it. 1454 00:53:57,060 --> 00:53:59,100 So we'll take some questions while this is going. 1455 00:53:59,100 --> 00:54:00,060 Go ahead. 1456 00:54:00,060 --> 00:54:02,580 AUDIENCE: Is there a thrust to weight ratio on an F-22? 1457 00:54:02,580 --> 00:54:04,410 RANDY GORDON: Yeah, greater than one to one. 1458 00:54:04,410 --> 00:54:07,860 So the airplane, about 63,000, 64,000 pounds. 1459 00:54:07,860 --> 00:54:09,630 Normally a strong takeoff. 1460 00:54:09,630 --> 00:54:13,060 The thrust coming out the back is 70,000 pounds. 1461 00:54:13,060 --> 00:54:14,700 So on a nice cold day, like if you're 1462 00:54:14,700 --> 00:54:17,670 close enough to sea level, you will actually go faster 1463 00:54:17,670 --> 00:54:21,000 than the speed of sound while you're climbing up, 1464 00:54:21,000 --> 00:54:23,360 which is cool. 1465 00:54:23,360 --> 00:54:23,860 Yeah? 1466 00:54:23,860 --> 00:54:27,350 AUDIENCE: What is the thrust vectoring while taking off? 1467 00:54:27,350 --> 00:54:29,090 PROFESSOR: Laz, try to-- 1468 00:54:29,090 --> 00:54:29,590 oh, yeah. 1469 00:54:29,590 --> 00:54:31,090 Try to repeat the question if you can. 1470 00:54:31,090 --> 00:54:32,090 RANDY GORDON: Oh, sorry. 1471 00:54:32,090 --> 00:54:33,640 PROFESSOR: Because he's not mic'ed. 1472 00:54:33,640 --> 00:54:34,990 RANDY GORDON: So the question was-- 1473 00:54:34,990 --> 00:54:37,150 well, one, the question was the thrust to weight ratio. 1474 00:54:37,150 --> 00:54:39,270 It's greater than one to one-- a little bit greater 1475 00:54:39,270 --> 00:54:40,900 than one to one on takeoff. 1476 00:54:40,900 --> 00:54:43,070 By the way, watch this maneuver here real quick. 1477 00:54:43,070 --> 00:54:45,750 So that's the thrust vectoring kicking 1478 00:54:45,750 --> 00:54:48,340 in to really get the airplane-- so initially it has the flight 1479 00:54:48,340 --> 00:54:49,160 control surfaces. 1480 00:54:49,160 --> 00:54:51,250 And then as things slow down, the thrust vectoring 1481 00:54:51,250 --> 00:54:55,990 kicks in to basically turn the airplane into a flat plate. 1482 00:54:55,990 --> 00:54:58,830 Second question was about the thrust vectoring on takeoff. 1483 00:54:58,830 --> 00:55:01,460 So it'll put it a little bit up, not much, just a little bit up 1484 00:55:01,460 --> 00:55:05,540 to help the nose rotate just a tad. 1485 00:55:05,540 --> 00:55:08,220 This is that high angle of attack maneuver, if you will. 1486 00:55:12,580 --> 00:55:13,080 Keep going. 1487 00:55:13,080 --> 00:55:15,090 It's all good questions. 1488 00:55:15,090 --> 00:55:15,590 Yeah? 1489 00:55:15,590 --> 00:55:17,920 AUDIENCE: You said all the software is written basically 1490 00:55:17,920 --> 00:55:19,750 so the plane can't damage itself. 1491 00:55:19,750 --> 00:55:21,110 Does the pilot become a limiter? 1492 00:55:21,110 --> 00:55:23,550 Can it put you in situations where it can hurt you? 1493 00:55:23,550 --> 00:55:24,930 RANDY GORDON: Yeah, very much so. 1494 00:55:24,930 --> 00:55:27,050 In fact, we've kind of achieved that spot now, 1495 00:55:27,050 --> 00:55:28,850 where the pilot very much is limiting 1496 00:55:28,850 --> 00:55:31,310 the performance of the airplane itself because the airplane 1497 00:55:31,310 --> 00:55:33,540 could do so much more. 1498 00:55:33,540 --> 00:55:36,110 So this is what's called a fifth generation fighter. 1499 00:55:36,110 --> 00:55:40,180 The first generation was like an old Korean War, like F-86 1500 00:55:40,180 --> 00:55:40,890 kind of airplane. 1501 00:55:40,890 --> 00:55:43,130 And then successively through the generations, 1502 00:55:43,130 --> 00:55:44,720 you arrive at this fifth generation, 1503 00:55:44,720 --> 00:55:46,760 which to me is the pinnacle of what 1504 00:55:46,760 --> 00:55:50,480 you could get with a human and an airplane together. 1505 00:55:50,480 --> 00:55:53,840 Sixth generation is going to involve teaming this airplane 1506 00:55:53,840 --> 00:55:56,910 with unmanned airplanes, and the unmanned airplanes 1507 00:55:56,910 --> 00:55:59,330 are going to have a lot more capability from a maneuvering 1508 00:55:59,330 --> 00:56:00,740 standpoint because they don't have 1509 00:56:00,740 --> 00:56:02,580 the limitation of the pilot and all the life 1510 00:56:02,580 --> 00:56:04,830 support systems that come with it and everything else. 1511 00:56:04,830 --> 00:56:07,130 So all that weight you would normally devote to that, 1512 00:56:07,130 --> 00:56:09,300 you can get away with putting other stuff in there. 1513 00:56:09,300 --> 00:56:11,600 When I was telling you it flies at about the same speed 1514 00:56:11,600 --> 00:56:13,200 as a Cessna-- 1515 00:56:13,200 --> 00:56:14,870 I mean, this is those types of maneuvers 1516 00:56:14,870 --> 00:56:15,890 there where you can get away with that. 1517 00:56:15,890 --> 00:56:18,050 Again, watch the flight control surfaces in the back 1518 00:56:18,050 --> 00:56:20,950 and what's going on. 1519 00:56:20,950 --> 00:56:23,350 Later on they'll do a pass where he'll open up the doors 1520 00:56:23,350 --> 00:56:24,940 and you can see the main weapon bay, which is 1521 00:56:24,940 --> 00:56:26,230 underneath the airplane belly. 1522 00:56:26,230 --> 00:56:28,390 And then you'll see the side weapon bay doors, 1523 00:56:28,390 --> 00:56:30,390 so you can kind of see where all the weapons are 1524 00:56:30,390 --> 00:56:31,660 carried inside the airplane. 1525 00:56:31,660 --> 00:56:34,070 Again, a huge center of gravity challenge. 1526 00:56:34,070 --> 00:56:35,320 So here's that maneuver there. 1527 00:56:35,320 --> 00:56:36,440 You can see the doors open. 1528 00:56:39,220 --> 00:56:40,890 One thing I didn't really tell you about 1529 00:56:40,890 --> 00:56:43,250 is, so in that such situation, because missiles 1530 00:56:43,250 --> 00:56:45,840 weigh a couple hundred pounds a piece or so, some of the bombs 1531 00:56:45,840 --> 00:56:48,120 are about 1,000 pounds apiece, when you lose all that weight 1532 00:56:48,120 --> 00:56:49,820 immediately, it's literally like dropping 1533 00:56:49,820 --> 00:56:51,990 a car off the front end of your airplane. 1534 00:56:51,990 --> 00:56:54,210 The way that it fixes that center of gravity issue 1535 00:56:54,210 --> 00:56:56,380 is by changing fuel inside the airplane. 1536 00:56:56,380 --> 00:56:58,470 So it sloshes fuel forward or back 1537 00:56:58,470 --> 00:56:59,910 to keep the center of gravity. 1538 00:56:59,910 --> 00:57:02,310 Again, there's no fuel control panel 1539 00:57:02,310 --> 00:57:04,650 where I go, well, move this and click this and whatever. 1540 00:57:04,650 --> 00:57:06,310 It does it all completely automatically. 1541 00:57:06,310 --> 00:57:07,020 Go ahead. 1542 00:57:07,020 --> 00:57:08,600 AUDIENCE: What kind of sensors can you 1543 00:57:08,600 --> 00:57:10,830 use to detect the center of gravity? 1544 00:57:10,830 --> 00:57:12,630 RANDY GORDON: The sensors that you can use? 1545 00:57:12,630 --> 00:57:15,810 So all of the fuel tanks are instrumented, 1546 00:57:15,810 --> 00:57:17,820 so you know the status of fuel in terms 1547 00:57:17,820 --> 00:57:20,070 of where things are set up. 1548 00:57:20,070 --> 00:57:22,220 You tell it-- well, actually, it has the ability 1549 00:57:22,220 --> 00:57:23,520 to know what's on the airplane. 1550 00:57:23,520 --> 00:57:25,020 So when you load a missile, it goes, 1551 00:57:25,020 --> 00:57:27,480 oh, it's this type of missile and it weighs this much, 1552 00:57:27,480 --> 00:57:29,070 and it knows the mass properties of it 1553 00:57:29,070 --> 00:57:31,940 and so it sets it up from there. 1554 00:57:31,940 --> 00:57:33,350 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 1555 00:57:33,350 --> 00:57:37,220 RANDY GORDON: So it actually identifies that all by itself. 1556 00:57:37,220 --> 00:57:40,210 So like in a Cirrus, you have to actually pull up 1557 00:57:40,210 --> 00:57:42,610 a screen in the Cirrus and go, my passenger weighs this 1558 00:57:42,610 --> 00:57:44,340 and I've got this baggage on board, 1559 00:57:44,340 --> 00:57:46,090 and then it gives you the picture of where 1560 00:57:46,090 --> 00:57:47,300 the center of gravity is. 1561 00:57:47,300 --> 00:57:48,850 This thing, because it's all digital, 1562 00:57:48,850 --> 00:57:51,140 the missile has a little connector rod that connects it 1563 00:57:51,140 --> 00:57:53,040 and it says, behold, I'm a missile. 1564 00:57:53,040 --> 00:57:54,180 AUDIENCE: What about the pilot weight? 1565 00:57:54,180 --> 00:57:55,630 RANDY GORDON: Oh, the pilot weight? 1566 00:57:55,630 --> 00:57:58,900 Doesn't matter because they spec'ed it-- 1567 00:57:58,900 --> 00:58:01,900 well, it matters but for a different reason. 1568 00:58:01,900 --> 00:58:04,330 It matters for the ejection seat, predominantly. 1569 00:58:04,330 --> 00:58:06,520 Because the ejection seat-- 1570 00:58:06,520 --> 00:58:09,190 I think it's like 135 pounds is the lightest, 1571 00:58:09,190 --> 00:58:13,420 something like that, 115 to 135 to, like, 220 or something. 1572 00:58:13,420 --> 00:58:15,120 It's something around that spot. 1573 00:58:15,120 --> 00:58:17,620 So to be able to be within the safe envelope of the ejection 1574 00:58:17,620 --> 00:58:21,430 seat, that's where the weight of the pilot matters. 1575 00:58:21,430 --> 00:58:23,800 But they spec the center of gravity such that 1576 00:58:23,800 --> 00:58:26,320 so long as really anyone can sit up front 1577 00:58:26,320 --> 00:58:28,700 and you're not going to throw off the CG of the airplane, 1578 00:58:28,700 --> 00:58:31,300 even though you're way far forward of the CG 1579 00:58:31,300 --> 00:58:33,010 and there's a moment arm there. 1580 00:58:33,010 --> 00:58:34,810 But between everything else in the cockpit, 1581 00:58:34,810 --> 00:58:37,240 that ejection seat is ridiculously heavy. 1582 00:58:37,240 --> 00:58:39,900 And all the avionics that sit up front, the radars up front, 1583 00:58:39,900 --> 00:58:41,320 all these things that sit up there 1584 00:58:41,320 --> 00:58:43,650 have far more of a contribution to the center of gravity 1585 00:58:43,650 --> 00:58:47,380 than you do, unless you're, like, Shaq or something 1586 00:58:47,380 --> 00:58:47,880 like that. 1587 00:58:47,880 --> 00:58:48,910 But go ahead. 1588 00:58:48,910 --> 00:58:54,790 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] on the helmet screen? 1589 00:58:54,790 --> 00:58:56,910 RANDY GORDON: So in this airplane, not yet. 1590 00:58:56,910 --> 00:58:57,960 That's coming along soon. 1591 00:58:57,960 --> 00:59:00,370 Some of the older airplanes, believe it or not, have that. 1592 00:59:00,370 --> 00:59:03,330 Like the F-15 that I flew, you had a special helmet 1593 00:59:03,330 --> 00:59:07,410 that had all of the information displayed on the visor itself. 1594 00:59:07,410 --> 00:59:09,960 So in addition to that hands-on throttle and stick so I don't 1595 00:59:09,960 --> 00:59:11,500 have to take my hands off of anything 1596 00:59:11,500 --> 00:59:13,170 to touch anything in the cockpit, 1597 00:59:13,170 --> 00:59:15,090 I also don't have to look in the cockpit 1598 00:59:15,090 --> 00:59:18,470 to see altitude, air speed, heading. 1599 00:59:18,470 --> 00:59:21,600 It's all displayed to me upfront. 1600 00:59:21,600 --> 00:59:24,700 This airplane eventually will get that. 1601 00:59:24,700 --> 00:59:27,120 This is a programmatic discussion now. 1602 00:59:27,120 --> 00:59:29,370 They only had so many dollars to spend, and they said, 1603 00:59:29,370 --> 00:59:31,830 this airplane is so awesome that it shouldn't 1604 00:59:31,830 --> 00:59:34,080 need a helmet-mounted display system because it should 1605 00:59:34,080 --> 00:59:36,930 be able to see all the bad guys from far enough away 1606 00:59:36,930 --> 00:59:38,460 and not be a problem. 1607 00:59:38,460 --> 00:59:41,170 We fielded the airplane that way. 1608 00:59:41,170 --> 00:59:42,630 The first batch of pilots, they all 1609 00:59:42,630 --> 00:59:46,210 transitioned from airplanes that had that helmet-mounted system. 1610 00:59:46,210 --> 00:59:48,510 And they came to this airplane where it didn't have it, 1611 00:59:48,510 --> 00:59:49,540 and they were pissed. 1612 00:59:49,540 --> 00:59:51,600 They were like, we've got to have that back. 1613 00:59:51,600 --> 00:59:53,430 So that's kind of where a lot of the efforts 1614 00:59:53,430 --> 00:59:55,910 now are going to modernize the airplane a bit. 1615 00:59:55,910 --> 00:59:56,420 What else? 1616 00:59:56,420 --> 00:59:57,040 Good questions. 1617 00:59:57,040 --> 00:59:57,630 Go ahead. 1618 00:59:57,630 --> 00:59:58,200 Yeah? 1619 00:59:58,200 --> 01:00:00,540 AUDIENCE: Why is there a need for humans in the cockpit? 1620 01:00:00,540 --> 01:00:02,810 Why not just go for unmanned systems? 1621 01:00:02,810 --> 01:00:06,760 RANDY GORDON: Yeah, it is the great debate of the fighter 1622 01:00:06,760 --> 01:00:07,780 community right now. 1623 01:00:07,780 --> 01:00:10,120 You're really touching on something really, really deep. 1624 01:00:12,800 --> 01:00:15,930 The best answer so far is that the greatest-- 1625 01:00:15,930 --> 01:00:18,350 I mean, we talked a lot about the hardware and the systems 1626 01:00:18,350 --> 01:00:19,310 on board the airplane. 1627 01:00:19,310 --> 01:00:21,710 Really, the greatest piece of capability on the airplane 1628 01:00:21,710 --> 01:00:25,990 is the mind of the person flying up front. 1629 01:00:25,990 --> 01:00:29,120 If it's a very dynamic and changing environment, 1630 01:00:29,120 --> 01:00:31,820 to be able to tell a machine to be able to incorporate all 1631 01:00:31,820 --> 01:00:35,090 those inputs and make the right decisions based on that, 1632 01:00:35,090 --> 01:00:36,350 kind of hard to do right now. 1633 01:00:36,350 --> 01:00:38,850 I'm not saying we're not going to get there, just right now, 1634 01:00:38,850 --> 01:00:39,790 it's difficult. 1635 01:00:39,790 --> 01:00:41,510 Where we use unmanned systems a lot 1636 01:00:41,510 --> 01:00:44,080 now is in surveillance missions, where 1637 01:00:44,080 --> 01:00:45,330 you can just launch the thing. 1638 01:00:45,330 --> 01:00:47,090 And it's got a pre-programmed navigation, 1639 01:00:47,090 --> 01:00:49,940 and it knows what it needs to do and it can set things up. 1640 01:00:49,940 --> 01:00:52,340 Those are somewhat bounded problems, 1641 01:00:52,340 --> 01:00:54,200 is probably the best way to describe it, 1642 01:00:54,200 --> 01:00:56,450 where you could use an unmanned system for that. 1643 01:00:56,450 --> 01:00:58,790 Where it gets difficulties is in combat situation, 1644 01:00:58,790 --> 01:01:00,230 it's extremely dynamic. 1645 01:01:00,230 --> 01:01:04,100 It's battle royale, WWF, mosh pit, 1646 01:01:04,100 --> 01:01:06,110 any possible chaotic situation you can put, 1647 01:01:06,110 --> 01:01:08,130 that's kind of what it looks like. 1648 01:01:08,130 --> 01:01:10,700 And so having a human mind attached in that environment, 1649 01:01:10,700 --> 01:01:12,990 to be able to adapt and do what the mind does better 1650 01:01:12,990 --> 01:01:14,660 than a machine does, at least right now, 1651 01:01:14,660 --> 01:01:20,600 that's the main argument to keep humans in the system for now. 1652 01:01:20,600 --> 01:01:21,830 Yeah? 1653 01:01:21,830 --> 01:01:24,540 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] operate these planes [INAUDIBLE] 1654 01:01:24,540 --> 01:01:28,630 to remotely operate them, is the [INAUDIBLE]?? 1655 01:01:28,630 --> 01:01:30,170 RANDY GORDON: It is. 1656 01:01:30,170 --> 01:01:31,930 PROFESSOR: Can you repeat the question? 1657 01:01:31,930 --> 01:01:34,470 RANDY GORDON: Yeah, the question is that if you operate these 1658 01:01:34,470 --> 01:01:37,180 things remotely-- so even if you had-- 1659 01:01:37,180 --> 01:01:40,170 classic example, we'll use Sully Sullenberger 1660 01:01:40,170 --> 01:01:42,760 because we talked about Sully in the previous one. 1661 01:01:42,760 --> 01:01:45,280 You take off out of LaGuardia, you lose both engines. 1662 01:01:45,280 --> 01:01:48,550 If you could have a remote pilot sitting somewhere else that 1663 01:01:48,550 --> 01:01:50,590 could take over and decide land on the Hudson, 1664 01:01:50,590 --> 01:01:53,850 because a machine most likely wouldn't have made that choice, 1665 01:01:53,850 --> 01:01:55,390 is there a time lag issue? 1666 01:01:55,390 --> 01:01:57,430 The answer is 100% yes. 1667 01:01:57,430 --> 01:01:59,450 There is a time lag issue between getting 1668 01:01:59,450 --> 01:02:01,450 that information displayed down, make the input, 1669 01:02:01,450 --> 01:02:04,450 that input goes back up and comes back over. 1670 01:02:04,450 --> 01:02:07,930 A thing we've done at test pilot school is-- 1671 01:02:07,930 --> 01:02:10,870 remember we showed earlier that flight path marker, 1672 01:02:10,870 --> 01:02:12,860 where as a pilot you put the flight path marker 1673 01:02:12,860 --> 01:02:15,070 and that's exactly where your airplane's going to go? 1674 01:02:15,070 --> 01:02:17,560 If there's a time lag, that will actually mess you up 1675 01:02:17,560 --> 01:02:19,930 because there's some second or two delay between what 1676 01:02:19,930 --> 01:02:21,920 you're seeing and what the airplane's actually going. 1677 01:02:21,920 --> 01:02:23,370 At test pilot school, they actually 1678 01:02:23,370 --> 01:02:27,820 built a flight path marker that accounts for that time delay. 1679 01:02:27,820 --> 01:02:30,280 If it knows that time delay, it will actually count for it. 1680 01:02:30,280 --> 01:02:34,330 So you could fly the airplane remotely even with the time lag 1681 01:02:34,330 --> 01:02:36,680 and still be able to do very high gain tasks, like land 1682 01:02:36,680 --> 01:02:38,350 the airplane, for instance, where things 1683 01:02:38,350 --> 01:02:39,460 are changing very rapidly. 1684 01:02:39,460 --> 01:02:42,140 So it's a new science, not fully fleshed out here. 1685 01:02:42,140 --> 01:02:43,720 But the proof of concept has been 1686 01:02:43,720 --> 01:02:47,920 demonstrated, to control an airplane remotely even 1687 01:02:47,920 --> 01:02:49,390 with the time lag. 1688 01:02:49,390 --> 01:02:51,040 Who really cares about that right now 1689 01:02:51,040 --> 01:02:54,170 are the airlines because, to be very frank, 1690 01:02:54,170 --> 01:02:56,470 the pilots tend to be a pain in the butt for an airline 1691 01:02:56,470 --> 01:02:57,460 company. 1692 01:02:57,460 --> 01:02:59,170 And if you can remove the pilots and just 1693 01:02:59,170 --> 01:03:02,860 have a remote operated system or even an autonomous system, 1694 01:03:02,860 --> 01:03:04,990 from a business standpoint, the company 1695 01:03:04,990 --> 01:03:06,960 really likes that from an aviation standpoint. 1696 01:03:06,960 --> 01:03:08,860 It triggers all types of discussions 1697 01:03:08,860 --> 01:03:11,480 in a lot of other issues, but that's one question. 1698 01:03:11,480 --> 01:03:11,980 Go ahead. 1699 01:03:11,980 --> 01:03:14,290 PROFESSOR: Let me jump in for a minute with that. 1700 01:03:14,290 --> 01:03:18,310 I think actually to me, one of the holy grails of GA safety 1701 01:03:18,310 --> 01:03:24,430 would be to have a human co-pilot, perhaps, 1702 01:03:24,430 --> 01:03:25,570 on the ground. 1703 01:03:25,570 --> 01:03:27,070 So if you had that kind of telemetry 1704 01:03:27,070 --> 01:03:31,850 that you have in a drone, a human somewhere else could say, 1705 01:03:31,850 --> 01:03:33,400 you're running a little short on fuel 1706 01:03:33,400 --> 01:03:35,270 or you forgot to change tanks, all the things 1707 01:03:35,270 --> 01:03:38,530 that a human co-pilot could do right in the cockpit. 1708 01:03:38,530 --> 01:03:40,270 Most of that safety running checklist 1709 01:03:40,270 --> 01:03:43,270 could be probably enhanced remotely. 1710 01:03:43,270 --> 01:03:46,240 So that would be a great add to a Cessna, or a Piper, even. 1711 01:03:46,240 --> 01:03:47,830 RANDY GORDON: And you see a little bit 1712 01:03:47,830 --> 01:03:49,240 now in some of the more advanced airplanes, 1713 01:03:49,240 --> 01:03:50,230 like we talked a little bit about if I 1714 01:03:50,230 --> 01:03:52,720 have an engine problem in the Raptor, I literally do nothing. 1715 01:03:52,720 --> 01:03:53,980 I just sit there and stare at the clouds 1716 01:03:53,980 --> 01:03:56,080 and go, wow, what a lovely day, and the computer 1717 01:03:56,080 --> 01:03:58,120 fixes it for me. 1718 01:03:58,120 --> 01:04:00,500 There are other scenarios where the jet will tell me, 1719 01:04:00,500 --> 01:04:01,960 hey, you've got a generator problem 1720 01:04:01,960 --> 01:04:05,260 and then immediately pull up the checklist for the generator 1721 01:04:05,260 --> 01:04:07,070 failure to allow me to fix it. 1722 01:04:07,070 --> 01:04:10,540 So you see some basic automation right now already in play. 1723 01:04:10,540 --> 01:04:11,590 A couple other questions. 1724 01:04:11,590 --> 01:04:12,710 I know we're running short. 1725 01:04:12,710 --> 01:04:14,390 Go ahead. 1726 01:04:14,390 --> 01:04:16,810 AUDIENCE: How much of flying a Raptor is seat of the pants 1727 01:04:16,810 --> 01:04:19,540 that you would miss by not being in the cockpit? 1728 01:04:19,540 --> 01:04:20,920 RANDY GORDON: By not being there? 1729 01:04:20,920 --> 01:04:22,310 AUDIENCE: Or is it so automated at this point that it's 1730 01:04:22,310 --> 01:04:25,070 the same whether you're sitting there or at a computer screen? 1731 01:04:25,070 --> 01:04:26,770 RANDY GORDON: Yeah, if it's a-- 1732 01:04:26,770 --> 01:04:28,090 so we have two terms. 1733 01:04:28,090 --> 01:04:29,890 One is called beyond visual range, which 1734 01:04:29,890 --> 01:04:32,529 means I can't see the other guy with my eyes, 1735 01:04:32,529 --> 01:04:34,930 but my sensors can see him. 1736 01:04:34,930 --> 01:04:37,540 And if I'm shooting missiles long distance like that, 1737 01:04:37,540 --> 01:04:40,330 I don't lose any seat of the pants by being remotely. 1738 01:04:40,330 --> 01:04:41,290 It's like a video game. 1739 01:04:41,290 --> 01:04:43,460 Literally, it's exactly like a video game. 1740 01:04:43,460 --> 01:04:45,670 If it's a maneuvering environment where I see the guy 1741 01:04:45,670 --> 01:04:47,120 and we're in a dogfight, then yeah, 1742 01:04:47,120 --> 01:04:49,540 you lose a lot in terms of seat of the pants, 1743 01:04:49,540 --> 01:04:52,120 eyeball, just things that are hard to automate. 1744 01:04:52,120 --> 01:04:54,250 So it's half and half. 1745 01:04:54,250 --> 01:04:57,550 In a drone scenario, would a drone dogfight? 1746 01:04:57,550 --> 01:04:58,100 I don't know. 1747 01:04:58,100 --> 01:04:58,970 It's a good question. 1748 01:04:58,970 --> 01:05:00,279 I'm not really sure. 1749 01:05:00,279 --> 01:05:03,190 Go ahead. 1750 01:05:03,190 --> 01:05:06,980 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 1751 01:05:06,980 --> 01:05:08,529 RANDY GORDON: You could, but then I'd 1752 01:05:08,529 --> 01:05:10,300 have to have some way to represent 1753 01:05:10,300 --> 01:05:12,470 the physical environment that the drone is seeing. 1754 01:05:12,470 --> 01:05:14,010 I've got to be able to represent that 1755 01:05:14,010 --> 01:05:16,620 to the guy in the simulator on the ground. 1756 01:05:16,620 --> 01:05:19,310 I have to be able to relay that real time. 1757 01:05:19,310 --> 01:05:19,810 It matters. 1758 01:05:19,810 --> 01:05:23,450 So who play sports? 1759 01:05:23,450 --> 01:05:24,980 Guys, any of you? 1760 01:05:24,980 --> 01:05:27,779 Whenever you're playing sports, you've got an opponent. 1761 01:05:27,779 --> 01:05:30,200 If you play it a lot, like if it's racquetball or football 1762 01:05:30,200 --> 01:05:31,220 or something like that, you get very 1763 01:05:31,220 --> 01:05:32,970 good at looking at your opponent and being 1764 01:05:32,970 --> 01:05:36,200 able to see micro movements before the actual big movement 1765 01:05:36,200 --> 01:05:39,090 happens, so that you know, oh, they're about to swing this way 1766 01:05:39,090 --> 01:05:40,540 or they're going to throw this way. 1767 01:05:40,540 --> 01:05:43,010 So you can read your opponent and make a decision 1768 01:05:43,010 --> 01:05:45,730 about what's about to happen a second or two from now. 1769 01:05:45,730 --> 01:05:47,720 In a fighter jet, the exact same thing. 1770 01:05:47,720 --> 01:05:51,830 If I'm fighting a guy and I see a control surface deflection, 1771 01:05:51,830 --> 01:05:53,420 even before the airplane is gone, 1772 01:05:53,420 --> 01:05:56,310 I know the person is going this way, 1773 01:05:56,310 --> 01:05:59,420 I can position myself to be there before they arrive. 1774 01:05:59,420 --> 01:06:01,520 I would need some way to represent that if I'm 1775 01:06:01,520 --> 01:06:03,260 in a simulator on the ground, and it 1776 01:06:03,260 --> 01:06:07,250 would have to be transparent to the guy in the simulator what 1777 01:06:07,250 --> 01:06:08,710 that feels like. 1778 01:06:08,710 --> 01:06:10,170 Go ahead. 1779 01:06:10,170 --> 01:06:11,130 Lots of good questions. 1780 01:06:11,130 --> 01:06:12,330 This is a good class. 1781 01:06:12,330 --> 01:06:14,040 PROFESSOR: Let me ask, actually, who's 1782 01:06:14,040 --> 01:06:16,590 here from the Flying Club? 1783 01:06:16,590 --> 01:06:17,160 Sebastian. 1784 01:06:17,160 --> 01:06:17,940 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 1785 01:06:17,940 --> 01:06:19,860 PROFESSOR: Yeah, actually, I wonder if, Laz, 1786 01:06:19,860 --> 01:06:21,840 can you stay another 10, 15 minutes? 1787 01:06:21,840 --> 01:06:22,320 RANDY GORDON: Sure, absolutely. 1788 01:06:22,320 --> 01:06:24,300 PROFESSOR: Why don't we have Sebastian jump in, 1789 01:06:24,300 --> 01:06:27,420 give his Flying Club spiel, and then both of them 1790 01:06:27,420 --> 01:06:31,420 will be up front for questions right afterwards. 1791 01:06:31,420 --> 01:06:32,070 Thank you, Laz. 1792 01:06:32,070 --> 01:06:33,120 RANDY GORDON: No worries. 1793 01:06:33,120 --> 01:06:36,770 [APPLAUSE]