1 00:00:10,702 --> 00:00:12,160 PHILIP GREENSPUN: All right, folks. 2 00:00:12,160 --> 00:00:12,715 Welcome back. 3 00:00:17,080 --> 00:00:22,618 So now we'll learn about the process of learning to fly 4 00:00:22,618 --> 00:00:24,160 and some of the regulations around it 5 00:00:24,160 --> 00:00:26,400 that will be on the test. 6 00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:27,980 All right, so when you learn to fly, 7 00:00:27,980 --> 00:00:31,760 you'll pre-flight the aircraft with the instructor. 8 00:00:31,760 --> 00:00:35,870 Learn about that-- how to inspect everything. 9 00:00:35,870 --> 00:00:38,000 The first few lessons are really about learning 10 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:40,100 to see the aircraft attitude, seeing 11 00:00:40,100 --> 00:00:43,400 whether you're pitched up, pitched down, banked 12 00:00:43,400 --> 00:00:44,000 left or right. 13 00:00:44,000 --> 00:00:46,340 Most people have a fairly easy time with. 14 00:00:46,340 --> 00:00:49,040 Then you learn to take off and land. 15 00:00:49,040 --> 00:00:52,350 As I said earlier, that takes about five or 10 hours. 16 00:00:52,350 --> 00:00:55,100 And in fact, people used to solo after four hours 17 00:00:55,100 --> 00:00:57,790 of flight training, especially young people. 18 00:00:57,790 --> 00:00:59,540 Now it takes a little longer, because they 19 00:00:59,540 --> 00:01:01,580 want you to know about more bureaucracy 20 00:01:01,580 --> 00:01:03,680 and how to talk to the control tower and so forth. 21 00:01:07,270 --> 00:01:09,160 A good trainer airplane-- 22 00:01:09,160 --> 00:01:11,530 why not start with the best and just learn 23 00:01:11,530 --> 00:01:16,410 how to fly your personal Gulfstream or whatever. 24 00:01:16,410 --> 00:01:19,000 If it's a very heavy airplane like a Gulfstream, 25 00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:21,520 which can weigh 100,000 pounds, then you 26 00:01:21,520 --> 00:01:24,280 have to think ahead because of inertia. 27 00:01:24,280 --> 00:01:26,680 The airplane tends to keep doing whatever it was doing 28 00:01:26,680 --> 00:01:29,290 five or 10 seconds earlier. 29 00:01:29,290 --> 00:01:31,540 At the same time, though, a really tiny airplane 30 00:01:31,540 --> 00:01:36,108 like some of the little two-seaters, they are unstable. 31 00:01:36,108 --> 00:01:37,900 And they just get kicked around by the wind 32 00:01:37,900 --> 00:01:40,150 so much that you're not sure if it's something you did 33 00:01:40,150 --> 00:01:43,210 or something that the environment did to you. 34 00:01:43,210 --> 00:01:44,860 Also people have gotten heavier. 35 00:01:44,860 --> 00:01:46,240 The owner of East Coast Aero Club 36 00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:49,960 says that when he started in the '80s 85% of the customers 37 00:01:49,960 --> 00:01:53,210 and instructors could train in the two-seat Piper Tomahawk. 38 00:01:53,210 --> 00:01:59,590 Now 85% require training in the four-seat Piper Warrior. 39 00:01:59,590 --> 00:02:04,270 You don't want it to be too powerful, actually. 40 00:02:04,270 --> 00:02:07,280 And that's because when you go from-- 41 00:02:07,280 --> 00:02:10,360 on a go around, for example, and you go from near idle power 42 00:02:10,360 --> 00:02:12,860 to full power, that's a huge transition. 43 00:02:12,860 --> 00:02:16,390 And those left turning tendencies that Tina mentioned 44 00:02:16,390 --> 00:02:21,130 mean that you need immediate and significant rudder input 45 00:02:21,130 --> 00:02:21,880 and so forth. 46 00:02:21,880 --> 00:02:23,560 So an airplane that has a narrower 47 00:02:23,560 --> 00:02:27,550 band of possible powers is easier to learn on. 48 00:02:27,550 --> 00:02:31,900 You want something that won't spin if it's abused. 49 00:02:31,900 --> 00:02:34,870 And also ideally an airplane that if you just let 50 00:02:34,870 --> 00:02:37,540 go-- the Cessnas tend to have this characteristic. 51 00:02:37,540 --> 00:02:40,570 They'll come out of most bad situations 52 00:02:40,570 --> 00:02:42,910 if you just let go of the yoke. 53 00:02:42,910 --> 00:02:44,680 So the best trainers-- 54 00:02:44,680 --> 00:02:46,917 my personal favorite is the Diamond DA-40. 55 00:02:46,917 --> 00:02:48,500 It's kind of physically uncomfortable, 56 00:02:48,500 --> 00:02:53,050 which is why I don't use it as a family airplane anymore. 57 00:02:53,050 --> 00:02:56,860 The Cessna 172 and Piper Warrior are the most popular. 58 00:02:56,860 --> 00:02:58,000 You can check these out. 59 00:02:58,000 --> 00:03:01,550 The Cirrus SR20 is the most popular personal-- 60 00:03:01,550 --> 00:03:05,200 or the 20 and the 22 together-- the most popular family 61 00:03:05,200 --> 00:03:07,240 and personal airplane these days. 62 00:03:07,240 --> 00:03:08,920 They're OK trainers. 63 00:03:08,920 --> 00:03:12,370 And some airline training programs and college training 64 00:03:12,370 --> 00:03:13,910 programs use them. 65 00:03:13,910 --> 00:03:18,050 But they're a little bit more challenging to handle 66 00:03:18,050 --> 00:03:20,360 than the Cessnas, Diamonds, and Pipers. 67 00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:22,450 The marginal operating cost of all of these 68 00:03:22,450 --> 00:03:25,030 is about $100 to $150 an hour. 69 00:03:25,030 --> 00:03:27,352 So flight schools usually have to mark that up 70 00:03:27,352 --> 00:03:29,560 a bit in order to stay in business, because they have 71 00:03:29,560 --> 00:03:32,500 to cover the fixed costs, as well, of owning the aircraft, 72 00:03:32,500 --> 00:03:37,940 hangering, and paying insurance. 73 00:03:37,940 --> 00:03:42,170 But that cost includes the fuel and the engine overhaul 74 00:03:42,170 --> 00:03:44,150 and the prop overhaul. 75 00:03:44,150 --> 00:03:45,950 What about doing gliders? 76 00:03:45,950 --> 00:03:49,490 So we don't want to sell you too hard on the idea of just 77 00:03:49,490 --> 00:03:52,310 starting in a single engine land airplane. 78 00:03:52,310 --> 00:03:56,280 You can go out to Sterling, Massachusetts, 79 00:03:56,280 --> 00:03:58,940 get towed up to 3,000 feet, and then 80 00:03:58,940 --> 00:04:03,290 on a handful of good summer days stay up 81 00:04:03,290 --> 00:04:05,450 by soaring in the thermals. 82 00:04:05,450 --> 00:04:08,990 Ridge lifts-- people have soared all the way down for, I think, 83 00:04:08,990 --> 00:04:10,760 about 1,000 miles-- 84 00:04:10,760 --> 00:04:13,370 tend to be the record for soaring. 85 00:04:13,370 --> 00:04:16,790 That's usually on following the edge of a mountain range 86 00:04:16,790 --> 00:04:21,970 where the wind blowing, let's say, from the west generates 87 00:04:21,970 --> 00:04:25,430 a lift right on the Western edge of the mountain range, 88 00:04:25,430 --> 00:04:27,110 right in the center. 89 00:04:27,110 --> 00:04:32,400 You can be a Captain Sully-style hero on every landing, 90 00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:32,900 actually. 91 00:04:35,770 --> 00:04:37,620 Raise your hand if you think that there 92 00:04:37,620 --> 00:04:42,340 was another pilot in the aircraft with Captain Sully 93 00:04:42,340 --> 00:04:43,570 or if he was by himself. 94 00:04:43,570 --> 00:04:46,670 Who thinks that there was a second pilot in there? 95 00:04:46,670 --> 00:04:48,770 OK, who knows the name of the second pilot? 96 00:04:48,770 --> 00:04:52,310 Without going to your phone, does anybody in this room 97 00:04:52,310 --> 00:04:56,220 know the name of that second pilot? 98 00:04:56,220 --> 00:04:57,350 All right. 99 00:04:57,350 --> 00:04:59,760 AUDIENCE: Jeffrey Skiles. 100 00:04:59,760 --> 00:05:03,090 PHILIP GREENSPUN: Jeff Skiles, all right. 101 00:05:03,090 --> 00:05:06,240 Hold on a sec. 102 00:05:06,240 --> 00:05:09,756 We've got to give this guy his reward. 103 00:05:09,756 --> 00:05:11,510 [LAUGHTER] 104 00:05:11,510 --> 00:05:15,700 I'll pay out $20 to this student for that answer. 105 00:05:15,700 --> 00:05:21,580 [APPLAUSE] 106 00:05:21,580 --> 00:05:23,850 I only brought a handful of cash, 107 00:05:23,850 --> 00:05:25,826 because I knew I wouldn't need most of it. 108 00:05:25,826 --> 00:05:28,210 [LAUGHTER] 109 00:05:28,210 --> 00:05:30,880 OK, a good trainer helicopter-- 110 00:05:30,880 --> 00:05:32,170 same issues. 111 00:05:32,170 --> 00:05:34,690 The really light helicopters-- the Robinson R-22 112 00:05:34,690 --> 00:05:36,610 is very popular for training, because it's 113 00:05:36,610 --> 00:05:37,820 inexpensive to operate. 114 00:05:37,820 --> 00:05:41,470 But it's so light that it's unstable and gives people 115 00:05:41,470 --> 00:05:45,850 the impression that heroic skills are required. 116 00:05:45,850 --> 00:05:48,190 Also you want reasonable amount of rotor inertia 117 00:05:48,190 --> 00:05:49,300 for autorotations. 118 00:05:49,300 --> 00:05:52,960 And helicopters, a lot of the training after those 10 hours-- 119 00:05:52,960 --> 00:05:54,640 after you've learned to fly, you also 120 00:05:54,640 --> 00:05:57,370 need to learn to fly a helicopter with no engine. 121 00:05:57,370 --> 00:06:02,080 And that requires making some adjustments 122 00:06:02,080 --> 00:06:08,320 in the pitch of the rotating blades or spinning wings. 123 00:06:08,320 --> 00:06:11,590 So if there is no inertia in those blades, 124 00:06:11,590 --> 00:06:13,300 then it becomes a little bit harder 125 00:06:13,300 --> 00:06:16,335 to control during the autorotation. 126 00:06:16,335 --> 00:06:18,710 If you're a student, you may not make the best landings-- 127 00:06:18,710 --> 00:06:21,040 so rugged skids. 128 00:06:21,040 --> 00:06:24,610 This ends up all pointing towards the Robinson R-44. 129 00:06:24,610 --> 00:06:26,530 It's a four seat helicopter. 130 00:06:26,530 --> 00:06:29,110 And those extra two empty seats in the back 131 00:06:29,110 --> 00:06:31,090 give you a lot of performance margin. 132 00:06:31,090 --> 00:06:32,760 That's more expensive to operate. 133 00:06:32,760 --> 00:06:35,260 And therefore, the prices that flight schools have to charge 134 00:06:35,260 --> 00:06:36,400 are higher. 135 00:06:36,400 --> 00:06:38,860 Because all the rotating components 136 00:06:38,860 --> 00:06:40,930 get thrown out every 2,200 hours. 137 00:06:40,930 --> 00:06:43,540 The blades, the transmissions-- 138 00:06:43,540 --> 00:06:45,410 there's more that gets overhauled. 139 00:06:45,410 --> 00:06:47,560 OK, you can get a pilot's certificate from FAA 140 00:06:47,560 --> 00:06:51,940 by doing your pre-solo written exam with an instructor 141 00:06:51,940 --> 00:06:55,000 on the characteristics of the aircraft and anything 142 00:06:55,000 --> 00:06:57,820 that's important locally. 143 00:06:57,820 --> 00:07:00,470 Then you do some solo flight after your training. 144 00:07:00,470 --> 00:07:04,240 You'll do some flights by yourself. 145 00:07:04,240 --> 00:07:06,220 You will do cross-country trips. 146 00:07:06,220 --> 00:07:08,380 So you will go with an instructor 147 00:07:08,380 --> 00:07:11,470 on some trips that are at least 50 nautical miles if you're 148 00:07:11,470 --> 00:07:12,910 in an airplane-- 149 00:07:12,910 --> 00:07:14,260 25 in a helicopter. 150 00:07:14,260 --> 00:07:15,460 That's called cross-country. 151 00:07:15,460 --> 00:07:20,440 You don't have to go all the way to California or Alaska. 152 00:07:20,440 --> 00:07:24,460 And then you'll do a bit of solo cross-country flying. 153 00:07:24,460 --> 00:07:27,040 You will do a checkride preparation. 154 00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:29,350 That has to be, I believe, at least three hours in prep 155 00:07:29,350 --> 00:07:31,660 with an instructor for your checkride. 156 00:07:31,660 --> 00:07:34,900 And once you take your checkride with an FAA employee 157 00:07:34,900 --> 00:07:37,330 or a designated pilot examiner, you 158 00:07:37,330 --> 00:07:39,250 get issued the pilot certificate. 159 00:07:39,250 --> 00:07:42,100 It takes you about 40 hours of flight time. 160 00:07:42,100 --> 00:07:47,530 And I believe only 10 of that has to be solo. 161 00:07:47,530 --> 00:07:50,500 The other 30 is typically with an instructor. 162 00:07:50,500 --> 00:07:52,850 55 hours is probably more typical, 163 00:07:52,850 --> 00:07:56,860 but young people like yourselves who do it intensively 164 00:07:56,860 --> 00:08:00,020 can come and finish pretty close to the 40 hours. 165 00:08:00,020 --> 00:08:01,520 There's my certificate. 166 00:08:01,520 --> 00:08:05,480 Notice it says airline transport pilot there. 167 00:08:05,480 --> 00:08:08,270 Oh, let's use the fancier feature. 168 00:08:08,270 --> 00:08:09,530 Airline transport pilot. 169 00:08:09,530 --> 00:08:11,322 So that's a different level of certificate. 170 00:08:11,322 --> 00:08:13,310 There's private, commercial, and ATP-- 171 00:08:13,310 --> 00:08:14,850 again, beyond the scope. 172 00:08:14,850 --> 00:08:17,060 Notice also there's a hole punched in it. 173 00:08:17,060 --> 00:08:19,280 Because when you get an additional rating, 174 00:08:19,280 --> 00:08:24,750 they issue a new certificate and destroy the old one. 175 00:08:24,750 --> 00:08:25,568 OK. 176 00:08:25,568 --> 00:08:27,360 What can you do once you have your private? 177 00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:33,450 You can go anywhere in the world in a US registered airplane 178 00:08:33,450 --> 00:08:37,110 and carry friends and family as long as you're not 179 00:08:37,110 --> 00:08:39,210 charging the money. 180 00:08:39,210 --> 00:08:41,250 You can fly at night. 181 00:08:41,250 --> 00:08:42,997 That's not true in some other countries, 182 00:08:42,997 --> 00:08:44,039 but it is true in the US. 183 00:08:44,039 --> 00:08:46,547 You don't need any additional rating to fly at night. 184 00:08:46,547 --> 00:08:48,630 You will have had three hours of training in night 185 00:08:48,630 --> 00:08:51,270 flying with an instructor. 186 00:08:51,270 --> 00:08:53,910 And you will fly what you learned in. 187 00:08:53,910 --> 00:08:57,450 So if your mom has a hot air balloon and that 188 00:08:57,450 --> 00:08:58,890 was your first aircraft, you will 189 00:08:58,890 --> 00:09:03,960 have a rating for flying that hot air balloon. 190 00:09:03,960 --> 00:09:09,840 You don't have to start with a Cessna or similar. 191 00:09:09,840 --> 00:09:17,040 So Congress passes kind of loose laws about aviation. 192 00:09:17,040 --> 00:09:19,470 But really most of the things that you 193 00:09:19,470 --> 00:09:21,630 might think of as laws governing flying 194 00:09:21,630 --> 00:09:23,370 are actually regulations that are 195 00:09:23,370 --> 00:09:29,880 drafted by the bureaucrats in the FAA and the agency. 196 00:09:29,880 --> 00:09:31,740 A lot of the stuff is public. 197 00:09:31,740 --> 00:09:34,440 You can look up anybody who claims to be 198 00:09:34,440 --> 00:09:36,413 a pilot in the airman registry. 199 00:09:36,413 --> 00:09:37,830 One reason it's not called a pilot 200 00:09:37,830 --> 00:09:39,960 registry is that there are actually 201 00:09:39,960 --> 00:09:42,670 other functions for which certificates are issued-- 202 00:09:42,670 --> 00:09:44,550 for example, flight engineer. 203 00:09:44,550 --> 00:09:47,010 Maybe in the old days, there was navigator. 204 00:09:47,010 --> 00:09:48,000 Similarly, airplanes. 205 00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:50,125 If you see an interesting airplane, 206 00:09:50,125 --> 00:09:51,750 you can look up the tail number and see 207 00:09:51,750 --> 00:09:52,830 to whom it's registered. 208 00:09:52,830 --> 00:09:58,410 Sometimes it's obscured with a shell LLC somewhere. 209 00:09:58,410 --> 00:10:02,190 But it can be interesting. 210 00:10:02,190 --> 00:10:06,510 This is one of the worst parts of the FAA and the exam. 211 00:10:06,510 --> 00:10:09,460 They use the words category and classes in two different ways. 212 00:10:09,460 --> 00:10:12,900 One is for getting your pilot's certificate, in which case 213 00:10:12,900 --> 00:10:18,090 a category is something like airplane or rotorcraft. 214 00:10:18,090 --> 00:10:19,860 And then you have this class, which 215 00:10:19,860 --> 00:10:25,500 could be multi engine C in the case of this Grumman. 216 00:10:25,500 --> 00:10:28,140 I think it might be a mallard there on the right-- 217 00:10:28,140 --> 00:10:29,730 1940s Grumman seaplane. 218 00:10:29,730 --> 00:10:32,280 So that's a multi engine C rating 219 00:10:32,280 --> 00:10:36,730 that you would have in the airplane category. 220 00:10:36,730 --> 00:10:38,880 Here's your little matrix. 221 00:10:38,880 --> 00:10:41,070 You can study this from the books. 222 00:10:41,070 --> 00:10:44,280 But you see these are the different categories 223 00:10:44,280 --> 00:10:46,110 of aircraft here on the left. 224 00:10:46,110 --> 00:10:48,810 Some of the fun ones like powered parachute, weight shift 225 00:10:48,810 --> 00:10:50,440 control. 226 00:10:50,440 --> 00:10:52,800 Fortunately, there are no flight schools 227 00:10:52,800 --> 00:10:55,050 for those kind of aircraft that I know of in the area. 228 00:10:55,050 --> 00:10:57,420 Wouldn't be much fun in a New England February. 229 00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:03,140 Category, class. 230 00:11:03,140 --> 00:11:06,080 Very exciting. 231 00:11:06,080 --> 00:11:09,980 So just to give you an overview of the pilot and instructor 232 00:11:09,980 --> 00:11:11,720 certification. 233 00:11:11,720 --> 00:11:13,970 On the left here, you have your levels of pilot. 234 00:11:13,970 --> 00:11:16,580 We're concentrating on private pilot. 235 00:11:16,580 --> 00:11:19,880 Recreational pilot is extremely unpopular. 236 00:11:19,880 --> 00:11:21,590 Sport pilot-- it's just a handful 237 00:11:21,590 --> 00:11:24,320 of schools for that as well. 238 00:11:24,320 --> 00:11:25,910 So really, it's private, commercial, 239 00:11:25,910 --> 00:11:29,780 ATP are the three core levels of a pilot certificate. 240 00:11:29,780 --> 00:11:32,390 To those, you add ratings. 241 00:11:32,390 --> 00:11:34,670 So airplane single engine land-- 242 00:11:34,670 --> 00:11:36,950 that lets you fly the Icon A5 seaplane 243 00:11:36,950 --> 00:11:39,860 that you might have seen. 244 00:11:39,860 --> 00:11:42,410 And you also need type ratings for heavier 245 00:11:42,410 --> 00:11:44,480 or turbo jet powered aircraft. 246 00:11:44,480 --> 00:11:47,790 That means you've had special training for your DC 3, 247 00:11:47,790 --> 00:11:49,550 which is heavy, or for your Boeing 248 00:11:49,550 --> 00:11:53,720 737, which has turbo jets. 249 00:11:53,720 --> 00:11:57,380 The flight instructor has a separate certificate. 250 00:11:57,380 --> 00:12:03,620 And that has its own set of ratings which are simpler. 251 00:12:03,620 --> 00:12:05,360 So single engine airplane-- notice 252 00:12:05,360 --> 00:12:07,040 it doesn't say land or sea. 253 00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:11,750 So I have a commercial seaplane rating. 254 00:12:11,750 --> 00:12:13,820 And I have an instructor certificate 255 00:12:13,820 --> 00:12:15,530 for single engine airplane. 256 00:12:15,530 --> 00:12:19,640 So for anybody who wants to die by drowning, 257 00:12:19,640 --> 00:12:22,580 I can offer you instruction in a single engine 258 00:12:22,580 --> 00:12:25,860 seaplane or a multi engine seaplane, for that matter. 259 00:12:25,860 --> 00:12:27,980 Although there aren't too many of those. 260 00:12:27,980 --> 00:12:29,810 There is a totally separate certificate. 261 00:12:29,810 --> 00:12:32,360 If you are also passionate about drones, 262 00:12:32,360 --> 00:12:36,290 you'll end up with three pieces of plastic-- 263 00:12:36,290 --> 00:12:40,040 one for the pilot certification, one for the instructor, 264 00:12:40,040 --> 00:12:42,980 and one for being a remote pilot. 265 00:12:42,980 --> 00:12:45,440 So aircraft, they use the same words 266 00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:48,050 but to mean different things. 267 00:12:48,050 --> 00:12:52,850 We will have a normal or utility category 268 00:12:52,850 --> 00:12:54,980 of aircraft or acrobatic. 269 00:12:54,980 --> 00:12:57,830 Those are the three that you're going to see 270 00:12:57,830 --> 00:13:00,560 at your typical flight school. 271 00:13:00,560 --> 00:13:02,810 On the right there is the GameBird, a very interesting 272 00:13:02,810 --> 00:13:06,520 plane that I just flew in Bentonville, Arkansas. 273 00:13:06,520 --> 00:13:08,720 I would encourage you guys to look that up. 274 00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:11,780 And then you have class. 275 00:13:11,780 --> 00:13:13,520 If you have a really big helicopter, 276 00:13:13,520 --> 00:13:18,870 it's a transport category and rotorcraft class. 277 00:13:18,870 --> 00:13:21,020 All right, there on the right is-- 278 00:13:21,020 --> 00:13:23,830 I think that's a Pitcairn autogyro. 279 00:13:23,830 --> 00:13:28,370 So that's a rotorcraft autogyro from the 1930s. 280 00:13:28,370 --> 00:13:30,770 That's a replica from Oshkosh, which 281 00:13:30,770 --> 00:13:33,490 we'll hear about at lunchtime. 282 00:13:33,490 --> 00:13:34,740 The bureaucracies. 283 00:13:37,620 --> 00:13:40,830 You have the NTSB, the National Transportation Safety 284 00:13:40,830 --> 00:13:43,440 Board-- a little bit separate from the FAA, which 285 00:13:43,440 --> 00:13:47,320 is part of the Department of Transportation. 286 00:13:47,320 --> 00:13:50,100 The structure of regulations-- 287 00:13:50,100 --> 00:13:52,160 the Code of Federal Regulations is huge. 288 00:13:52,160 --> 00:13:55,640 I think it's doubled in size in the last 20 years or so. 289 00:13:55,640 --> 00:13:59,060 The FAA is part of that in title 14. 290 00:13:59,060 --> 00:14:02,930 If you look up the FARs, the Federal Aviation Regulations, 291 00:14:02,930 --> 00:14:05,000 oftentimes you'll be directed to a site that 292 00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:08,800 has the entire electronic code of federal regulations. 293 00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:12,830 The most relevant parts for this class are 61-- 294 00:14:12,830 --> 00:14:15,170 what does it mean to become a pilot? 295 00:14:15,170 --> 00:14:17,960 And part 91-- what can you do if you're flying privately? 296 00:14:21,590 --> 00:14:23,900 If you want to have fun extra knowledge, 297 00:14:23,900 --> 00:14:26,150 these are some of the other FARs that are occasionally 298 00:14:26,150 --> 00:14:29,110 worth looking at. 299 00:14:29,110 --> 00:14:33,660 You can look at doing charter and airline operations. 300 00:14:33,660 --> 00:14:36,420 Those have air carrier certificates. 301 00:14:36,420 --> 00:14:39,300 And then you add something for scheduled big airplanes, 302 00:14:39,300 --> 00:14:44,700 like FAR 121, or smaller charter airplanes, 135. 303 00:14:44,700 --> 00:14:48,608 If you want to see what kind of engineering 304 00:14:48,608 --> 00:14:50,025 you have to demonstrate to the FAA 305 00:14:50,025 --> 00:14:54,150 to get your product certified, you can look into, for example, 306 00:14:54,150 --> 00:14:58,260 FAR 27 to see what Robinson had to do for the R-44 307 00:14:58,260 --> 00:14:59,760 to show that it was safe. 308 00:15:03,620 --> 00:15:09,020 FAR 61 is about pilots, flight instructors, 309 00:15:09,020 --> 00:15:10,970 and ground instructors. 310 00:15:10,970 --> 00:15:13,848 The standards are actually reasonable. 311 00:15:13,848 --> 00:15:15,890 You have to do a flight review with an instructor 312 00:15:15,890 --> 00:15:18,800 every two years in order to continue 313 00:15:18,800 --> 00:15:23,550 to exercise the privileges of your certificate. 314 00:15:23,550 --> 00:15:26,610 If you want to add, for example, the capability 315 00:15:26,610 --> 00:15:30,300 to fly in the clouds, that's the instrument rating 316 00:15:30,300 --> 00:15:32,010 that Tina was talking about. 317 00:15:32,010 --> 00:15:39,170 And that's in FAR 61.65. 318 00:15:39,170 --> 00:15:41,040 Some of these are just sign-offs. 319 00:15:41,040 --> 00:15:42,800 For high performance or complex you just 320 00:15:42,800 --> 00:15:45,728 need an endorsement from an instructor that you did it. 321 00:15:45,728 --> 00:15:47,270 For the type ratings, you'll actually 322 00:15:47,270 --> 00:15:51,080 get a new pilot certificate after usually simulator 323 00:15:51,080 --> 00:15:53,260 training at a simulator center. 324 00:15:53,260 --> 00:15:55,010 All right, so these are some of the things 325 00:15:55,010 --> 00:15:56,570 that you need to know for the test. 326 00:15:59,180 --> 00:16:02,240 Until 9/11, the pilot certificate 327 00:16:02,240 --> 00:16:04,520 was a piece of paper, I think. 328 00:16:04,520 --> 00:16:06,900 And the photo ID was not required. 329 00:16:06,900 --> 00:16:10,550 So you could just go out and fly with your piece of paper 330 00:16:10,550 --> 00:16:12,673 and your medical certificate. 331 00:16:12,673 --> 00:16:14,090 Now you don't need that, actually, 332 00:16:14,090 --> 00:16:15,673 because of this thing called BasicMed. 333 00:16:18,500 --> 00:16:19,938 You know, I guess, that-- 334 00:16:19,938 --> 00:16:21,980 you have to know, I think, for some test question 335 00:16:21,980 --> 00:16:27,040 that they can be inspected by these various agencies. 336 00:16:27,040 --> 00:16:29,350 All right, drugs and alcohol. 337 00:16:29,350 --> 00:16:32,350 This is actually one of the worst 338 00:16:32,350 --> 00:16:35,920 parts of the FAA certification projects for young people. 339 00:16:35,920 --> 00:16:38,420 People my age, we don't get invited to parties. 340 00:16:38,420 --> 00:16:38,920 [LAUGHTER] 341 00:16:38,920 --> 00:16:42,500 So getting arrested for DUI is not really an issue. 342 00:16:42,500 --> 00:16:44,980 But I know this guy, really wonderful young guy, 343 00:16:44,980 --> 00:16:47,130 about 20-- very enthusiastic, very smart. 344 00:16:47,130 --> 00:16:48,880 He was in college. 345 00:16:48,880 --> 00:16:49,870 He was drinking. 346 00:16:49,870 --> 00:16:52,330 And he got arrested for DUI. 347 00:16:52,330 --> 00:16:56,150 And the FAA treated him like they would-- 348 00:16:56,150 --> 00:16:58,100 if I were arrested for DUI, it would 349 00:16:58,100 --> 00:17:00,020 mean that I was an alcoholic. 350 00:17:00,020 --> 00:17:02,000 But he was not an alcoholic. 351 00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:03,810 But they don't have different standards. 352 00:17:03,810 --> 00:17:06,140 So they can't just say, well, he's in college. 353 00:17:06,140 --> 00:17:08,401 So of course, he's drinking. 354 00:17:08,401 --> 00:17:09,859 They said, well, he's an alcoholic. 355 00:17:09,859 --> 00:17:12,109 So they wanted him to do years of proving 356 00:17:12,109 --> 00:17:14,540 that he went to alcohol treatment programs and all 357 00:17:14,540 --> 00:17:16,349 this other stuff. 358 00:17:16,349 --> 00:17:21,589 So really, you have to report any time 359 00:17:21,589 --> 00:17:24,180 that you have an alcohol related infraction with a motor 360 00:17:24,180 --> 00:17:24,680 vehicle. 361 00:17:24,680 --> 00:17:26,472 And that's how I would say this is probably 362 00:17:26,472 --> 00:17:29,510 the number one reason that pilots lose their certificates. 363 00:17:29,510 --> 00:17:31,130 Marijuana. 364 00:17:31,130 --> 00:17:32,630 I was just in Haiti actually. 365 00:17:32,630 --> 00:17:34,560 And the shaman was showing-- 366 00:17:34,560 --> 00:17:36,290 not the tourist part of Haiti, of course, 367 00:17:36,290 --> 00:17:38,540 but the authentic Haiti. 368 00:17:38,540 --> 00:17:42,260 So the shaman was showing us the 50 different medicinal plants 369 00:17:42,260 --> 00:17:44,540 that they used to treat various ailments. 370 00:17:44,540 --> 00:17:46,630 And I said, you guys are so primitive. 371 00:17:46,630 --> 00:17:49,000 In Massachusetts, we have one plant 372 00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:51,440 that people say will cure almost any kind of problem. 373 00:17:51,440 --> 00:17:53,680 And that's medical marijuana. 374 00:17:53,680 --> 00:17:54,180 [LAUGHTER] 375 00:17:54,180 --> 00:17:59,510 So you can't really be a stoner and honestly 376 00:17:59,510 --> 00:18:01,880 answer the questions on the-- 377 00:18:01,880 --> 00:18:04,190 despite the legality in Massachusetts, 378 00:18:04,190 --> 00:18:06,890 you can't be a stoner and hold your pilot certificate. 379 00:18:06,890 --> 00:18:11,150 Because you're supposed to tell the FAA about your glaucoma 380 00:18:11,150 --> 00:18:14,430 and how you're treating it with medical marijuana. 381 00:18:14,430 --> 00:18:19,272 So the certificate duration is two years 382 00:18:19,272 --> 00:18:20,230 for flight instructors. 383 00:18:20,230 --> 00:18:22,510 They want us to do recurrent training 384 00:18:22,510 --> 00:18:25,480 or sign off so many students that we don't need it. 385 00:18:25,480 --> 00:18:28,690 For remote pilot, they want you to pass a test every two years. 386 00:18:28,690 --> 00:18:31,210 The pilot certificate never expires. 387 00:18:31,210 --> 00:18:33,700 Here's a couple pictures from last week. 388 00:18:33,700 --> 00:18:35,680 I was out in Sonoma, California. 389 00:18:35,680 --> 00:18:38,980 And I stumbled on this airport where 390 00:18:38,980 --> 00:18:42,250 one pilot was flying this 1940s Howard airplane 391 00:18:42,250 --> 00:18:43,870 that you see on the left. 392 00:18:43,870 --> 00:18:47,560 And another pilot was flying this P-51 Mustang-- 393 00:18:47,560 --> 00:18:51,790 which on a 2,500 foot runway, that's a pretty short runway. 394 00:18:51,790 --> 00:18:56,590 And it's very windy, nasty wind patterns off the bay. 395 00:18:56,590 --> 00:19:00,100 So that's kind of a short runway for a $3 million airplane. 396 00:19:00,100 --> 00:19:03,220 Those were $1,500, by the way, when the government sold them 397 00:19:03,220 --> 00:19:05,740 as surplus at the end of World War II. 398 00:19:05,740 --> 00:19:08,710 But anyway, those pilot certificates never expire. 399 00:19:08,710 --> 00:19:11,230 Somebody could not fly for 30 years, 400 00:19:11,230 --> 00:19:13,720 go out and do a little bit of recurrent training, 401 00:19:13,720 --> 00:19:17,230 and get signed off by an instructor for a flight review, 402 00:19:17,230 --> 00:19:19,210 and fly again, assuming-- 403 00:19:19,210 --> 00:19:22,000 I guess he or she would need to get a renewed 404 00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:23,830 medical certificate. 405 00:19:23,830 --> 00:19:28,540 For you all, you're going to have a third class medical 406 00:19:28,540 --> 00:19:30,698 that'll be valid for five years. 407 00:19:30,698 --> 00:19:32,240 Everything's based on calendar month. 408 00:19:32,240 --> 00:19:34,830 So if you get it on the 1st of June, 409 00:19:34,830 --> 00:19:39,160 it will expire at the end of June five years later. 410 00:19:39,160 --> 00:19:43,150 Airline pilots need first class medicals. 411 00:19:43,150 --> 00:19:47,650 The captain needs a first class medical by regulation. 412 00:19:47,650 --> 00:19:50,080 Might be true of the first officer too. 413 00:19:50,080 --> 00:19:53,020 Just ordinary charter use or doing helicopter sightseeing 414 00:19:53,020 --> 00:19:57,130 or whatever, that's a second class medical operation. 415 00:19:57,130 --> 00:20:00,850 One reason that people like sport pilot and glider flying 416 00:20:00,850 --> 00:20:03,050 is that these medicals are not required. 417 00:20:03,050 --> 00:20:06,250 So if they think that they might not pass a medical, 418 00:20:06,250 --> 00:20:08,285 then they'll transition to one of those. 419 00:20:08,285 --> 00:20:10,660 I think they say that you have to have a current driver's 420 00:20:10,660 --> 00:20:11,160 license. 421 00:20:11,160 --> 00:20:14,020 And it's a little bit of self reporting. 422 00:20:14,020 --> 00:20:18,430 You have to basically consider yourself to be healthy. 423 00:20:18,430 --> 00:20:20,770 BasicMed, you start with the third class 424 00:20:20,770 --> 00:20:22,090 during your training. 425 00:20:22,090 --> 00:20:26,800 And then you'll go every four years to a regular doctor. 426 00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:30,160 You can see in FAR 61.113 that there's a limit to what you 427 00:20:30,160 --> 00:20:31,270 can do under BasicMed. 428 00:20:31,270 --> 00:20:34,110 You can't fly a heavy fast airplane 429 00:20:34,110 --> 00:20:35,810 with a lot of people in it. 430 00:20:35,810 --> 00:20:40,930 OK, for most tests you need an endorsement from an instructor. 431 00:20:44,650 --> 00:20:48,340 For the checkride you can pass it. 432 00:20:48,340 --> 00:20:51,400 It can be discontinued-- maybe the weather turned bad. 433 00:20:51,400 --> 00:20:54,490 You can fail, usually on one or two maneuvers. 434 00:20:54,490 --> 00:20:56,680 You can retake the failed test, which might only 435 00:20:56,680 --> 00:21:00,670 be on those one or two maneuvers at the examiner's discretion. 436 00:21:00,670 --> 00:21:06,308 You have to log sufficient to prove to the FAA 437 00:21:06,308 --> 00:21:08,350 that you meet currency requirements-- like you've 438 00:21:08,350 --> 00:21:11,950 done three takeoffs and landings within the last 90 days 439 00:21:11,950 --> 00:21:15,160 if you're carrying passengers, or that you had a flight 440 00:21:15,160 --> 00:21:16,360 review within two years. 441 00:21:19,370 --> 00:21:23,180 That's from a-- I have a nephew in medical school. 442 00:21:23,180 --> 00:21:27,290 So you're supposed to ground yourself if you get sick. 443 00:21:27,290 --> 00:21:29,600 So you've got a medical certificate five years ago. 444 00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:32,690 But if you're not fit to fly, then you ground yourself. 445 00:21:32,690 --> 00:21:35,130 There's a regulation about that. 446 00:21:35,130 --> 00:21:40,240 The flight review requires an hour of ground 447 00:21:40,240 --> 00:21:41,930 and an hour of flight at a minimum-- 448 00:21:41,930 --> 00:21:44,470 whatever the instructor thinks that you need to be safe. 449 00:21:44,470 --> 00:21:46,450 Or if you get a new pilot's certificate, 450 00:21:46,450 --> 00:21:48,880 for example, because you got an instrument rating, 451 00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:51,050 then the flight review is not required. 452 00:21:51,050 --> 00:21:53,590 So oftentimes, people are enthusiastic about it. 453 00:21:53,590 --> 00:21:56,500 They won't have a flight review for the first five or 10 454 00:21:56,500 --> 00:21:58,900 years of their aviation journey, because they 455 00:21:58,900 --> 00:22:03,010 keep getting new certificates for this or that. 456 00:22:03,010 --> 00:22:06,380 The insurance requirements for more complex aircraft 457 00:22:06,380 --> 00:22:09,355 usually require training every 12 months. 458 00:22:09,355 --> 00:22:11,480 So they essentially are more stringent than the FAA 459 00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:12,260 requirements. 460 00:22:15,320 --> 00:22:18,650 So as I mentioned, you need to have done some recent flying 461 00:22:18,650 --> 00:22:22,790 by yourself or with passengers before you 462 00:22:22,790 --> 00:22:24,920 can take additional passengers. 463 00:22:24,920 --> 00:22:26,810 And if you're going to carry passengers 464 00:22:26,810 --> 00:22:32,330 at night, which is defined for this currency as one hour 465 00:22:32,330 --> 00:22:35,718 after sunset to one hour before sunrise, 466 00:22:35,718 --> 00:22:37,760 you have to have done three takeoffs and landings 467 00:22:37,760 --> 00:22:40,490 to a full stop before you can carry passengers at night. 468 00:22:40,490 --> 00:22:42,860 This is the one where people often 469 00:22:42,860 --> 00:22:45,650 have trouble maintaining their currency 470 00:22:45,650 --> 00:22:47,750 and have to make a special trip to the airport 471 00:22:47,750 --> 00:22:50,120 to build currency. 472 00:22:50,120 --> 00:22:54,630 This has to be in category, class, and type, if applicable. 473 00:22:54,630 --> 00:22:57,440 So if it's a jet, you have to-- if you're 474 00:22:57,440 --> 00:23:01,370 typed in a Boeing 737, you have to have done the three takeoffs 475 00:23:01,370 --> 00:23:04,610 and landings at night in your Boeing 737 476 00:23:04,610 --> 00:23:07,580 to be current to take more passengers at night. 477 00:23:07,580 --> 00:23:11,998 It's not enough to do it just in a Cessna 172. 478 00:23:11,998 --> 00:23:14,290 The flight review, oddly enough, doesn't work that way. 479 00:23:14,290 --> 00:23:16,970 You can do it in any of the aircraft for which you're 480 00:23:16,970 --> 00:23:18,500 rated. 481 00:23:18,500 --> 00:23:23,330 Again, the insurance company might be stricter about that. 482 00:23:23,330 --> 00:23:26,890 Tell the FAA if you move. 483 00:23:26,890 --> 00:23:29,550 This is packing up for a recent trip to Florida. 484 00:23:29,550 --> 00:23:31,970 So it sure looked like we were moving. 485 00:23:31,970 --> 00:23:34,670 Let me tell you, once you have a light aircraft and a family, 486 00:23:34,670 --> 00:23:38,150 every trip becomes just like that movie Sophie's Choice. 487 00:23:38,150 --> 00:23:41,420 You have to decide who or what is going to be left behind. 488 00:23:41,420 --> 00:23:42,800 It's pretty painful. 489 00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:44,090 OK, student pilot. 490 00:23:47,300 --> 00:23:49,550 Before you can solo, you pass a little written test 491 00:23:49,550 --> 00:23:53,540 that's kind of chosen and given by the CFI. 492 00:23:53,540 --> 00:23:56,660 You have to receive training on specific listed maneuvers that 493 00:23:56,660 --> 00:23:59,240 are in this FAR 61.87. 494 00:23:59,240 --> 00:24:02,540 You get signed off for solo flight. 495 00:24:02,540 --> 00:24:06,890 And that has to be renewed every 90 days. 496 00:24:06,890 --> 00:24:12,400 You can't take passengers or go above a broken or overcast 497 00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:12,900 layer. 498 00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:16,380 So as unwise as it may sound, if you're only visually rated 499 00:24:16,380 --> 00:24:19,440 you can take off, fly over clouds with the expectation 500 00:24:19,440 --> 00:24:20,900 that when you get to your airport, 501 00:24:20,900 --> 00:24:22,400 the weather is forecast to be clear, 502 00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:24,630 or at least you're hoping it will be clear. 503 00:24:24,630 --> 00:24:26,980 They won't let you do that if you're a student pilot. 504 00:24:26,980 --> 00:24:29,100 The CFI may also add other limitations 505 00:24:29,100 --> 00:24:32,980 like a maximum wind, for example. 506 00:24:32,980 --> 00:24:37,320 Each cross-country flight-- so if you're going from, 507 00:24:37,320 --> 00:24:40,420 for example, Hanscom Field up to Portland, 508 00:24:40,420 --> 00:24:43,740 Maine as a solo cross-country or to Keene, New Hampshire, 509 00:24:43,740 --> 00:24:47,490 that requires that you do the flight plan and review it with 510 00:24:47,490 --> 00:24:48,090 the CFI-- 511 00:24:48,090 --> 00:24:50,250 doesn't have to be a regular CFI. 512 00:24:50,250 --> 00:24:54,780 And have the CFI sign off that your planning is adequate. 513 00:24:54,780 --> 00:24:59,310 You can, actually, fly in Bravo airspace. 514 00:24:59,310 --> 00:25:01,780 We'll get into that a little bit later. 515 00:25:01,780 --> 00:25:04,470 The most controlled airspace in the US, basically-- right 516 00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:06,263 around the biggest airports. 517 00:25:06,263 --> 00:25:08,430 However, you have to have a sign-off from the flight 518 00:25:08,430 --> 00:25:10,270 instructor. 519 00:25:10,270 --> 00:25:14,760 You can actually land at a class Brave airport. 520 00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:17,550 Salt Lake City has a flight school. 521 00:25:17,550 --> 00:25:19,170 So they obviously have people who 522 00:25:19,170 --> 00:25:23,820 are soloing at a huge commercial airport. 523 00:25:23,820 --> 00:25:27,180 However, in the FARs, appendix D, 524 00:25:27,180 --> 00:25:31,140 some airports are excluded from student use 525 00:25:31,140 --> 00:25:33,990 of the actual runways as opposed to the airspace. 526 00:25:33,990 --> 00:25:36,840 Logan happens to be one of them. 527 00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:39,090 So once you get your private pilot certificate, 528 00:25:39,090 --> 00:25:39,810 what can you do? 529 00:25:39,810 --> 00:25:41,400 This is what I like to do. 530 00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:43,560 Fly over Boston. 531 00:25:43,560 --> 00:25:45,150 I've got the family in the back. 532 00:25:45,150 --> 00:25:46,710 We start in the Cirrus. 533 00:25:46,710 --> 00:25:48,690 We end up at Provincetown. 534 00:25:48,690 --> 00:25:51,390 We find the whales by-- 535 00:25:51,390 --> 00:25:54,330 after careful study of marine biology, 536 00:25:54,330 --> 00:25:56,010 I've learned that the best way to find 537 00:25:56,010 --> 00:25:58,050 whales is to look for a whale watching boat. 538 00:25:58,050 --> 00:25:59,120 [LAUGHTER] 539 00:25:59,120 --> 00:26:01,390 They're just off shore. 540 00:26:01,390 --> 00:26:02,830 It saves, actually, a lot of time. 541 00:26:02,830 --> 00:26:04,920 It's about 20 minutes to P-town. 542 00:26:04,920 --> 00:26:08,700 And the whale watch cruises that leave from P-town, 543 00:26:08,700 --> 00:26:10,210 those are three or four hours. 544 00:26:10,210 --> 00:26:13,710 So this is a very efficient way to see the whales. 545 00:26:13,710 --> 00:26:14,850 Who is eligible? 546 00:26:14,850 --> 00:26:18,030 A lot of people solo on their 16th birthday. 547 00:26:18,030 --> 00:26:25,440 And they get a pilot certificate on their 17th birthday. 548 00:26:25,440 --> 00:26:27,780 You can do it even a little bit younger, a year younger, 549 00:26:27,780 --> 00:26:30,780 in gliders and balloons. 550 00:26:30,780 --> 00:26:34,590 You must have that CFI sign-off to take the practical test, 551 00:26:34,590 --> 00:26:37,890 pass the knowledge test that's kind of the end of this course, 552 00:26:37,890 --> 00:26:40,120 and meet the experience requirements. 553 00:26:40,120 --> 00:26:43,560 That means at least 40 hours of total time, three 554 00:26:43,560 --> 00:26:45,640 hours of night, and so forth-- 555 00:26:45,640 --> 00:26:46,530 10 hours of solo. 556 00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:50,890 Flight proficiency. 557 00:26:50,890 --> 00:26:54,750 So this is the stuff that's in the airman certification 558 00:26:54,750 --> 00:26:56,200 standards that we talked about. 559 00:26:56,200 --> 00:27:04,280 So it says you've got to be able to fly, power off landing. 560 00:27:04,280 --> 00:27:08,670 You've got to be able to demonstrate a soft field 561 00:27:08,670 --> 00:27:10,510 take-off, like how you would take off if you 562 00:27:10,510 --> 00:27:12,603 were on grass and so forth. 563 00:27:12,603 --> 00:27:15,270 Everything's in there, including some basic instrument training, 564 00:27:15,270 --> 00:27:15,960 actually. 565 00:27:15,960 --> 00:27:17,762 The FAA has three hours of training. 566 00:27:17,762 --> 00:27:19,470 And they want you to demonstrate that you 567 00:27:19,470 --> 00:27:22,992 can fly by reference to instruments, at least well 568 00:27:22,992 --> 00:27:24,450 enough to get back out of the cloud 569 00:27:24,450 --> 00:27:28,470 that you inadvertently flew into. 570 00:27:28,470 --> 00:27:31,380 So as I noted, you need 20 hours of training 571 00:27:31,380 --> 00:27:34,302 from a CFI minimum, 10 hours solo minimum. 572 00:27:34,302 --> 00:27:36,010 The other 10 hours is at your discretion. 573 00:27:36,010 --> 00:27:38,653 Almost all people would choose to do that with an instructor, 574 00:27:38,653 --> 00:27:41,070 because it's not a big added cost compared to the airplane 575 00:27:41,070 --> 00:27:43,850 rental. 576 00:27:43,850 --> 00:27:48,560 The training from the CFI will include one long cross-country. 577 00:27:48,560 --> 00:27:50,690 That's kind of the interesting part. 578 00:27:50,690 --> 00:27:52,850 100 nautical mile cross-country. 579 00:27:52,850 --> 00:27:55,840 I think it has to stop at three different airports. 580 00:27:55,840 --> 00:27:58,100 So the one you took off from and two more, 581 00:27:58,100 --> 00:27:59,120 like a triangle flight. 582 00:28:02,110 --> 00:28:05,860 And those three hours of instrument training I 583 00:28:05,860 --> 00:28:08,170 told you about and the three hours of test prep 584 00:28:08,170 --> 00:28:09,400 within two calendar months. 585 00:28:12,230 --> 00:28:12,860 Oh, yeah. 586 00:28:12,860 --> 00:28:17,520 So actually-- sorry, I was mistaken about this one. 587 00:28:17,520 --> 00:28:19,870 100 nautical mile cross-country flight at night 588 00:28:19,870 --> 00:28:23,860 does not require three legs. 589 00:28:23,860 --> 00:28:27,130 But your solo-- you have to do one solo 150 nautical mile 590 00:28:27,130 --> 00:28:32,290 trip, three legs of about 50 nautical miles each-- 591 00:28:32,290 --> 00:28:34,150 one at least 50 nautical. 592 00:28:34,150 --> 00:28:37,240 So that's the one where the FAA thinks, 593 00:28:37,240 --> 00:28:39,700 OK, this person is really good to go and start 594 00:28:39,700 --> 00:28:40,930 taking his or her friends. 595 00:28:40,930 --> 00:28:44,680 Which, as I said earlier, you might think that that might not 596 00:28:44,680 --> 00:28:46,240 be what the friends want. 597 00:28:46,240 --> 00:28:50,260 You might say, no, I'd rather be in a five-seat Cirrus with you 598 00:28:50,260 --> 00:28:52,390 and the more experienced pilot in the front. 599 00:28:52,390 --> 00:28:56,230 And we'll sit in the back and party. 600 00:28:56,230 --> 00:29:03,140 All right, so this is a little bit tricky. 601 00:29:03,140 --> 00:29:06,960 But basically, you can fly if it's part of your business. 602 00:29:06,960 --> 00:29:09,560 So if your company requires you to get to a meeting, 603 00:29:09,560 --> 00:29:12,650 you can do that with a private pilot certificate. 604 00:29:12,650 --> 00:29:16,350 Generally, though, you have to be paying for most of the stuff 605 00:29:16,350 --> 00:29:16,850 that you do. 606 00:29:16,850 --> 00:29:20,120 You can't let your friends pay the full cost of renting 607 00:29:20,120 --> 00:29:22,140 the airplane, for example. 608 00:29:22,140 --> 00:29:23,510 You can tow a glider. 609 00:29:23,510 --> 00:29:27,500 There's kind of elaborate rules that have gotten more complex 610 00:29:27,500 --> 00:29:30,590 every year about how to do charity flights. 611 00:29:30,590 --> 00:29:32,570 But it can be done. 612 00:29:32,570 --> 00:29:34,580 Regulation versus insurance. 613 00:29:34,580 --> 00:29:36,360 So here's a question for you. 614 00:29:36,360 --> 00:29:39,870 What if, hypothetically speaking, somebody shut down 615 00:29:39,870 --> 00:29:42,390 the government and there was no FAA? 616 00:29:42,390 --> 00:29:45,290 [LAUGHTER] 617 00:29:45,290 --> 00:29:47,120 Could this work? 618 00:29:47,120 --> 00:29:49,310 And I think actually it could. 619 00:29:49,310 --> 00:29:53,150 You would just say, it's illegal to fly without insurance. 620 00:29:53,150 --> 00:29:54,470 Because let's think about it. 621 00:29:54,470 --> 00:29:58,250 The FAA says that you can go to East Coast Aero Club, 622 00:29:58,250 --> 00:30:02,560 fly around in a Piper Warrior, get your certificate, 623 00:30:02,560 --> 00:30:05,020 and then just get a couple of sign-offs from an instructor 624 00:30:05,020 --> 00:30:08,590 for complex, high performance-- actually, I guess it's three-- 625 00:30:08,590 --> 00:30:10,180 high altitude. 626 00:30:10,180 --> 00:30:14,440 And then at 43 hours of flight time, 627 00:30:14,440 --> 00:30:18,760 you get yourself into this $5 million Pilatus PC-12. 628 00:30:18,760 --> 00:30:20,590 You've got the entire family. 629 00:30:20,590 --> 00:30:22,480 You pitch your tent at Oshkosh. 630 00:30:22,480 --> 00:30:23,710 Everybody's happy. 631 00:30:23,710 --> 00:30:26,410 Well, that's legal from the FAA's point of view. 632 00:30:26,410 --> 00:30:28,300 But the insurance company says, you know, 633 00:30:28,300 --> 00:30:30,760 we don't really want to buy you a new Pilatus 634 00:30:30,760 --> 00:30:33,817 after you go sideways off the runway at Oshkosh. 635 00:30:33,817 --> 00:30:35,400 So we're not going to let you do that. 636 00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:36,775 You don't have enough experience. 637 00:30:36,775 --> 00:30:39,190 You're going to need specific training for the airplane. 638 00:30:39,190 --> 00:30:42,100 Again, this is the single engine land airplane. 639 00:30:42,100 --> 00:30:46,420 It's not over 12,500 pounds, so you don't need a type rating. 640 00:30:46,420 --> 00:30:48,568 And therefore, you could just get in there. 641 00:30:48,568 --> 00:30:50,110 And most people don't lock the doors. 642 00:30:50,110 --> 00:30:53,200 So just jump in, push the start button, and go. 643 00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:54,063 FAA is happy. 644 00:30:54,063 --> 00:30:55,480 Well, again, the insurance company 645 00:30:55,480 --> 00:30:57,770 wouldn't have let you do that to begin with. 646 00:30:57,770 --> 00:30:59,950 So if this complex regulatory environment 647 00:30:59,950 --> 00:31:02,752 didn't exist but insurance were required, 648 00:31:02,752 --> 00:31:04,210 I think you'd end up with something 649 00:31:04,210 --> 00:31:09,010 that was substantially similar and basically the same. 650 00:31:09,010 --> 00:31:11,710 The FAA system, I will say in favor of it, 651 00:31:11,710 --> 00:31:13,010 it's kind of motivational. 652 00:31:13,010 --> 00:31:16,055 It's sort of like the bad system that the Boy Scouts-- 653 00:31:16,055 --> 00:31:17,680 I guess they're not Boy Scouts anymore. 654 00:31:17,680 --> 00:31:19,570 The Scouts and the Girl Scouts-- 655 00:31:19,570 --> 00:31:21,260 they're still the Girl Scouts-- 656 00:31:21,260 --> 00:31:24,440 that the Scouts run. 657 00:31:24,440 --> 00:31:28,760 And it motivates people to get the next one. 658 00:31:28,760 --> 00:31:31,400 Everything except the drones is hanging off either the pilot 659 00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:33,860 or the CFI certificate. 660 00:31:33,860 --> 00:31:36,560 And just remember that you're going to stay FAA current 661 00:31:36,560 --> 00:31:39,197 by flying every quarter and with an instructor every two years. 662 00:31:39,197 --> 00:31:41,030 A lot of people in New England, though, they 663 00:31:41,030 --> 00:31:42,405 don't fly much during the winter. 664 00:31:42,405 --> 00:31:45,470 So they go up and do a currency flight in the springtime 665 00:31:45,470 --> 00:31:47,820 before the flying season starts. 666 00:31:47,820 --> 00:31:51,350 So while you're thinking about your questions, 667 00:31:51,350 --> 00:31:54,080 about the regulatory framework or learning to fly, 668 00:31:54,080 --> 00:31:55,580 I'll just show you a flight that you 669 00:31:55,580 --> 00:31:57,290 could do with just a private. 670 00:31:57,290 --> 00:31:59,810 There is an entangled whale in New York Harbor 671 00:31:59,810 --> 00:32:01,910 with fishing gear all over him. 672 00:32:01,910 --> 00:32:05,320 And the people that could untangle him 673 00:32:05,320 --> 00:32:06,620 were in Provincetown. 674 00:32:06,620 --> 00:32:11,570 So Noah asked me to volunteer, because they had my email 675 00:32:11,570 --> 00:32:13,730 from the sea turtle flights. 676 00:32:13,730 --> 00:32:16,370 They said, hey, would you mind flying over Boston, 677 00:32:16,370 --> 00:32:18,710 picking these guys up in Provincetown, 678 00:32:18,710 --> 00:32:24,170 going over New York Harbor in the area just outside of it 679 00:32:24,170 --> 00:32:28,700 to look for the whale, land them on the New Jersey Shore, 680 00:32:28,700 --> 00:32:30,710 so they can get into a zodiac boat 681 00:32:30,710 --> 00:32:32,947 and chase after the whales? 682 00:32:32,947 --> 00:32:35,030 They didn't tell me to go visit my parents in D.C. 683 00:32:35,030 --> 00:32:37,030 but I did while they were out chasing the whale. 684 00:32:37,030 --> 00:32:39,590 [LAUGHTER] 685 00:32:39,590 --> 00:32:41,030 And then come back. 686 00:32:41,030 --> 00:32:44,910 And I dropped them off, I think, right-- just 687 00:32:44,910 --> 00:32:48,420 after sunset I landed at Provincetown after sunset. 688 00:32:48,420 --> 00:32:50,900 And then I did a night flight over water 689 00:32:50,900 --> 00:32:53,400 in a single engine plane that's about to-- 690 00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:57,500 it's just reached its 2,000 hour overhaul for the engine. 691 00:32:57,500 --> 00:32:59,430 So maybe that wasn't the wisest thing to do. 692 00:32:59,430 --> 00:33:03,600 But I do have a life jacket and a raft. 693 00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:06,060 So that was an entire day of flying from about 7:00 AM 694 00:33:06,060 --> 00:33:06,900 to about-- 695 00:33:06,900 --> 00:33:09,120 I don't know-- 9:00 PM when I landed back in Hanscom. 696 00:33:09,120 --> 00:33:10,770 And I think that didn't require more 697 00:33:10,770 --> 00:33:13,680 than a private certificate, because it's all volunteer. 698 00:33:13,680 --> 00:33:15,690 People say, have you ever been scared? 699 00:33:15,690 --> 00:33:17,670 Philip, you've flown 4,000 hours. 700 00:33:17,670 --> 00:33:19,920 What's the scariest thing that's ever happened to you? 701 00:33:19,920 --> 00:33:23,320 And I think actually it was on this flight. 702 00:33:23,320 --> 00:33:26,440 Because if you see, there's that IFR. 703 00:33:26,440 --> 00:33:33,170 That's an IFR intersection that the FAA came up with. 704 00:33:33,170 --> 00:33:37,095 So for those of you who are familiar with Judaism, 705 00:33:37,095 --> 00:33:39,470 you will know that is not something you ever want to see. 706 00:33:39,470 --> 00:33:41,690 [LAUGHTER] 707 00:33:41,690 --> 00:33:44,120 All right, so who has a question about that material? 708 00:33:44,120 --> 00:33:45,410 Or should we zip into systems? 709 00:33:47,370 --> 00:33:49,120 AUDIENCE: Are there any medical conditions 710 00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:51,593 that would prohibit you from flying altogether? 711 00:33:51,593 --> 00:33:53,010 PHILIP GREENSPUN: The question is, 712 00:33:53,010 --> 00:33:56,090 are there any medical conditions that really preclude 713 00:33:56,090 --> 00:33:58,010 a person from getting a pilot's certificate 714 00:33:58,010 --> 00:34:00,260 or getting the medical to go with a pilot certificate? 715 00:34:00,260 --> 00:34:01,885 I guess you need the medical to get it, 716 00:34:01,885 --> 00:34:03,140 because you need to solo. 717 00:34:03,140 --> 00:34:07,413 The FAA-- they have an exemption process. 718 00:34:07,413 --> 00:34:08,830 And they have their own physicians 719 00:34:08,830 --> 00:34:10,389 in Oklahoma City that review. 720 00:34:10,389 --> 00:34:13,810 So usually you can work with an aviation medical examiner 721 00:34:13,810 --> 00:34:15,810 and get some kind of exception. 722 00:34:15,810 --> 00:34:18,409 Diabetics, they're kind of concerned about. 723 00:34:18,409 --> 00:34:21,400 But if the person has a long history of controlling it well, 724 00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:23,080 they'll usually give an exemption. 725 00:34:23,080 --> 00:34:24,790 People have heart bypasses. 726 00:34:24,790 --> 00:34:27,940 And then they have to go through some rehabilitation process 727 00:34:27,940 --> 00:34:29,980 that makes the FAA happy. 728 00:34:29,980 --> 00:34:30,880 So it's all laid out. 729 00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:33,130 There's a lot of stuff online about the standards 730 00:34:33,130 --> 00:34:33,739 that they use. 731 00:34:33,739 --> 00:34:34,614 And it's complicated. 732 00:34:34,614 --> 00:34:37,040 But the doctors-- there's a lot of good local aviation 733 00:34:37,040 --> 00:34:37,540 examiners. 734 00:34:37,540 --> 00:34:40,280 One of them works right at Cambridge hospital. 735 00:34:40,280 --> 00:34:44,789 So that's a fairly easy question to get answered.