1 00:00:15,687 --> 00:00:17,520 TINA SRIVASTRAVA: So now we're going to dive 2 00:00:17,520 --> 00:00:19,320 into the flight environment. 3 00:00:26,770 --> 00:00:28,060 All right. 4 00:00:28,060 --> 00:00:31,923 So the first part is flying. 5 00:00:31,923 --> 00:00:33,340 Actually, let me just pause there. 6 00:00:33,340 --> 00:00:36,382 Were there any other questions about the charts 7 00:00:36,382 --> 00:00:37,090 and the airspace? 8 00:00:41,030 --> 00:00:41,690 OK, good. 9 00:00:41,690 --> 00:00:43,790 They're kind of related to the flight environment, 10 00:00:43,790 --> 00:00:46,400 so feel free to jump in here. 11 00:00:46,400 --> 00:00:48,250 All right. 12 00:00:48,250 --> 00:00:51,150 So flying. 13 00:00:51,150 --> 00:00:54,000 So there's a fair amount of work that a pilot 14 00:00:54,000 --> 00:00:58,210 is supposed to do-- is actually required to do before they fly. 15 00:00:58,210 --> 00:01:01,290 So you're supposed to become familiar with information 16 00:01:01,290 --> 00:01:03,090 that pertains to your flight. 17 00:01:03,090 --> 00:01:04,800 In fact, it's a very good idea to do so, 18 00:01:04,800 --> 00:01:07,860 that's exactly how you become a safe pilot. 19 00:01:07,860 --> 00:01:10,950 So it's important to understand information 20 00:01:10,950 --> 00:01:12,270 related to your flight. 21 00:01:12,270 --> 00:01:16,800 So there's not only the airport that you're taking off from-- 22 00:01:16,800 --> 00:01:19,110 and when Phillip talks about performance, 23 00:01:19,110 --> 00:01:21,720 he'll talk about the length of runway that's required, 24 00:01:21,720 --> 00:01:24,630 but you also want to know about alternate airports 25 00:01:24,630 --> 00:01:25,500 along your route. 26 00:01:25,500 --> 00:01:28,380 So if I'm flying from here to Maine, 27 00:01:28,380 --> 00:01:32,310 for example, there's a lot of airports along the route, 28 00:01:32,310 --> 00:01:35,280 I'd want to identify a couple along the way, 29 00:01:35,280 --> 00:01:39,000 understand what the weather forecast is for those airports, 30 00:01:39,000 --> 00:01:41,880 whether or not they have fuel, those types of things 31 00:01:41,880 --> 00:01:43,980 are very relevant to know. 32 00:01:43,980 --> 00:01:47,042 You're also supposed to understand how much-- so we 33 00:01:47,042 --> 00:01:49,500 talked about-- so when you talk about aircraft performance, 34 00:01:49,500 --> 00:01:53,640 you'll understand what length of runway you require in order 35 00:01:53,640 --> 00:01:56,040 to land, and then you want to make sure 36 00:01:56,040 --> 00:01:58,020 that the airports that you've identified 37 00:01:58,020 --> 00:01:59,730 as alternate airports along the way 38 00:01:59,730 --> 00:02:04,440 have long enough runways for you to land. 39 00:02:04,440 --> 00:02:07,940 So let's talk about some of the paperwork. 40 00:02:07,940 --> 00:02:11,060 So there's this acronym, ARROW, that's 41 00:02:11,060 --> 00:02:13,700 supposed to help you remember the types of things 42 00:02:13,700 --> 00:02:16,190 that you're required to have inside the airplane. 43 00:02:16,190 --> 00:02:19,918 So there's an Airworthiness Certificate, Registration. 44 00:02:19,918 --> 00:02:21,710 If you're going on an international flight, 45 00:02:21,710 --> 00:02:23,175 you need a radio license. 46 00:02:23,175 --> 00:02:24,550 It's actually pretty easy to get. 47 00:02:24,550 --> 00:02:26,870 So if you wanted to fly from here to Canada, 48 00:02:26,870 --> 00:02:29,870 you only have to pay $60 to get your radio license 49 00:02:29,870 --> 00:02:32,450 and you can go fly to Canada, so it's great. 50 00:02:32,450 --> 00:02:35,750 And also the international language of aviation 51 00:02:35,750 --> 00:02:36,410 is English. 52 00:02:36,410 --> 00:02:39,350 So even if you go to Montreal, you don't have to learn French, 53 00:02:39,350 --> 00:02:43,160 you can speak in English and land there, so it's great. 54 00:02:43,160 --> 00:02:45,300 So O is the Operating Limitations, 55 00:02:45,300 --> 00:02:47,650 those are displayed in various ways, 56 00:02:47,650 --> 00:02:50,557 such as your flight manual and placards, 57 00:02:50,557 --> 00:02:52,390 and we'll give you some pictures of placards 58 00:02:52,390 --> 00:02:53,700 so you see what those are. 59 00:02:53,700 --> 00:02:55,380 And then Weight and Balance information, 60 00:02:55,380 --> 00:02:58,590 and we have a whole talk just about calculating weight 61 00:02:58,590 --> 00:03:02,730 and balance I think tomorrow. 62 00:03:02,730 --> 00:03:04,650 So operating limitations. 63 00:03:04,650 --> 00:03:07,740 So these are real restrictions on the aircraft in terms 64 00:03:07,740 --> 00:03:10,830 of what is the maximum speed you can 65 00:03:10,830 --> 00:03:14,010 fly with and without your flaps extended, 66 00:03:14,010 --> 00:03:16,360 and which kind of procedures can you do. 67 00:03:16,360 --> 00:03:18,330 And we talked about certain aircraft 68 00:03:18,330 --> 00:03:20,820 that you're allowed to do these fancy aerobatic procedures 69 00:03:20,820 --> 00:03:23,190 in and other aircraft where that's not a good idea, 70 00:03:23,190 --> 00:03:26,550 because if you really push your aircraft to enter a spin, 71 00:03:26,550 --> 00:03:30,430 it may be very difficult to recover from it. 72 00:03:30,430 --> 00:03:32,090 And so there are different things-- 73 00:03:32,090 --> 00:03:36,700 so one is called the POH or the Pilot's Operating Handbook, 74 00:03:36,700 --> 00:03:39,070 and I have a POH over here, and it has a lot 75 00:03:39,070 --> 00:03:40,390 of great information in it. 76 00:03:40,390 --> 00:03:42,182 So pretty much everything Philip taught you 77 00:03:42,182 --> 00:03:45,100 about aircraft systems as is in this book as well. 78 00:03:45,100 --> 00:03:46,660 It tells you about-- 79 00:03:46,660 --> 00:03:51,040 everything about your airplane's systems, its requirements, 80 00:03:51,040 --> 00:03:54,250 its restrictions, and how you calculate that runway length 81 00:03:54,250 --> 00:03:56,710 that you need to land and your weight and balance, 82 00:03:56,710 --> 00:04:00,470 all that information is inside these books. 83 00:04:00,470 --> 00:04:03,100 So this is an example of some of those limitations 84 00:04:03,100 --> 00:04:05,620 for an SR20 as an example-- 85 00:04:05,620 --> 00:04:07,420 we were talking about Cirrus aircraft. 86 00:04:07,420 --> 00:04:09,580 And so you can see, the same types of numbers 87 00:04:09,580 --> 00:04:13,015 that Philip was pointing out before, the different V speeds. 88 00:04:16,120 --> 00:04:19,510 And he had also talked about these maneuverability limits 89 00:04:19,510 --> 00:04:21,440 as well. 90 00:04:21,440 --> 00:04:24,040 Minimum flight crew for a lot of these small airplanes 91 00:04:24,040 --> 00:04:27,580 is usually one, but some of the very big, complex airplanes 92 00:04:27,580 --> 00:04:30,820 and jet aircraft require the co-pilot as well, 93 00:04:30,820 --> 00:04:36,590 and some airplanes even require another crew member as well. 94 00:04:36,590 --> 00:04:39,370 So there are certain aircraft instruments 95 00:04:39,370 --> 00:04:41,410 that you require when you fly. 96 00:04:41,410 --> 00:04:44,870 So they're called equipment requirements. 97 00:04:44,870 --> 00:04:48,640 So a VFR day, which is Visual Flight Rules-- so 98 00:04:48,640 --> 00:04:52,000 a nice sunny day, no clouds, so you'll be doing 99 00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:55,690 VFR your entire time getting your private pilot's license 100 00:04:55,690 --> 00:04:58,410 except if you do a couple days of instrument training, 101 00:04:58,410 --> 00:05:00,460 but the vast majority of time, you're 102 00:05:00,460 --> 00:05:03,040 talking about a VFR flight. 103 00:05:03,040 --> 00:05:06,940 So what do you need, you need some of those key instruments 104 00:05:06,940 --> 00:05:09,160 we were just talking about-- your airspeed indicator, 105 00:05:09,160 --> 00:05:13,270 your altimeter, a compass, and then a couple of things 106 00:05:13,270 --> 00:05:14,250 related to the engine. 107 00:05:14,250 --> 00:05:16,810 So you understand about the engine, its oil 108 00:05:16,810 --> 00:05:19,220 pressure, temperature, and you need 109 00:05:19,220 --> 00:05:21,183 to know things about your fuel. 110 00:05:21,183 --> 00:05:22,600 And a lot of them have alternates, 111 00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:24,820 you could measure your fuel from different ways, 112 00:05:24,820 --> 00:05:26,620 but somehow you must have a fuel gauge 113 00:05:26,620 --> 00:05:27,970 to know how much fuel you have. 114 00:05:30,480 --> 00:05:33,440 You also need to have anti-collision strobe 115 00:05:33,440 --> 00:05:37,550 lights that kind go off, and seat belts. 116 00:05:37,550 --> 00:05:39,470 Who knows what an ELT is? 117 00:05:42,500 --> 00:05:43,803 Yes? 118 00:05:43,803 --> 00:05:45,470 AUDIENCE: Emergency locator transmitter? 119 00:05:45,470 --> 00:05:46,762 TINA SRIVASTRAVA: That's right. 120 00:05:46,762 --> 00:05:51,860 And so that-- it's an emergency device that basically activates 121 00:05:51,860 --> 00:05:54,650 when your aircraft-- if your aircraft is under 122 00:05:54,650 --> 00:05:56,930 duress and is descending very rapidly, 123 00:05:56,930 --> 00:06:00,260 it goes off and emits your location out so 124 00:06:00,260 --> 00:06:04,525 that people can come and find your aircraft very quickly. 125 00:06:04,525 --> 00:06:07,150 There are also some-- and these numbers, by the way at the top, 126 00:06:07,150 --> 00:06:09,550 in case it wasn't clear, are regulations. 127 00:06:09,550 --> 00:06:10,840 So they're FAA regulations. 128 00:06:10,840 --> 00:06:16,720 So 91.105 is a regulation about pilots sitting in their seat 129 00:06:16,720 --> 00:06:18,190 when you're flying the airplane. 130 00:06:18,190 --> 00:06:21,220 So for all practical purposes, when you guys were flying, 131 00:06:21,220 --> 00:06:25,180 you have to sit down and be the pilot and fly the airplane. 132 00:06:25,180 --> 00:06:26,870 This isn't like a big commercial jet 133 00:06:26,870 --> 00:06:28,828 we're going to get up and start walking around, 134 00:06:28,828 --> 00:06:30,760 so you need you need to basically sit down. 135 00:06:33,870 --> 00:06:35,740 Seat belts. 136 00:06:35,740 --> 00:06:37,780 As a pilot in command, you also get 137 00:06:37,780 --> 00:06:39,460 to make the rules for your flight. 138 00:06:39,460 --> 00:06:42,160 So if you think you have some kind of rowdy passengers, 139 00:06:42,160 --> 00:06:45,090 you just tell them the rule is you must wear your seat 140 00:06:45,090 --> 00:06:47,960 belt at all times. 141 00:06:47,960 --> 00:06:52,247 The actuality is that there are certain times and restrictions 142 00:06:52,247 --> 00:06:53,080 where it's required. 143 00:06:53,080 --> 00:06:55,360 So taxi, takeoff, landing is required 144 00:06:55,360 --> 00:06:58,330 to wear your seat belt, but you can extend that rule and say, 145 00:06:58,330 --> 00:07:02,610 at all times you must always wear your seat belt. 146 00:07:02,610 --> 00:07:04,590 There's also an interesting regulation 147 00:07:04,590 --> 00:07:08,010 that says that passengers can't interfere with the crew 148 00:07:08,010 --> 00:07:09,862 members, but I will point out that depending 149 00:07:09,862 --> 00:07:11,820 on who your passengers are, they may or may not 150 00:07:11,820 --> 00:07:15,830 comply with that regulation. 151 00:07:15,830 --> 00:07:18,920 We already talked about the different altimeter settings. 152 00:07:18,920 --> 00:07:22,160 So kind of-- it can be the case that you-- instead 153 00:07:22,160 --> 00:07:25,910 of being the perfect condition of 29.92, 154 00:07:25,910 --> 00:07:27,620 it might be the case that you need 155 00:07:27,620 --> 00:07:31,430 to adjust your altimeter to that local setting. 156 00:07:31,430 --> 00:07:34,160 So we talked about ADS where you can 157 00:07:34,160 --> 00:07:36,350 dial in the frequency of the ADS and it 158 00:07:36,350 --> 00:07:38,360 announces the weather information 159 00:07:38,360 --> 00:07:39,800 for a particular area. 160 00:07:39,800 --> 00:07:42,530 They will provide the setting that you 161 00:07:42,530 --> 00:07:44,990 need to set in that window. 162 00:07:44,990 --> 00:07:51,350 So they'll say 29.98 or whatever is the altimeter setting. 163 00:07:51,350 --> 00:07:53,690 Also, if you're flying over a bunch of places 164 00:07:53,690 --> 00:07:55,520 and you're talking to air traffic control, 165 00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:58,040 they will update you-- if they hand you from one air traffic 166 00:07:58,040 --> 00:08:00,110 controller to another air traffic controller, 167 00:08:00,110 --> 00:08:01,610 one of the first things they'll tell 168 00:08:01,610 --> 00:08:04,460 you is what is the altimeter setting for that area 169 00:08:04,460 --> 00:08:06,860 so that everybody is adjusted and everybody 170 00:08:06,860 --> 00:08:09,930 knows what altitude they're at. 171 00:08:09,930 --> 00:08:12,930 So there's a little knob on your dial, 172 00:08:12,930 --> 00:08:15,690 and you turn it until that window on the right 173 00:08:15,690 --> 00:08:17,740 says the right number. 174 00:08:17,740 --> 00:08:19,650 Now if that's not available, you already 175 00:08:19,650 --> 00:08:22,620 have some information, which is the airport elevation. 176 00:08:22,620 --> 00:08:25,380 So also on those things being passed around, 177 00:08:25,380 --> 00:08:28,120 for a given airport, it tells you what the elevation is. 178 00:08:28,120 --> 00:08:31,770 So for example, if you know that the airport is at 100 feet 179 00:08:31,770 --> 00:08:33,630 elevation, you can just-- and you're 180 00:08:33,630 --> 00:08:37,200 sitting on the ground in your aircraft getting your airplane 181 00:08:37,200 --> 00:08:39,330 set up before you take off, then you know 182 00:08:39,330 --> 00:08:41,820 that you're at that 100 feet. 183 00:08:41,820 --> 00:08:45,960 So you can just keep turning the dial until it says 100 feet, 184 00:08:45,960 --> 00:08:49,980 and then that'll actually give you the setting in the window. 185 00:08:54,740 --> 00:08:56,825 There's some restriction-- yes, go ahead. 186 00:08:56,825 --> 00:08:58,940 AUDIENCE: What if you're flying into an uncontrolled airport 187 00:08:58,940 --> 00:09:00,440 or you don't have altimeter setting? 188 00:09:00,440 --> 00:09:02,450 How do you [INAUDIBLE]? 189 00:09:02,450 --> 00:09:04,320 TINA SRIVASTRAVA: So that happens a lot. 190 00:09:04,320 --> 00:09:08,630 So you can basically look at the nearest airport 191 00:09:08,630 --> 00:09:09,885 is probably the best way. 192 00:09:09,885 --> 00:09:11,510 And those are the times that you really 193 00:09:11,510 --> 00:09:13,635 want to keep in mind what Philip was talking about, 194 00:09:13,635 --> 00:09:17,570 that if you are going from a hot place to a cold place, 195 00:09:17,570 --> 00:09:20,150 you want to keep in mind that hey, I might actually 196 00:09:20,150 --> 00:09:23,370 be descending even though my altimeter says I'm not. 197 00:09:23,370 --> 00:09:27,140 But in general, if you have a local setting that's nearby, 198 00:09:27,140 --> 00:09:28,250 you're pretty much good. 199 00:09:28,250 --> 00:09:30,543 They don't vary dramatically unless the weather's 200 00:09:30,543 --> 00:09:32,210 changing a lot, in which case you really 201 00:09:32,210 --> 00:09:33,290 shouldn't be flying because it means 202 00:09:33,290 --> 00:09:34,582 there's a huge front coming in. 203 00:09:37,100 --> 00:09:39,520 So here's an airport diagram. 204 00:09:39,520 --> 00:09:43,000 A lot of information here, but one thing-- so this 205 00:09:43,000 --> 00:09:45,400 is actually Bedford. 206 00:09:45,400 --> 00:09:47,170 And so you can see a couple of things 207 00:09:47,170 --> 00:09:49,570 you wouldn't see at other places, such as the US Air 208 00:09:49,570 --> 00:09:51,455 Force ramp. 209 00:09:51,455 --> 00:09:53,080 That's not going to be at other places. 210 00:09:53,080 --> 00:09:56,440 But you basically see these two intersecting black lines. 211 00:09:56,440 --> 00:09:58,580 So those are the main runways. 212 00:09:58,580 --> 00:10:01,120 And each runway is bi-directional. 213 00:10:01,120 --> 00:10:02,650 So on one side-- 214 00:10:02,650 --> 00:10:05,710 so it says-- the number's very small right here next 215 00:10:05,710 --> 00:10:06,360 to the mouse. 216 00:10:06,360 --> 00:10:07,480 So 11. 217 00:10:07,480 --> 00:10:08,860 So that's runway 11. 218 00:10:08,860 --> 00:10:10,810 And then on the other side it says 29. 219 00:10:10,810 --> 00:10:13,900 So basically you land in one direction, it's one number; 220 00:10:13,900 --> 00:10:16,610 if you land in the other direction, it's another number, 221 00:10:16,610 --> 00:10:20,380 and that number is corresponding to the heading of that runway. 222 00:10:20,380 --> 00:10:23,270 And then you see a bunch of lighter gray lines. 223 00:10:23,270 --> 00:10:25,960 So those are the different taxiways. 224 00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:28,117 And there's all kinds of stuff here. 225 00:10:28,117 --> 00:10:29,950 I won't go through everything, but one thing 226 00:10:29,950 --> 00:10:35,000 that's really relevant is this acronym here. 227 00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:37,310 And it kind of looks like a lasso. 228 00:10:37,310 --> 00:10:41,270 What it's saying is, the land and hold short. 229 00:10:41,270 --> 00:10:43,410 So if you're given an instruction-- so 230 00:10:43,410 --> 00:10:45,900 when you have two intersecting runways, 231 00:10:45,900 --> 00:10:48,260 they might want to keep up the efficiency. 232 00:10:48,260 --> 00:10:50,420 They might want to have you land while they 233 00:10:50,420 --> 00:10:54,950 have another airplane taking off on the other runway. 234 00:10:54,950 --> 00:10:58,290 And so there is a line that says that if you given a land 235 00:10:58,290 --> 00:11:00,290 and hold short instruction, that you're supposed 236 00:11:00,290 --> 00:11:02,120 to land-- that you're supposed to hold short, 237 00:11:02,120 --> 00:11:03,995 you're not supposed to cross the intersecting 238 00:11:03,995 --> 00:11:07,250 runway because there's traffic on that runway. 239 00:11:07,250 --> 00:11:07,750 Thanks. 240 00:11:07,750 --> 00:11:13,010 Did everyone get the iPad had to look at the sectional? 241 00:11:13,010 --> 00:11:13,510 OK, great. 242 00:11:16,680 --> 00:11:17,400 Yes? 243 00:11:17,400 --> 00:11:20,480 AUDIENCE: On the sectionals, I was looking at the Hanscom 244 00:11:20,480 --> 00:11:23,010 area, and I could not see anything 245 00:11:23,010 --> 00:11:26,220 indicating the Air Force Base and getting special symbol. 246 00:11:26,220 --> 00:11:28,800 Are there special symbols for military sites 247 00:11:28,800 --> 00:11:31,290 that do have aircraft taking off and landing? 248 00:11:31,290 --> 00:11:33,310 And can you explain what they are? 249 00:11:33,310 --> 00:11:34,268 TINA SRIVASTRAVA: Yeah. 250 00:11:34,268 --> 00:11:36,065 So that's restricted airports, for example. 251 00:11:36,065 --> 00:11:38,190 So they have a different color and different symbol 252 00:11:38,190 --> 00:11:40,140 around them that would indicate that they're a restricted 253 00:11:40,140 --> 00:11:40,650 airport. 254 00:11:40,650 --> 00:11:42,150 One thing that's kind of interesting 255 00:11:42,150 --> 00:11:44,275 is that even though Hanscom's at an Air Force Base, 256 00:11:44,275 --> 00:11:47,020 it doesn't have any particular restrictions. 257 00:11:47,020 --> 00:11:49,140 So you just get a nice private airport 258 00:11:49,140 --> 00:11:52,650 that you can land at that has ginormously long runways, 259 00:11:52,650 --> 00:11:56,985 so it's just a great training airport. 260 00:11:56,985 --> 00:12:00,480 So Philip, I just went ahead into the flight environment. 261 00:12:00,480 --> 00:12:02,350 PHILIP GREENSPUN: Oh, OK. 262 00:12:02,350 --> 00:12:05,020 TINA SRIVASTRAVA: So taxiing in the wind. 263 00:12:05,020 --> 00:12:07,240 So this is-- what do I mean by taxiing? 264 00:12:07,240 --> 00:12:10,070 So you must have heard of this on commercial aircraft. 265 00:12:10,070 --> 00:12:11,430 So this is when you get from-- 266 00:12:11,430 --> 00:12:14,080 in that case, the jet bridge out to the runway. 267 00:12:14,080 --> 00:12:17,273 But basically as you're driving along the different roads 268 00:12:17,273 --> 00:12:18,940 at the airport that are not the runway-- 269 00:12:18,940 --> 00:12:23,380 the taxiways, as you're doing that, there could be wind. 270 00:12:23,380 --> 00:12:25,840 In general, as we talked about with regard 271 00:12:25,840 --> 00:12:28,420 to lift earlier in the day, you know 272 00:12:28,420 --> 00:12:31,517 you like having the wind coming at you-- 273 00:12:31,517 --> 00:12:33,100 and we'll get into performance and why 274 00:12:33,100 --> 00:12:35,308 it's really bad if the wind's coming from behind you. 275 00:12:35,308 --> 00:12:38,410 But usually the wind will be coming down the active runway. 276 00:12:38,410 --> 00:12:40,480 They decide which runway is active usually 277 00:12:40,480 --> 00:12:42,610 by the wind direction. 278 00:12:42,610 --> 00:12:44,050 So there's a lot of wind going on, 279 00:12:44,050 --> 00:12:46,060 and when you're taxiing to the runway, 280 00:12:46,060 --> 00:12:48,580 you're probably going in different directions 281 00:12:48,580 --> 00:12:50,200 with respect to the wind. 282 00:12:50,200 --> 00:12:52,570 So one thing that's important is to think about 283 00:12:52,570 --> 00:12:55,390 while you're taxiing, you have to make certain corrections 284 00:12:55,390 --> 00:12:57,950 to your aircraft's controls-- 285 00:12:57,950 --> 00:13:01,960 so to the rudder and to the ailerons 286 00:13:01,960 --> 00:13:04,030 and the elevator at the back. 287 00:13:04,030 --> 00:13:07,270 And so when you're taxing on the ground, 288 00:13:07,270 --> 00:13:10,810 your rudder is used to actually make turns on the ground. 289 00:13:10,810 --> 00:13:13,720 The ailerons and the elevator need 290 00:13:13,720 --> 00:13:16,270 to be turned in such a direction that basically results 291 00:13:16,270 --> 00:13:17,960 in your airplane staying on the ground 292 00:13:17,960 --> 00:13:21,220 and not inadvertently being lifted up by a gust of air. 293 00:13:21,220 --> 00:13:25,470 So this airplane is what we would 294 00:13:25,470 --> 00:13:28,050 call a tailwheel, because there's a wheel back here 295 00:13:28,050 --> 00:13:28,590 at the tail. 296 00:13:28,590 --> 00:13:32,040 So it has two wheels up front and a tailwheel in the back. 297 00:13:32,040 --> 00:13:36,090 A tricycle gear airplane would have one big wheel 298 00:13:36,090 --> 00:13:38,700 up at the front and then two wheels-- 299 00:13:38,700 --> 00:13:41,430 so three wheels total, but instead of a tailwheel, 300 00:13:41,430 --> 00:13:42,840 it has one wheel up front. 301 00:13:42,840 --> 00:13:45,720 So in this case, a tricycle wheel-- so not like this, 302 00:13:45,720 --> 00:13:48,480 but with a wheel up front, what you want to do 303 00:13:48,480 --> 00:13:52,170 is if there's a quartering tailwind-- so a wind 304 00:13:52,170 --> 00:13:55,480 coming from behind you from the back, you want to dive away. 305 00:13:55,480 --> 00:13:58,080 So you want to turn your ailerons away 306 00:13:58,080 --> 00:14:03,060 and you want to push forward to dive away from the wind. 307 00:14:03,060 --> 00:14:06,330 And if the wind is coming from the front, a headwind, 308 00:14:06,330 --> 00:14:11,490 you want to actually go into the wind with your aileron, 309 00:14:11,490 --> 00:14:13,810 and you want your elevator to be neutral. 310 00:14:13,810 --> 00:14:15,810 So instead of pushing in or pulling back, 311 00:14:15,810 --> 00:14:18,070 you just want it to be neutral. 312 00:14:18,070 --> 00:14:20,070 It doesn't matter as much for heavy airplanes, 313 00:14:20,070 --> 00:14:22,570 but for literal airplanes, you can get bounced around. 314 00:14:22,570 --> 00:14:24,598 And so it's slightly different for a tailwheel, 315 00:14:24,598 --> 00:14:26,640 so it's good to figure out which type of airplane 316 00:14:26,640 --> 00:14:28,710 you're training on and get used to how 317 00:14:28,710 --> 00:14:31,590 you would make those corrections as you're taxiing. 318 00:14:31,590 --> 00:14:35,907 There are a lot of runway markings and taxiway markings. 319 00:14:35,907 --> 00:14:37,740 One thing I would really encourage you to do 320 00:14:37,740 --> 00:14:40,920 is that the next time you're on a commercial flight, 321 00:14:40,920 --> 00:14:43,920 get a window seat and look out the window, 322 00:14:43,920 --> 00:14:47,550 and you can see all these markings as you go along. 323 00:14:47,550 --> 00:14:49,050 You might be able to identify which 324 00:14:49,050 --> 00:14:50,700 runway you're taking off on. 325 00:14:50,700 --> 00:14:52,470 And so I won't go through each of these, 326 00:14:52,470 --> 00:14:56,820 the actual runway is this red number. 327 00:14:56,820 --> 00:14:58,330 So why are there two numbers? 328 00:14:58,330 --> 00:14:59,885 Why do they have 15 and 33? 329 00:15:03,028 --> 00:15:05,070 That's right, because runways are bi-directional. 330 00:15:05,070 --> 00:15:07,253 So depending on which way you're taking off on it 331 00:15:07,253 --> 00:15:08,670 or which way you're landing on it, 332 00:15:08,670 --> 00:15:12,210 it could be runway 1-5 or runway 1-3. 333 00:15:12,210 --> 00:15:18,840 The yellow ones are talking about-- 334 00:15:18,840 --> 00:15:21,360 there's a difference between when you're on the runway 335 00:15:21,360 --> 00:15:24,780 or on the taxiway versus it's an arrow pointing to it somewhere 336 00:15:24,780 --> 00:15:25,510 else. 337 00:15:25,510 --> 00:15:29,790 So this sign is on the one that you're on, 338 00:15:29,790 --> 00:15:34,320 and this one is saying-- so if you see this A like this, 339 00:15:34,320 --> 00:15:36,150 it means you're on taxiway alpha. 340 00:15:36,150 --> 00:15:38,040 If you see it like this with an arrow, 341 00:15:38,040 --> 00:15:42,190 it's says that way to taxiway bravo. 342 00:15:42,190 --> 00:15:45,820 It's very important that you do visual scanning-- so you really 343 00:15:45,820 --> 00:15:48,580 look around for other airplanes. 344 00:15:48,580 --> 00:15:51,130 So when we talk about Visual Flight Rules, VFR, 345 00:15:51,130 --> 00:15:52,870 which is the vast majority of your time 346 00:15:52,870 --> 00:15:56,020 on your private pilot, you need to be 347 00:15:56,020 --> 00:15:59,290 looking outside the airplane to look for other airplanes 348 00:15:59,290 --> 00:16:01,300 to avoid. 349 00:16:01,300 --> 00:16:03,520 And it's unfortunate, but actually, 350 00:16:03,520 --> 00:16:06,388 most mid-air collisions occur near airports in good weather. 351 00:16:06,388 --> 00:16:07,930 So if they had been looking out, they 352 00:16:07,930 --> 00:16:09,550 could have seen the other airplanes. 353 00:16:09,550 --> 00:16:11,110 So when we're talking about the pros and cons 354 00:16:11,110 --> 00:16:13,180 of low wing and high wing, I was very focused 355 00:16:13,180 --> 00:16:15,460 on your visibility. 356 00:16:15,460 --> 00:16:17,620 So where you're looking in terms of you 357 00:16:17,620 --> 00:16:19,690 want to clear before you make any turn, 358 00:16:19,690 --> 00:16:21,370 you want to look before you go. 359 00:16:21,370 --> 00:16:25,330 In fact, Mark Nathanson, the FAA examiner who's coming tomorrow, 360 00:16:25,330 --> 00:16:28,810 that's probably the easiest way to fail your FAA exam. 361 00:16:28,810 --> 00:16:32,300 He'll tell you to do a maneuver and you just start doing it. 362 00:16:32,300 --> 00:16:33,040 Fail. 363 00:16:33,040 --> 00:16:35,980 You have to first clear the area, 364 00:16:35,980 --> 00:16:37,470 you might even do a clearing turn. 365 00:16:37,470 --> 00:16:39,640 So turn in one direction and turn the other way, 366 00:16:39,640 --> 00:16:42,113 because you know your wings are kind of obscuring you, 367 00:16:42,113 --> 00:16:43,780 so that you can look all the way around, 368 00:16:43,780 --> 00:16:45,780 make sure there are no aircraft in the vicinity, 369 00:16:45,780 --> 00:16:47,590 and then perform your maneuvers. 370 00:16:47,590 --> 00:16:51,070 But of course, you can also talk to air 371 00:16:51,070 --> 00:16:54,180 traffic control and other folks to get traffic advisories. 372 00:16:54,180 --> 00:16:56,990 They will tell you, hey, there's an aircraft at your 3 373 00:16:56,990 --> 00:17:00,040 o'clock 5 miles ahead of you. 374 00:17:00,040 --> 00:17:02,090 Those types of things are very helpful. 375 00:17:02,090 --> 00:17:05,589 They're not always required, but they're recommended. 376 00:17:05,589 --> 00:17:07,780 So before we talk about right of way, 377 00:17:07,780 --> 00:17:10,839 I thought I would just challenge you with a question. 378 00:17:10,839 --> 00:17:12,880 Who do you think has the right of way, 379 00:17:12,880 --> 00:17:18,639 a blimp, an aircraft refueling another aircraft, or a glider? 380 00:17:23,500 --> 00:17:26,040 So we're just going to do a poll. 381 00:17:26,040 --> 00:17:29,850 So how many people for blimp? 382 00:17:29,850 --> 00:17:31,840 We've got about 20 people for blimp. 383 00:17:31,840 --> 00:17:32,340 OK. 384 00:17:32,340 --> 00:17:35,730 How many people for aircraft refueling another aircraft? 385 00:17:38,700 --> 00:17:41,240 That was almost the same number, 20 people on aircraft 386 00:17:41,240 --> 00:17:42,480 refueling another aircraft. 387 00:17:42,480 --> 00:17:45,240 How many people for glider? 388 00:17:45,240 --> 00:17:50,450 OK, glider has the majority of the classroom here. 389 00:17:50,450 --> 00:17:53,900 So the majority of the classroom wins, it's the glider. 390 00:17:53,900 --> 00:17:55,970 And this is a very complicated question. 391 00:17:55,970 --> 00:17:59,330 Obviously you would never be in a situation where a blimp, 392 00:17:59,330 --> 00:18:01,010 an aircraft refueling another aircraft, 393 00:18:01,010 --> 00:18:04,880 and a glider all coming together head-on, but the-- 394 00:18:04,880 --> 00:18:06,190 PHILIP GREENSPUN: Burning Man. 395 00:18:06,190 --> 00:18:07,148 TINA SRIVASTRAVA: Yeah. 396 00:18:07,148 --> 00:18:11,600 So the glider wins because it is unpowered. 397 00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:14,900 And so unpowered aircraft have a priority 398 00:18:14,900 --> 00:18:16,950 over all powered aircraft. 399 00:18:16,950 --> 00:18:20,343 However, if you're in a glider and you see a blimp, 400 00:18:20,343 --> 00:18:22,010 you know those things are slow, I really 401 00:18:22,010 --> 00:18:25,080 suggest avoiding it anyway. 402 00:18:25,080 --> 00:18:26,970 So there are a bunch of right of way rules 403 00:18:26,970 --> 00:18:32,100 that are all described in FAR 91.113. 404 00:18:32,100 --> 00:18:35,363 And so it basically talks about the order of operations. 405 00:18:35,363 --> 00:18:36,780 And kind of the big things to know 406 00:18:36,780 --> 00:18:39,960 is that if anybody is in distress or has an emergency, 407 00:18:39,960 --> 00:18:42,720 they usually just get priority over everybody else. 408 00:18:42,720 --> 00:18:45,402 Balloons can't really move that much and they can't decide 409 00:18:45,402 --> 00:18:46,860 where they're going, so even if you 410 00:18:46,860 --> 00:18:48,443 wanted to assert right of way, they're 411 00:18:48,443 --> 00:18:49,860 not going to be able to move. 412 00:18:49,860 --> 00:18:52,500 But then it really is aircraft that 413 00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:56,640 are unpowered get the priority. 414 00:18:56,640 --> 00:19:00,180 There's also-- if you have multiple aircraft that are 415 00:19:00,180 --> 00:19:02,190 of the same class-- 416 00:19:02,190 --> 00:19:06,620 so two airplanes, two powered airplanes coming at each other, 417 00:19:06,620 --> 00:19:08,880 how do you decide who has the right of way? 418 00:19:08,880 --> 00:19:12,300 So there are some situations which is basically 419 00:19:12,300 --> 00:19:14,580 that two aircraft that are converging 420 00:19:14,580 --> 00:19:17,940 that are of the same category, the aircraft on the right 421 00:19:17,940 --> 00:19:18,900 has the right of way. 422 00:19:22,993 --> 00:19:25,160 So there are a couple of figures that describe that. 423 00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:28,260 So basically if two aircraft craft are looking head-on, 424 00:19:28,260 --> 00:19:30,538 then you both you both move to the right. 425 00:19:30,538 --> 00:19:32,080 It's good to have that rule of thumb. 426 00:19:32,080 --> 00:19:33,420 Yes? 427 00:19:33,420 --> 00:19:36,803 AUDIENCE: Going back to the priority list, 428 00:19:36,803 --> 00:19:39,910 what category would blimp fall on? 429 00:19:39,910 --> 00:19:42,460 TINA SRIVASTRAVA: The blimp is a powered aircraft. 430 00:19:42,460 --> 00:19:44,955 Yeah, it's very slowly powered, but it is powered, 431 00:19:44,955 --> 00:19:46,330 and so it is it powered aircraft. 432 00:19:49,450 --> 00:19:51,370 If I said balloon instead of blimp, 433 00:19:51,370 --> 00:19:53,802 then the balloon would have won. 434 00:19:53,802 --> 00:19:56,780 Yeah. 435 00:19:56,780 --> 00:20:00,530 The balloon-- sorry, the blimp is also 436 00:20:00,530 --> 00:20:02,460 frequently called an airship. 437 00:20:02,460 --> 00:20:07,628 So the FAA question might refer to the blimp as an airship. 438 00:20:07,628 --> 00:20:09,020 OK. 439 00:20:09,020 --> 00:20:12,310 So this was the right of way. 440 00:20:12,310 --> 00:20:13,160 And then-- yes. 441 00:20:13,160 --> 00:20:17,210 So one thing that alters it is if you have an aircraft that's 442 00:20:17,210 --> 00:20:20,030 landing and it's on final approach to landing, 443 00:20:20,030 --> 00:20:23,240 then it has the right of way, really, to land. 444 00:20:27,900 --> 00:20:31,950 So this is where we talked about the balloon has 445 00:20:31,950 --> 00:20:33,810 priority over all the others, the glider 446 00:20:33,810 --> 00:20:36,280 has priority over all-- 447 00:20:36,280 --> 00:20:37,260 over powered aircraft. 448 00:20:37,260 --> 00:20:40,050 The airship or the blimp has the priority 449 00:20:40,050 --> 00:20:42,960 over all other powered aircraft. 450 00:20:42,960 --> 00:20:45,480 And then if you're towing or refueling, 451 00:20:45,480 --> 00:20:47,590 then you have that priority as well. 452 00:20:47,590 --> 00:20:50,430 So this is a little diagram that shows you that-- 453 00:20:50,430 --> 00:20:53,352 it's very unlikely that you will encounter an aircraft refueling 454 00:20:53,352 --> 00:20:54,060 another aircraft. 455 00:20:58,060 --> 00:21:02,570 So one thing to know is also just minimum safe altitudes. 456 00:21:02,570 --> 00:21:07,600 So in general, you're the pilot in command. 457 00:21:07,600 --> 00:21:10,420 You need to ensure the safety of yourself 458 00:21:10,420 --> 00:21:12,460 and your plane and your passengers. 459 00:21:12,460 --> 00:21:15,220 So in order to do that, the biggest consideration 460 00:21:15,220 --> 00:21:17,620 is that you're flying at an altitude that's safe enough 461 00:21:17,620 --> 00:21:20,020 that if something went wrong in your airplane, 462 00:21:20,020 --> 00:21:22,390 you would be able to land safely. 463 00:21:22,390 --> 00:21:25,000 So it's always good, regardless of where you're flying, 464 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:27,530 to keep an eye out on where's the closest airport 465 00:21:27,530 --> 00:21:30,250 or where's the closest flat, clear field 466 00:21:30,250 --> 00:21:33,010 that you could land in, and you want to be at an altitude such 467 00:21:33,010 --> 00:21:34,690 that if you had an engine failure, 468 00:21:34,690 --> 00:21:38,590 you could make it safely to that place and land safely. 469 00:21:38,590 --> 00:21:40,820 So that's why even though technically 470 00:21:40,820 --> 00:21:42,970 in some of this Class Golf airspace, 471 00:21:42,970 --> 00:21:47,230 you could be flying at 100 feet above the ground, 472 00:21:47,230 --> 00:21:49,960 unless it's a very, very flat desert where you could 473 00:21:49,960 --> 00:21:55,600 land anywhere, it's not a good idea if you can't safely land. 474 00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:57,370 Over a congested area, which we talked 475 00:21:57,370 --> 00:22:01,180 about is that yellow area on the sectional, 476 00:22:01,180 --> 00:22:02,510 you have to be higher. 477 00:22:02,510 --> 00:22:05,600 So the idea is just not to be a nuisance when 478 00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:08,360 one's very congested. 479 00:22:08,360 --> 00:22:11,530 And then do you want to talk to helicopters at all? 480 00:22:11,530 --> 00:22:13,150 Helicopters can do whatever they want 481 00:22:13,150 --> 00:22:14,442 is the ultimate rule of thumb. 482 00:22:14,442 --> 00:22:15,400 PHILIP GREENSPUN: Yeah. 483 00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:16,743 So basically-- 484 00:22:16,743 --> 00:22:18,160 TINA SRIVASTRAVA: Actually, your-- 485 00:22:18,160 --> 00:22:19,210 sorry, your mic is over here. 486 00:22:19,210 --> 00:22:19,630 PHILIP GREENSPUN: I don't need the mic, 487 00:22:19,630 --> 00:22:21,880 because I'll get up here, this is louder than the mic. 488 00:22:21,880 --> 00:22:26,140 So basically with a helicopter, just listen to the airplane. 489 00:22:26,140 --> 00:22:29,052 It's OK to lose the machine and yourself. 490 00:22:29,052 --> 00:22:30,820 So you can fly over downtown Boston 491 00:22:30,820 --> 00:22:33,520 quite low as long as you can always end up in the Charles 492 00:22:33,520 --> 00:22:35,280 River, for example. 493 00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:36,880 But you can't go below the-- 494 00:22:36,880 --> 00:22:38,230 there are no arbitrary numbers. 495 00:22:38,230 --> 00:22:40,690 You would just say, well look, I could auto-rotated 496 00:22:40,690 --> 00:22:43,600 to the street, or I could have auto-rotated into the river, 497 00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:46,340 and I wouldn't have destroyed somebody else's building 498 00:22:46,340 --> 00:22:48,760 or car. 499 00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:52,600 So that's the only rule for helicopters. 500 00:22:52,600 --> 00:22:55,450 Don't fly super low when there's an FAA safety 501 00:22:55,450 --> 00:22:58,570 inspector actually in your helicopter with you. 502 00:22:58,570 --> 00:23:01,927 That's a good rule of thumb 503 00:23:01,927 --> 00:23:04,510 TINA SRIVASTRAVA: Another thing that's very important that you 504 00:23:04,510 --> 00:23:05,620 just-- 505 00:23:05,620 --> 00:23:07,480 you don't be careless or reckless. 506 00:23:07,480 --> 00:23:09,010 So you're not supposed to endanger 507 00:23:09,010 --> 00:23:11,930 people's lives or property. 508 00:23:11,930 --> 00:23:13,870 We talked a little bit about placards 509 00:23:13,870 --> 00:23:16,970 and how they can have restrictions on them. 510 00:23:16,970 --> 00:23:18,670 So this is what we mean by a placard. 511 00:23:18,670 --> 00:23:23,740 So they're just things that are fixed to your airplane, 512 00:23:23,740 --> 00:23:27,130 and it has some instructions, whatever it's talking about. 513 00:23:27,130 --> 00:23:29,920 These in particular, for example, some of the 514 00:23:29,920 --> 00:23:32,560 never exceed speeds are listed, when 515 00:23:32,560 --> 00:23:35,020 you need to turn on a strobe light is restrict-- is 516 00:23:35,020 --> 00:23:37,760 indicated, for example. 517 00:23:37,760 --> 00:23:40,600 So I think is really interesting about dropping objects. 518 00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:44,680 There isn't a rule that says you can't throw stuff out 519 00:23:44,680 --> 00:23:48,850 of your airplane, it just as that you have to know what-- 520 00:23:48,850 --> 00:23:51,370 where what you're throwing will land such 521 00:23:51,370 --> 00:23:53,570 that it doesn't damage any property. 522 00:23:53,570 --> 00:23:57,970 So there's some interesting pumpkin festivals around here 523 00:23:57,970 --> 00:24:00,970 that in the October time frame, they'll give you pumpkins 524 00:24:00,970 --> 00:24:03,970 and you can throw pumpkins outside your airplane 525 00:24:03,970 --> 00:24:06,437 and try to hit a giant X in the middle of a field, 526 00:24:06,437 --> 00:24:08,020 and there's no rule against it as long 527 00:24:08,020 --> 00:24:09,730 as you don't damage any property, 528 00:24:09,730 --> 00:24:12,100 so it's kind of interesting. 529 00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:15,550 Formation flight is kind of cool, too. 530 00:24:15,550 --> 00:24:18,040 Obviously you can't do anything that would be hazardous, 531 00:24:18,040 --> 00:24:21,850 but if you are in communication with another pilot, 532 00:24:21,850 --> 00:24:24,320 you decided in advance that you wanted to do it, 533 00:24:24,320 --> 00:24:25,010 you can do this. 534 00:24:25,010 --> 00:24:28,810 So I actually had one MIT flying club flight, 535 00:24:28,810 --> 00:24:31,600 three airplanes that were part of the fly-out 536 00:24:31,600 --> 00:24:34,000 decided they wanted to do this, including myself. 537 00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:38,140 And so we had three airplanes, and we were nowhere near 538 00:24:38,140 --> 00:24:40,570 as close as these planes are to each other, 539 00:24:40,570 --> 00:24:43,120 but we were in constant communication with each other 540 00:24:43,120 --> 00:24:44,703 and we were watching each other and it 541 00:24:44,703 --> 00:24:46,900 was really cool to kind of fly together, 542 00:24:46,900 --> 00:24:49,240 and we actually landed as a flight-- 543 00:24:49,240 --> 00:24:52,300 so instead of each having our own tail number identified 544 00:24:52,300 --> 00:24:54,010 to an airport when we were landing, 545 00:24:54,010 --> 00:24:57,040 we picked an airport with an extremely long runway and tower 546 00:24:57,040 --> 00:25:00,370 controller, and we said, we want to land as a flight of three. 547 00:25:00,370 --> 00:25:04,740 And so they give us clearance and basically-- 548 00:25:04,740 --> 00:25:08,330 a Cessna doesn't require that much space to land. 549 00:25:08,330 --> 00:25:11,720 You like to have 3,000 feet, but 2,000 feet is pretty good. 550 00:25:11,720 --> 00:25:15,240 And so this was a runway that was over 8,000 feet long. 551 00:25:15,240 --> 00:25:17,490 So we had one person kind of landing at the front, 552 00:25:17,490 --> 00:25:20,018 one person in the back, and the last person touched down 553 00:25:20,018 --> 00:25:21,560 before the first person left, so it's 554 00:25:21,560 --> 00:25:23,600 kind of a formation flight. 555 00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:26,060 Only do this if you're really comfortable with doing it. 556 00:25:26,060 --> 00:25:28,850 You could always decline and say no, and make sure 557 00:25:28,850 --> 00:25:31,400 that you are definitely in communication, 558 00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:33,830 very good weather, and you only do this 559 00:25:33,830 --> 00:25:35,540 if it is a safe thing to do. 560 00:25:35,540 --> 00:25:37,790 You're in charge as the pilot of command-- 561 00:25:37,790 --> 00:25:40,340 pilot in command, PIC of deciding whether it's 562 00:25:40,340 --> 00:25:42,590 a safe thing to do or not. 563 00:25:42,590 --> 00:25:45,470 There are also restrictions about aircraft speed, 564 00:25:45,470 --> 00:25:50,180 and the joke here is that if you're flying an SR-71, 565 00:25:50,180 --> 00:25:54,110 you would actually stall even at 250 knots, 566 00:25:54,110 --> 00:25:57,470 so you can fly as fast as you want pretty much. 567 00:25:57,470 --> 00:25:58,990 OK, so landing at an airport. 568 00:25:58,990 --> 00:26:02,920 We discussed a little bit about the runways and the runway 569 00:26:02,920 --> 00:26:03,820 headings. 570 00:26:03,820 --> 00:26:06,250 And so I think it's-- 571 00:26:06,250 --> 00:26:08,230 just in terms of how did they number 572 00:26:08,230 --> 00:26:11,560 that runway-- so what does runway 36 mean? 573 00:26:11,560 --> 00:26:15,520 Well, it's really referring to 360 or pointing north, 574 00:26:15,520 --> 00:26:16,600 but it's rounded. 575 00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:20,800 So in here, it was actually 358, but they rounded it up 576 00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:22,390 to runway 36. 577 00:26:22,390 --> 00:26:24,320 And every now and again they update these, 578 00:26:24,320 --> 00:26:28,270 so you might see an airport change its heading number 579 00:26:28,270 --> 00:26:31,230 because it's that magnetic heading. 580 00:26:31,230 --> 00:26:35,330 If there are more than one runways that are parallel, 581 00:26:35,330 --> 00:26:38,290 then they can say left. 582 00:26:38,290 --> 00:26:43,330 So Runway 21 Left or Runway 21 Right or C for Center. 583 00:26:43,330 --> 00:26:47,770 Or if they have four runways, they'll usually just pretend 584 00:26:47,770 --> 00:26:50,890 that one's at a slightly different degree 585 00:26:50,890 --> 00:26:52,930 than the other ones, so that one side 586 00:26:52,930 --> 00:26:56,350 will be Runway 6 Left and 6 Right and then 7 Left 587 00:26:56,350 --> 00:26:59,740 and 7 Right, you know they're all basically parallel. 588 00:26:59,740 --> 00:27:02,030 So there are a lot of different runway markings. 589 00:27:02,030 --> 00:27:05,690 These kind of arrows here talk about a displaced threshold. 590 00:27:05,690 --> 00:27:07,480 So what are the restrictions there? 591 00:27:07,480 --> 00:27:10,617 So you can feel free to taxi and take off on that space, 592 00:27:10,617 --> 00:27:11,950 but you're not supposed to land. 593 00:27:11,950 --> 00:27:15,280 So you're supposed to cross that big solid white line 594 00:27:15,280 --> 00:27:18,148 before you land right here. 595 00:27:22,780 --> 00:27:24,780 So there are a ton of different runway markings. 596 00:27:24,780 --> 00:27:26,250 Again, I encourage you, even when 597 00:27:26,250 --> 00:27:27,660 you're on a commercial flight, to keep 598 00:27:27,660 --> 00:27:30,180 your head out the window looking at all the different lines 599 00:27:30,180 --> 00:27:32,610 that you see so you can leave the runway threshold, 600 00:27:32,610 --> 00:27:35,102 you can see the number of the runway that's written there, 601 00:27:35,102 --> 00:27:36,810 and then there are different stripes that 602 00:27:36,810 --> 00:27:38,310 indicate how far down you are-- 603 00:27:38,310 --> 00:27:41,940 1,000 feet, every 500 feet, for example. 604 00:27:41,940 --> 00:27:45,182 We talked about the X. What does the X mean? 605 00:27:45,182 --> 00:27:45,890 AUDIENCE: Closed. 606 00:27:45,890 --> 00:27:46,932 TINA SRIVASTRAVA: Closed. 607 00:27:46,932 --> 00:27:47,670 Don't land there. 608 00:27:47,670 --> 00:27:48,545 The runway is closed. 609 00:27:51,720 --> 00:27:55,410 So all of these are kind of defined 610 00:27:55,410 --> 00:27:58,250 in the PHAK, the Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical 611 00:27:58,250 --> 00:27:58,750 Knowledge. 612 00:27:58,750 --> 00:28:00,570 So I would kind of refresh them. 613 00:28:00,570 --> 00:28:03,130 Some of them were not very common. 614 00:28:03,130 --> 00:28:06,077 One thing here is that windsocks, windsocks are great. 615 00:28:06,077 --> 00:28:07,660 There are different kinds of windsocks 616 00:28:07,660 --> 00:28:09,702 that basically tells you which direction the wind 617 00:28:09,702 --> 00:28:11,340 is blowing in. 618 00:28:11,340 --> 00:28:13,608 When it's a very windy day or gusty day, 619 00:28:13,608 --> 00:28:15,900 it's very important to look at a windsock, because even 620 00:28:15,900 --> 00:28:17,640 though it will tell you-- 621 00:28:17,640 --> 00:28:19,290 for example, if you hear on the ADS 622 00:28:19,290 --> 00:28:22,950 that the winds are 10 gusting 25, 623 00:28:22,950 --> 00:28:25,860 that means that the winds are 10 knots, but sometimes a gust 624 00:28:25,860 --> 00:28:27,450 up to 25 knots. 625 00:28:27,450 --> 00:28:30,180 And a gust can kind of change direction. 626 00:28:30,180 --> 00:28:32,060 So it's very important to know this, 627 00:28:32,060 --> 00:28:34,500 and so you might want to be looking at a windsock 628 00:28:34,500 --> 00:28:38,250 as you're coming in or as you're leaving the runway, 629 00:28:38,250 --> 00:28:40,590 and you want to know which direction the wind's going 630 00:28:40,590 --> 00:28:43,440 and how much is it changing, moving about, 631 00:28:43,440 --> 00:28:47,670 so that when you come in, you're prepared for that as you land. 632 00:28:47,670 --> 00:28:49,710 There are other types of wind indicators 633 00:28:49,710 --> 00:28:51,600 that are pretty uncommon. 634 00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:53,340 I doubt that you'll encounter them, 635 00:28:53,340 --> 00:28:56,430 but we've shown them here. 636 00:28:56,430 --> 00:28:59,280 There's also-- so the best way to fly 637 00:28:59,280 --> 00:29:01,200 is really looking out the window and looking 638 00:29:01,200 --> 00:29:02,490 at what the runway looks like. 639 00:29:02,490 --> 00:29:03,960 It's the picture of the runway. 640 00:29:03,960 --> 00:29:07,372 So look at it, see what it looks like, that's the best way. 641 00:29:07,372 --> 00:29:09,330 But there's some things that might trip you up, 642 00:29:09,330 --> 00:29:12,540 like if runways are wider or narrower than you're used to 643 00:29:12,540 --> 00:29:14,610 or longer or shorter than you're used to, then 644 00:29:14,610 --> 00:29:17,310 it might appear to be in a different place than it is. 645 00:29:17,310 --> 00:29:20,400 So it's always good to have an indicator as a backup. 646 00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:23,840 So there are different glide-slope indicators. 647 00:29:23,840 --> 00:29:29,650 So a VASI is one where there are these four little lights-- 648 00:29:29,650 --> 00:29:31,570 you basically see them as four lights. 649 00:29:31,570 --> 00:29:33,310 And if you're too low, they're red, 650 00:29:33,310 --> 00:29:35,440 and if you're too high, they're all white, 651 00:29:35,440 --> 00:29:36,940 but if you're right on them about 652 00:29:36,940 --> 00:29:38,980 1,000 feet down the runway-- 653 00:29:38,980 --> 00:29:41,230 so you basically use these as you're coming in, 654 00:29:41,230 --> 00:29:44,320 but once you can really see the runway out the window yourself, 655 00:29:44,320 --> 00:29:46,190 you look out the window, not at-- 656 00:29:46,190 --> 00:29:48,940 and you look at the runway, not at the these glide-slope 657 00:29:48,940 --> 00:29:50,680 indicators as you get close. 658 00:29:50,680 --> 00:29:52,900 So another variation is a PAPI. 659 00:29:52,900 --> 00:29:55,990 So I like to think, again, with these memory things, 660 00:29:55,990 --> 00:29:58,660 VASI I think verticals, so that's why they're-- 661 00:29:58,660 --> 00:30:00,460 some are on top and some at the bottom. 662 00:30:00,460 --> 00:30:02,560 A PAPI is the same thing, but it's horizontal. 663 00:30:06,970 --> 00:30:11,090 There also apparently exists a tri-color visual approach slope 664 00:30:11,090 --> 00:30:11,660 indicator. 665 00:30:11,660 --> 00:30:15,720 Almost no one uses this and you probably will never see it. 666 00:30:15,720 --> 00:30:16,970 Same with this one. 667 00:30:16,970 --> 00:30:18,770 But they exist, supposedly. 668 00:30:22,540 --> 00:30:25,020 OK, so we'll focus on things you might actually hear. 669 00:30:25,020 --> 00:30:26,370 So land and hold short. 670 00:30:28,782 --> 00:30:29,990 So we just talked about this. 671 00:30:29,990 --> 00:30:33,950 Who remembers what land and hold short means? 672 00:30:33,950 --> 00:30:34,660 Yes? 673 00:30:34,660 --> 00:30:35,760 AUDIENCE: Land, but don't cross the runway 674 00:30:35,760 --> 00:30:37,400 until you're given permission. 675 00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:38,608 TINA SRIVASTRAVA: Absolutely. 676 00:30:38,608 --> 00:30:41,150 So you can land, but don't cross the intersecting runway 677 00:30:41,150 --> 00:30:43,100 unless you're given permission. 678 00:30:43,100 --> 00:30:46,400 So land and hold short is something that the air traffic 679 00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:48,352 controller might ask you to do, and they 680 00:30:48,352 --> 00:30:50,810 might be really assertive about it and they might tell you, 681 00:30:50,810 --> 00:30:51,905 we have a lot of traffic here, I need 682 00:30:51,905 --> 00:30:53,240 you to land and hold short. 683 00:30:53,240 --> 00:30:54,830 Regardless of how assertively they 684 00:30:54,830 --> 00:30:57,950 tell you that, you're the pilot in command and you can just-- 685 00:30:57,950 --> 00:31:01,380 you can just say no and they have to deal with it. 686 00:31:01,380 --> 00:31:04,130 So especially if you're a new pilot, 687 00:31:04,130 --> 00:31:06,740 you're actually not allowed to accept a land 688 00:31:06,740 --> 00:31:09,223 and hold short instruction as a student pilot. 689 00:31:09,223 --> 00:31:10,640 So if you're a student pilot, they 690 00:31:10,640 --> 00:31:13,050 tell you to land and hold short, you have to say no. 691 00:31:13,050 --> 00:31:15,860 And the reason is that you may not be very good at it 692 00:31:15,860 --> 00:31:18,830 and you might take more runway than you thought you were 693 00:31:18,830 --> 00:31:20,790 going to take in order to land. 694 00:31:20,790 --> 00:31:23,060 Do you have a question? 695 00:31:23,060 --> 00:31:23,560 No? 696 00:31:23,560 --> 00:31:24,440 OK. 697 00:31:24,440 --> 00:31:26,330 And yeah. 698 00:31:26,330 --> 00:31:28,610 So you also have to have proper visibility in order 699 00:31:28,610 --> 00:31:33,290 to accept this type of restriction as well. 700 00:31:33,290 --> 00:31:33,790 Yes? 701 00:31:33,790 --> 00:31:35,332 AUDIENCE: What happens if you accept? 702 00:31:35,332 --> 00:31:37,883 Or do you have to go around? 703 00:31:37,883 --> 00:31:40,300 TINA SRIVASTRAVA: It's OK to accept you have to go around, 704 00:31:40,300 --> 00:31:42,000 you just have to-- 705 00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:44,910 you do what's safe for you first, for your plane, 706 00:31:44,910 --> 00:31:48,720 and then you communicate that as quickly as possible to the air 707 00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:49,830 traffic controller. 708 00:31:49,830 --> 00:31:51,480 If you-- as soon as you know that you 709 00:31:51,480 --> 00:31:53,190 might have to go around, you need 710 00:31:53,190 --> 00:31:54,720 to communicate that so that they can 711 00:31:54,720 --> 00:31:57,020 try to make sure that there's no incident 712 00:31:57,020 --> 00:31:58,020 with the other aircraft. 713 00:32:00,880 --> 00:32:03,070 But generally, you don't want to accept a land 714 00:32:03,070 --> 00:32:04,630 and hold short unless you're very 715 00:32:04,630 --> 00:32:06,363 comfortable with the environment, 716 00:32:06,363 --> 00:32:07,780 it's a good weather condition, you 717 00:32:07,780 --> 00:32:09,370 have a good handle of your aircraft, 718 00:32:09,370 --> 00:32:11,590 your air speed's doing what you want it to do, 719 00:32:11,590 --> 00:32:13,590 and you feel comfortable that you could actually 720 00:32:13,590 --> 00:32:14,620 follow that guidance. 721 00:32:14,620 --> 00:32:16,493 But of course, at the end of the day, 722 00:32:16,493 --> 00:32:18,160 you're the pilot in command, and if it's 723 00:32:18,160 --> 00:32:21,460 going to be unsafe to you and your aircraft to make a landing 724 00:32:21,460 --> 00:32:23,740 and you have to do a go-around, you have to do that, 725 00:32:23,740 --> 00:32:26,032 and you just need to communicate as quickly as possible 726 00:32:26,032 --> 00:32:29,790 to the air traffic controller. 727 00:32:29,790 --> 00:32:32,250 So there's some light signals. 728 00:32:32,250 --> 00:32:35,700 Again, no one's probably ever encountered this in real life, 729 00:32:35,700 --> 00:32:38,250 but supposedly if your radio dies and you 730 00:32:38,250 --> 00:32:41,572 need to communicate with the tower, they have this light gun 731 00:32:41,572 --> 00:32:43,530 and they can communicate a bunch of information 732 00:32:43,530 --> 00:32:45,150 to you via these signals. 733 00:32:45,150 --> 00:32:47,370 They're great candidates for FAA questions, 734 00:32:47,370 --> 00:32:51,300 they're unlikely to be used in reality, and a lot of people 735 00:32:51,300 --> 00:32:53,982 have their checklist. 736 00:32:53,982 --> 00:32:55,440 It has like a page in the back that 737 00:32:55,440 --> 00:32:58,410 has this because it's so rare, people don't usually 738 00:32:58,410 --> 00:33:01,210 commit this to memory. 739 00:33:01,210 --> 00:33:04,080 So here's some more resources for you to refer to. 740 00:33:06,600 --> 00:33:08,058 All right, are there any questions? 741 00:33:08,058 --> 00:33:10,517 PHILIP GREENSPUN: I don't you have questions in conjunction 742 00:33:10,517 --> 00:33:11,520 with a coffee break. 743 00:33:11,520 --> 00:33:11,880 TINA SRIVASTRAVA: All right. 744 00:33:11,880 --> 00:33:12,510 So it's-- 745 00:33:12,510 --> 00:33:14,280 PHILIP GREENSPUN: I'm up next, and I figured-- 746 00:33:14,280 --> 00:33:16,363 I already saw people sleeping through my last one, 747 00:33:16,363 --> 00:33:18,763 so I decided to get two boxes of coffee. 748 00:33:18,763 --> 00:33:19,930 TINA SRIVASTRAVA: All right. 749 00:33:19,930 --> 00:33:24,220 It's 2:15, so we'll start up again at 2:30.