WEBVTT 00:00:16.392 --> 00:00:17.850 PHILIP GREENSPUN: All right, folks, 00:00:17.850 --> 00:00:19.410 before Tina is going to talk, I'm 00:00:19.410 --> 00:00:22.200 going to share with you something that I've never said 00:00:22.200 --> 00:00:27.520 to anyone before in 55 years. 00:00:27.520 --> 00:00:30.420 I figured it out on my own by thinking. 00:00:34.230 --> 00:00:37.880 So when you put in the flaps, the airplane's nose 00:00:37.880 --> 00:00:38.840 has to go down. 00:00:41.360 --> 00:00:45.470 So you put in the flaps, nose goes down. 00:00:45.470 --> 00:00:46.970 Think about the tail plane. 00:00:46.970 --> 00:00:49.670 Remember, a tail plane is actually 00:00:49.670 --> 00:00:52.310 flying in the downward direction. 00:00:52.310 --> 00:00:57.000 So the angle of attack of the tail is negative. 00:00:57.000 --> 00:01:00.560 And if you put the airplane a little bit more nose down, 00:01:00.560 --> 00:01:02.930 that increases the angle of attack 00:01:02.930 --> 00:01:06.230 on the horizontal stabilizer. 00:01:06.230 --> 00:01:08.450 And it can become a stalling angle of attack 00:01:08.450 --> 00:01:11.960 if that horizontal stabilizer has been rendered inefficient 00:01:11.960 --> 00:01:12.560 by frost. 00:01:12.560 --> 00:01:13.740 Does that make sense? 00:01:13.740 --> 00:01:16.580 So remember, the angle of attack of the wing 00:01:16.580 --> 00:01:22.370 is positive between the relative wind and the wing. 00:01:22.370 --> 00:01:25.310 But the tail plane is flying down, generating lift 00:01:25.310 --> 00:01:28.070 in a downward direction. 00:01:28.070 --> 00:01:32.390 Wings pull up, tail pushes down in a conventional airplane. 00:01:32.390 --> 00:01:35.690 And when you go a little bit more nose down, 00:01:35.690 --> 00:01:38.240 then you have a higher angle of attack on the tail. 00:01:38.240 --> 00:01:40.310 If that becomes a stalling angle of attack, 00:01:40.310 --> 00:01:43.820 it's not generating the necessary down force anymore. 00:01:43.820 --> 00:01:45.843 So the airplane stalls. 00:01:45.843 --> 00:01:46.760 Does that makes sense? 00:01:49.360 --> 00:01:50.740 Francis says, yes. 00:01:50.740 --> 00:01:52.143 He's awake. 00:01:52.143 --> 00:01:53.560 All right, well, anyway, thank you 00:01:53.560 --> 00:01:56.350 guys for being here for that unusual moment 00:01:56.350 --> 00:01:57.370 in my personal journey. 00:02:01.717 --> 00:02:04.880 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: All right, now, we're 00:02:04.880 --> 00:02:08.940 going to jump into radar, and communications, 00:02:08.940 --> 00:02:10.620 flight information. 00:02:10.620 --> 00:02:13.770 And we're going to do a little thing that you probably 00:02:13.770 --> 00:02:17.700 haven't done for a long time, especially not here at MIT. 00:02:17.700 --> 00:02:20.140 We're going to sing the alphabet together. 00:02:20.140 --> 00:02:23.720 So it's going to be a great session. 00:02:23.720 --> 00:02:28.490 So we'll start with radar and Air Traffic Control, or ATC 00:02:28.490 --> 00:02:30.260 services. 00:02:30.260 --> 00:02:33.830 So what's a transponder? 00:02:33.830 --> 00:02:35.330 Why do we have transponders? 00:02:35.330 --> 00:02:37.220 What does it have to do with anything? 00:02:37.220 --> 00:02:41.090 So a transponder is something that helps enhance your radar 00:02:41.090 --> 00:02:44.540 return, so that the air traffic controller can better 00:02:44.540 --> 00:02:47.360 understand where your airplane is. 00:02:47.360 --> 00:02:51.200 So who knows just generally what a radar is? 00:02:51.200 --> 00:02:52.460 Let's step back. 00:02:52.460 --> 00:02:55.160 Do people know what radar is? 00:02:55.160 --> 00:03:02.670 Who's seen the movie or read the book Hunt for Red October? 00:03:02.670 --> 00:03:05.190 Goodness, only half the class, that's really a shame. 00:03:08.190 --> 00:03:11.160 In that situation, we're talking about sonar. 00:03:11.160 --> 00:03:13.980 But sonar, since it's audible, is much easier 00:03:13.980 --> 00:03:15.570 sometimes to think about. 00:03:15.570 --> 00:03:18.900 Well, in that movie, we have some of the characters 00:03:18.900 --> 00:03:20.370 that are in a submarine. 00:03:20.370 --> 00:03:22.830 And they're trying to find another submarine. 00:03:22.830 --> 00:03:25.710 So they send out a sound, a sonar 00:03:25.710 --> 00:03:29.540 that goes out and is supposed to bounce off of whatever 00:03:29.540 --> 00:03:30.840 is out there and come back. 00:03:30.840 --> 00:03:32.757 So if there's a submarine, it will bounce off. 00:03:32.757 --> 00:03:34.560 So you hear, you know, ping. 00:03:34.560 --> 00:03:38.550 And then if it comes back, they can hear the sound coming back. 00:03:38.550 --> 00:03:43.090 Well, radar works the same way, but it's above the water. 00:03:43.090 --> 00:03:46.150 And we use radar to detect aircraft. 00:03:46.150 --> 00:03:48.480 So the air traffic control center 00:03:48.480 --> 00:03:52.980 has a radar that basically sends out signals that bounce off 00:03:52.980 --> 00:03:55.960 of airplanes and come back. 00:03:55.960 --> 00:03:58.680 We also can use radar for other things, 00:03:58.680 --> 00:04:01.920 like terrain avoidance, so very complex airplanes. 00:04:01.920 --> 00:04:05.130 Not usually your little Cessnas, but some more complex airplanes 00:04:05.130 --> 00:04:08.700 might have a terrain avoidance radar system. 00:04:08.700 --> 00:04:11.240 So as they're flying along, they send out a signal. 00:04:11.240 --> 00:04:13.230 It bounces off a mountain and comes back, 00:04:13.230 --> 00:04:15.330 and it tells you there's a mountain over there. 00:04:15.330 --> 00:04:18.180 Well, we want to make sure that that return, so the signal 00:04:18.180 --> 00:04:21.360 bouncing off, is very clear and provides as much information as 00:04:21.360 --> 00:04:23.130 possible, so that the air traffic 00:04:23.130 --> 00:04:27.540 controller knows where you are and what aircraft you are. 00:04:27.540 --> 00:04:28.887 So inside-- yes. 00:04:28.887 --> 00:04:30.720 AUDIENCE: I think it's important that we all 00:04:30.720 --> 00:04:33.205 realize [INAUDIBLE] invented right 00:04:33.205 --> 00:04:34.820 where we're sitting right now. 00:04:34.820 --> 00:04:35.626 Do you know that? 00:04:35.626 --> 00:04:37.834 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Yeah, that's a really good point, 00:04:37.834 --> 00:04:40.980 so just remembering where we are here at MIT and that radar 00:04:40.980 --> 00:04:43.022 was, in fact, invented here at MIT. 00:04:43.022 --> 00:04:43.980 It's a very good point. 00:04:43.980 --> 00:04:45.650 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] this building. 00:04:45.650 --> 00:04:46.860 AUDIENCE: Well, [INAUDIBLE]. 00:04:46.860 --> 00:04:49.025 AUDIENCE: This building used to be army barracks. 00:04:49.025 --> 00:04:52.470 And because radar was invented there, 00:04:52.470 --> 00:04:55.140 MIT had to keep the army barracks as a historic site. 00:04:55.140 --> 00:04:57.020 And there were, like, wood floors. 00:04:57.020 --> 00:04:58.320 And I had classes in there. 00:04:58.320 --> 00:05:00.848 It used to be the MIT model [INAUDIBLE].. 00:05:00.848 --> 00:05:03.390 And they finally got permission to demolish the Army barracks 00:05:03.390 --> 00:05:05.040 to build this building. 00:05:05.040 --> 00:05:06.620 So it really was right here. 00:05:06.620 --> 00:05:07.140 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Oh, wow. 00:05:07.140 --> 00:05:08.580 That's great, so a little history 00:05:08.580 --> 00:05:11.628 about what was here before this data center was built here. 00:05:11.628 --> 00:05:12.795 That's really great, thanks. 00:05:15.820 --> 00:05:19.165 So with that great history about where we are and radar, 00:05:19.165 --> 00:05:22.690 a transponder is actually a piece of equipment 00:05:22.690 --> 00:05:24.490 that you have in your aircraft. 00:05:24.490 --> 00:05:26.660 And this is generally what it looks like. 00:05:26.660 --> 00:05:28.660 So it has some numbers across the bottom where 00:05:28.660 --> 00:05:32.410 you can type in a particular transponder code or a squawk 00:05:32.410 --> 00:05:34.300 code, as it's called. 00:05:34.300 --> 00:05:36.190 And there are different types. 00:05:36.190 --> 00:05:39.790 When we were talking about the charts and airspace, 00:05:39.790 --> 00:05:43.000 we discussed how near the class bravo 00:05:43.000 --> 00:05:45.550 we had a big ring around the side that 00:05:45.550 --> 00:05:46.750 said mode C transponder. 00:05:46.750 --> 00:05:50.320 So it required a specific type of transponder, 00:05:50.320 --> 00:05:52.150 so that the air traffic controllers 00:05:52.150 --> 00:05:56.980 know exactly what the altitude is of your aircraft. 00:05:56.980 --> 00:05:59.350 There are a bunch of different squawk codes. 00:05:59.350 --> 00:06:02.260 One that is probably the most important for you to remember 00:06:02.260 --> 00:06:05.300 is a 1200. 00:06:05.300 --> 00:06:10.160 So that is the VFR or visual flight squawk code. 00:06:10.160 --> 00:06:13.270 So if you don't have a particular flight plan going 00:06:13.270 --> 00:06:17.890 on, you'll need this squawk code dialed in almost all the time. 00:06:17.890 --> 00:06:20.890 And this is usually a question on the FAA exam you know, 00:06:20.890 --> 00:06:22.780 if you're a VFR flight, and then they 00:06:22.780 --> 00:06:24.760 add a bunch of other things to the question. 00:06:24.760 --> 00:06:28.840 But if you're VFR flight and you don't have a specific flight 00:06:28.840 --> 00:06:31.900 plan, or flight tracking happening, then 00:06:31.900 --> 00:06:35.940 you should be on that 1200 squawk code. 00:06:35.940 --> 00:06:37.895 There are also a couple other ones. 00:06:37.895 --> 00:06:39.270 Hopefully, you won't have to deal 00:06:39.270 --> 00:06:41.150 with this in a small, you know, two-seater 00:06:41.150 --> 00:06:42.600 or four-seater airplane. 00:06:42.600 --> 00:06:44.790 But in case you get hijacked, you 00:06:44.790 --> 00:06:52.560 need to enter a particular squawk code, 7500. 00:06:52.560 --> 00:06:55.740 Seriously, please don't enter this unless you mean it. 00:06:55.740 --> 00:06:57.780 You might find yourself entering this. 00:06:57.780 --> 00:07:01.290 You might hear someone not actually say the word hijack. 00:07:01.290 --> 00:07:02.880 Maybe they don't want your person 00:07:02.880 --> 00:07:04.800 hijacking you to know that that's happening. 00:07:04.800 --> 00:07:10.540 And they might just say, confirm transponder squawk code 7500. 00:07:10.540 --> 00:07:13.590 And if you confirm, that means you've been hijacked. 00:07:13.590 --> 00:07:17.040 You might see a special plane come fly up next 00:07:17.040 --> 00:07:18.750 to you or something bad happen. 00:07:18.750 --> 00:07:21.570 So please only use this if necessary. 00:07:21.570 --> 00:07:25.480 Lost comms is really important, 7600. 00:07:25.480 --> 00:07:27.678 So if you indicate that, it might be the case 00:07:27.678 --> 00:07:29.220 that your transponder is working even 00:07:29.220 --> 00:07:33.180 if your radios, for example, are not working. 00:07:33.180 --> 00:07:36.330 So by indicating this, that would be how you tell the air 00:07:36.330 --> 00:07:39.180 traffic controller, for example, the tower controller 00:07:39.180 --> 00:07:42.480 at your airport, that, hey, I don't have radio comms. 00:07:42.480 --> 00:07:45.660 And that's when they would use that light gun signal, 00:07:45.660 --> 00:07:48.690 as we discussed the different colors, to indicate 00:07:48.690 --> 00:07:50.927 different instructions to you. 00:07:50.927 --> 00:07:53.010 And then in general, if there's just an emergency, 00:07:53.010 --> 00:07:55.740 if you've lost your engine, if you're declaring an emergency, 00:07:55.740 --> 00:08:00.210 7700 is a great one to just indicate to everyone 00:08:00.210 --> 00:08:01.810 that you're in trouble. 00:08:01.810 --> 00:08:05.700 So don't accidentally dial in these squawk codes. 00:08:05.700 --> 00:08:08.730 Please be very mindful of these in particular. 00:08:08.730 --> 00:08:11.100 And in general, there's also an FAA question 00:08:11.100 --> 00:08:12.990 that comes up that says, you know, 00:08:12.990 --> 00:08:15.523 what's a squawk code you don't want to dial in accidentally? 00:08:15.523 --> 00:08:17.190 And those are those three at the bottom. 00:08:20.930 --> 00:08:24.700 So let's just take a step back and talk about this. 00:08:24.700 --> 00:08:27.550 In general, when I first became a pilot 00:08:27.550 --> 00:08:30.550 before I learned all this material, 00:08:30.550 --> 00:08:33.130 I was under the impression that you pretty much always had 00:08:33.130 --> 00:08:34.809 to have a flight plan. 00:08:34.809 --> 00:08:36.370 That before you flew anywhere, you 00:08:36.370 --> 00:08:38.450 had to decide where you were going. 00:08:38.450 --> 00:08:39.700 You had to file a flight plan. 00:08:39.700 --> 00:08:41.440 You had to communicate to different people 00:08:41.440 --> 00:08:43.398 and tell them that this is where you were going 00:08:43.398 --> 00:08:44.620 to go and get it approved. 00:08:44.620 --> 00:08:47.560 And then when you took off, you had to fly exactly that flight 00:08:47.560 --> 00:08:48.430 plan. 00:08:48.430 --> 00:08:51.170 Well, turns out that's not always the case. 00:08:51.170 --> 00:08:53.410 And in fact, that's only usually the case 00:08:53.410 --> 00:08:56.920 on specific types of flights or an instrument flight, 00:08:56.920 --> 00:08:57.940 for example. 00:08:57.940 --> 00:09:01.750 But most of the time in general aviation on a good weather day 00:09:01.750 --> 00:09:03.490 you don't have to file a flight plan. 00:09:03.490 --> 00:09:06.460 And most of the time most people don't file a flight plan. 00:09:06.460 --> 00:09:10.780 You can even decide what you're doing after you've taken off. 00:09:10.780 --> 00:09:13.420 It's a good idea to know in advance generally where 00:09:13.420 --> 00:09:15.430 you're flying, because you need to know certain 00:09:15.430 --> 00:09:18.130 of those required things we talked about-- airports 00:09:18.130 --> 00:09:20.260 in the vicinity, fuel, runway length. 00:09:20.260 --> 00:09:24.050 But if you always fly kind of in your home airport area, 00:09:24.050 --> 00:09:26.740 so if you fly here at Lawrence, or you fly out 00:09:26.740 --> 00:09:29.410 of Bedford, Beverly, one of the local airports 00:09:29.410 --> 00:09:32.920 and you're familiar with all the airports in the area, when you 00:09:32.920 --> 00:09:35.140 take off on a given day you don't necessarily 00:09:35.140 --> 00:09:38.290 have to tell anyone in advance where you're going. 00:09:38.290 --> 00:09:39.910 You might go with an instructor. 00:09:39.910 --> 00:09:42.760 And that instructor, kind of as you're flying, will decide, 00:09:42.760 --> 00:09:45.130 you know, we should do a couple landings at Worcester. 00:09:45.130 --> 00:09:47.860 We should practice an instrument approach at Lawrence 00:09:47.860 --> 00:09:50.920 or whatever they're deciding in the air. 00:09:50.920 --> 00:09:54.170 And so you don't have to file these flight plans. 00:09:54.170 --> 00:09:56.830 So when you're in the air there are certain times 00:09:56.830 --> 00:09:58.788 that you don't actually have to talk to anyone. 00:09:58.788 --> 00:10:00.913 And we discussed the different classes of airspace. 00:10:00.913 --> 00:10:03.040 So as long as you're not in a class of airspace 00:10:03.040 --> 00:10:05.440 where you have to be specifically communicating, 00:10:05.440 --> 00:10:08.140 you can actually just take off without a lot of communication 00:10:08.140 --> 00:10:10.240 equipment and just look outside the airplane 00:10:10.240 --> 00:10:13.330 to avoid aircraft and go where you're going. 00:10:13.330 --> 00:10:17.230 But if you do want to have some guidance-- 00:10:17.230 --> 00:10:18.730 so let's say you're flying somewhere 00:10:18.730 --> 00:10:22.120 you're not in a class bravo or a class Charlie airspace. 00:10:22.120 --> 00:10:24.880 But you know, say you're just taking a flight. 00:10:24.880 --> 00:10:28.850 You want to go south to Provincetown, let's say. 00:10:28.850 --> 00:10:30.730 And while you're flying, you just 00:10:30.730 --> 00:10:34.150 want to have an additional pair of eyes in the sky 00:10:34.150 --> 00:10:38.020 to help you know if there's a really bad quick changing 00:10:38.020 --> 00:10:40.960 weather front coming in that maybe developed that you didn't 00:10:40.960 --> 00:10:43.680 notice before you took off, which usually-- 00:10:43.680 --> 00:10:44.930 we'll talk about weather data. 00:10:44.930 --> 00:10:46.420 Hopefully, you'll know in advance. 00:10:46.420 --> 00:10:49.600 Or you just want to be aware and alerted to other traffic 00:10:49.600 --> 00:10:51.850 in the area, traffic meaning other airplanes 00:10:51.850 --> 00:10:52.990 flying in the area. 00:10:52.990 --> 00:10:56.590 So you can actually choose as a voluntary thing 00:10:56.590 --> 00:11:01.000 to call in and ask the air traffic controllers to give you 00:11:01.000 --> 00:11:02.472 those traffic advisories. 00:11:02.472 --> 00:11:04.180 And there are different types of services 00:11:04.180 --> 00:11:05.980 available in different areas. 00:11:05.980 --> 00:11:07.870 There are even parts of the country where 00:11:07.870 --> 00:11:09.310 it's not available at all. 00:11:09.310 --> 00:11:11.530 So even if you wanted to have someone 00:11:11.530 --> 00:11:13.780 to talk to you when you're flying up there to tell you 00:11:13.780 --> 00:11:16.390 what's going on, there is no radar service 00:11:16.390 --> 00:11:19.130 in all parts of the country. 00:11:19.130 --> 00:11:21.405 So how do you request the service? 00:11:21.405 --> 00:11:22.780 So you can do it a couple of ways 00:11:22.780 --> 00:11:24.460 depending on where you are. 00:11:24.460 --> 00:11:27.430 Sometimes when you're still on the ground 00:11:27.430 --> 00:11:29.140 before you've taken off, you're taxiing 00:11:29.140 --> 00:11:30.580 or you're in the run up area, you 00:11:30.580 --> 00:11:35.320 can ask for certain types of flight services. 00:11:35.320 --> 00:11:37.180 But a lot of times, it's after you've 00:11:37.180 --> 00:11:39.820 taken off from the airport, after you 00:11:39.820 --> 00:11:42.190 have left the tower controller. 00:11:42.190 --> 00:11:44.500 And you've switched to a local radar. 00:11:44.500 --> 00:11:49.120 And you want to ask for some types of radar following. 00:11:49.120 --> 00:11:52.210 So in general, whenever you do a radio call, 00:11:52.210 --> 00:11:54.400 you start with who you're talking to. 00:11:54.400 --> 00:11:56.005 So in this case, Boston Approach. 00:11:56.005 --> 00:11:58.870 So Boston Approach is who you're talking to. 00:11:58.870 --> 00:12:00.010 And then who you are-- 00:12:00.010 --> 00:12:04.530 so in this example Cirrus 707 whiskey tango. 00:12:04.530 --> 00:12:06.670 So that's the name of the airplane that you're in 00:12:06.670 --> 00:12:08.260 and the tail number. 00:12:08.260 --> 00:12:10.390 And then you have to say where you are, 00:12:10.390 --> 00:12:11.870 so they can try to find you. 00:12:11.870 --> 00:12:14.260 So you can say 5 south of Hanscom. 00:12:14.260 --> 00:12:18.370 So that means you're 5 miles south of Hanscom or Bedford 00:12:18.370 --> 00:12:19.540 field. 00:12:19.540 --> 00:12:21.490 And then what you want, why you're calling-- 00:12:21.490 --> 00:12:24.708 so requesting VFR advisories, Provincetown. 00:12:24.708 --> 00:12:26.500 So that's saying kind of where you're going 00:12:26.500 --> 00:12:29.530 and what you're asking for help with. 00:12:29.530 --> 00:12:33.820 So once you do that and, first of all, before you call in, 00:12:33.820 --> 00:12:36.580 you want to listen to the radio for just a moment to make sure 00:12:36.580 --> 00:12:38.530 you don't talk over somebody. 00:12:38.530 --> 00:12:40.120 But once you make that call, you're 00:12:40.120 --> 00:12:43.220 waiting for the approach controller to call you back. 00:12:43.220 --> 00:12:45.070 And so if they call you back, they'll 00:12:45.070 --> 00:12:46.690 say who they're talking to first. 00:12:46.690 --> 00:12:48.940 So that's you, so seven Whiskey Tango. 00:12:48.940 --> 00:12:52.500 And then they'll tell you what to do, squawk 4231. 00:12:52.500 --> 00:12:57.550 So that means to type into your transponder the numbers 4231. 00:12:57.550 --> 00:13:01.150 And ident, so ident is short for identify. 00:13:01.150 --> 00:13:03.820 And there's an ident button on your transponder. 00:13:03.820 --> 00:13:07.690 When you hit ident, it basically blinks on their screen 00:13:07.690 --> 00:13:10.240 to make them find you easier with all 00:13:10.240 --> 00:13:13.050 the airplanes on their screen. 00:13:13.050 --> 00:13:13.590 OK. 00:13:13.590 --> 00:13:18.750 And it's also possible that you call the controller, 00:13:18.750 --> 00:13:20.220 and you don't hear any response. 00:13:20.220 --> 00:13:22.357 Maybe they're busy doing some other thing. 00:13:22.357 --> 00:13:23.940 So you give them a little bit of time. 00:13:23.940 --> 00:13:25.890 You can just make your call again and hope 00:13:25.890 --> 00:13:27.960 that they respond to you. 00:13:27.960 --> 00:13:30.190 And once the controller tells you, 00:13:30.190 --> 00:13:32.340 you know, radar contact, so that's 00:13:32.340 --> 00:13:34.980 where they say that they found you on their screen. 00:13:34.980 --> 00:13:37.350 So you know, radar contact 7 miles south 00:13:37.350 --> 00:13:40.290 of the Bedford airport, that means they caught you. 00:13:40.290 --> 00:13:42.740 And in this example, as you can see, 00:13:42.740 --> 00:13:46.560 you traveled 2 miles before they actually got the radar contact. 00:13:46.560 --> 00:13:49.080 Sometimes that happens. 00:13:49.080 --> 00:13:51.810 When you're getting traffic advisories, 00:13:51.810 --> 00:13:54.455 they do it in reference to a clock. 00:13:54.455 --> 00:13:55.830 So if you remember, you guys have 00:13:55.830 --> 00:13:58.230 to go back and remember your analog clocks. 00:13:58.230 --> 00:14:02.072 And you know, just so I do it to you guys, 00:14:02.072 --> 00:14:03.030 so you're looking here. 00:14:03.030 --> 00:14:06.050 So you know, 1 o'clock, 2 o'clock, 3 o'clock, 00:14:06.050 --> 00:14:08.650 so basically it's like a clock. 00:14:08.650 --> 00:14:10.720 And they're trying to do it in reference to you. 00:14:10.720 --> 00:14:14.205 So when you flying the plane look at your 3 o'clock, 00:14:14.205 --> 00:14:16.920 that means look out your right window. 00:14:16.920 --> 00:14:20.580 It just noted that wind can affect that sometimes. 00:14:20.580 --> 00:14:23.940 So even if they said 3 o'clock, it might be at 2 o'clock. 00:14:23.940 --> 00:14:25.630 So just keep that in mind. 00:14:25.630 --> 00:14:28.590 So we'll just do a little practice question here. 00:14:28.590 --> 00:14:31.920 So here just to make it easy, we're 00:14:31.920 --> 00:14:35.820 saying the pilot is flying on a heading of 360. 00:14:35.820 --> 00:14:37.230 So why is that easy? 00:14:37.230 --> 00:14:39.750 Well, 360 is north. 00:14:39.750 --> 00:14:42.300 And so north sometimes makes it easy to think about. 00:14:42.300 --> 00:14:45.600 So if you're flying on a heading of 360 degrees 00:14:45.600 --> 00:14:52.800 and the controller says traffic, 10 o'clock 2 miles southbound, 00:14:52.800 --> 00:14:54.645 where are you looking for this traffic? 00:14:58.180 --> 00:14:59.340 So A, B, or C? 00:14:59.340 --> 00:15:00.396 Shout it out. 00:15:00.396 --> 00:15:01.130 AUDIENCE: A. 00:15:01.130 --> 00:15:03.180 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: All right, good. 00:15:03.180 --> 00:15:06.570 So you're flying north. 00:15:06.570 --> 00:15:10.050 And so when you're talking about traffic at 10 o'clock, 00:15:10.050 --> 00:15:12.510 so 10 o'clock will be a little bit to your left. 00:15:12.510 --> 00:15:16.030 So that's the 10:00. 00:15:16.030 --> 00:15:17.980 And then 2 miles is kind of how far 00:15:17.980 --> 00:15:20.900 away that is in the direction that traffic is going. 00:15:20.900 --> 00:15:21.400 Yes. 00:15:21.400 --> 00:15:23.860 AUDIENCE: Is that clock heading relative to you? 00:15:23.860 --> 00:15:27.250 So if you would be traveling at heading of zero, 00:15:27.250 --> 00:15:33.290 would 10 o'clock be southwest? 00:15:33.290 --> 00:15:34.360 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Yes. 00:15:34.360 --> 00:15:37.580 So the question was, is the clock relative to you? 00:15:37.580 --> 00:15:39.380 So it is relative to you. 00:15:39.380 --> 00:15:41.300 So we just made it easy by saying, 00:15:41.300 --> 00:15:43.230 you're flying 360 or north. 00:15:43.230 --> 00:15:45.610 But yes, if you were flying south, 00:15:45.610 --> 00:15:49.840 180, if they say 10 o'clock, it's 00:15:49.840 --> 00:15:53.540 still going to be out your left window a little bit forward. 00:15:53.540 --> 00:15:59.040 But in that direction, it's going to be now southeast. 00:15:59.040 --> 00:16:00.400 Good question. 00:16:00.400 --> 00:16:00.900 OK. 00:16:00.900 --> 00:16:03.000 So we've already talked about this a little bit 00:16:03.000 --> 00:16:06.580 yesterday, the ATIS, or Automatic Terminal Information 00:16:06.580 --> 00:16:07.080 Service. 00:16:07.080 --> 00:16:09.538 So we talked about that when we were looking at the charts. 00:16:09.538 --> 00:16:11.770 And we talked about the ATIS frequency. 00:16:11.770 --> 00:16:13.830 So it's a frequency you can dial in. 00:16:13.830 --> 00:16:16.500 And basically, it's information that's being broadcast. 00:16:16.500 --> 00:16:19.080 So when you dial into that particular frequency, 00:16:19.080 --> 00:16:21.030 you get a certain amount of information. 00:16:21.030 --> 00:16:22.830 Now, the first couple times, I admit 00:16:22.830 --> 00:16:24.750 when you hear this ATIS information, 00:16:24.750 --> 00:16:26.760 it seems very overwhelming. 00:16:26.760 --> 00:16:29.745 And you might have to listen to it 3 times, 4 times even 00:16:29.745 --> 00:16:31.770 to understand what they're saying. 00:16:31.770 --> 00:16:35.540 But I trust you, it gets a lot easier over time. 00:16:35.540 --> 00:16:37.710 So they give you a whole bunch of information. 00:16:37.710 --> 00:16:39.458 So they give you the airport name. 00:16:39.458 --> 00:16:41.000 That's really important to listen to. 00:16:41.000 --> 00:16:42.892 Maybe you dialed the frequency wrong 00:16:42.892 --> 00:16:45.350 and you're getting the ATIS information from the completely 00:16:45.350 --> 00:16:46.670 wrong airport. 00:16:46.670 --> 00:16:49.520 So look at the airport location, and then the letter. 00:16:49.520 --> 00:16:53.360 So they'll say, you know, Bedford information whiskey. 00:16:53.360 --> 00:16:57.770 So that letter is referring to the most recent update. 00:16:57.770 --> 00:17:01.280 So let's say you listen to it, it says information whiskey. 00:17:01.280 --> 00:17:04.210 Then you go off, you do some practice turns or whatever. 00:17:04.210 --> 00:17:06.530 And you're coming back to Bedford, and you dial it in. 00:17:06.530 --> 00:17:08.210 If it's still information whiskey, 00:17:08.210 --> 00:17:09.829 then you don't have to listen to the whole recording. 00:17:09.829 --> 00:17:11.310 You already have that information. 00:17:11.310 --> 00:17:13.470 But if it's now advanced to the next letter, 00:17:13.470 --> 00:17:14.970 then you know it's new information. 00:17:14.970 --> 00:17:17.579 So you need to listen to it. 00:17:17.579 --> 00:17:20.910 So a whole bunch of weather information is provided here. 00:17:20.910 --> 00:17:23.089 So it'll give you the time. 00:17:23.089 --> 00:17:25.700 We'll explain what we mean by Zulu time, the wind, 00:17:25.700 --> 00:17:28.410 visibility, ceiling, those types of information. 00:17:28.410 --> 00:17:30.750 It'll also tell you local information, 00:17:30.750 --> 00:17:33.200 so if a certain taxiway is closed. 00:17:33.200 --> 00:17:36.410 Or right now, you're likely to get a lot of those warnings, 00:17:36.410 --> 00:17:38.370 because there's snow everywhere. 00:17:38.370 --> 00:17:40.730 So they might have piled up snow on certain parts 00:17:40.730 --> 00:17:41.570 of the airport. 00:17:41.570 --> 00:17:45.110 So they'll indicate that those different taxiways or runways 00:17:45.110 --> 00:17:47.680 might be closed. 00:17:47.680 --> 00:17:50.340 So in case you want to listen and practice 00:17:50.340 --> 00:17:53.760 to listening to different ATISs, this is an example. 00:17:53.760 --> 00:17:56.010 You can click on and listen to what it is. 00:17:56.010 --> 00:17:59.020 There's also a phone number that I've highlighted here. 00:17:59.020 --> 00:18:01.260 So you can just use your regular phone. 00:18:01.260 --> 00:18:06.420 Call that number, and you can listen to the ATIS information. 00:18:06.420 --> 00:18:10.350 And it updates approximately once an hour. 00:18:10.350 --> 00:18:12.450 It can update more often, especially if weather 00:18:12.450 --> 00:18:15.930 is changing frequently. 00:18:15.930 --> 00:18:17.930 They're also flight service stations. 00:18:17.930 --> 00:18:21.252 And there's a lot of way to get weather data. 00:18:21.252 --> 00:18:23.210 So when you're on the ground before your flight 00:18:23.210 --> 00:18:24.890 and you're preparing, you can actually 00:18:24.890 --> 00:18:26.740 get a weather briefing. 00:18:26.740 --> 00:18:28.730 You can get a full weather briefing. 00:18:28.730 --> 00:18:31.370 It's very important to do this, especially 00:18:31.370 --> 00:18:33.680 before your FAA check ride. 00:18:33.680 --> 00:18:35.990 But also, any kind of cross-country flights, it's 00:18:35.990 --> 00:18:37.670 a good idea to call in. 00:18:37.670 --> 00:18:40.040 And you can provide your tail number. 00:18:40.040 --> 00:18:44.690 You can indicate where your starting airport is, 00:18:44.690 --> 00:18:47.480 where your destination airport is, when you plan to take off, 00:18:47.480 --> 00:18:49.910 how long you plan to be in flight. 00:18:49.910 --> 00:18:52.670 And then that way they know what weather data to give you. 00:18:52.670 --> 00:18:55.190 And they'll actually just tell you all the information 00:18:55.190 --> 00:18:57.350 that you need to know in a very long spiel. 00:18:57.350 --> 00:19:01.610 So you want to be ready to write all that information down. 00:19:01.610 --> 00:19:03.260 But what's really great about that 00:19:03.260 --> 00:19:06.170 is they also keep a record that you called in 00:19:06.170 --> 00:19:08.090 and that you got this weather data. 00:19:08.090 --> 00:19:09.980 And so it's one way to kind of demonstrate 00:19:09.980 --> 00:19:13.013 that you've adequately prepared for the flight 00:19:13.013 --> 00:19:15.305 and gotten the appropriate weather briefing in advance. 00:19:17.810 --> 00:19:21.010 All right, so radio procedures, so this 00:19:21.010 --> 00:19:24.820 is where we're going to do our fun alphabet test here. 00:19:24.820 --> 00:19:26.300 So we actually did this last year, 00:19:26.300 --> 00:19:28.730 but some people said they kind of forgot the alphabet. 00:19:28.730 --> 00:19:32.140 So it wasn't that they forgot that B stood for Bravo, they 00:19:32.140 --> 00:19:34.490 just forgot what letter of the alphabet came next. 00:19:34.490 --> 00:19:37.010 So to remove that as an excuse for you, 00:19:37.010 --> 00:19:39.340 I have the full alphabet here. 00:19:39.340 --> 00:19:42.250 And together, we're going to see how much you 00:19:42.250 --> 00:19:46.510 know about the full aviation phonetic alphabet. 00:19:46.510 --> 00:19:49.270 So what they mean is instead of saying A, you say alpha. 00:19:49.270 --> 00:19:51.220 Instead of saying B, you say bravo. 00:19:51.220 --> 00:19:53.270 So let's go through together. 00:19:53.270 --> 00:19:55.090 So let's start from the top-- 00:19:55.090 --> 00:20:04.750 alpha, bravo, Charlie, delta, echo, foxtrot, golf, hotel, 00:20:04.750 --> 00:20:16.060 India, Juliet, kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Papa, Quebec, 00:20:16.060 --> 00:20:24.277 Romeo, Sierra, Tango, Uniform, Victor, Whiskey-- 00:20:24.277 --> 00:20:25.110 [INTERPOSING VOICES] 00:20:25.110 --> 00:20:25.985 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 00:20:25.985 --> 00:20:28.690 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Yankee, Zulu. 00:20:28.690 --> 00:20:30.730 All right, good job. 00:20:30.730 --> 00:20:33.880 So I know that some of you aren't familiar with that, 00:20:33.880 --> 00:20:35.780 and that's totally fine. 00:20:35.780 --> 00:20:38.200 So if you were just listening along, that's OK. 00:20:38.200 --> 00:20:40.090 It's good to just get used to hearing it. 00:20:40.090 --> 00:20:42.040 But it's a good thing to practice. 00:20:42.040 --> 00:20:46.090 And you might notice that in your daily life, 00:20:46.090 --> 00:20:47.890 especially if you're someone like me that 00:20:47.890 --> 00:20:51.430 has a very long last name, Srivastava. 00:20:51.430 --> 00:20:53.350 I have to spell it out to people. 00:20:53.350 --> 00:20:57.700 I love to use my aviation phonetic alphabet to do that. 00:20:57.700 --> 00:20:59.500 And you might find a fellow pilot 00:20:59.500 --> 00:21:00.860 on the other end of the line. 00:21:00.860 --> 00:21:02.440 So that's always fun to do. 00:21:02.440 --> 00:21:04.960 But it's good to just start practicing this 00:21:04.960 --> 00:21:06.370 and get used to it. 00:21:06.370 --> 00:21:09.620 Not only is it a fun trick you can whip out when you need to, 00:21:09.620 --> 00:21:13.450 but it's extremely helpful just to have that kind of memorized 00:21:13.450 --> 00:21:16.753 and be familiar with that. 00:21:16.753 --> 00:21:18.420 In terms of the numbers, you pretty much 00:21:18.420 --> 00:21:19.600 just say the numbers. 00:21:19.600 --> 00:21:22.590 Sometimes people say niner instead of nine, 00:21:22.590 --> 00:21:24.030 some people don't. 00:21:24.030 --> 00:21:27.600 Also, instead of saying three, they say tree. 00:21:27.600 --> 00:21:29.370 A lot of people consider that pretentious, 00:21:29.370 --> 00:21:30.660 and they don't like it when you do that. 00:21:30.660 --> 00:21:33.420 But officially, you're supposed to say tree instead of three. 00:21:33.420 --> 00:21:36.540 It's supposedly easier to hear on the radios. 00:21:36.540 --> 00:21:39.640 There's also different ways that you describe a number. 00:21:39.640 --> 00:21:44.940 So if you're talking about 1,200 feet, like your altitude, 00:21:44.940 --> 00:21:46.710 you say 1,200. 00:21:46.710 --> 00:21:52.440 But if you're over 10,000, then you say one zero thousand. 00:21:52.440 --> 00:21:54.450 And then if you're talking about a frequency 00:21:54.450 --> 00:21:59.250 where you have a decimal point, so you would say 124.4. 00:21:59.250 --> 00:22:00.780 So it's really important to do that, 00:22:00.780 --> 00:22:04.770 because if you start saying 124.4, 00:22:04.770 --> 00:22:07.140 then you take up too much time on the radio. 00:22:07.140 --> 00:22:09.840 And people aren't used to hearing the numbers that way. 00:22:09.840 --> 00:22:11.707 It can confuse people. 00:22:11.707 --> 00:22:13.290 So just a question to make sure you've 00:22:13.290 --> 00:22:22.914 gotten that, so A, B, or C? 00:22:22.914 --> 00:22:23.870 AUDIENCE: C. 00:22:23.870 --> 00:22:27.860 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Right, so one zero thousand five hundred. 00:22:27.860 --> 00:22:30.620 There's inevitably a question on the FAA exam about this. 00:22:30.620 --> 00:22:34.970 It's not that hard to do, but please try to remember it. 00:22:34.970 --> 00:22:39.860 All right, so Zulu time is the same as the UTC time. 00:22:39.860 --> 00:22:43.550 So does anyone know what time zone we're currently in? 00:22:43.550 --> 00:22:44.603 AUDIENCE: Eastern. 00:22:44.603 --> 00:22:45.770 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Eastern. 00:22:45.770 --> 00:22:48.967 But is it Eastern Standard Time or Eastern Daylight Time? 00:22:48.967 --> 00:22:50.300 AUDIENCE: Eastern Standard Time. 00:22:50.300 --> 00:22:52.280 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Eastern Standard Time, that's right. 00:22:52.280 --> 00:22:53.990 And do you know how many hours that is 00:22:53.990 --> 00:22:56.440 different from the Zulu time? 00:22:56.440 --> 00:22:56.940 AUDIENCE: 5. 00:22:56.940 --> 00:22:58.148 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: 5, right. 00:22:58.148 --> 00:23:00.330 So you subtract 5 from the Zulu time 00:23:00.330 --> 00:23:03.050 to get our Eastern Standard Time. 00:23:03.050 --> 00:23:05.838 And does it stay like that year round? 00:23:05.838 --> 00:23:06.380 AUDIENCE: No. 00:23:06.380 --> 00:23:07.338 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: No. 00:23:07.338 --> 00:23:11.240 So when it turns into Daylight Time in the March time frame, 00:23:11.240 --> 00:23:14.420 then you do minus 6 or minus 4? 00:23:14.420 --> 00:23:15.320 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 00:23:15.320 --> 00:23:16.640 TINA P. SRIVASTAVA: Minus 4. 00:23:16.640 --> 00:23:20.120 So it's good to just know that, because a lot of the weather 00:23:20.120 --> 00:23:23.000 data and information is provided in Zulu time. 00:23:23.000 --> 00:23:26.330 And you might need to convert it to your local time zone. 00:23:29.340 --> 00:23:32.010 So when you're speaking on the radio, 00:23:32.010 --> 00:23:34.500 it's very important to know that that radio is 00:23:34.500 --> 00:23:37.133 for essential purposes. 00:23:37.133 --> 00:23:38.550 You know, it needs to be available 00:23:38.550 --> 00:23:40.008 if somebody is having an emergency, 00:23:40.008 --> 00:23:41.700 if somebody is lost or disoriented, 00:23:41.700 --> 00:23:43.230 if somebody is having a problem. 00:23:43.230 --> 00:23:45.630 So you don't just speak and talk on the radio 00:23:45.630 --> 00:23:48.420 unless you have something in particular to say. 00:23:48.420 --> 00:23:51.660 That logic goes out the door if you're at a very tiny, 00:23:51.660 --> 00:23:55.680 not very often used airport. 00:23:55.680 --> 00:23:57.510 The other thing to keep in mind is 00:23:57.510 --> 00:24:00.510 that a lot of the communication radios 00:24:00.510 --> 00:24:04.060 operate at a VHF, or Very High Frequency, 00:24:04.060 --> 00:24:06.310 which means that it's line of sight. 00:24:06.310 --> 00:24:08.880 So if there's a mountain range in between you 00:24:08.880 --> 00:24:10.440 and what's transmitting, then you 00:24:10.440 --> 00:24:12.485 won't be able to hear that connection. 00:24:12.485 --> 00:24:13.860 So there are a number of airports 00:24:13.860 --> 00:24:15.750 in the Northeast that are kind of nestled 00:24:15.750 --> 00:24:18.270 in between some mountains. 00:24:18.270 --> 00:24:20.430 You've got to be very careful of mountains. 00:24:20.430 --> 00:24:22.135 Philip talked a lot about fog associated 00:24:22.135 --> 00:24:24.510 with mountains and different wind effects near mountains. 00:24:24.510 --> 00:24:27.180 So mountains are not something to be trifled with. 00:24:27.180 --> 00:24:30.510 But in addition, you may not have proper radio 00:24:30.510 --> 00:24:31.622 communications. 00:24:31.622 --> 00:24:34.080 So if you're trying to land at an airport in the mountains, 00:24:34.080 --> 00:24:36.360 you may not be able to get the ATIS unless you 00:24:36.360 --> 00:24:38.970 fly high enough that you have a line of sight 00:24:38.970 --> 00:24:42.350 to that airport above the mountains, for example. 00:24:42.350 --> 00:24:44.100 And then whenever you're using the radio-- 00:24:44.100 --> 00:24:46.690 we already briefly covered this with one example. 00:24:46.690 --> 00:24:48.930 But there are a couple things you need to say. 00:24:48.930 --> 00:24:52.500 So you need to say you, so who am I talking to, first. 00:24:52.500 --> 00:24:56.280 And then who I am, where I am, what I want, 00:24:56.280 --> 00:24:57.990 and then sometimes you have to say with, 00:24:57.990 --> 00:25:02.760 with meaning what information you have with you. 00:25:02.760 --> 00:25:04.710 And that's referring to the ATIS. 00:25:04.710 --> 00:25:09.540 So if you are trying to take off from Hanscom Airport 00:25:09.540 --> 00:25:12.480 and you have received the ATIS information whiskey, 00:25:12.480 --> 00:25:14.465 then you say with whiskey. 00:25:14.465 --> 00:25:15.840 Because if you don't say whiskey, 00:25:15.840 --> 00:25:17.700 then they might not know if you have 00:25:17.700 --> 00:25:20.730 the right barometric pressure setting, for example. 00:25:20.730 --> 00:25:23.975 Or you might not know that an airport runway is closed. 00:25:23.975 --> 00:25:26.350 So they want to make sure you have the right information. 00:25:26.350 --> 00:25:27.370 So this is an example. 00:25:27.370 --> 00:25:30.030 So first, whenever you get on the radio, 00:25:30.030 --> 00:25:31.650 don't just start talking. 00:25:31.650 --> 00:25:33.360 First, listen to make sure you're not 00:25:33.360 --> 00:25:35.190 talking over anybody. 00:25:35.190 --> 00:25:37.960 And then state all that type of information. 00:25:37.960 --> 00:25:40.710 So in this particular example, it's 00:25:40.710 --> 00:25:45.390 a Cessna coming back to Hanscom to land there. 00:25:45.390 --> 00:25:47.760 So you would say, you're talking to Hanscom Tower. 00:25:47.760 --> 00:25:51.030 So you would say, Hanscom Tower, Skyhawk November 00:25:51.030 --> 00:25:55.950 five three five six niner, 5 miles west of the field. 00:25:55.950 --> 00:25:58.500 Field is referring to the airport. 00:25:58.500 --> 00:26:00.660 Inbound for landing, so that's what I 00:26:00.660 --> 00:26:03.990 want, with information whiskey. 00:26:03.990 --> 00:26:07.320 And one thing to keep in mind with all radio communications, 00:26:07.320 --> 00:26:09.450 you are the pilot in command. 00:26:09.450 --> 00:26:13.980 It's important that you first aviate, which is fly the plane. 00:26:13.980 --> 00:26:16.980 Then navigate, make sure you know where you're going. 00:26:16.980 --> 00:26:19.060 And last, communicate. 00:26:19.060 --> 00:26:21.060 That's really important, because sometimes there 00:26:21.060 --> 00:26:23.520 can be a very aggressive air traffic 00:26:23.520 --> 00:26:26.160 controller on the phone trying to get you to respond 00:26:26.160 --> 00:26:29.262 or, even if you've declared an emergency, trying to help you. 00:26:29.262 --> 00:26:31.470 And if you need to tell them to stand by, if you even 00:26:31.470 --> 00:26:34.020 need to unplug your communications so that you 00:26:34.020 --> 00:26:36.630 can focus on landing the plane, you should do that. 00:26:36.630 --> 00:26:38.490 Because aviate is most important, 00:26:38.490 --> 00:26:40.750 then navigate, and finally communicate. 00:26:40.750 --> 00:26:42.780 And if the air traffic controller gives you 00:26:42.780 --> 00:26:46.320 any instruction regardless of how assertively they 00:26:46.320 --> 00:26:49.278 tell you to do something, you can just say, unable. 00:26:49.278 --> 00:26:50.820 That means you're not going to do it. 00:26:50.820 --> 00:26:52.540 They have to figure out a way around it. 00:26:52.540 --> 00:26:55.340 They have to either move other planes out of the way. 00:26:55.340 --> 00:26:57.090 And you're telling them what you're doing. 00:26:57.090 --> 00:27:00.060 So in the unfortunate case of the-- 00:27:00.060 --> 00:27:02.430 ultimately positive case of Captain Sully 00:27:02.430 --> 00:27:06.127 landing in the Hudson, if you watch the movie 00:27:06.127 --> 00:27:07.710 or if you hear the recordings of that, 00:27:07.710 --> 00:27:09.793 you hear that the air traffic controller is trying 00:27:09.793 --> 00:27:11.760 to be really helpful and is trying to say, 00:27:11.760 --> 00:27:13.550 hey, you can land at Teterboro. 00:27:13.550 --> 00:27:16.290 You know, I've cleared all these airports for you. 00:27:16.290 --> 00:27:21.260 And Captain Sully just says, unable. 00:27:21.260 --> 00:27:24.930 So there's a Common Traffic Advisory Frequency, or CTAF. 00:27:24.930 --> 00:27:27.140 So this is where there are a lot of airports 00:27:27.140 --> 00:27:29.368 increasingly, unfortunately due to budget cuts, 00:27:29.368 --> 00:27:31.160 there are more and more airports that don't 00:27:31.160 --> 00:27:34.070 have operating control towers. 00:27:34.070 --> 00:27:37.130 So in these spaces, you have a frequency 00:27:37.130 --> 00:27:39.710 that airplanes can just talk to each other 00:27:39.710 --> 00:27:42.530 on to make sure they're coordinating with other people 00:27:42.530 --> 00:27:44.490 there. 00:27:44.490 --> 00:27:47.760 So I'm going to give you a couple examples and procedures. 00:27:47.760 --> 00:27:49.140 So you want to do your first call 00:27:49.140 --> 00:27:51.270 10 miles away from the airport and then 00:27:51.270 --> 00:27:52.650 just report certain things. 00:27:52.650 --> 00:27:55.650 So when you're entering the downwind, the base, the final, 00:27:55.650 --> 00:27:58.230 these are the legs of the traffic pattern to land. 00:27:58.230 --> 00:28:01.890 When you're leaving, also when you're taxiing on the field, 00:28:01.890 --> 00:28:04.590 those are things that you would want to call out on the radio. 00:28:04.590 --> 00:28:06.630 And nobody will respond to you. 00:28:06.630 --> 00:28:09.690 Sometimes you just say that, so that anyone 00:28:09.690 --> 00:28:11.490 who's around who might be in the vicinity 00:28:11.490 --> 00:28:15.310 can hear that there's another airplane and what you're doing. 00:28:15.310 --> 00:28:17.430 And so just kind of tying it back 00:28:17.430 --> 00:28:19.710 to when we're looking at the charts, so here's 00:28:19.710 --> 00:28:22.710 a snapshot from a sectional chart. 00:28:22.710 --> 00:28:25.410 So you see in the middle there there's a tiny little airport. 00:28:25.410 --> 00:28:27.510 It says, Jamestown. 00:28:27.510 --> 00:28:29.850 So if you want to figure out what the CTAF is, 00:28:29.850 --> 00:28:34.050 so just zooming in there, so you can see where 00:28:34.050 --> 00:28:36.660 it says in magenta Jamestown. 00:28:36.660 --> 00:28:37.980 It talks about the airport. 00:28:37.980 --> 00:28:41.400 It first gives the ASOS, which is the automated weather 00:28:41.400 --> 00:28:42.780 information. 00:28:42.780 --> 00:28:44.860 It gives you more information there 00:28:44.860 --> 00:28:50.010 that it's the bottom right numbers 123.0 is that CTAF. 00:28:50.010 --> 00:28:52.590 So that's the frequency at which you would just 00:28:52.590 --> 00:28:58.330 announce that you're coming in, that you're landing, et cetera. 00:28:58.330 --> 00:29:01.740 So there are a lot of different radar facilities. 00:29:01.740 --> 00:29:03.540 You may not necessarily interact with all 00:29:03.540 --> 00:29:06.720 of these as a private pilot, but there are things 00:29:06.720 --> 00:29:09.280 called clearance delivery. 00:29:09.280 --> 00:29:13.110 They're really frequently at busy airports. 00:29:13.110 --> 00:29:16.627 And they talk about a lot of specific operations. 00:29:16.627 --> 00:29:18.210 You probably won't deal with this much 00:29:18.210 --> 00:29:21.420 as a private pilot just getting your first license. 00:29:21.420 --> 00:29:24.510 Ground control you'll definitely talk to if you're 00:29:24.510 --> 00:29:26.250 at Hanscom, even at Lawrence. 00:29:26.250 --> 00:29:28.950 There's usually both a tower and ground. 00:29:28.950 --> 00:29:34.260 And so when you're ready to enter the runway, 00:29:34.260 --> 00:29:36.600 so you finished your engine run up, 00:29:36.600 --> 00:29:38.910 you're lined up waiting to enter the runway, that's 00:29:38.910 --> 00:29:40.860 when you talk to tower. 00:29:40.860 --> 00:29:42.795 You tell them that you want to take off, 00:29:42.795 --> 00:29:44.670 and then they give you clearance to take off. 00:29:44.670 --> 00:29:46.795 And when you're flying and approaching the airport, 00:29:46.795 --> 00:29:48.030 you're talking to tower. 00:29:48.030 --> 00:29:51.900 But once you've landed and you exit the active runway, 00:29:51.900 --> 00:29:53.370 then you switch over to ground. 00:29:53.370 --> 00:29:56.550 And ground will tell you how to taxi around the runway 00:29:56.550 --> 00:30:00.990 and get to wherever you're parking your airplane. 00:30:00.990 --> 00:30:04.720 So if you lose your communications, 00:30:04.720 --> 00:30:07.020 the first thing you should do is actually 00:30:07.020 --> 00:30:09.600 make sure you did lose your communications. 00:30:09.600 --> 00:30:12.510 It turns out vast majority of the time you actually 00:30:12.510 --> 00:30:14.747 just bumped your plug out of the socket, 00:30:14.747 --> 00:30:16.080 and you just need to plug it in. 00:30:16.080 --> 00:30:18.360 Or you turned your volume down. 00:30:18.360 --> 00:30:20.532 Or you're not talking on the right frequency. 00:30:20.532 --> 00:30:21.990 So make sure all of that's working, 00:30:21.990 --> 00:30:27.130 because it's very infrequent that your comms actually die. 00:30:27.130 --> 00:30:28.830 But if they do, we've talked about how 00:30:28.830 --> 00:30:31.760 you can enter that transponder code 00:30:31.760 --> 00:30:37.670 and indicate that you don't have your comms available. 00:30:37.670 --> 00:30:41.000 And we talked about that that transponder code is 7600. 00:30:41.000 --> 00:30:43.730 So that's the last communications. 00:30:43.730 --> 00:30:45.620 And depending on the class of airspace, 00:30:45.620 --> 00:30:49.220 they might give you a light gun signals to tell you what to do. 00:30:49.220 --> 00:30:52.430 Or you could actually just go to an untowered airport 00:30:52.430 --> 00:30:55.280 where you don't require communications with anyone, 00:30:55.280 --> 00:30:58.010 and you can and just kind of look around, 00:30:58.010 --> 00:31:00.410 see and avoid other aircraft, and land. 00:31:00.410 --> 00:31:05.150 You can also transmit in case it's the fact that your ability 00:31:05.150 --> 00:31:07.700 to hear has died, but your ability to transmit 00:31:07.700 --> 00:31:08.570 is still alive. 00:31:08.570 --> 00:31:10.070 So you can still transmit, you know, 00:31:10.070 --> 00:31:12.440 I'm approaching such and such airport. 00:31:12.440 --> 00:31:13.820 I'm entering the final. 00:31:13.820 --> 00:31:16.130 But don't continuously transmit. 00:31:16.130 --> 00:31:19.070 Because keep in mind it might be that your transmission is 00:31:19.070 --> 00:31:20.990 working just great, you just can't hear. 00:31:20.990 --> 00:31:24.940 So don't clog up the entire radio. 00:31:24.940 --> 00:31:30.460 This is just a review of those light gun signals as well. 00:31:30.460 --> 00:31:32.627 OK, so emergency procedures, there 00:31:32.627 --> 00:31:34.460 are a lot of different emergency procedures, 00:31:34.460 --> 00:31:37.760 but here we're focusing on from our radios 00:31:37.760 --> 00:31:39.620 and comms perspective. 00:31:39.620 --> 00:31:43.070 Again, you need to first aviate, then navigate, then 00:31:43.070 --> 00:31:45.130 communicate. 00:31:45.130 --> 00:31:46.880 So the first things you do really 00:31:46.880 --> 00:31:48.590 depends on what the emergency is, right? 00:31:48.590 --> 00:31:50.420 If it's an engine failure, then your focus 00:31:50.420 --> 00:31:54.170 is on pitching to an appropriate airspeed, 00:31:54.170 --> 00:31:56.780 so that you can get the greatest time 00:31:56.780 --> 00:31:58.580 and distance to where you need to land, 00:31:58.580 --> 00:32:01.070 finding a place to land and trying to restart your engine. 00:32:01.070 --> 00:32:06.470 That aside, with regard to the radios and the communications, 00:32:06.470 --> 00:32:10.460 there is an emergency frequency, 121.5. 00:32:10.460 --> 00:32:13.250 There's a squawk code, 7700. 00:32:13.250 --> 00:32:14.790 We already talked about that. 00:32:14.790 --> 00:32:17.780 And you can radio just mayday, mayday, mayday. 00:32:17.780 --> 00:32:22.980 That alerts folks of the fact that you have an emergency. 00:32:22.980 --> 00:32:25.980 We also discussed when we were talking about required 00:32:25.980 --> 00:32:28.530 equipment on your aircraft, there's 00:32:28.530 --> 00:32:32.790 a such thing called an ELT, or Emergency Locator Transmitter. 00:32:32.790 --> 00:32:35.820 And this thing basically turns on by itself 00:32:35.820 --> 00:32:39.840 and will basically broadcast where you are. 00:32:39.840 --> 00:32:43.350 And it needs to be tested fairly often. 00:32:43.350 --> 00:32:46.170 You can actually tune into the frequency 00:32:46.170 --> 00:32:50.880 that it's emitting at to test if it is transmitting. 00:32:50.880 --> 00:32:54.550 OK, flight information, this is our last big section. 00:32:54.550 --> 00:32:59.260 So this is talking about information around an airport. 00:32:59.260 --> 00:33:02.420 So I'm going to grab the ForeFlight again. 00:33:02.420 --> 00:33:05.170 So again, just like with the case of the sectional, 00:33:05.170 --> 00:33:07.330 there's always a physical version 00:33:07.330 --> 00:33:08.930 or an electronic version. 00:33:08.930 --> 00:33:11.650 So the picture you see on the slide 00:33:11.650 --> 00:33:13.640 is something that you could actually look at. 00:33:13.640 --> 00:33:16.300 So there's an airport flight directory. 00:33:16.300 --> 00:33:19.090 So that will give you the types of information 00:33:19.090 --> 00:33:20.500 you're looking at. 00:33:20.500 --> 00:33:25.990 Or on a ForeFlight, and I'll pass this around, 00:33:25.990 --> 00:33:28.630 you can search a particular airport 00:33:28.630 --> 00:33:31.080 and get the same information. 00:33:31.080 --> 00:33:33.010 So I'll just pass this around. 00:33:37.120 --> 00:33:38.760 So there's a lot of good information. 00:33:38.760 --> 00:33:40.920 We already discussed some of it when we were first 00:33:40.920 --> 00:33:44.790 talking about charts and runway markings and runway length 00:33:44.790 --> 00:33:46.150 and those types of things. 00:33:46.150 --> 00:33:48.150 But from a communications perspective, 00:33:48.150 --> 00:33:50.340 it also has a lot of great information with regard 00:33:50.340 --> 00:33:52.890 to what the ATIS is, what the tower frequency is, 00:33:52.890 --> 00:33:56.320 what the ground, all of that type of information. 00:33:56.320 --> 00:33:57.810 And we've also discussed previously 00:33:57.810 --> 00:34:02.890 the FAR/AIM very large book of regulations. 00:34:02.890 --> 00:34:06.370 There are a number of other types of notices called Notices 00:34:06.370 --> 00:34:08.800 to Airmen, or NOTAMs. 00:34:08.800 --> 00:34:12.662 And NOTAMs basically can be warnings 00:34:12.662 --> 00:34:13.870 of different types of things. 00:34:13.870 --> 00:34:18.040 We've discussed a TFRs or temporary flight restrictions. 00:34:18.040 --> 00:34:20.260 But you might also get a NOTAM that there's 00:34:20.260 --> 00:34:22.370 parachute jumping in the area. 00:34:22.370 --> 00:34:26.870 So watch out for that happening. 00:34:26.870 --> 00:34:30.350 Sometimes there's also an advisory circular. 00:34:30.350 --> 00:34:34.489 These are not required or binding, 00:34:34.489 --> 00:34:37.010 but information that is put out to help 00:34:37.010 --> 00:34:38.960 you understand or clarify if there's 00:34:38.960 --> 00:34:42.889 confusion with regulations. 00:34:42.889 --> 00:34:45.400 OK, I have the answer up here for you, 00:34:45.400 --> 00:34:48.260 but just a couple practice questions. 00:34:48.260 --> 00:34:51.280 So this one is about basic radar service. 00:34:51.280 --> 00:34:53.980 And so this is about what we were just describing. 00:34:53.980 --> 00:34:56.800 If you call up and ask for flight following, 00:34:56.800 --> 00:34:58.450 what are they providing you? 00:34:58.450 --> 00:35:00.550 Well, they're providing you safety alerts, traffic 00:35:00.550 --> 00:35:02.080 advisories. 00:35:02.080 --> 00:35:04.240 Sometimes they'll do vectoring. 00:35:04.240 --> 00:35:06.190 So what do I mean by vectoring is 00:35:06.190 --> 00:35:10.447 let's say there's traffic, traffic 12 o'clock 3 miles. 00:35:10.447 --> 00:35:13.030 That means there's traffic right in front of you 3 miles away. 00:35:13.030 --> 00:35:14.140 And then they come back. 00:35:14.140 --> 00:35:17.920 And you know, you're saying, looking for traffic. 00:35:17.920 --> 00:35:19.540 You can't find the traffic. 00:35:19.540 --> 00:35:22.570 They say traffic 12 o'clock 2 miles 00:35:22.570 --> 00:35:23.780 in the same altitude as you. 00:35:23.780 --> 00:35:26.350 So if you're at 3,000, they say 3,000. 00:35:26.350 --> 00:35:28.270 And then you still can't see it. 00:35:28.270 --> 00:35:31.420 And you're just like, you know, negative traffic. 00:35:31.420 --> 00:35:33.190 So then they'll just tell you. 00:35:33.190 --> 00:35:38.320 You know, they'll just give you another heading. 00:35:38.320 --> 00:35:41.350 So they'll give you a number, so heading 360. 00:35:41.350 --> 00:35:44.950 Or they'll say, turn 10 degrees left. 00:35:44.950 --> 00:35:47.320 And so that is what they mean by limited vectoring. 00:35:47.320 --> 00:35:49.630 So they'll tell you what to do for a little bit 00:35:49.630 --> 00:35:52.860 to avoid something dangerous.