WEBVTT 00:00:00.120 --> 00:00:02.460 The following content is provided under a Creative 00:00:02.460 --> 00:00:03.880 Commons license. 00:00:03.880 --> 00:00:06.090 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 00:00:06.090 --> 00:00:10.180 continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free. 00:00:10.180 --> 00:00:12.720 To make a donation or to view additional materials 00:00:12.720 --> 00:00:16.680 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 00:00:16.680 --> 00:00:17.880 at ocw.mit.edu. 00:00:24.984 --> 00:00:26.300 OLIVIER DE WECK: All right. 00:00:26.300 --> 00:00:28.100 So let's see. 00:00:28.100 --> 00:00:29.150 Mr. Sticky. 00:00:29.150 --> 00:00:30.740 Let's see, EPFL. 00:00:30.740 --> 00:00:34.130 Who picked Mr. Sticky? 00:00:34.130 --> 00:00:35.840 Anybody? 00:00:35.840 --> 00:00:38.230 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:00:38.230 --> 00:00:42.140 So the definition is a cylindrical container 00:00:42.140 --> 00:00:46.430 containing a date covered with a [? basic ?] substance that 00:00:46.430 --> 00:00:50.600 can be deployed in order to attract and capture insects. 00:00:50.600 --> 00:00:51.710 OLIVIER DE WECK: Good. 00:00:51.710 --> 00:00:54.080 I'm glad you added the last part because I 00:00:54.080 --> 00:00:56.060 was worried that you weren't going 00:00:56.060 --> 00:00:57.920 to talk about the function. 00:00:57.920 --> 00:00:59.890 So it's good. 00:00:59.890 --> 00:01:00.640 I think it's good. 00:01:00.640 --> 00:01:04.640 You started describing the form, and then you 00:01:04.640 --> 00:01:07.050 explained what the function is at the end. 00:01:07.050 --> 00:01:08.030 So that's good. 00:01:08.030 --> 00:01:09.900 Anybody else do Mr. Sticky here? 00:01:09.900 --> 00:01:10.400 Yeah. 00:01:10.400 --> 00:01:11.780 Do you want to share? 00:01:11.780 --> 00:01:16.310 AUDIENCE: So we said it was a portable canister 00:01:16.310 --> 00:01:19.730 deployable, fly-attracting sticky tape, 00:01:19.730 --> 00:01:22.202 fly-catching mechanism. 00:01:22.202 --> 00:01:24.887 OLIVIER DE WECK: All right. 00:01:24.887 --> 00:01:26.720 Yeah, I think you've got the right elements. 00:01:26.720 --> 00:01:30.140 I think it needs to flow a little better, 00:01:30.140 --> 00:01:32.480 but you've got the right ingredients there. 00:01:32.480 --> 00:01:34.790 What about the i3. 00:01:34.790 --> 00:01:36.950 Anybody? 00:01:36.950 --> 00:01:37.651 Yeah, go ahead. 00:01:37.651 --> 00:01:38.150 Justice. 00:01:38.150 --> 00:01:39.775 AUDIENCE: You said it was an efficiency 00:01:39.775 --> 00:01:43.287 and urban-optimized transport vehicle made by BMW. 00:01:43.287 --> 00:01:44.620 OLIVIER DE WECK: Say that again? 00:01:48.050 --> 00:01:51.605 AUDIENCE: Can you turn on the mic, please? 00:01:51.605 --> 00:01:53.080 AUDIENCE: Does yours work? 00:01:53.080 --> 00:01:54.490 OLIVIER DE WECK: Do it again. 00:01:54.490 --> 00:01:56.240 AUDIENCE: We said it was an efficiency 00:01:56.240 --> 00:02:00.640 and urban-optimized transport vehicle made by BMW. 00:02:00.640 --> 00:02:05.480 OLIVIER DE WECK: Urban-optimized transport vehicle. 00:02:05.480 --> 00:02:06.275 I think it's good. 00:02:08.900 --> 00:02:10.699 I think you're missing the effect 00:02:10.699 --> 00:02:15.500 that it's an all-electric, the fact that it's fundamentally 00:02:15.500 --> 00:02:17.840 an electric vehicle. 00:02:17.840 --> 00:02:19.185 I think it's key to the i3. 00:02:19.185 --> 00:02:20.810 Because you have you have other urban-- 00:02:20.810 --> 00:02:22.050 like the smart car. 00:02:22.050 --> 00:02:25.640 And so architecturally, distinguishing feature 00:02:25.640 --> 00:02:27.300 is definitely the electric drive. 00:02:27.300 --> 00:02:29.090 So I think it's good, but I think 00:02:29.090 --> 00:02:31.610 you're just missing a little bit on the technology there. 00:02:31.610 --> 00:02:33.620 What about i3 and EPFL? 00:02:33.620 --> 00:02:34.850 Anybody do the i3? 00:02:38.426 --> 00:02:39.565 AUDIENCE: Nobody. 00:02:39.565 --> 00:02:41.410 OLIVIER DE WECK: Nobody. 00:02:41.410 --> 00:02:42.770 Anybody else here? 00:02:42.770 --> 00:02:45.898 Yeah, Veronica. 00:02:45.898 --> 00:02:46.810 AUDIENCE: Thank you. 00:02:46.810 --> 00:02:47.600 Sorry. 00:02:47.600 --> 00:02:50.200 A transportation system responsible for moving people 00:02:50.200 --> 00:02:52.240 and products with an enclosed metal frame 00:02:52.240 --> 00:02:54.040 equipped with various safety devices 00:02:54.040 --> 00:02:56.320 using electrically-powered control and locomotion 00:02:56.320 --> 00:02:57.912 subsystems. 00:02:57.912 --> 00:02:59.800 OLIVIER DE WECK: OK. 00:02:59.800 --> 00:03:00.760 That's pretty good. 00:03:00.760 --> 00:03:03.120 There's a lot there. 00:03:03.120 --> 00:03:04.750 I would throw a question. 00:03:04.750 --> 00:03:08.890 A concept you defined could almost apply to a Tramway 00:03:08.890 --> 00:03:10.660 as well. 00:03:10.660 --> 00:03:13.419 If this was like a streetcar, don't you 00:03:13.419 --> 00:03:14.960 think it would apply to that as well? 00:03:14.960 --> 00:03:18.790 So I think the fact that it's a personal vehicle, 00:03:18.790 --> 00:03:21.410 I think it's important. 00:03:21.410 --> 00:03:26.110 So the key in this is, describe the concept using few words 00:03:26.110 --> 00:03:31.930 precisely, but to set it apart from neighboring concepts. 00:03:31.930 --> 00:03:33.070 What about Rolex Center? 00:03:37.116 --> 00:03:38.760 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:03:38.760 --> 00:03:42.580 It's a single-layer building with multiple straw 00:03:42.580 --> 00:03:47.820 used as a library for people to meet and study. 00:03:47.820 --> 00:03:53.710 OLIVIER DE WECK: A single-story building using multiple-- 00:03:53.710 --> 00:03:55.195 AUDIENCE: --floors. 00:03:55.195 --> 00:03:56.360 OLIVIER DE WECK: Floors. 00:03:56.360 --> 00:03:56.860 Oh, yeah. 00:03:56.860 --> 00:03:58.620 So that's right. 00:03:58.620 --> 00:04:00.710 AUDIENCE: You have one layer. 00:04:00.710 --> 00:04:05.020 However, it has this wave shape and therefore, you 00:04:05.020 --> 00:04:07.370 have something akin to two floors. 00:04:07.370 --> 00:04:10.480 So the library is one something like the upper floor 00:04:10.480 --> 00:04:14.230 and the meeting areas, the noisy areas on the lower floors. 00:04:14.230 --> 00:04:17.019 So you can connect both, but the noise 00:04:17.019 --> 00:04:18.324 doesn't connect that easily. 00:04:18.324 --> 00:04:19.240 OLIVIER DE WECK: Yeah. 00:04:19.240 --> 00:04:23.340 No, that's very good, and I think that's the architectural. 00:04:23.340 --> 00:04:24.940 And then the library is there. 00:04:24.940 --> 00:04:25.720 That's for sure? 00:04:25.720 --> 00:04:28.510 But isn't there a lot of other things or services 00:04:28.510 --> 00:04:30.400 provided in that building beyond the library? 00:04:34.086 --> 00:04:41.360 AUDIENCE: Yeah, you have a bank, a cafeteria, student services. 00:04:41.360 --> 00:04:45.180 But you could encompass it in a meeting area. 00:04:45.180 --> 00:04:50.210 You meet and you do some stuff like eating, going to the bank. 00:04:50.210 --> 00:04:52.120 OLIVIER DE WECK: Right. 00:04:52.120 --> 00:04:54.144 AUDIENCE: I think we missed some functions. 00:04:54.144 --> 00:04:55.060 OLIVIER DE WECK: Yeah. 00:04:55.060 --> 00:04:58.540 So I like your definition, but I think 00:04:58.540 --> 00:05:00.130 by pointing out the library, you're 00:05:00.130 --> 00:05:01.980 missing the other functions. 00:05:01.980 --> 00:05:05.080 And my understanding is that the reason this was built 00:05:05.080 --> 00:05:07.730 was to put two things. 00:05:07.730 --> 00:05:11.130 One, is it's a focal point for the community at EPFL. 00:05:11.130 --> 00:05:13.480 We have a student center here at MIT. 00:05:13.480 --> 00:05:18.130 People go there to do their banking, their eating, 00:05:18.130 --> 00:05:19.550 their meeting, and so forth. 00:05:19.550 --> 00:05:22.480 So in that sense, it's pretty similar, 00:05:22.480 --> 00:05:25.720 but I think the Rolex Center is such an iconic building 00:05:25.720 --> 00:05:30.640 that it also serve a kind of a prestige function, 00:05:30.640 --> 00:05:33.760 to put the institution on the map in terms 00:05:33.760 --> 00:05:37.040 of it's a statement. 00:05:37.040 --> 00:05:39.160 It's not just a utilitarian building. 00:05:39.160 --> 00:05:42.790 Whereas, I would argue our MIT student center, 00:05:42.790 --> 00:05:45.250 it has very similar functions to the Rolex Center, 00:05:45.250 --> 00:05:47.630 but I wouldn't call it an iconic building. 00:05:47.630 --> 00:05:49.870 It doesn't have that wow factor. 00:05:49.870 --> 00:05:52.000 Would you guys agree with that? 00:05:52.000 --> 00:05:52.810 Yeah. 00:05:52.810 --> 00:05:55.000 Maybe it did when it was initially built. 00:05:55.000 --> 00:05:57.790 I'm not sure, but very good. 00:05:57.790 --> 00:06:02.530 So we could spend a lot of time on these, but really crisply 00:06:02.530 --> 00:06:07.960 refining and thinking about the concept is very, very important 00:06:07.960 --> 00:06:11.050 So let me very quickly go through the refrigerator case 00:06:11.050 --> 00:06:16.000 study to show how do we transition from concept 00:06:16.000 --> 00:06:17.830 to design. 00:06:17.830 --> 00:06:21.740 So the first thing you do is understand where is the value-- 00:06:21.740 --> 00:06:24.250 the stakeholders and the stakeholder 00:06:24.250 --> 00:06:28.240 analysis and the requirements definition. 00:06:28.240 --> 00:06:33.280 And so in order to do that, you ask the question, first 00:06:33.280 --> 00:06:35.470 of all, value identification. 00:06:35.470 --> 00:06:37.660 Where is the value? 00:06:37.660 --> 00:06:40.120 And so you understand that then who is the beneficiary? 00:06:40.120 --> 00:06:41.470 That's a stakeholder. 00:06:41.470 --> 00:06:43.200 The stakeholder has needs. 00:06:43.200 --> 00:06:45.820 I'm using OPM here to describe this. 00:06:45.820 --> 00:06:47.640 And then this is a funny thing here. 00:06:47.640 --> 00:06:50.560 The needs have these little bumps. 00:06:50.560 --> 00:06:52.015 This is meant to indicate a cloud. 00:06:57.130 --> 00:06:59.680 This is not standard OPM nomenclature. 00:06:59.680 --> 00:07:01.010 Just point that out. 00:07:01.010 --> 00:07:04.930 So this means that the needs are somewhat vaporous. 00:07:04.930 --> 00:07:07.120 They're not very well defined. 00:07:07.120 --> 00:07:11.440 And then you interpret and incorporate some of the needs 00:07:11.440 --> 00:07:14.110 into goals, which become requirements. 00:07:14.110 --> 00:07:17.050 And so the goals then are an instrument 00:07:17.050 --> 00:07:20.710 of the primary delivery value delivering process, which 00:07:20.710 --> 00:07:22.510 is your value proposition. 00:07:22.510 --> 00:07:24.370 To then actually deliver that value 00:07:24.370 --> 00:07:27.670 you need to design the product, the product system, the product 00:07:27.670 --> 00:07:32.680 object, and understand the operand, the thing that 00:07:32.680 --> 00:07:35.080 is being operated on or transformed 00:07:35.080 --> 00:07:37.740 by the primary value delivery process. 00:07:37.740 --> 00:07:40.360 That's a very abstract, high-level way 00:07:40.360 --> 00:07:44.350 to think about where's the value in the system. 00:07:44.350 --> 00:07:48.910 But fundamentally, this is part of the reducing ambiguity work 00:07:48.910 --> 00:07:50.800 that you do as a system architect, 00:07:50.800 --> 00:07:52.240 as a system engineer. 00:07:52.240 --> 00:07:54.400 And there is a recipe for doing this. 00:07:54.400 --> 00:07:58.420 So first you start examining the operand associated with value. 00:07:58.420 --> 00:08:00.400 What's really the thing that generates 00:08:00.400 --> 00:08:03.790 the value that the user, the beneficiaries care about. 00:08:03.790 --> 00:08:06.130 Next you say, this is the attribute link. 00:08:06.130 --> 00:08:09.550 What attributes of the upper are changing or being 00:08:09.550 --> 00:08:12.070 affected associated with value? 00:08:12.070 --> 00:08:15.160 And so the attribute-transforming process 00:08:15.160 --> 00:08:19.640 is where the value is generated. 00:08:19.640 --> 00:08:25.760 So for food, I think we briefly talked about this before. 00:08:25.760 --> 00:08:29.180 Usually people will say, when you think about a refrigerator, 00:08:29.180 --> 00:08:31.830 keep the food cold. 00:08:31.830 --> 00:08:34.309 But if you step back and think about it 00:08:34.309 --> 00:08:36.650 in a more abstract way, it's really 00:08:36.650 --> 00:08:40.010 about preserving food or reducing 00:08:40.010 --> 00:08:41.960 the spoilage rate of the food. 00:08:41.960 --> 00:08:48.350 So the refrigerator effectively becomes a food 00:08:48.350 --> 00:08:52.010 spoilage rate reduction device. 00:08:52.010 --> 00:08:54.380 and I know that sounds terrible, but that 00:08:54.380 --> 00:08:56.190 is really what it's about. 00:08:58.910 --> 00:09:01.110 So when once you think that way, you 00:09:01.110 --> 00:09:04.620 can really start being creative and focus your creativity. 00:09:04.620 --> 00:09:07.440 So here we have the food, and our goal 00:09:07.440 --> 00:09:09.990 is to reduce its spoilage rate. 00:09:09.990 --> 00:09:13.110 And then you can ask, well, how can we do this? 00:09:13.110 --> 00:09:15.690 What are all the different ways of reducing 00:09:15.690 --> 00:09:18.990 the spoilage rate of the food? 00:09:18.990 --> 00:09:21.750 So from among the system operating processes, 00:09:21.750 --> 00:09:27.540 we then specialize and pick a particular one for our concept. 00:09:27.540 --> 00:09:31.020 So beside chilling or keeping the food cold, 00:09:31.020 --> 00:09:33.360 we could irradiate the food. 00:09:33.360 --> 00:09:36.260 We could we dry the food. 00:09:36.260 --> 00:09:40.890 What are some other ways that we can reduce the spoilage rate? 00:09:40.890 --> 00:09:43.010 So irradiating, drying, chilling. 00:09:43.010 --> 00:09:43.510 Sam? 00:09:43.510 --> 00:09:44.402 AUDIENCE: Preserving. 00:09:44.402 --> 00:09:45.568 OLIVIER DE WECK: Preserving. 00:09:45.568 --> 00:09:48.440 So you add chemicals essentially. 00:09:48.440 --> 00:09:51.060 EPFL, how else can we do it? 00:09:51.060 --> 00:09:54.290 Spoilage rate reduction? 00:09:54.290 --> 00:09:55.574 AUDIENCE: Using chemicals? 00:09:55.574 --> 00:09:56.490 OLIVIER DE WECK: Yeah. 00:09:56.490 --> 00:09:59.609 So that's chemical. 00:09:59.609 --> 00:10:00.150 That's right. 00:10:00.150 --> 00:10:01.110 What else? 00:10:01.110 --> 00:10:03.600 Keep going. 00:10:03.600 --> 00:10:06.700 Because food is pretty essential for humans, 00:10:06.700 --> 00:10:08.310 this is actually one of the areas 00:10:08.310 --> 00:10:11.260 where humans have been very creative. 00:10:11.260 --> 00:10:13.020 There's a lot of ways to do this. 00:10:13.020 --> 00:10:15.536 So keep going. 00:10:15.536 --> 00:10:18.370 AUDIENCE: Yeah, for example, for conserving grapes, 00:10:18.370 --> 00:10:20.730 maybe you do wine, which is a process 00:10:20.730 --> 00:10:25.590 to conserve this wonderful [INAUDIBLE].. 00:10:25.590 --> 00:10:26.670 OLIVIER DE WECK: Yeah. 00:10:26.670 --> 00:10:32.532 Please keep some wine for us too, please. 00:10:32.532 --> 00:10:34.720 AUDIENCE: Beer is the same. 00:10:34.720 --> 00:10:37.000 OLIVIER DE WECK: Yeah. 00:10:37.000 --> 00:10:42.870 So marinating it, vacuum packing, smoking, 00:10:42.870 --> 00:10:44.070 on and on and on. 00:10:44.070 --> 00:10:49.010 My favorite is actually eating it. 00:10:49.010 --> 00:10:50.120 What do bears do? 00:10:50.120 --> 00:10:52.020 How do bears conserve food? 00:10:52.020 --> 00:10:53.185 AUDIENCE: Fat. 00:10:53.185 --> 00:10:54.060 OLIVIER DE WECK: Fat. 00:10:54.060 --> 00:10:54.559 Right? 00:10:54.559 --> 00:10:57.630 So bears, they actually consume it and then 00:10:57.630 --> 00:11:02.160 transform it into fat, into a different storage form, 00:11:02.160 --> 00:11:04.170 store it inside their bodies, and then 00:11:04.170 --> 00:11:10.710 as they hibernate, that energy, that food 00:11:10.710 --> 00:11:13.440 is being gradually consumed. 00:11:13.440 --> 00:11:15.570 That's a very different way, but it's essentially 00:11:15.570 --> 00:11:17.200 the same function. 00:11:17.200 --> 00:11:22.050 So that's the key idea is start thinking in this abstract way, 00:11:22.050 --> 00:11:26.310 and all of a sudden all these other possibilities 00:11:26.310 --> 00:11:28.950 become possible. 00:11:28.950 --> 00:11:32.640 And that's really the cool part about design and creativity. 00:11:32.640 --> 00:11:36.460 But eventually, you have to pick a particular concept. 00:11:36.460 --> 00:11:39.195 So the chilling part is not enough. 00:11:39.195 --> 00:11:40.200 That's the function. 00:11:40.200 --> 00:11:42.120 And then you say, well, we need a chiller. 00:11:42.120 --> 00:11:44.571 In order to chill, we need a chiller, 00:11:44.571 --> 00:11:46.320 and there are different types of chillers, 00:11:46.320 --> 00:11:48.450 like a cooler or refrigerator. 00:11:48.450 --> 00:11:52.020 And it's the combination of this specific way you're 00:11:52.020 --> 00:11:54.330 going to operate the system. 00:11:54.330 --> 00:11:58.390 The element of form and then the specialized element of form, 00:11:58.390 --> 00:12:00.840 in this case the cooler, that combination 00:12:00.840 --> 00:12:03.480 is what we call concept. 00:12:03.480 --> 00:12:07.050 So once we have that, we can start managing complexity, 00:12:07.050 --> 00:12:11.070 decomposing function and form, so our system operating process 00:12:11.070 --> 00:12:14.820 gets decomposed into the primary supporting processes 00:12:14.820 --> 00:12:17.640 like interfacing, powering, controlling. 00:12:17.640 --> 00:12:20.400 And then our system object, you can decompose it 00:12:20.400 --> 00:12:23.280 into different elements, supporting systems, 00:12:23.280 --> 00:12:25.620 the operand, the operator, and so forth. 00:12:25.620 --> 00:12:27.910 And then we can start connecting them. 00:12:27.910 --> 00:12:30.900 So let's look at for chilling the food, 00:12:30.900 --> 00:12:33.510 let's look at a cooler and a refrigerator 00:12:33.510 --> 00:12:35.550 in terms of this decomposition. 00:12:35.550 --> 00:12:38.040 So here's a picture of a very simple cooler 00:12:38.040 --> 00:12:40.020 that you would take out on a picnic. 00:12:40.020 --> 00:12:42.510 It has the chilling function, and then 00:12:42.510 --> 00:12:47.160 the sub-functions when we zoom in are holding the food, 00:12:47.160 --> 00:12:50.790 exchanging the heat between the food and the environment, 00:12:50.790 --> 00:12:53.520 reducing the heat load, interfacing, connecting, 00:12:53.520 --> 00:12:56.670 powering, regulating the temperature, et cetera. 00:12:56.670 --> 00:12:59.010 And then on the form side, the cooler 00:12:59.010 --> 00:13:01.560 itself is very simple structurally. 00:13:01.560 --> 00:13:05.590 It just has a bottom, a box with a bottom and a top. 00:13:05.590 --> 00:13:08.250 And then we have the ice, the food supporting 00:13:08.250 --> 00:13:11.550 the surface, the external heat load, ambient light, 00:13:11.550 --> 00:13:13.010 and the operator. 00:13:13.010 --> 00:13:16.560 What's surprising here is when you map the two, 00:13:16.560 --> 00:13:19.530 there's a surprising amount of complexity. 00:13:19.530 --> 00:13:22.110 It's not a very clear one-to-one mapping. 00:13:22.110 --> 00:13:23.700 Let's just look at the ice. 00:13:23.700 --> 00:13:27.420 So here's the ice, and you can just follow these links to see 00:13:27.420 --> 00:13:31.800 what functions, sub-functions does the ice support-- 00:13:31.800 --> 00:13:37.740 exchanging heat, powering, and regulating temperature. 00:13:37.740 --> 00:13:41.040 So exchanging heat means, essentially, 00:13:41.040 --> 00:13:44.290 the ice itself acts as a heat exchanger. 00:13:44.290 --> 00:13:46.360 Just the surface of the ice is where 00:13:46.360 --> 00:13:49.700 the heat exchange happens. 00:13:49.700 --> 00:13:55.210 So what forms can you put ice into a cooler? 00:13:55.210 --> 00:13:57.046 What are the different shapes of ice 00:13:57.046 --> 00:13:58.420 that you could put into a cooler? 00:14:03.030 --> 00:14:04.470 AUDIENCE: Like an ice pack. 00:14:04.470 --> 00:14:07.150 OLIVIER DE WECK: You could put ice pack 00:14:07.150 --> 00:14:11.070 or you could put a block or chips. 00:14:11.070 --> 00:14:16.090 And if you put the same quantity of ice, 00:14:16.090 --> 00:14:20.190 but you put a block of ice, you put little chips, 00:14:20.190 --> 00:14:21.660 what will be the difference? 00:14:21.660 --> 00:14:24.000 Will there be a difference? 00:14:24.000 --> 00:14:25.290 Surface area, right? 00:14:25.290 --> 00:14:28.350 So the speed at which the ice will 00:14:28.350 --> 00:14:31.290 melt for the same given external temperature 00:14:31.290 --> 00:14:33.410 is going to be different. 00:14:33.410 --> 00:14:39.630 So there's an attribute of the ice, which is essentially 00:14:39.630 --> 00:14:43.290 its quantity, but also it's form that will influence the-- 00:14:43.290 --> 00:14:45.780 but that's the heat exchanger function. 00:14:45.780 --> 00:14:49.140 The powering function is pretty clear. 00:14:49.140 --> 00:14:55.240 That's essentially the energy storage right there. 00:14:55.240 --> 00:14:57.450 And then the third one is regulation. 00:14:57.450 --> 00:14:59.140 How does that work? 00:14:59.140 --> 00:15:02.057 How does the ice provide a thermal regulation 00:15:02.057 --> 00:15:02.640 in the cooler? 00:15:06.380 --> 00:15:07.650 Physics 101. 00:15:07.650 --> 00:15:09.602 Yeah? 00:15:09.602 --> 00:15:10.976 Go ahead. 00:15:10.976 --> 00:15:11.852 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 00:15:11.852 --> 00:15:12.810 OLIVIER DE WECK: Right. 00:15:12.810 --> 00:15:15.960 So as long as you have any ice left in the cooler, 00:15:15.960 --> 00:15:18.540 what will be the temperature inside? 00:15:18.540 --> 00:15:20.880 Not opening and closing, but if you 00:15:20.880 --> 00:15:23.530 keep it closed, what will be the temperature in the cooler? 00:15:23.530 --> 00:15:24.726 AUDIENCE: 0 Celsius. 00:15:24.726 --> 00:15:25.850 OLIVIER DE WECK: 0 Celsius. 00:15:25.850 --> 00:15:27.620 As long as you have ice left, this 00:15:27.620 --> 00:15:31.400 is the phase transformation, you're at that point. 00:15:31.400 --> 00:15:33.020 As soon as the ice is all melting, 00:15:33.020 --> 00:15:34.400 the temperature will rise. 00:15:34.400 --> 00:15:39.230 So the phase transformation of the ice from solid to liquid 00:15:39.230 --> 00:15:41.330 is what, in fact, is the regulation 00:15:41.330 --> 00:15:43.010 mechanism inside the cooler. 00:15:43.010 --> 00:15:45.470 So even though you think of a cooler 00:15:45.470 --> 00:15:48.590 as being something super simple and trivial, 00:15:48.590 --> 00:15:51.720 once you start listing its internal functions 00:15:51.720 --> 00:15:56.370 and how the top, the bottom the ice itself, 00:15:56.370 --> 00:15:59.030 how they interact and support those functions, 00:15:59.030 --> 00:16:01.340 it's pretty complex. 00:16:01.340 --> 00:16:03.140 And you can go very detailed here, 00:16:03.140 --> 00:16:07.499 even for something very simple like a cooler. 00:16:07.499 --> 00:16:09.790 One question and then we'll talk about the refrigerator 00:16:09.790 --> 00:16:11.690 and how it's different in a minute. 00:16:11.690 --> 00:16:14.380 One question I often get is what's 00:16:14.380 --> 00:16:19.000 the difference between system architecting and system design? 00:16:19.000 --> 00:16:21.310 Isn't that the same thing? 00:16:21.310 --> 00:16:23.400 And I think they're somewhat different. 00:16:23.400 --> 00:16:26.100 They're overlapping, but there's a distinction. 00:16:26.100 --> 00:16:30.630 So architecture selects the concept, the decomposition, 00:16:30.630 --> 00:16:32.970 mapping of function to form. 00:16:32.970 --> 00:16:35.490 And architecture essentially establishes 00:16:35.490 --> 00:16:38.040 the vector of design variables. 00:16:38.040 --> 00:16:40.950 What are the key design variables and operating 00:16:40.950 --> 00:16:43.110 parameters of the system? 00:16:43.110 --> 00:16:48.690 Design, then, given that, selects the actual values 00:16:48.690 --> 00:16:52.350 for those design variables, and then you can optimize. 00:16:52.350 --> 00:16:56.280 So if we look at the example of the cooler here, 00:16:56.280 --> 00:17:00.840 we have our cooler with the box in the bottom and then the ice, 00:17:00.840 --> 00:17:03.540 and we can decompose the attributes of that. 00:17:03.540 --> 00:17:06.250 So the box with bottom has length with height. 00:17:06.250 --> 00:17:07.380 It has a wall thickness. 00:17:07.380 --> 00:17:09.750 It has a type of material. 00:17:09.750 --> 00:17:12.180 The top has thickness and material, 00:17:12.180 --> 00:17:14.099 and the ice, like we just talked about, 00:17:14.099 --> 00:17:19.020 has quantity, surface area, and maybe initial water content. 00:17:19.020 --> 00:17:20.760 And those are the operating parameters, 00:17:20.760 --> 00:17:24.119 and on the upper right, those are the design variables. 00:17:24.119 --> 00:17:26.490 So when you are making a material choice, 00:17:26.490 --> 00:17:29.040 we're going to use PVC. 00:17:29.040 --> 00:17:32.970 We're going to have a 2.1-inch thick wall. 00:17:32.970 --> 00:17:34.840 We're going to use this much insulation. 00:17:34.840 --> 00:17:37.950 This will be the aspect ratio of the cooler. 00:17:37.950 --> 00:17:41.010 It's going to have wheels maybe, so we can pull it easily. 00:17:41.010 --> 00:17:43.560 Those are essentially design decisions. 00:17:43.560 --> 00:17:47.760 You're instantiating that concept. 00:17:47.760 --> 00:17:50.940 But the fact that it has a bottom and a top 00:17:50.940 --> 00:17:55.390 and it's hinged and it uses this phase 00:17:55.390 --> 00:17:57.690 transition as the regulation mechanism, 00:17:57.690 --> 00:17:58.920 that's conceptual design. 00:17:58.920 --> 00:18:01.840 That's system architecture, and you need to do both. 00:18:01.840 --> 00:18:05.130 But they're not quite the same. 00:18:05.130 --> 00:18:06.370 Is that pretty clear? 00:18:06.370 --> 00:18:10.000 That's a very important distinction. 00:18:10.000 --> 00:18:12.000 So let's look at the form function 00:18:12.000 --> 00:18:13.430 mapping for refrigerators. 00:18:13.430 --> 00:18:16.590 So this is actually a big difference 00:18:16.590 --> 00:18:18.390 between the US and Switzerland. 00:18:18.390 --> 00:18:21.870 People in the US, we like to have big refrigerators, 00:18:21.870 --> 00:18:24.990 big gallon of milk, and refrigerators in Switzerland 00:18:24.990 --> 00:18:26.370 are much smaller. 00:18:26.370 --> 00:18:27.310 I'm not sure why. 00:18:27.310 --> 00:18:30.450 Maybe you go shopping more often, 00:18:30.450 --> 00:18:32.880 but it's definitely one of the big differences. 00:18:32.880 --> 00:18:37.170 But here we have essentially the decomposition 00:18:37.170 --> 00:18:38.400 of the refrigerator. 00:18:38.400 --> 00:18:39.840 So we have racks. 00:18:39.840 --> 00:18:40.710 We have the air. 00:18:40.710 --> 00:18:43.020 We have-- I guess freon is banned now, 00:18:43.020 --> 00:18:44.660 so we should use some other. 00:18:44.660 --> 00:18:49.710 This is a refrigerant, a working fluid, the insulation, 00:18:49.710 --> 00:18:53.340 the feet and rollers, the frame, the electric motor, sensors, 00:18:53.340 --> 00:18:55.114 controller doors, lights. 00:18:55.114 --> 00:18:57.030 And then we have those functions, essentially, 00:18:57.030 --> 00:19:00.420 the same functions we had for the cooler, holding the food, 00:19:00.420 --> 00:19:04.590 exchanging the heat, powering, regulating. 00:19:04.590 --> 00:19:07.230 But the difference is that we have much more 00:19:07.230 --> 00:19:08.740 of a one-to-one mapping. 00:19:08.740 --> 00:19:11.220 So in the refrigerator, each of these elements 00:19:11.220 --> 00:19:15.180 supports, essentially, one of the primary sub-functions. 00:19:15.180 --> 00:19:18.750 So the form function mapping in the refrigerator 00:19:18.750 --> 00:19:20.860 is actually much simpler. 00:19:20.860 --> 00:19:22.650 It's a much simpler form function 00:19:22.650 --> 00:19:24.480 mapping than the cooler. 00:19:24.480 --> 00:19:27.300 And you say, well, I thought a refrigerator is much more 00:19:27.300 --> 00:19:28.410 complex. 00:19:28.410 --> 00:19:29.770 How can that be? 00:19:29.770 --> 00:19:32.370 Well, the real complexity comes in when you 00:19:32.370 --> 00:19:35.220 look at the form form mapping. 00:19:35.220 --> 00:19:38.010 So this is then the decomposition 00:19:38.010 --> 00:19:41.365 of the refrigerator in terms of all the elements of form 00:19:41.365 --> 00:19:42.990 and then how they relate to each other. 00:19:42.990 --> 00:19:46.380 And I'm not showing here all the sub-processes, 00:19:46.380 --> 00:19:50.280 but you can see that the mapping and the relationships 00:19:50.280 --> 00:19:54.930 are much more complex than in the case of the cooler. 00:19:54.930 --> 00:20:01.640 So to wrap up on this piece, when we do a conceptual design 00:20:01.640 --> 00:20:04.950 or system architecture, you have two major activities. 00:20:04.950 --> 00:20:07.370 One is concept generation. 00:20:07.370 --> 00:20:10.850 So take the requirements and think creatively 00:20:10.850 --> 00:20:13.430 about how these requirements could be fulfilled. 00:20:13.430 --> 00:20:15.950 So that means understanding the operand, 00:20:15.950 --> 00:20:18.730 the attribute of the operand that you're trying to affect-- 00:20:18.730 --> 00:20:20.960 it could be multiple here-- 00:20:20.960 --> 00:20:23.660 the intent attribute-- this means the required, 00:20:23.660 --> 00:20:25.250 desired state-- 00:20:25.250 --> 00:20:27.590 what is the system operating process, 00:20:27.590 --> 00:20:30.020 and what is your major element of form. 00:20:30.020 --> 00:20:33.110 So that's generating this and specializing that. 00:20:33.110 --> 00:20:35.660 That's concept generation, finding systems 00:20:35.660 --> 00:20:37.520 that do the right thing. 00:20:37.520 --> 00:20:39.447 And then once you have several concepts, 00:20:39.447 --> 00:20:41.030 you've got to select among them, which 00:20:41.030 --> 00:20:42.440 we'll talk about next week. 00:20:42.440 --> 00:20:45.230 That's our topic next week is concept selection. 00:20:45.230 --> 00:20:47.510 So finding systems that do the right thing 00:20:47.510 --> 00:20:51.890 and do it well, deliver value, and comply with regulations, 00:20:51.890 --> 00:20:53.220 standards, and so forth. 00:20:53.220 --> 00:20:56.000 So there's going to be consumables involved, 00:20:56.000 --> 00:21:00.710 side effects, like noise, waste heat, pollution. 00:21:00.710 --> 00:21:03.650 The operator, how skilled does the operator has to be 00:21:03.650 --> 00:21:05.820 or how autonomous is the system. 00:21:05.820 --> 00:21:10.130 What is the reliability, safety, cost, the quantity. 00:21:10.130 --> 00:21:14.270 All those things are describing the concept 00:21:14.270 --> 00:21:16.640 and its instantiation in more detail 00:21:16.640 --> 00:21:18.580 and will help you do concept selection. 00:21:18.580 --> 00:21:20.180 Do you do you see the difference? 00:21:20.180 --> 00:21:22.430 Concept generation is take the requirements 00:21:22.430 --> 00:21:27.110 and come up with the fundamental form function mapping of how 00:21:27.110 --> 00:21:29.100 the requirements can be met. 00:21:29.100 --> 00:21:32.870 Then you instantiate that in terms of designs 00:21:32.870 --> 00:21:36.050 and then you can evaluate those and compare concepts 00:21:36.050 --> 00:21:39.020 using other criteria like consumables, 00:21:39.020 --> 00:21:44.060 quantity, how skilled does the operator have to be, et cetera. 00:21:44.060 --> 00:21:47.920 So those are fundamentally different activities. 00:21:47.920 --> 00:21:50.050 So let me summarize on system architecture 00:21:50.050 --> 00:21:54.850 and then talk about the NASA approach and then creativity. 00:21:54.850 --> 00:21:57.250 So architecture requires consideration 00:21:57.250 --> 00:22:00.160 of both function and form related through concept. 00:22:00.160 --> 00:22:02.770 It's about starting with the operand. 00:22:02.770 --> 00:22:05.710 What is the thing that the beneficiary, the stakeholder 00:22:05.710 --> 00:22:09.670 cares about, and how do we transform that? 00:22:09.670 --> 00:22:12.640 Concept then elaborate these into architectures 00:22:12.640 --> 00:22:15.370 that have form function and structural complexity. 00:22:15.370 --> 00:22:17.290 And then the goodness of an architecture 00:22:17.290 --> 00:22:19.900 is really a pretty complex concept 00:22:19.900 --> 00:22:22.750 where we have multiple objectives to satisfy, 00:22:22.750 --> 00:22:26.860 including performance, resource utilization, cost, operability, 00:22:26.860 --> 00:22:29.810 safety, capacity, and so forth. 00:22:29.810 --> 00:22:33.100 And we'll defer that to next week. 00:22:33.100 --> 00:22:36.280 So let me briefly talk about the NASA approach to this 00:22:36.280 --> 00:22:38.500 and then talk about some methods and tools 00:22:38.500 --> 00:22:40.900 for concept generation. 00:22:40.900 --> 00:22:43.810 So the NASA approach is basically 00:22:43.810 --> 00:22:45.340 described in the system engineering 00:22:45.340 --> 00:22:48.520 handbook in the SE engine as step 3 00:22:48.520 --> 00:22:51.410 called logical decomposition. 00:22:51.410 --> 00:22:56.590 And so the logical decomposition process, 00:22:56.590 --> 00:22:58.570 as described in the NASA standard, 00:22:58.570 --> 00:23:00.550 is used to improve the understanding 00:23:00.550 --> 00:23:03.580 of the technical requirements and the relationship 00:23:03.580 --> 00:23:08.920 among those, transforming that initial set of requirements 00:23:08.920 --> 00:23:11.200 into a decomposition. 00:23:11.200 --> 00:23:14.410 So the idea that we need to partition the system 00:23:14.410 --> 00:23:17.500 and then derive lower-level technical requirements based 00:23:17.500 --> 00:23:20.860 on that lower-level definition, and that's what's 00:23:20.860 --> 00:23:23.010 called architecting. 00:23:23.010 --> 00:23:26.670 Getting back to our high-level system design process, 00:23:26.670 --> 00:23:28.620 this is, again, that diagram that we've looked 00:23:28.620 --> 00:23:31.200 at several times already. 00:23:31.200 --> 00:23:33.450 You can see the red box is where this happened. 00:23:33.450 --> 00:23:37.020 So we started with mission authority, stakeholder 00:23:37.020 --> 00:23:39.930 expectation, and then defining those high-level requirements. 00:23:39.930 --> 00:23:43.890 Level 0, level 1 requirements, but then you get stuck. 00:23:43.890 --> 00:23:46.650 You get stuck because you have to make some decisions 00:23:46.650 --> 00:23:50.010 before you can go to lower level requirements definition. 00:23:50.010 --> 00:23:52.590 And that's what's known here as functional and logical 00:23:52.590 --> 00:23:54.030 decomposition. 00:23:54.030 --> 00:23:56.130 Once you've decided on a composition 00:23:56.130 --> 00:23:59.130 and you can carry several compositions with you 00:23:59.130 --> 00:24:03.990 for a while, then you can do the lower-level trade studies, 00:24:03.990 --> 00:24:07.410 derive and allocate lower-level requirements refine 00:24:07.410 --> 00:24:09.450 your CONOPS, and so forth. 00:24:09.450 --> 00:24:11.880 And then do functional and performance analysis 00:24:11.880 --> 00:24:15.090 to see whether you have enough detail. 00:24:15.090 --> 00:24:16.020 Is it workable? 00:24:16.020 --> 00:24:16.780 Is it safe? 00:24:16.780 --> 00:24:18.120 Is it reliable? 00:24:18.120 --> 00:24:22.020 And if yes, then you can select that as a baseline, if not, 00:24:22.020 --> 00:24:25.140 you might have to go back to the red box, which means 00:24:25.140 --> 00:24:26.760 that architecture didn't work. 00:24:26.760 --> 00:24:28.710 We have to look for a different decomposition 00:24:28.710 --> 00:24:30.270 or different architecture. 00:24:30.270 --> 00:24:33.210 And if that doesn't work after multiple iterations here, 00:24:33.210 --> 00:24:36.174 you might have to go back and change the requirements, 00:24:36.174 --> 00:24:37.590 because you come to the conclusion 00:24:37.590 --> 00:24:41.590 that the requirements are not really achievable. 00:24:41.590 --> 00:24:46.000 So some examples here of decomposition models, 00:24:46.000 --> 00:24:48.030 here's a timing diagram. 00:24:48.030 --> 00:24:50.100 On the right side, you have a state diagram, 00:24:50.100 --> 00:24:52.560 the different states that the system can be in. 00:24:52.560 --> 00:24:56.190 So you can see this relates very strongly to the system modeling 00:24:56.190 --> 00:24:57.810 languages that we talked about. 00:24:57.810 --> 00:24:59.940 So you use the system modeling languages 00:24:59.940 --> 00:25:06.360 to decompose and define the system in more detail. 00:25:06.360 --> 00:25:10.680 And we really talked about much of this already. 00:25:10.680 --> 00:25:14.820 And in terms of the logical decomposition flow diagram, 00:25:14.820 --> 00:25:18.360 you start with your basic high-level requirements 00:25:18.360 --> 00:25:19.980 and measures of performance. 00:25:19.980 --> 00:25:23.040 You essentially do your decomposition. 00:25:23.040 --> 00:25:26.430 And then on the right side, you come out with the lower-level 00:25:26.430 --> 00:25:30.330 derived technical requirements, logical decomposition models, 00:25:30.330 --> 00:25:32.070 which would be essentially a description 00:25:32.070 --> 00:25:37.350 of your different subsystems and the logical decomposition 00:25:37.350 --> 00:25:41.370 work products, which are essentially lower-level 00:25:41.370 --> 00:25:44.040 definitions of what these subsystems look like. 00:25:44.040 --> 00:25:47.190 And then you can go off and do the detailed design and then 00:25:47.190 --> 00:25:50.930 the testing verification and so forth. 00:25:50.930 --> 00:25:54.060 So it's essentially focused on decomposition, 00:25:54.060 --> 00:25:56.700 which is an important part of architecting, 00:25:56.700 --> 00:25:59.600 but it's not the only thing you do. 00:25:59.600 --> 00:26:03.880 So let me talk about methods and tools for concept generation. 00:26:03.880 --> 00:26:06.241 So I'm going to start with this. 00:26:06.241 --> 00:26:10.270 This is another really fun thing we do in the system design 00:26:10.270 --> 00:26:13.090 and management program, which is a full-year program, 00:26:13.090 --> 00:26:16.030 is the we call it the creativity workshop. 00:26:16.030 --> 00:26:21.010 So what are different ways of stimulating or organizing 00:26:21.010 --> 00:26:21.790 creativity. 00:26:21.790 --> 00:26:24.370 And what I'm showing you here is-- 00:26:24.370 --> 00:26:26.500 that's essentially a mind map of how to think 00:26:26.500 --> 00:26:28.690 about the creativity space. 00:26:28.690 --> 00:26:31.630 So I'll briefly go through this, and then we'll 00:26:31.630 --> 00:26:33.170 look at a couple of examples. 00:26:33.170 --> 00:26:39.100 So one idea is that creativity is better 00:26:39.100 --> 00:26:43.310 if it's a group process, that people stimulate each other. 00:26:43.310 --> 00:26:46.840 And so this whole group up there is called group dynamics. 00:26:46.840 --> 00:26:51.400 These are all different methods for stimulating creativity 00:26:51.400 --> 00:26:54.640 using groups of people. 00:26:54.640 --> 00:26:57.010 And some of these are authors that have written 00:26:57.010 --> 00:27:01.840 and methods, so de Bono, Six Hats, powwows, mind boggling, 00:27:01.840 --> 00:27:04.390 workouts, creativity workouts, these 00:27:04.390 --> 00:27:08.080 are all different variations of group dynamic processes. 00:27:08.080 --> 00:27:10.240 The one that I'll talk about in some more detail 00:27:10.240 --> 00:27:10.980 is brainstorming. 00:27:10.980 --> 00:27:13.990 This is probably the best known. 00:27:13.990 --> 00:27:16.090 What's not so much known about brainstorming 00:27:16.090 --> 00:27:18.030 is that there's a right way to do it. 00:27:20.920 --> 00:27:22.720 On the upper right branch, creativity 00:27:22.720 --> 00:27:26.590 and system architecture, this is just 00:27:26.590 --> 00:27:29.500 describing the importance of it, the three themes we talked 00:27:29.500 --> 00:27:32.440 about-- creativity, ambiguity, complexity, 00:27:32.440 --> 00:27:36.850 different types of innovation, radical innovation, modular, 00:27:36.850 --> 00:27:39.760 or incremental innovation, and so forth, and the high leverage 00:27:39.760 --> 00:27:41.320 that it has. 00:27:41.320 --> 00:27:44.800 The next branch are called models of creativity. 00:27:44.800 --> 00:27:46.660 What that essentially means, and I'll 00:27:46.660 --> 00:27:49.990 give you one example here, which is Leonardo da Vinci, 00:27:49.990 --> 00:27:53.110 is understanding people that universally 00:27:53.110 --> 00:27:57.880 are claimed as having been very creative thinkers. 00:27:57.880 --> 00:27:58.960 Why were they creative? 00:27:58.960 --> 00:28:01.980 What was their recipe for success? 00:28:01.980 --> 00:28:04.470 Below that, we have structured processes, 00:28:04.470 --> 00:28:08.850 which are essentially trying to organize the creativity, which 00:28:08.850 --> 00:28:11.760 seems like an oxymoron, but there are actually 00:28:11.760 --> 00:28:14.520 ways to have a structured process 00:28:14.520 --> 00:28:16.620 to stimulate concept generation. 00:28:16.620 --> 00:28:19.590 And we'll talk about very briefly mind mapping and then 00:28:19.590 --> 00:28:21.720 morphological matrices. 00:28:21.720 --> 00:28:24.330 And then we have this whole area here, 00:28:24.330 --> 00:28:27.240 which I'm going to mention, but we're not 00:28:27.240 --> 00:28:31.050 going to do as part of the class, which is stimulants. 00:28:31.050 --> 00:28:34.050 So this is the idea that somehow people 00:28:34.050 --> 00:28:38.040 are more creative when their brain, when you put 00:28:38.040 --> 00:28:40.260 yourself into some other state. 00:28:40.260 --> 00:28:45.110 So bio-inspired design would be you go in nature, 00:28:45.110 --> 00:28:48.930 or you read books about seashells and animals and you 00:28:48.930 --> 00:28:51.900 really try to understand from nature-- 00:28:51.900 --> 00:28:54.750 and bio-inspired design is a very important field 00:28:54.750 --> 00:28:55.970 of research now. 00:28:55.970 --> 00:28:56.890 It's pretty serious. 00:28:56.890 --> 00:29:01.230 So you put yourself in nature and be 00:29:01.230 --> 00:29:04.200 inspired by what you see. 00:29:04.200 --> 00:29:09.300 Random inputs, provocations, challenges, and then things 00:29:09.300 --> 00:29:12.510 like alcohol, and even drugs. 00:29:12.510 --> 00:29:16.050 So a lot of the music that was done in the hippie age 00:29:16.050 --> 00:29:18.530 in the '60s, I mean, a lot of these artists 00:29:18.530 --> 00:29:21.900 were consuming large amounts of drugs and alcohol. 00:29:21.900 --> 00:29:26.160 And there's a big discussion on is this fundamentally 00:29:26.160 --> 00:29:27.510 why they were creative. 00:29:27.510 --> 00:29:29.400 So I'm not advocating that. 00:29:29.400 --> 00:29:32.880 I'm just I'm just telling you that there 00:29:32.880 --> 00:29:36.090 is this idea that you can stimulate creativity 00:29:36.090 --> 00:29:38.080 in these different ways. 00:29:38.080 --> 00:29:41.500 So let's talk about mind mapping. 00:29:41.500 --> 00:29:44.550 So this is an example of a mind map that I really liked. 00:29:44.550 --> 00:29:47.220 This is from several years ago. 00:29:47.220 --> 00:29:51.330 This is from a student that took the system architecture class. 00:29:51.330 --> 00:29:57.000 And so the idea of a mind map is that you look inside yourself 00:29:57.000 --> 00:30:05.250 and you try to put down on a map different ideas and concepts. 00:30:05.250 --> 00:30:09.960 So in the core of it, you have the key focal point 00:30:09.960 --> 00:30:10.950 of the mind map. 00:30:10.950 --> 00:30:13.680 In this case, it's system architecture, 00:30:13.680 --> 00:30:16.020 and then you have these branches coming off. 00:30:16.020 --> 00:30:22.050 So the class itself, the skills, the concepts, the themes, 00:30:22.050 --> 00:30:24.930 and then it almost looks like a neural network. 00:30:24.930 --> 00:30:29.040 You branch off into the sub ideas and sub concept. 00:30:29.040 --> 00:30:31.680 And in order to really make it memorable, 00:30:31.680 --> 00:30:33.750 you draw it by hand even though there 00:30:33.750 --> 00:30:35.100 is software for doing this. 00:30:35.100 --> 00:30:40.110 But I really like this, drawing it by hand the old style. 00:30:40.110 --> 00:30:44.490 And then you add icons and symbols and colors 00:30:44.490 --> 00:30:47.700 to really make this sticky and memorable. 00:30:47.700 --> 00:30:49.770 So you can look at that. 00:30:49.770 --> 00:30:51.660 I really like this example. 00:30:51.660 --> 00:30:55.500 And it probably takes a couple of hours 00:30:55.500 --> 00:30:57.390 to do a really good mind map like this. 00:30:57.390 --> 00:31:00.340 But the idea is that by doing this, 00:31:00.340 --> 00:31:03.800 you're going to develop your ideas and concepts. 00:31:03.800 --> 00:31:06.080 And there's books about mind mapping. 00:31:06.080 --> 00:31:11.010 I mean, it's a whole industry almost. 00:31:11.010 --> 00:31:12.570 Brainstorming. 00:31:12.570 --> 00:31:15.480 So by the way, who has done brainstorming 00:31:15.480 --> 00:31:17.630 and organized brainstorming? 00:31:17.630 --> 00:31:20.550 Who's been part of a brainstorming exercise? 00:31:20.550 --> 00:31:22.980 Do you want to describe it, how that worked? 00:31:22.980 --> 00:31:25.422 Make sure you use the mic. 00:31:25.422 --> 00:31:30.150 AUDIENCE: So we started with our problem, 00:31:30.150 --> 00:31:35.467 and if I remember it right, it was to redesign a coffee mug. 00:31:35.467 --> 00:31:37.050 OLIVIER DE WECK: This was for a class? 00:31:37.050 --> 00:31:38.370 AUDIENCE: Yes. 00:31:38.370 --> 00:31:44.910 And then basically, for the first part, any idea could go. 00:31:44.910 --> 00:31:48.390 And the only role was you couldn't 00:31:48.390 --> 00:31:52.140 criticize anyone else's idea. 00:31:52.140 --> 00:31:55.290 So he basically tried to come up with as much as we could, 00:31:55.290 --> 00:31:57.859 wrote as much as we could on the board, 00:31:57.859 --> 00:31:58.900 things along those lines. 00:31:58.900 --> 00:32:04.652 And then once we had all of our ideas down 00:32:04.652 --> 00:32:07.110 and some people built off of other ones and then it was oh, 00:32:07.110 --> 00:32:10.170 but we can also add this. 00:32:10.170 --> 00:32:13.770 And then we started to look at well, 00:32:13.770 --> 00:32:15.990 we can't really believe that. 00:32:15.990 --> 00:32:17.550 This is going to be way too expensive 00:32:17.550 --> 00:32:19.830 and started down selecting from there. 00:32:19.830 --> 00:32:22.800 OLIVIER DE WECK: Did you take a break between the two parts? 00:32:22.800 --> 00:32:23.605 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:32:23.605 --> 00:32:26.490 OLIVIER DE WECK: So yeah, you described it very well. 00:32:26.490 --> 00:32:30.600 So the key idea is there's some rules for how 00:32:30.600 --> 00:32:33.540 to properly do brainstorming, and some of them 00:32:33.540 --> 00:32:34.400 are listed here. 00:32:34.400 --> 00:32:36.150 And then I have another on the next chart, 00:32:36.150 --> 00:32:38.130 there's sort of a step by step. 00:32:38.130 --> 00:32:41.910 So it's really try to remove creativity barriers, 00:32:41.910 --> 00:32:43.470 stimulate each other. 00:32:43.470 --> 00:32:46.830 There's an ideal group size, and it says 5 to 10 here, 00:32:46.830 --> 00:32:49.950 but I should probably revise this to be-- 00:32:49.950 --> 00:32:50.810 what do you think? 00:32:50.810 --> 00:32:52.050 7 plus minus 2. 00:32:52.050 --> 00:32:55.380 If you try to do brainstorming session with 30 people 00:32:55.380 --> 00:32:58.260 in the room, it's too big. 00:32:58.260 --> 00:33:00.720 It's not going to be that productive. 00:33:00.720 --> 00:33:05.730 So use of intuition, associations. 00:33:05.730 --> 00:33:07.140 What's important is that you have 00:33:07.140 --> 00:33:09.940 a clear idea of why you're doing the brainstorming session. 00:33:09.940 --> 00:33:11.730 So there's some solution neutral question, 00:33:11.730 --> 00:33:14.370 like how can we improve a coffee mug. 00:33:14.370 --> 00:33:16.620 What did you come up with, by the way, at the end? 00:33:16.620 --> 00:33:18.187 Did you have a result? 00:33:18.187 --> 00:33:19.770 AUDIENCE: I think it was we were going 00:33:19.770 --> 00:33:23.410 to redesign the handle so it would be more ergonomic. 00:33:23.410 --> 00:33:25.160 But, yeah. 00:33:25.160 --> 00:33:29.610 OLIVIER DE WECK: So what can be done too, how can we improve. 00:33:29.610 --> 00:33:32.880 There's got to be a driving question for the brainstorming 00:33:32.880 --> 00:33:35.649 session. 00:33:35.649 --> 00:33:37.440 Actually, the first time this was described 00:33:37.440 --> 00:33:43.230 was by AF Osborn in this book in 1957. 00:33:43.230 --> 00:33:46.840 There's why is brainstorming useful. 00:33:46.840 --> 00:33:48.030 We can talk about that. 00:33:48.030 --> 00:33:50.460 A lot of it has to do with this group dynamics. 00:33:50.460 --> 00:33:52.920 How to organize and host a brainstorming session. 00:33:52.920 --> 00:33:54.510 I'll talk about that next. 00:33:54.510 --> 00:33:57.300 And then there's this killer sentences you should never 00:33:57.300 --> 00:33:58.560 say during a brainstorming. 00:33:58.560 --> 00:34:00.330 Some of these are pretty funny. 00:34:00.330 --> 00:34:02.910 And then what do you do with the results. 00:34:02.910 --> 00:34:05.430 How do you actually then take the brainstorming results 00:34:05.430 --> 00:34:08.850 and use them for further refining or down-selecting 00:34:08.850 --> 00:34:10.350 concepts. 00:34:10.350 --> 00:34:15.810 So here's a six-step process for doing a brainstorming session. 00:34:15.810 --> 00:34:21.280 So you send out invitations a few days ahead of time. 00:34:21.280 --> 00:34:25.840 And the idea is that people can think about this question 00:34:25.840 --> 00:34:28.300 so that when they come to the brainstorming session, 00:34:28.300 --> 00:34:30.730 their brain is preloaded with ideas. 00:34:30.730 --> 00:34:31.780 That's the idea. 00:34:31.780 --> 00:34:37.380 You don't just pull people in like five minutes earlier. 00:34:37.380 --> 00:34:40.230 The idea is give a few days, not weeks, 00:34:40.230 --> 00:34:42.480 but a few days of warning so that people 00:34:42.480 --> 00:34:46.770 can think about this and come to the brainstorming session ready 00:34:46.770 --> 00:34:51.179 and charged to share their ideas. 00:34:51.179 --> 00:34:53.489 7 plus or minus 2 participants. 00:34:53.489 --> 00:34:56.020 There should be a facilitator. 00:34:56.020 --> 00:35:00.590 This is somebody who is helping to moderate. 00:35:00.590 --> 00:35:02.720 Participants take turns expressing thoughts, 00:35:02.720 --> 00:35:05.000 suggestions, ideas. 00:35:05.000 --> 00:35:06.410 You should take notes. 00:35:06.410 --> 00:35:09.560 So for example, these big whiteboards are great for that, 00:35:09.560 --> 00:35:12.200 with idea paint, the whole wall. 00:35:12.200 --> 00:35:13.130 That's great. 00:35:13.130 --> 00:35:14.390 Or you can do flip charts. 00:35:14.390 --> 00:35:17.420 You can do different ways of capturing these ideas. 00:35:17.420 --> 00:35:19.100 And then I think you mentioned this. 00:35:19.100 --> 00:35:22.580 It's called the principle of delayed judgment. 00:35:22.580 --> 00:35:25.730 So you're not allowed to criticize 00:35:25.730 --> 00:35:27.740 or particularly praise. 00:35:27.740 --> 00:35:29.400 So you could, for example say, oh, 00:35:29.400 --> 00:35:33.170 this is the best idea we've had so far in this session. 00:35:33.170 --> 00:35:36.140 Even though it's praise, it actually implicitly is 00:35:36.140 --> 00:35:37.610 criticism of the other ideas. 00:35:37.610 --> 00:35:38.720 So avoid that. 00:35:38.720 --> 00:35:40.490 Avoid the killer phrases. 00:35:40.490 --> 00:35:44.060 And then the idea there is produce a large amount 00:35:44.060 --> 00:35:46.730 and diversity of ideas. 00:35:46.730 --> 00:35:51.000 And then at some point, maybe 30 to 60 minutes, you end. 00:35:51.000 --> 00:35:53.750 Brainstorming session that last four hours, 00:35:53.750 --> 00:35:56.330 the first hour is probably really good 00:35:56.330 --> 00:35:58.760 and then the second hour OK, and then the rest 00:35:58.760 --> 00:36:01.850 is everybody is kind of shot and, there's not 00:36:01.850 --> 00:36:05.470 a lot of new ideas coming. 00:36:05.470 --> 00:36:07.540 Creativity killer sentences. 00:36:07.540 --> 00:36:08.680 I highlighted a few. 00:36:08.680 --> 00:36:10.870 This will never work. 00:36:10.870 --> 00:36:12.980 We don't even need to talk about this. 00:36:12.980 --> 00:36:14.990 Everybody does it this way. 00:36:14.990 --> 00:36:17.710 I've already studied this problem for years. 00:36:17.710 --> 00:36:20.680 Don't worry, I know I'm right, and et cetera. 00:36:20.680 --> 00:36:23.700 How long have you been with this company? 00:36:23.700 --> 00:36:27.760 Anyway, so that's the idea. 00:36:27.760 --> 00:36:29.710 All right Leonardo. 00:36:29.710 --> 00:36:33.970 Who's been to Italy or tour in France, 00:36:33.970 --> 00:36:35.830 or who's seen one of the exhibits 00:36:35.830 --> 00:36:39.066 know where his notebooks are on display? 00:36:39.066 --> 00:36:41.326 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 00:36:41.326 --> 00:36:43.290 OLIVIER DE WECK: Yeah. 00:36:43.290 --> 00:36:44.470 What about EPFL? 00:36:44.470 --> 00:36:47.550 Have you guys seen these wandering exhibits 00:36:47.550 --> 00:36:49.710 about Leonardo's work and his notebooks? 00:36:49.710 --> 00:36:52.130 Anybody had a chance to see that? 00:36:52.130 --> 00:36:54.480 Go ahead. 00:36:54.480 --> 00:36:55.890 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:36:55.890 --> 00:37:00.510 Actually, he do a lot of sketch, and he [INAUDIBLE] the fact 00:37:00.510 --> 00:37:04.344 that sketching is more important than writing. 00:37:04.344 --> 00:37:05.260 OLIVIER DE WECK: Yeah. 00:37:05.260 --> 00:37:05.960 That's right. 00:37:05.960 --> 00:37:10.900 So really, he didn't build a lot of his ideas. 00:37:10.900 --> 00:37:13.470 So that's one of the-- did he actually then. 00:37:13.470 --> 00:37:15.330 But he was a head of his time in many ways. 00:37:15.330 --> 00:37:18.870 So he's really been identified as an exceptional individual. 00:37:18.870 --> 00:37:22.740 So here's a book called How to Think Like Leonardo, Seven 00:37:22.740 --> 00:37:24.330 Steps to Genius. 00:37:24.330 --> 00:37:26.920 And I'm not a big fan of these popular books, 00:37:26.920 --> 00:37:29.040 but this one is pretty interesting 00:37:29.040 --> 00:37:32.025 because what's been extracted from this 00:37:32.025 --> 00:37:37.020 is the seven da Vincian principles of creativity. 00:37:37.020 --> 00:37:39.302 And they're here in Italian. 00:37:39.302 --> 00:37:41.260 I'm just going to go through them very quickly. 00:37:41.260 --> 00:37:45.220 So curiosita, lifelong quest for learning. 00:37:45.220 --> 00:37:48.150 Dimostratzione, testing your knowledge through experience, 00:37:48.150 --> 00:37:49.740 trying things out. 00:37:49.740 --> 00:37:53.680 Sensazione, continual refinement of the senses. 00:37:53.680 --> 00:37:57.750 Sfumato, which is essentially also a style of painting, 00:37:57.750 --> 00:38:01.860 like the Mona Lisa is painted in sfumato style. 00:38:01.860 --> 00:38:06.080 Mastering ambiguity, paradox, uncertainty. 00:38:06.080 --> 00:38:11.190 Arte/Scienza is the whole brain thinking, left-right brain. 00:38:11.190 --> 00:38:16.650 Corporalita, balance of body and mind, so a healthy mind 00:38:16.650 --> 00:38:18.330 and a healthy body. 00:38:18.330 --> 00:38:20.280 And then connessione is interesting. 00:38:20.280 --> 00:38:22.740 That gets close to system architecture, which 00:38:22.740 --> 00:38:27.060 is the appreciation of patterns, relationships, connections, 00:38:27.060 --> 00:38:28.470 and systems. 00:38:28.470 --> 00:38:32.100 So the idea is that, this from Leonardo, 00:38:32.100 --> 00:38:35.280 his work, his way of thinking, these seven principles 00:38:35.280 --> 00:38:36.240 have been extracted. 00:38:36.240 --> 00:38:38.730 And then you can say, well, which of these 00:38:38.730 --> 00:38:42.490 do I feel really resonate with me? 00:38:42.490 --> 00:38:42.990 All right. 00:38:42.990 --> 00:38:45.700 So we have only a few minutes left. 00:38:45.700 --> 00:38:49.320 Let's move to some of the structured processes 00:38:49.320 --> 00:38:50.604 for creativity. 00:38:50.604 --> 00:38:52.020 So the first one I want to mention 00:38:52.020 --> 00:38:54.810 is this is probably the simplest and the one that's 00:38:54.810 --> 00:38:55.860 used the most. 00:38:55.860 --> 00:38:59.050 This is known as a morphological matrix. 00:38:59.050 --> 00:39:02.130 So the idea there is that you try 00:39:02.130 --> 00:39:06.420 to define what are the key features, factors, or decisions 00:39:06.420 --> 00:39:08.250 that you have to make when you define 00:39:08.250 --> 00:39:10.380 a concept or an architecture. 00:39:10.380 --> 00:39:13.860 So the key decisions are the rows. 00:39:13.860 --> 00:39:16.080 Let's say there's n key decisions. 00:39:16.080 --> 00:39:17.880 There are factors in the rows. 00:39:17.880 --> 00:39:20.370 And then for each row you think about what 00:39:20.370 --> 00:39:25.500 are the number of possible alternatives for doing this. 00:39:25.500 --> 00:39:29.020 And then you enumerate all possible combinations. 00:39:29.020 --> 00:39:31.050 So an example here would be here's 00:39:31.050 --> 00:39:34.560 our morphological matrix. 00:39:34.560 --> 00:39:42.360 And then one possible concept here would be A2, B1, C3. 00:39:42.360 --> 00:39:44.130 That's our concept here. 00:39:44.130 --> 00:39:48.330 And then you can see that for a full-factorial enumeration, 00:39:48.330 --> 00:39:51.670 you would have 27 architectures that you could generate. 00:39:51.670 --> 00:39:53.460 So the number of architectures here 00:39:53.460 --> 00:39:58.590 is 27, based on this morphological matrix. 00:39:58.590 --> 00:40:02.310 And I find this to be very, very helpful. 00:40:02.310 --> 00:40:04.710 When the table gets too big, very quickly 00:40:04.710 --> 00:40:08.700 because of this being a product, this can really explode on you. 00:40:08.700 --> 00:40:10.350 It can be very large. 00:40:10.350 --> 00:40:13.480 And the big challenge with this, of course, 00:40:13.480 --> 00:40:16.650 is if you have many factors, you could generate many infeasible 00:40:16.650 --> 00:40:17.400 architectures. 00:40:17.400 --> 00:40:20.190 Not all these combinations are actually feasible. 00:40:20.190 --> 00:40:23.520 So the question then is, how do you prevent that, 00:40:23.520 --> 00:40:27.780 and that's where so-called architecture enumeration comes 00:40:27.780 --> 00:40:28.740 in. 00:40:28.740 --> 00:40:31.750 And I'm not going to go in a lot of detail here. 00:40:31.750 --> 00:40:35.160 But the idea is that through creativity, expert knowledge, 00:40:35.160 --> 00:40:38.550 and analysis you're going to define your components, which 00:40:38.550 --> 00:40:41.910 are essentially the rows in the morphological matrix. 00:40:41.910 --> 00:40:45.570 But you're also going to establish rules that tell you 00:40:45.570 --> 00:40:48.600 which combinations are actually valid combinations 00:40:48.600 --> 00:40:49.950 and which ones are not. 00:40:49.950 --> 00:40:52.290 And that, in fact, is [? Narek's ?] PhD 00:40:52.290 --> 00:40:56.310 topic is, how do you increase the number 00:40:56.310 --> 00:41:01.150 of physics-based rules rather than just empirical rules. 00:41:01.150 --> 00:41:02.400 Because if you think about it. 00:41:02.400 --> 00:41:07.410 If you apply rules that are just based on current practice, 00:41:07.410 --> 00:41:09.000 then you're just going to recreate 00:41:09.000 --> 00:41:11.280 concepts and architectures we already have. 00:41:11.280 --> 00:41:14.100 You won't really come up with something fundamentally new 00:41:14.100 --> 00:41:16.260 because you've constrained the combinations 00:41:16.260 --> 00:41:18.570 to what people do now. 00:41:18.570 --> 00:41:21.900 So the real challenge here is, between generating 00:41:21.900 --> 00:41:24.240 all possible combinations, many of which 00:41:24.240 --> 00:41:29.760 are infeasible and only the ones that we currently have, 00:41:29.760 --> 00:41:31.530 there's a middle ground there. 00:41:31.530 --> 00:41:34.020 So that's architecture enumeration, 00:41:34.020 --> 00:41:36.090 and there's different ways of doing this 00:41:36.090 --> 00:41:38.380 at different layers of abstraction. 00:41:38.380 --> 00:41:42.780 So here's an example of airplanes, 00:41:42.780 --> 00:41:44.640 different configurations of airplanes. 00:41:44.640 --> 00:41:47.190 If you think about the tail of airplanes, 00:41:47.190 --> 00:41:54.270 we have the traditional tail with a lower stabilizer. 00:41:54.270 --> 00:41:55.350 We have T tails. 00:41:55.350 --> 00:41:59.100 We have we have V tails. 00:41:59.100 --> 00:42:04.350 I mean, there's like 12 different tail geometries here. 00:42:04.350 --> 00:42:07.800 And you could think of this for the wings, for the fuselage, 00:42:07.800 --> 00:42:10.300 for the engine locations, very quickly, 00:42:10.300 --> 00:42:14.310 you can generate thousands or even millions of architectures. 00:42:14.310 --> 00:42:18.120 But at that higher abstraction layer, it's just a single tail. 00:42:18.120 --> 00:42:23.190 So how do you combine these using compositional rules? 00:42:23.190 --> 00:42:25.130 That's architecture enumeration. 00:42:27.880 --> 00:42:30.510 So here's also an example from [? Narek's ?] work. 00:42:30.510 --> 00:42:34.350 So at an engine, a turbo prop engine 00:42:34.350 --> 00:42:36.390 at a high level of abstraction, that's 00:42:36.390 --> 00:42:39.810 basically a propeller, an intake, a core, 00:42:39.810 --> 00:42:41.250 and a core nozzle. 00:42:41.250 --> 00:42:44.310 And then to break that concept in further detail, the core 00:42:44.310 --> 00:42:47.490 itself gets shown at a lower level of detail. 00:42:47.490 --> 00:42:49.170 And you can see that inside the core, 00:42:49.170 --> 00:42:52.470 you have, in this case, a single compressor, a burner, and then 00:42:52.470 --> 00:42:55.290 a turbine that drives the compressor. 00:42:55.290 --> 00:42:58.590 And so one of the advances in engines 00:42:58.590 --> 00:43:03.420 has been from World War II to go from single-stage to two-stage, 00:43:03.420 --> 00:43:05.230 thee-stage engines, and so forth. 00:43:05.230 --> 00:43:07.350 So the complexity has been going up, 00:43:07.350 --> 00:43:10.710 but you can actually generate through architectural 00:43:10.710 --> 00:43:14.370 enumeration, essentially, all architectures 00:43:14.370 --> 00:43:16.500 that have been built and that are known 00:43:16.500 --> 00:43:20.430 and have been certified through a organized architecture 00:43:20.430 --> 00:43:22.590 enumeration process. 00:43:22.590 --> 00:43:24.330 Some of this can be done in Excel, 00:43:24.330 --> 00:43:26.640 for example, where you essentially 00:43:26.640 --> 00:43:27.790 list your components. 00:43:27.790 --> 00:43:29.670 This is your library of components. 00:43:29.670 --> 00:43:31.470 And then on a different sheet, you 00:43:31.470 --> 00:43:33.750 define all the different rules that 00:43:33.750 --> 00:43:36.690 allow you to combine different number of instances 00:43:36.690 --> 00:43:39.030 of these components into architectures. 00:43:39.030 --> 00:43:41.850 And we'll post some information on this 00:43:41.850 --> 00:43:47.220 if you want to try this out for your concepts. 00:43:47.220 --> 00:43:49.170 So let me summarize. 00:43:49.170 --> 00:43:53.520 So system architecture is definitely very abstract, 00:43:53.520 --> 00:43:56.679 but it's also, potentially, the most influential activity 00:43:56.679 --> 00:43:58.095 that we do in system architecting. 00:43:58.095 --> 00:44:01.290 The concept is mapping function to form. 00:44:01.290 --> 00:44:03.360 We typically, in the conceptual design, 00:44:03.360 --> 00:44:04.840 don't do all the details. 00:44:04.840 --> 00:44:07.490 We just go down two levels of abstraction. 00:44:07.490 --> 00:44:09.930 So not all the details are defined. 00:44:09.930 --> 00:44:14.130 The NASA approach specify or is really 00:44:14.130 --> 00:44:16.800 focused on this idea of logical decomposition, which 00:44:16.800 --> 00:44:20.370 is very important, but it's not the only thing 00:44:20.370 --> 00:44:22.170 we do in system architecture. 00:44:22.170 --> 00:44:24.840 And then the really cool part, the exciting part 00:44:24.840 --> 00:44:27.270 in concept generation is the one that it's really 00:44:27.270 --> 00:44:29.700 a creative activity. 00:44:29.700 --> 00:44:34.230 And when you look at the set of creativity techniques, 00:44:34.230 --> 00:44:37.080 you can think of group dynamics like the brainstorming. 00:44:37.080 --> 00:44:40.140 That's used very heavily, but you 00:44:40.140 --> 00:44:41.820 have to do it the right way. 00:44:41.820 --> 00:44:43.740 If you organize a brainstorming session, 00:44:43.740 --> 00:44:47.790 and there's some wiggle room, but if you violate 00:44:47.790 --> 00:44:50.040 some fundamental principles of brainstorming, 00:44:50.040 --> 00:44:52.680 you're not going to get the full benefit. 00:44:52.680 --> 00:44:53.400 Models. 00:44:53.400 --> 00:44:57.820 So thinking about really creative individuals 00:44:57.820 --> 00:45:00.970 and what drove them, what were their principles, 00:45:00.970 --> 00:45:03.100 and try to emulate some of that. 00:45:03.100 --> 00:45:04.660 And then the structured processes, 00:45:04.660 --> 00:45:07.420 which include mind maps, morphological matrices, 00:45:07.420 --> 00:45:09.710 and then architecture enumeration. 00:45:09.710 --> 00:45:12.700 So when you look at assignment A3, which is now 00:45:12.700 --> 00:45:15.700 out there, that's really what it is about, 00:45:15.700 --> 00:45:19.630 is you've done the stakeholder analysis and initial CONOPS, 00:45:19.630 --> 00:45:20.980 you have a requirements set. 00:45:20.980 --> 00:45:26.050 So now be unchained, and within the constraints 00:45:26.050 --> 00:45:28.480 that are set by the competition, come up 00:45:28.480 --> 00:45:29.950 with different concepts. 00:45:29.950 --> 00:45:34.450 And in the homework, what I ask you to do in A3 00:45:34.450 --> 00:45:37.420 is try out at least two different techniques, 00:45:37.420 --> 00:45:39.670 a structured one and an unstructured one 00:45:39.670 --> 00:45:41.890 and then compare the results. 00:45:41.890 --> 00:45:44.940 And this will be due in two weeks.