1 00:00:00,120 --> 00:00:02,460 The following content is provided under a Creative 2 00:00:02,460 --> 00:00:03,880 Commons license. 3 00:00:03,880 --> 00:00:06,090 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 4 00:00:06,090 --> 00:00:10,180 continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,180 --> 00:00:12,720 To make a donation or to view additional materials 6 00:00:12,720 --> 00:00:16,680 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 7 00:00:16,680 --> 00:00:17,880 at ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:24,984 --> 00:00:26,300 OLIVIER DE WECK: All right. 9 00:00:26,300 --> 00:00:28,100 So let's see. 10 00:00:28,100 --> 00:00:29,150 Mr. Sticky. 11 00:00:29,150 --> 00:00:30,740 Let's see, EPFL. 12 00:00:30,740 --> 00:00:34,130 Who picked Mr. Sticky? 13 00:00:34,130 --> 00:00:35,840 Anybody? 14 00:00:35,840 --> 00:00:38,230 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 15 00:00:38,230 --> 00:00:42,140 So the definition is a cylindrical container 16 00:00:42,140 --> 00:00:46,430 containing a date covered with a [? basic ?] substance that 17 00:00:46,430 --> 00:00:50,600 can be deployed in order to attract and capture insects. 18 00:00:50,600 --> 00:00:51,710 OLIVIER DE WECK: Good. 19 00:00:51,710 --> 00:00:54,080 I'm glad you added the last part because I 20 00:00:54,080 --> 00:00:56,060 was worried that you weren't going 21 00:00:56,060 --> 00:00:57,920 to talk about the function. 22 00:00:57,920 --> 00:00:59,890 So it's good. 23 00:00:59,890 --> 00:01:00,640 I think it's good. 24 00:01:00,640 --> 00:01:04,640 You started describing the form, and then you 25 00:01:04,640 --> 00:01:07,050 explained what the function is at the end. 26 00:01:07,050 --> 00:01:08,030 So that's good. 27 00:01:08,030 --> 00:01:09,900 Anybody else do Mr. Sticky here? 28 00:01:09,900 --> 00:01:10,400 Yeah. 29 00:01:10,400 --> 00:01:11,780 Do you want to share? 30 00:01:11,780 --> 00:01:16,310 AUDIENCE: So we said it was a portable canister 31 00:01:16,310 --> 00:01:19,730 deployable, fly-attracting sticky tape, 32 00:01:19,730 --> 00:01:22,202 fly-catching mechanism. 33 00:01:22,202 --> 00:01:24,887 OLIVIER DE WECK: All right. 34 00:01:24,887 --> 00:01:26,720 Yeah, I think you've got the right elements. 35 00:01:26,720 --> 00:01:30,140 I think it needs to flow a little better, 36 00:01:30,140 --> 00:01:32,480 but you've got the right ingredients there. 37 00:01:32,480 --> 00:01:34,790 What about the i3. 38 00:01:34,790 --> 00:01:36,950 Anybody? 39 00:01:36,950 --> 00:01:37,651 Yeah, go ahead. 40 00:01:37,651 --> 00:01:38,150 Justice. 41 00:01:38,150 --> 00:01:39,775 AUDIENCE: You said it was an efficiency 42 00:01:39,775 --> 00:01:43,287 and urban-optimized transport vehicle made by BMW. 43 00:01:43,287 --> 00:01:44,620 OLIVIER DE WECK: Say that again? 44 00:01:48,050 --> 00:01:51,605 AUDIENCE: Can you turn on the mic, please? 45 00:01:51,605 --> 00:01:53,080 AUDIENCE: Does yours work? 46 00:01:53,080 --> 00:01:54,490 OLIVIER DE WECK: Do it again. 47 00:01:54,490 --> 00:01:56,240 AUDIENCE: We said it was an efficiency 48 00:01:56,240 --> 00:02:00,640 and urban-optimized transport vehicle made by BMW. 49 00:02:00,640 --> 00:02:05,480 OLIVIER DE WECK: Urban-optimized transport vehicle. 50 00:02:05,480 --> 00:02:06,275 I think it's good. 51 00:02:08,900 --> 00:02:10,699 I think you're missing the effect 52 00:02:10,699 --> 00:02:15,500 that it's an all-electric, the fact that it's fundamentally 53 00:02:15,500 --> 00:02:17,840 an electric vehicle. 54 00:02:17,840 --> 00:02:19,185 I think it's key to the i3. 55 00:02:19,185 --> 00:02:20,810 Because you have you have other urban-- 56 00:02:20,810 --> 00:02:22,050 like the smart car. 57 00:02:22,050 --> 00:02:25,640 And so architecturally, distinguishing feature 58 00:02:25,640 --> 00:02:27,300 is definitely the electric drive. 59 00:02:27,300 --> 00:02:29,090 So I think it's good, but I think 60 00:02:29,090 --> 00:02:31,610 you're just missing a little bit on the technology there. 61 00:02:31,610 --> 00:02:33,620 What about i3 and EPFL? 62 00:02:33,620 --> 00:02:34,850 Anybody do the i3? 63 00:02:38,426 --> 00:02:39,565 AUDIENCE: Nobody. 64 00:02:39,565 --> 00:02:41,410 OLIVIER DE WECK: Nobody. 65 00:02:41,410 --> 00:02:42,770 Anybody else here? 66 00:02:42,770 --> 00:02:45,898 Yeah, Veronica. 67 00:02:45,898 --> 00:02:46,810 AUDIENCE: Thank you. 68 00:02:46,810 --> 00:02:47,600 Sorry. 69 00:02:47,600 --> 00:02:50,200 A transportation system responsible for moving people 70 00:02:50,200 --> 00:02:52,240 and products with an enclosed metal frame 71 00:02:52,240 --> 00:02:54,040 equipped with various safety devices 72 00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:56,320 using electrically-powered control and locomotion 73 00:02:56,320 --> 00:02:57,912 subsystems. 74 00:02:57,912 --> 00:02:59,800 OLIVIER DE WECK: OK. 75 00:02:59,800 --> 00:03:00,760 That's pretty good. 76 00:03:00,760 --> 00:03:03,120 There's a lot there. 77 00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:04,750 I would throw a question. 78 00:03:04,750 --> 00:03:08,890 A concept you defined could almost apply to a Tramway 79 00:03:08,890 --> 00:03:10,660 as well. 80 00:03:10,660 --> 00:03:13,419 If this was like a streetcar, don't you 81 00:03:13,419 --> 00:03:14,960 think it would apply to that as well? 82 00:03:14,960 --> 00:03:18,790 So I think the fact that it's a personal vehicle, 83 00:03:18,790 --> 00:03:21,410 I think it's important. 84 00:03:21,410 --> 00:03:26,110 So the key in this is, describe the concept using few words 85 00:03:26,110 --> 00:03:31,930 precisely, but to set it apart from neighboring concepts. 86 00:03:31,930 --> 00:03:33,070 What about Rolex Center? 87 00:03:37,116 --> 00:03:38,760 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 88 00:03:38,760 --> 00:03:42,580 It's a single-layer building with multiple straw 89 00:03:42,580 --> 00:03:47,820 used as a library for people to meet and study. 90 00:03:47,820 --> 00:03:53,710 OLIVIER DE WECK: A single-story building using multiple-- 91 00:03:53,710 --> 00:03:55,195 AUDIENCE: --floors. 92 00:03:55,195 --> 00:03:56,360 OLIVIER DE WECK: Floors. 93 00:03:56,360 --> 00:03:56,860 Oh, yeah. 94 00:03:56,860 --> 00:03:58,620 So that's right. 95 00:03:58,620 --> 00:04:00,710 AUDIENCE: You have one layer. 96 00:04:00,710 --> 00:04:05,020 However, it has this wave shape and therefore, you 97 00:04:05,020 --> 00:04:07,370 have something akin to two floors. 98 00:04:07,370 --> 00:04:10,480 So the library is one something like the upper floor 99 00:04:10,480 --> 00:04:14,230 and the meeting areas, the noisy areas on the lower floors. 100 00:04:14,230 --> 00:04:17,019 So you can connect both, but the noise 101 00:04:17,019 --> 00:04:18,324 doesn't connect that easily. 102 00:04:18,324 --> 00:04:19,240 OLIVIER DE WECK: Yeah. 103 00:04:19,240 --> 00:04:23,340 No, that's very good, and I think that's the architectural. 104 00:04:23,340 --> 00:04:24,940 And then the library is there. 105 00:04:24,940 --> 00:04:25,720 That's for sure? 106 00:04:25,720 --> 00:04:28,510 But isn't there a lot of other things or services 107 00:04:28,510 --> 00:04:30,400 provided in that building beyond the library? 108 00:04:34,086 --> 00:04:41,360 AUDIENCE: Yeah, you have a bank, a cafeteria, student services. 109 00:04:41,360 --> 00:04:45,180 But you could encompass it in a meeting area. 110 00:04:45,180 --> 00:04:50,210 You meet and you do some stuff like eating, going to the bank. 111 00:04:50,210 --> 00:04:52,120 OLIVIER DE WECK: Right. 112 00:04:52,120 --> 00:04:54,144 AUDIENCE: I think we missed some functions. 113 00:04:54,144 --> 00:04:55,060 OLIVIER DE WECK: Yeah. 114 00:04:55,060 --> 00:04:58,540 So I like your definition, but I think 115 00:04:58,540 --> 00:05:00,130 by pointing out the library, you're 116 00:05:00,130 --> 00:05:01,980 missing the other functions. 117 00:05:01,980 --> 00:05:05,080 And my understanding is that the reason this was built 118 00:05:05,080 --> 00:05:07,730 was to put two things. 119 00:05:07,730 --> 00:05:11,130 One, is it's a focal point for the community at EPFL. 120 00:05:11,130 --> 00:05:13,480 We have a student center here at MIT. 121 00:05:13,480 --> 00:05:18,130 People go there to do their banking, their eating, 122 00:05:18,130 --> 00:05:19,550 their meeting, and so forth. 123 00:05:19,550 --> 00:05:22,480 So in that sense, it's pretty similar, 124 00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:25,720 but I think the Rolex Center is such an iconic building 125 00:05:25,720 --> 00:05:30,640 that it also serve a kind of a prestige function, 126 00:05:30,640 --> 00:05:33,760 to put the institution on the map in terms 127 00:05:33,760 --> 00:05:37,040 of it's a statement. 128 00:05:37,040 --> 00:05:39,160 It's not just a utilitarian building. 129 00:05:39,160 --> 00:05:42,790 Whereas, I would argue our MIT student center, 130 00:05:42,790 --> 00:05:45,250 it has very similar functions to the Rolex Center, 131 00:05:45,250 --> 00:05:47,630 but I wouldn't call it an iconic building. 132 00:05:47,630 --> 00:05:49,870 It doesn't have that wow factor. 133 00:05:49,870 --> 00:05:52,000 Would you guys agree with that? 134 00:05:52,000 --> 00:05:52,810 Yeah. 135 00:05:52,810 --> 00:05:55,000 Maybe it did when it was initially built. 136 00:05:55,000 --> 00:05:57,790 I'm not sure, but very good. 137 00:05:57,790 --> 00:06:02,530 So we could spend a lot of time on these, but really crisply 138 00:06:02,530 --> 00:06:07,960 refining and thinking about the concept is very, very important 139 00:06:07,960 --> 00:06:11,050 So let me very quickly go through the refrigerator case 140 00:06:11,050 --> 00:06:16,000 study to show how do we transition from concept 141 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:17,830 to design. 142 00:06:17,830 --> 00:06:21,740 So the first thing you do is understand where is the value-- 143 00:06:21,740 --> 00:06:24,250 the stakeholders and the stakeholder 144 00:06:24,250 --> 00:06:28,240 analysis and the requirements definition. 145 00:06:28,240 --> 00:06:33,280 And so in order to do that, you ask the question, first 146 00:06:33,280 --> 00:06:35,470 of all, value identification. 147 00:06:35,470 --> 00:06:37,660 Where is the value? 148 00:06:37,660 --> 00:06:40,120 And so you understand that then who is the beneficiary? 149 00:06:40,120 --> 00:06:41,470 That's a stakeholder. 150 00:06:41,470 --> 00:06:43,200 The stakeholder has needs. 151 00:06:43,200 --> 00:06:45,820 I'm using OPM here to describe this. 152 00:06:45,820 --> 00:06:47,640 And then this is a funny thing here. 153 00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:50,560 The needs have these little bumps. 154 00:06:50,560 --> 00:06:52,015 This is meant to indicate a cloud. 155 00:06:57,130 --> 00:06:59,680 This is not standard OPM nomenclature. 156 00:06:59,680 --> 00:07:01,010 Just point that out. 157 00:07:01,010 --> 00:07:04,930 So this means that the needs are somewhat vaporous. 158 00:07:04,930 --> 00:07:07,120 They're not very well defined. 159 00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:11,440 And then you interpret and incorporate some of the needs 160 00:07:11,440 --> 00:07:14,110 into goals, which become requirements. 161 00:07:14,110 --> 00:07:17,050 And so the goals then are an instrument 162 00:07:17,050 --> 00:07:20,710 of the primary delivery value delivering process, which 163 00:07:20,710 --> 00:07:22,510 is your value proposition. 164 00:07:22,510 --> 00:07:24,370 To then actually deliver that value 165 00:07:24,370 --> 00:07:27,670 you need to design the product, the product system, the product 166 00:07:27,670 --> 00:07:32,680 object, and understand the operand, the thing that 167 00:07:32,680 --> 00:07:35,080 is being operated on or transformed 168 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:37,740 by the primary value delivery process. 169 00:07:37,740 --> 00:07:40,360 That's a very abstract, high-level way 170 00:07:40,360 --> 00:07:44,350 to think about where's the value in the system. 171 00:07:44,350 --> 00:07:48,910 But fundamentally, this is part of the reducing ambiguity work 172 00:07:48,910 --> 00:07:50,800 that you do as a system architect, 173 00:07:50,800 --> 00:07:52,240 as a system engineer. 174 00:07:52,240 --> 00:07:54,400 And there is a recipe for doing this. 175 00:07:54,400 --> 00:07:58,420 So first you start examining the operand associated with value. 176 00:07:58,420 --> 00:08:00,400 What's really the thing that generates 177 00:08:00,400 --> 00:08:03,790 the value that the user, the beneficiaries care about. 178 00:08:03,790 --> 00:08:06,130 Next you say, this is the attribute link. 179 00:08:06,130 --> 00:08:09,550 What attributes of the upper are changing or being 180 00:08:09,550 --> 00:08:12,070 affected associated with value? 181 00:08:12,070 --> 00:08:15,160 And so the attribute-transforming process 182 00:08:15,160 --> 00:08:19,640 is where the value is generated. 183 00:08:19,640 --> 00:08:25,760 So for food, I think we briefly talked about this before. 184 00:08:25,760 --> 00:08:29,180 Usually people will say, when you think about a refrigerator, 185 00:08:29,180 --> 00:08:31,830 keep the food cold. 186 00:08:31,830 --> 00:08:34,309 But if you step back and think about it 187 00:08:34,309 --> 00:08:36,650 in a more abstract way, it's really 188 00:08:36,650 --> 00:08:40,010 about preserving food or reducing 189 00:08:40,010 --> 00:08:41,960 the spoilage rate of the food. 190 00:08:41,960 --> 00:08:48,350 So the refrigerator effectively becomes a food 191 00:08:48,350 --> 00:08:52,010 spoilage rate reduction device. 192 00:08:52,010 --> 00:08:54,380 and I know that sounds terrible, but that 193 00:08:54,380 --> 00:08:56,190 is really what it's about. 194 00:08:58,910 --> 00:09:01,110 So when once you think that way, you 195 00:09:01,110 --> 00:09:04,620 can really start being creative and focus your creativity. 196 00:09:04,620 --> 00:09:07,440 So here we have the food, and our goal 197 00:09:07,440 --> 00:09:09,990 is to reduce its spoilage rate. 198 00:09:09,990 --> 00:09:13,110 And then you can ask, well, how can we do this? 199 00:09:13,110 --> 00:09:15,690 What are all the different ways of reducing 200 00:09:15,690 --> 00:09:18,990 the spoilage rate of the food? 201 00:09:18,990 --> 00:09:21,750 So from among the system operating processes, 202 00:09:21,750 --> 00:09:27,540 we then specialize and pick a particular one for our concept. 203 00:09:27,540 --> 00:09:31,020 So beside chilling or keeping the food cold, 204 00:09:31,020 --> 00:09:33,360 we could irradiate the food. 205 00:09:33,360 --> 00:09:36,260 We could we dry the food. 206 00:09:36,260 --> 00:09:40,890 What are some other ways that we can reduce the spoilage rate? 207 00:09:40,890 --> 00:09:43,010 So irradiating, drying, chilling. 208 00:09:43,010 --> 00:09:43,510 Sam? 209 00:09:43,510 --> 00:09:44,402 AUDIENCE: Preserving. 210 00:09:44,402 --> 00:09:45,568 OLIVIER DE WECK: Preserving. 211 00:09:45,568 --> 00:09:48,440 So you add chemicals essentially. 212 00:09:48,440 --> 00:09:51,060 EPFL, how else can we do it? 213 00:09:51,060 --> 00:09:54,290 Spoilage rate reduction? 214 00:09:54,290 --> 00:09:55,574 AUDIENCE: Using chemicals? 215 00:09:55,574 --> 00:09:56,490 OLIVIER DE WECK: Yeah. 216 00:09:56,490 --> 00:09:59,609 So that's chemical. 217 00:09:59,609 --> 00:10:00,150 That's right. 218 00:10:00,150 --> 00:10:01,110 What else? 219 00:10:01,110 --> 00:10:03,600 Keep going. 220 00:10:03,600 --> 00:10:06,700 Because food is pretty essential for humans, 221 00:10:06,700 --> 00:10:08,310 this is actually one of the areas 222 00:10:08,310 --> 00:10:11,260 where humans have been very creative. 223 00:10:11,260 --> 00:10:13,020 There's a lot of ways to do this. 224 00:10:13,020 --> 00:10:15,536 So keep going. 225 00:10:15,536 --> 00:10:18,370 AUDIENCE: Yeah, for example, for conserving grapes, 226 00:10:18,370 --> 00:10:20,730 maybe you do wine, which is a process 227 00:10:20,730 --> 00:10:25,590 to conserve this wonderful [INAUDIBLE].. 228 00:10:25,590 --> 00:10:26,670 OLIVIER DE WECK: Yeah. 229 00:10:26,670 --> 00:10:32,532 Please keep some wine for us too, please. 230 00:10:32,532 --> 00:10:34,720 AUDIENCE: Beer is the same. 231 00:10:34,720 --> 00:10:37,000 OLIVIER DE WECK: Yeah. 232 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:42,870 So marinating it, vacuum packing, smoking, 233 00:10:42,870 --> 00:10:44,070 on and on and on. 234 00:10:44,070 --> 00:10:49,010 My favorite is actually eating it. 235 00:10:49,010 --> 00:10:50,120 What do bears do? 236 00:10:50,120 --> 00:10:52,020 How do bears conserve food? 237 00:10:52,020 --> 00:10:53,185 AUDIENCE: Fat. 238 00:10:53,185 --> 00:10:54,060 OLIVIER DE WECK: Fat. 239 00:10:54,060 --> 00:10:54,559 Right? 240 00:10:54,559 --> 00:10:57,630 So bears, they actually consume it and then 241 00:10:57,630 --> 00:11:02,160 transform it into fat, into a different storage form, 242 00:11:02,160 --> 00:11:04,170 store it inside their bodies, and then 243 00:11:04,170 --> 00:11:10,710 as they hibernate, that energy, that food 244 00:11:10,710 --> 00:11:13,440 is being gradually consumed. 245 00:11:13,440 --> 00:11:15,570 That's a very different way, but it's essentially 246 00:11:15,570 --> 00:11:17,200 the same function. 247 00:11:17,200 --> 00:11:22,050 So that's the key idea is start thinking in this abstract way, 248 00:11:22,050 --> 00:11:26,310 and all of a sudden all these other possibilities 249 00:11:26,310 --> 00:11:28,950 become possible. 250 00:11:28,950 --> 00:11:32,640 And that's really the cool part about design and creativity. 251 00:11:32,640 --> 00:11:36,460 But eventually, you have to pick a particular concept. 252 00:11:36,460 --> 00:11:39,195 So the chilling part is not enough. 253 00:11:39,195 --> 00:11:40,200 That's the function. 254 00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:42,120 And then you say, well, we need a chiller. 255 00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:44,571 In order to chill, we need a chiller, 256 00:11:44,571 --> 00:11:46,320 and there are different types of chillers, 257 00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:48,450 like a cooler or refrigerator. 258 00:11:48,450 --> 00:11:52,020 And it's the combination of this specific way you're 259 00:11:52,020 --> 00:11:54,330 going to operate the system. 260 00:11:54,330 --> 00:11:58,390 The element of form and then the specialized element of form, 261 00:11:58,390 --> 00:12:00,840 in this case the cooler, that combination 262 00:12:00,840 --> 00:12:03,480 is what we call concept. 263 00:12:03,480 --> 00:12:07,050 So once we have that, we can start managing complexity, 264 00:12:07,050 --> 00:12:11,070 decomposing function and form, so our system operating process 265 00:12:11,070 --> 00:12:14,820 gets decomposed into the primary supporting processes 266 00:12:14,820 --> 00:12:17,640 like interfacing, powering, controlling. 267 00:12:17,640 --> 00:12:20,400 And then our system object, you can decompose it 268 00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:23,280 into different elements, supporting systems, 269 00:12:23,280 --> 00:12:25,620 the operand, the operator, and so forth. 270 00:12:25,620 --> 00:12:27,910 And then we can start connecting them. 271 00:12:27,910 --> 00:12:30,900 So let's look at for chilling the food, 272 00:12:30,900 --> 00:12:33,510 let's look at a cooler and a refrigerator 273 00:12:33,510 --> 00:12:35,550 in terms of this decomposition. 274 00:12:35,550 --> 00:12:38,040 So here's a picture of a very simple cooler 275 00:12:38,040 --> 00:12:40,020 that you would take out on a picnic. 276 00:12:40,020 --> 00:12:42,510 It has the chilling function, and then 277 00:12:42,510 --> 00:12:47,160 the sub-functions when we zoom in are holding the food, 278 00:12:47,160 --> 00:12:50,790 exchanging the heat between the food and the environment, 279 00:12:50,790 --> 00:12:53,520 reducing the heat load, interfacing, connecting, 280 00:12:53,520 --> 00:12:56,670 powering, regulating the temperature, et cetera. 281 00:12:56,670 --> 00:12:59,010 And then on the form side, the cooler 282 00:12:59,010 --> 00:13:01,560 itself is very simple structurally. 283 00:13:01,560 --> 00:13:05,590 It just has a bottom, a box with a bottom and a top. 284 00:13:05,590 --> 00:13:08,250 And then we have the ice, the food supporting 285 00:13:08,250 --> 00:13:11,550 the surface, the external heat load, ambient light, 286 00:13:11,550 --> 00:13:13,010 and the operator. 287 00:13:13,010 --> 00:13:16,560 What's surprising here is when you map the two, 288 00:13:16,560 --> 00:13:19,530 there's a surprising amount of complexity. 289 00:13:19,530 --> 00:13:22,110 It's not a very clear one-to-one mapping. 290 00:13:22,110 --> 00:13:23,700 Let's just look at the ice. 291 00:13:23,700 --> 00:13:27,420 So here's the ice, and you can just follow these links to see 292 00:13:27,420 --> 00:13:31,800 what functions, sub-functions does the ice support-- 293 00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:37,740 exchanging heat, powering, and regulating temperature. 294 00:13:37,740 --> 00:13:41,040 So exchanging heat means, essentially, 295 00:13:41,040 --> 00:13:44,290 the ice itself acts as a heat exchanger. 296 00:13:44,290 --> 00:13:46,360 Just the surface of the ice is where 297 00:13:46,360 --> 00:13:49,700 the heat exchange happens. 298 00:13:49,700 --> 00:13:55,210 So what forms can you put ice into a cooler? 299 00:13:55,210 --> 00:13:57,046 What are the different shapes of ice 300 00:13:57,046 --> 00:13:58,420 that you could put into a cooler? 301 00:14:03,030 --> 00:14:04,470 AUDIENCE: Like an ice pack. 302 00:14:04,470 --> 00:14:07,150 OLIVIER DE WECK: You could put ice pack 303 00:14:07,150 --> 00:14:11,070 or you could put a block or chips. 304 00:14:11,070 --> 00:14:16,090 And if you put the same quantity of ice, 305 00:14:16,090 --> 00:14:20,190 but you put a block of ice, you put little chips, 306 00:14:20,190 --> 00:14:21,660 what will be the difference? 307 00:14:21,660 --> 00:14:24,000 Will there be a difference? 308 00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:25,290 Surface area, right? 309 00:14:25,290 --> 00:14:28,350 So the speed at which the ice will 310 00:14:28,350 --> 00:14:31,290 melt for the same given external temperature 311 00:14:31,290 --> 00:14:33,410 is going to be different. 312 00:14:33,410 --> 00:14:39,630 So there's an attribute of the ice, which is essentially 313 00:14:39,630 --> 00:14:43,290 its quantity, but also it's form that will influence the-- 314 00:14:43,290 --> 00:14:45,780 but that's the heat exchanger function. 315 00:14:45,780 --> 00:14:49,140 The powering function is pretty clear. 316 00:14:49,140 --> 00:14:55,240 That's essentially the energy storage right there. 317 00:14:55,240 --> 00:14:57,450 And then the third one is regulation. 318 00:14:57,450 --> 00:14:59,140 How does that work? 319 00:14:59,140 --> 00:15:02,057 How does the ice provide a thermal regulation 320 00:15:02,057 --> 00:15:02,640 in the cooler? 321 00:15:06,380 --> 00:15:07,650 Physics 101. 322 00:15:07,650 --> 00:15:09,602 Yeah? 323 00:15:09,602 --> 00:15:10,976 Go ahead. 324 00:15:10,976 --> 00:15:11,852 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 325 00:15:11,852 --> 00:15:12,810 OLIVIER DE WECK: Right. 326 00:15:12,810 --> 00:15:15,960 So as long as you have any ice left in the cooler, 327 00:15:15,960 --> 00:15:18,540 what will be the temperature inside? 328 00:15:18,540 --> 00:15:20,880 Not opening and closing, but if you 329 00:15:20,880 --> 00:15:23,530 keep it closed, what will be the temperature in the cooler? 330 00:15:23,530 --> 00:15:24,726 AUDIENCE: 0 Celsius. 331 00:15:24,726 --> 00:15:25,850 OLIVIER DE WECK: 0 Celsius. 332 00:15:25,850 --> 00:15:27,620 As long as you have ice left, this 333 00:15:27,620 --> 00:15:31,400 is the phase transformation, you're at that point. 334 00:15:31,400 --> 00:15:33,020 As soon as the ice is all melting, 335 00:15:33,020 --> 00:15:34,400 the temperature will rise. 336 00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:39,230 So the phase transformation of the ice from solid to liquid 337 00:15:39,230 --> 00:15:41,330 is what, in fact, is the regulation 338 00:15:41,330 --> 00:15:43,010 mechanism inside the cooler. 339 00:15:43,010 --> 00:15:45,470 So even though you think of a cooler 340 00:15:45,470 --> 00:15:48,590 as being something super simple and trivial, 341 00:15:48,590 --> 00:15:51,720 once you start listing its internal functions 342 00:15:51,720 --> 00:15:56,370 and how the top, the bottom the ice itself, 343 00:15:56,370 --> 00:15:59,030 how they interact and support those functions, 344 00:15:59,030 --> 00:16:01,340 it's pretty complex. 345 00:16:01,340 --> 00:16:03,140 And you can go very detailed here, 346 00:16:03,140 --> 00:16:07,499 even for something very simple like a cooler. 347 00:16:07,499 --> 00:16:09,790 One question and then we'll talk about the refrigerator 348 00:16:09,790 --> 00:16:11,690 and how it's different in a minute. 349 00:16:11,690 --> 00:16:14,380 One question I often get is what's 350 00:16:14,380 --> 00:16:19,000 the difference between system architecting and system design? 351 00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:21,310 Isn't that the same thing? 352 00:16:21,310 --> 00:16:23,400 And I think they're somewhat different. 353 00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:26,100 They're overlapping, but there's a distinction. 354 00:16:26,100 --> 00:16:30,630 So architecture selects the concept, the decomposition, 355 00:16:30,630 --> 00:16:32,970 mapping of function to form. 356 00:16:32,970 --> 00:16:35,490 And architecture essentially establishes 357 00:16:35,490 --> 00:16:38,040 the vector of design variables. 358 00:16:38,040 --> 00:16:40,950 What are the key design variables and operating 359 00:16:40,950 --> 00:16:43,110 parameters of the system? 360 00:16:43,110 --> 00:16:48,690 Design, then, given that, selects the actual values 361 00:16:48,690 --> 00:16:52,350 for those design variables, and then you can optimize. 362 00:16:52,350 --> 00:16:56,280 So if we look at the example of the cooler here, 363 00:16:56,280 --> 00:17:00,840 we have our cooler with the box in the bottom and then the ice, 364 00:17:00,840 --> 00:17:03,540 and we can decompose the attributes of that. 365 00:17:03,540 --> 00:17:06,250 So the box with bottom has length with height. 366 00:17:06,250 --> 00:17:07,380 It has a wall thickness. 367 00:17:07,380 --> 00:17:09,750 It has a type of material. 368 00:17:09,750 --> 00:17:12,180 The top has thickness and material, 369 00:17:12,180 --> 00:17:14,099 and the ice, like we just talked about, 370 00:17:14,099 --> 00:17:19,020 has quantity, surface area, and maybe initial water content. 371 00:17:19,020 --> 00:17:20,760 And those are the operating parameters, 372 00:17:20,760 --> 00:17:24,119 and on the upper right, those are the design variables. 373 00:17:24,119 --> 00:17:26,490 So when you are making a material choice, 374 00:17:26,490 --> 00:17:29,040 we're going to use PVC. 375 00:17:29,040 --> 00:17:32,970 We're going to have a 2.1-inch thick wall. 376 00:17:32,970 --> 00:17:34,840 We're going to use this much insulation. 377 00:17:34,840 --> 00:17:37,950 This will be the aspect ratio of the cooler. 378 00:17:37,950 --> 00:17:41,010 It's going to have wheels maybe, so we can pull it easily. 379 00:17:41,010 --> 00:17:43,560 Those are essentially design decisions. 380 00:17:43,560 --> 00:17:47,760 You're instantiating that concept. 381 00:17:47,760 --> 00:17:50,940 But the fact that it has a bottom and a top 382 00:17:50,940 --> 00:17:55,390 and it's hinged and it uses this phase 383 00:17:55,390 --> 00:17:57,690 transition as the regulation mechanism, 384 00:17:57,690 --> 00:17:58,920 that's conceptual design. 385 00:17:58,920 --> 00:18:01,840 That's system architecture, and you need to do both. 386 00:18:01,840 --> 00:18:05,130 But they're not quite the same. 387 00:18:05,130 --> 00:18:06,370 Is that pretty clear? 388 00:18:06,370 --> 00:18:10,000 That's a very important distinction. 389 00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:12,000 So let's look at the form function 390 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:13,430 mapping for refrigerators. 391 00:18:13,430 --> 00:18:16,590 So this is actually a big difference 392 00:18:16,590 --> 00:18:18,390 between the US and Switzerland. 393 00:18:18,390 --> 00:18:21,870 People in the US, we like to have big refrigerators, 394 00:18:21,870 --> 00:18:24,990 big gallon of milk, and refrigerators in Switzerland 395 00:18:24,990 --> 00:18:26,370 are much smaller. 396 00:18:26,370 --> 00:18:27,310 I'm not sure why. 397 00:18:27,310 --> 00:18:30,450 Maybe you go shopping more often, 398 00:18:30,450 --> 00:18:32,880 but it's definitely one of the big differences. 399 00:18:32,880 --> 00:18:37,170 But here we have essentially the decomposition 400 00:18:37,170 --> 00:18:38,400 of the refrigerator. 401 00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:39,840 So we have racks. 402 00:18:39,840 --> 00:18:40,710 We have the air. 403 00:18:40,710 --> 00:18:43,020 We have-- I guess freon is banned now, 404 00:18:43,020 --> 00:18:44,660 so we should use some other. 405 00:18:44,660 --> 00:18:49,710 This is a refrigerant, a working fluid, the insulation, 406 00:18:49,710 --> 00:18:53,340 the feet and rollers, the frame, the electric motor, sensors, 407 00:18:53,340 --> 00:18:55,114 controller doors, lights. 408 00:18:55,114 --> 00:18:57,030 And then we have those functions, essentially, 409 00:18:57,030 --> 00:19:00,420 the same functions we had for the cooler, holding the food, 410 00:19:00,420 --> 00:19:04,590 exchanging the heat, powering, regulating. 411 00:19:04,590 --> 00:19:07,230 But the difference is that we have much more 412 00:19:07,230 --> 00:19:08,740 of a one-to-one mapping. 413 00:19:08,740 --> 00:19:11,220 So in the refrigerator, each of these elements 414 00:19:11,220 --> 00:19:15,180 supports, essentially, one of the primary sub-functions. 415 00:19:15,180 --> 00:19:18,750 So the form function mapping in the refrigerator 416 00:19:18,750 --> 00:19:20,860 is actually much simpler. 417 00:19:20,860 --> 00:19:22,650 It's a much simpler form function 418 00:19:22,650 --> 00:19:24,480 mapping than the cooler. 419 00:19:24,480 --> 00:19:27,300 And you say, well, I thought a refrigerator is much more 420 00:19:27,300 --> 00:19:28,410 complex. 421 00:19:28,410 --> 00:19:29,770 How can that be? 422 00:19:29,770 --> 00:19:32,370 Well, the real complexity comes in when you 423 00:19:32,370 --> 00:19:35,220 look at the form form mapping. 424 00:19:35,220 --> 00:19:38,010 So this is then the decomposition 425 00:19:38,010 --> 00:19:41,365 of the refrigerator in terms of all the elements of form 426 00:19:41,365 --> 00:19:42,990 and then how they relate to each other. 427 00:19:42,990 --> 00:19:46,380 And I'm not showing here all the sub-processes, 428 00:19:46,380 --> 00:19:50,280 but you can see that the mapping and the relationships 429 00:19:50,280 --> 00:19:54,930 are much more complex than in the case of the cooler. 430 00:19:54,930 --> 00:20:01,640 So to wrap up on this piece, when we do a conceptual design 431 00:20:01,640 --> 00:20:04,950 or system architecture, you have two major activities. 432 00:20:04,950 --> 00:20:07,370 One is concept generation. 433 00:20:07,370 --> 00:20:10,850 So take the requirements and think creatively 434 00:20:10,850 --> 00:20:13,430 about how these requirements could be fulfilled. 435 00:20:13,430 --> 00:20:15,950 So that means understanding the operand, 436 00:20:15,950 --> 00:20:18,730 the attribute of the operand that you're trying to affect-- 437 00:20:18,730 --> 00:20:20,960 it could be multiple here-- 438 00:20:20,960 --> 00:20:23,660 the intent attribute-- this means the required, 439 00:20:23,660 --> 00:20:25,250 desired state-- 440 00:20:25,250 --> 00:20:27,590 what is the system operating process, 441 00:20:27,590 --> 00:20:30,020 and what is your major element of form. 442 00:20:30,020 --> 00:20:33,110 So that's generating this and specializing that. 443 00:20:33,110 --> 00:20:35,660 That's concept generation, finding systems 444 00:20:35,660 --> 00:20:37,520 that do the right thing. 445 00:20:37,520 --> 00:20:39,447 And then once you have several concepts, 446 00:20:39,447 --> 00:20:41,030 you've got to select among them, which 447 00:20:41,030 --> 00:20:42,440 we'll talk about next week. 448 00:20:42,440 --> 00:20:45,230 That's our topic next week is concept selection. 449 00:20:45,230 --> 00:20:47,510 So finding systems that do the right thing 450 00:20:47,510 --> 00:20:51,890 and do it well, deliver value, and comply with regulations, 451 00:20:51,890 --> 00:20:53,220 standards, and so forth. 452 00:20:53,220 --> 00:20:56,000 So there's going to be consumables involved, 453 00:20:56,000 --> 00:21:00,710 side effects, like noise, waste heat, pollution. 454 00:21:00,710 --> 00:21:03,650 The operator, how skilled does the operator has to be 455 00:21:03,650 --> 00:21:05,820 or how autonomous is the system. 456 00:21:05,820 --> 00:21:10,130 What is the reliability, safety, cost, the quantity. 457 00:21:10,130 --> 00:21:14,270 All those things are describing the concept 458 00:21:14,270 --> 00:21:16,640 and its instantiation in more detail 459 00:21:16,640 --> 00:21:18,580 and will help you do concept selection. 460 00:21:18,580 --> 00:21:20,180 Do you do you see the difference? 461 00:21:20,180 --> 00:21:22,430 Concept generation is take the requirements 462 00:21:22,430 --> 00:21:27,110 and come up with the fundamental form function mapping of how 463 00:21:27,110 --> 00:21:29,100 the requirements can be met. 464 00:21:29,100 --> 00:21:32,870 Then you instantiate that in terms of designs 465 00:21:32,870 --> 00:21:36,050 and then you can evaluate those and compare concepts 466 00:21:36,050 --> 00:21:39,020 using other criteria like consumables, 467 00:21:39,020 --> 00:21:44,060 quantity, how skilled does the operator have to be, et cetera. 468 00:21:44,060 --> 00:21:47,920 So those are fundamentally different activities. 469 00:21:47,920 --> 00:21:50,050 So let me summarize on system architecture 470 00:21:50,050 --> 00:21:54,850 and then talk about the NASA approach and then creativity. 471 00:21:54,850 --> 00:21:57,250 So architecture requires consideration 472 00:21:57,250 --> 00:22:00,160 of both function and form related through concept. 473 00:22:00,160 --> 00:22:02,770 It's about starting with the operand. 474 00:22:02,770 --> 00:22:05,710 What is the thing that the beneficiary, the stakeholder 475 00:22:05,710 --> 00:22:09,670 cares about, and how do we transform that? 476 00:22:09,670 --> 00:22:12,640 Concept then elaborate these into architectures 477 00:22:12,640 --> 00:22:15,370 that have form function and structural complexity. 478 00:22:15,370 --> 00:22:17,290 And then the goodness of an architecture 479 00:22:17,290 --> 00:22:19,900 is really a pretty complex concept 480 00:22:19,900 --> 00:22:22,750 where we have multiple objectives to satisfy, 481 00:22:22,750 --> 00:22:26,860 including performance, resource utilization, cost, operability, 482 00:22:26,860 --> 00:22:29,810 safety, capacity, and so forth. 483 00:22:29,810 --> 00:22:33,100 And we'll defer that to next week. 484 00:22:33,100 --> 00:22:36,280 So let me briefly talk about the NASA approach to this 485 00:22:36,280 --> 00:22:38,500 and then talk about some methods and tools 486 00:22:38,500 --> 00:22:40,900 for concept generation. 487 00:22:40,900 --> 00:22:43,810 So the NASA approach is basically 488 00:22:43,810 --> 00:22:45,340 described in the system engineering 489 00:22:45,340 --> 00:22:48,520 handbook in the SE engine as step 3 490 00:22:48,520 --> 00:22:51,410 called logical decomposition. 491 00:22:51,410 --> 00:22:56,590 And so the logical decomposition process, 492 00:22:56,590 --> 00:22:58,570 as described in the NASA standard, 493 00:22:58,570 --> 00:23:00,550 is used to improve the understanding 494 00:23:00,550 --> 00:23:03,580 of the technical requirements and the relationship 495 00:23:03,580 --> 00:23:08,920 among those, transforming that initial set of requirements 496 00:23:08,920 --> 00:23:11,200 into a decomposition. 497 00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:14,410 So the idea that we need to partition the system 498 00:23:14,410 --> 00:23:17,500 and then derive lower-level technical requirements based 499 00:23:17,500 --> 00:23:20,860 on that lower-level definition, and that's what's 500 00:23:20,860 --> 00:23:23,010 called architecting. 501 00:23:23,010 --> 00:23:26,670 Getting back to our high-level system design process, 502 00:23:26,670 --> 00:23:28,620 this is, again, that diagram that we've looked 503 00:23:28,620 --> 00:23:31,200 at several times already. 504 00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:33,450 You can see the red box is where this happened. 505 00:23:33,450 --> 00:23:37,020 So we started with mission authority, stakeholder 506 00:23:37,020 --> 00:23:39,930 expectation, and then defining those high-level requirements. 507 00:23:39,930 --> 00:23:43,890 Level 0, level 1 requirements, but then you get stuck. 508 00:23:43,890 --> 00:23:46,650 You get stuck because you have to make some decisions 509 00:23:46,650 --> 00:23:50,010 before you can go to lower level requirements definition. 510 00:23:50,010 --> 00:23:52,590 And that's what's known here as functional and logical 511 00:23:52,590 --> 00:23:54,030 decomposition. 512 00:23:54,030 --> 00:23:56,130 Once you've decided on a composition 513 00:23:56,130 --> 00:23:59,130 and you can carry several compositions with you 514 00:23:59,130 --> 00:24:03,990 for a while, then you can do the lower-level trade studies, 515 00:24:03,990 --> 00:24:07,410 derive and allocate lower-level requirements refine 516 00:24:07,410 --> 00:24:09,450 your CONOPS, and so forth. 517 00:24:09,450 --> 00:24:11,880 And then do functional and performance analysis 518 00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:15,090 to see whether you have enough detail. 519 00:24:15,090 --> 00:24:16,020 Is it workable? 520 00:24:16,020 --> 00:24:16,780 Is it safe? 521 00:24:16,780 --> 00:24:18,120 Is it reliable? 522 00:24:18,120 --> 00:24:22,020 And if yes, then you can select that as a baseline, if not, 523 00:24:22,020 --> 00:24:25,140 you might have to go back to the red box, which means 524 00:24:25,140 --> 00:24:26,760 that architecture didn't work. 525 00:24:26,760 --> 00:24:28,710 We have to look for a different decomposition 526 00:24:28,710 --> 00:24:30,270 or different architecture. 527 00:24:30,270 --> 00:24:33,210 And if that doesn't work after multiple iterations here, 528 00:24:33,210 --> 00:24:36,174 you might have to go back and change the requirements, 529 00:24:36,174 --> 00:24:37,590 because you come to the conclusion 530 00:24:37,590 --> 00:24:41,590 that the requirements are not really achievable. 531 00:24:41,590 --> 00:24:46,000 So some examples here of decomposition models, 532 00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:48,030 here's a timing diagram. 533 00:24:48,030 --> 00:24:50,100 On the right side, you have a state diagram, 534 00:24:50,100 --> 00:24:52,560 the different states that the system can be in. 535 00:24:52,560 --> 00:24:56,190 So you can see this relates very strongly to the system modeling 536 00:24:56,190 --> 00:24:57,810 languages that we talked about. 537 00:24:57,810 --> 00:24:59,940 So you use the system modeling languages 538 00:24:59,940 --> 00:25:06,360 to decompose and define the system in more detail. 539 00:25:06,360 --> 00:25:10,680 And we really talked about much of this already. 540 00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:14,820 And in terms of the logical decomposition flow diagram, 541 00:25:14,820 --> 00:25:18,360 you start with your basic high-level requirements 542 00:25:18,360 --> 00:25:19,980 and measures of performance. 543 00:25:19,980 --> 00:25:23,040 You essentially do your decomposition. 544 00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:26,430 And then on the right side, you come out with the lower-level 545 00:25:26,430 --> 00:25:30,330 derived technical requirements, logical decomposition models, 546 00:25:30,330 --> 00:25:32,070 which would be essentially a description 547 00:25:32,070 --> 00:25:37,350 of your different subsystems and the logical decomposition 548 00:25:37,350 --> 00:25:41,370 work products, which are essentially lower-level 549 00:25:41,370 --> 00:25:44,040 definitions of what these subsystems look like. 550 00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:47,190 And then you can go off and do the detailed design and then 551 00:25:47,190 --> 00:25:50,930 the testing verification and so forth. 552 00:25:50,930 --> 00:25:54,060 So it's essentially focused on decomposition, 553 00:25:54,060 --> 00:25:56,700 which is an important part of architecting, 554 00:25:56,700 --> 00:25:59,600 but it's not the only thing you do. 555 00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:03,880 So let me talk about methods and tools for concept generation. 556 00:26:03,880 --> 00:26:06,241 So I'm going to start with this. 557 00:26:06,241 --> 00:26:10,270 This is another really fun thing we do in the system design 558 00:26:10,270 --> 00:26:13,090 and management program, which is a full-year program, 559 00:26:13,090 --> 00:26:16,030 is the we call it the creativity workshop. 560 00:26:16,030 --> 00:26:21,010 So what are different ways of stimulating or organizing 561 00:26:21,010 --> 00:26:21,790 creativity. 562 00:26:21,790 --> 00:26:24,370 And what I'm showing you here is-- 563 00:26:24,370 --> 00:26:26,500 that's essentially a mind map of how to think 564 00:26:26,500 --> 00:26:28,690 about the creativity space. 565 00:26:28,690 --> 00:26:31,630 So I'll briefly go through this, and then we'll 566 00:26:31,630 --> 00:26:33,170 look at a couple of examples. 567 00:26:33,170 --> 00:26:39,100 So one idea is that creativity is better 568 00:26:39,100 --> 00:26:43,310 if it's a group process, that people stimulate each other. 569 00:26:43,310 --> 00:26:46,840 And so this whole group up there is called group dynamics. 570 00:26:46,840 --> 00:26:51,400 These are all different methods for stimulating creativity 571 00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:54,640 using groups of people. 572 00:26:54,640 --> 00:26:57,010 And some of these are authors that have written 573 00:26:57,010 --> 00:27:01,840 and methods, so de Bono, Six Hats, powwows, mind boggling, 574 00:27:01,840 --> 00:27:04,390 workouts, creativity workouts, these 575 00:27:04,390 --> 00:27:08,080 are all different variations of group dynamic processes. 576 00:27:08,080 --> 00:27:10,240 The one that I'll talk about in some more detail 577 00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:10,980 is brainstorming. 578 00:27:10,980 --> 00:27:13,990 This is probably the best known. 579 00:27:13,990 --> 00:27:16,090 What's not so much known about brainstorming 580 00:27:16,090 --> 00:27:18,030 is that there's a right way to do it. 581 00:27:20,920 --> 00:27:22,720 On the upper right branch, creativity 582 00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:26,590 and system architecture, this is just 583 00:27:26,590 --> 00:27:29,500 describing the importance of it, the three themes we talked 584 00:27:29,500 --> 00:27:32,440 about-- creativity, ambiguity, complexity, 585 00:27:32,440 --> 00:27:36,850 different types of innovation, radical innovation, modular, 586 00:27:36,850 --> 00:27:39,760 or incremental innovation, and so forth, and the high leverage 587 00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:41,320 that it has. 588 00:27:41,320 --> 00:27:44,800 The next branch are called models of creativity. 589 00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:46,660 What that essentially means, and I'll 590 00:27:46,660 --> 00:27:49,990 give you one example here, which is Leonardo da Vinci, 591 00:27:49,990 --> 00:27:53,110 is understanding people that universally 592 00:27:53,110 --> 00:27:57,880 are claimed as having been very creative thinkers. 593 00:27:57,880 --> 00:27:58,960 Why were they creative? 594 00:27:58,960 --> 00:28:01,980 What was their recipe for success? 595 00:28:01,980 --> 00:28:04,470 Below that, we have structured processes, 596 00:28:04,470 --> 00:28:08,850 which are essentially trying to organize the creativity, which 597 00:28:08,850 --> 00:28:11,760 seems like an oxymoron, but there are actually 598 00:28:11,760 --> 00:28:14,520 ways to have a structured process 599 00:28:14,520 --> 00:28:16,620 to stimulate concept generation. 600 00:28:16,620 --> 00:28:19,590 And we'll talk about very briefly mind mapping and then 601 00:28:19,590 --> 00:28:21,720 morphological matrices. 602 00:28:21,720 --> 00:28:24,330 And then we have this whole area here, 603 00:28:24,330 --> 00:28:27,240 which I'm going to mention, but we're not 604 00:28:27,240 --> 00:28:31,050 going to do as part of the class, which is stimulants. 605 00:28:31,050 --> 00:28:34,050 So this is the idea that somehow people 606 00:28:34,050 --> 00:28:38,040 are more creative when their brain, when you put 607 00:28:38,040 --> 00:28:40,260 yourself into some other state. 608 00:28:40,260 --> 00:28:45,110 So bio-inspired design would be you go in nature, 609 00:28:45,110 --> 00:28:48,930 or you read books about seashells and animals and you 610 00:28:48,930 --> 00:28:51,900 really try to understand from nature-- 611 00:28:51,900 --> 00:28:54,750 and bio-inspired design is a very important field 612 00:28:54,750 --> 00:28:55,970 of research now. 613 00:28:55,970 --> 00:28:56,890 It's pretty serious. 614 00:28:56,890 --> 00:29:01,230 So you put yourself in nature and be 615 00:29:01,230 --> 00:29:04,200 inspired by what you see. 616 00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:09,300 Random inputs, provocations, challenges, and then things 617 00:29:09,300 --> 00:29:12,510 like alcohol, and even drugs. 618 00:29:12,510 --> 00:29:16,050 So a lot of the music that was done in the hippie age 619 00:29:16,050 --> 00:29:18,530 in the '60s, I mean, a lot of these artists 620 00:29:18,530 --> 00:29:21,900 were consuming large amounts of drugs and alcohol. 621 00:29:21,900 --> 00:29:26,160 And there's a big discussion on is this fundamentally 622 00:29:26,160 --> 00:29:27,510 why they were creative. 623 00:29:27,510 --> 00:29:29,400 So I'm not advocating that. 624 00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:32,880 I'm just I'm just telling you that there 625 00:29:32,880 --> 00:29:36,090 is this idea that you can stimulate creativity 626 00:29:36,090 --> 00:29:38,080 in these different ways. 627 00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:41,500 So let's talk about mind mapping. 628 00:29:41,500 --> 00:29:44,550 So this is an example of a mind map that I really liked. 629 00:29:44,550 --> 00:29:47,220 This is from several years ago. 630 00:29:47,220 --> 00:29:51,330 This is from a student that took the system architecture class. 631 00:29:51,330 --> 00:29:57,000 And so the idea of a mind map is that you look inside yourself 632 00:29:57,000 --> 00:30:05,250 and you try to put down on a map different ideas and concepts. 633 00:30:05,250 --> 00:30:09,960 So in the core of it, you have the key focal point 634 00:30:09,960 --> 00:30:10,950 of the mind map. 635 00:30:10,950 --> 00:30:13,680 In this case, it's system architecture, 636 00:30:13,680 --> 00:30:16,020 and then you have these branches coming off. 637 00:30:16,020 --> 00:30:22,050 So the class itself, the skills, the concepts, the themes, 638 00:30:22,050 --> 00:30:24,930 and then it almost looks like a neural network. 639 00:30:24,930 --> 00:30:29,040 You branch off into the sub ideas and sub concept. 640 00:30:29,040 --> 00:30:31,680 And in order to really make it memorable, 641 00:30:31,680 --> 00:30:33,750 you draw it by hand even though there 642 00:30:33,750 --> 00:30:35,100 is software for doing this. 643 00:30:35,100 --> 00:30:40,110 But I really like this, drawing it by hand the old style. 644 00:30:40,110 --> 00:30:44,490 And then you add icons and symbols and colors 645 00:30:44,490 --> 00:30:47,700 to really make this sticky and memorable. 646 00:30:47,700 --> 00:30:49,770 So you can look at that. 647 00:30:49,770 --> 00:30:51,660 I really like this example. 648 00:30:51,660 --> 00:30:55,500 And it probably takes a couple of hours 649 00:30:55,500 --> 00:30:57,390 to do a really good mind map like this. 650 00:30:57,390 --> 00:31:00,340 But the idea is that by doing this, 651 00:31:00,340 --> 00:31:03,800 you're going to develop your ideas and concepts. 652 00:31:03,800 --> 00:31:06,080 And there's books about mind mapping. 653 00:31:06,080 --> 00:31:11,010 I mean, it's a whole industry almost. 654 00:31:11,010 --> 00:31:12,570 Brainstorming. 655 00:31:12,570 --> 00:31:15,480 So by the way, who has done brainstorming 656 00:31:15,480 --> 00:31:17,630 and organized brainstorming? 657 00:31:17,630 --> 00:31:20,550 Who's been part of a brainstorming exercise? 658 00:31:20,550 --> 00:31:22,980 Do you want to describe it, how that worked? 659 00:31:22,980 --> 00:31:25,422 Make sure you use the mic. 660 00:31:25,422 --> 00:31:30,150 AUDIENCE: So we started with our problem, 661 00:31:30,150 --> 00:31:35,467 and if I remember it right, it was to redesign a coffee mug. 662 00:31:35,467 --> 00:31:37,050 OLIVIER DE WECK: This was for a class? 663 00:31:37,050 --> 00:31:38,370 AUDIENCE: Yes. 664 00:31:38,370 --> 00:31:44,910 And then basically, for the first part, any idea could go. 665 00:31:44,910 --> 00:31:48,390 And the only role was you couldn't 666 00:31:48,390 --> 00:31:52,140 criticize anyone else's idea. 667 00:31:52,140 --> 00:31:55,290 So he basically tried to come up with as much as we could, 668 00:31:55,290 --> 00:31:57,859 wrote as much as we could on the board, 669 00:31:57,859 --> 00:31:58,900 things along those lines. 670 00:31:58,900 --> 00:32:04,652 And then once we had all of our ideas down 671 00:32:04,652 --> 00:32:07,110 and some people built off of other ones and then it was oh, 672 00:32:07,110 --> 00:32:10,170 but we can also add this. 673 00:32:10,170 --> 00:32:13,770 And then we started to look at well, 674 00:32:13,770 --> 00:32:15,990 we can't really believe that. 675 00:32:15,990 --> 00:32:17,550 This is going to be way too expensive 676 00:32:17,550 --> 00:32:19,830 and started down selecting from there. 677 00:32:19,830 --> 00:32:22,800 OLIVIER DE WECK: Did you take a break between the two parts? 678 00:32:22,800 --> 00:32:23,605 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 679 00:32:23,605 --> 00:32:26,490 OLIVIER DE WECK: So yeah, you described it very well. 680 00:32:26,490 --> 00:32:30,600 So the key idea is there's some rules for how 681 00:32:30,600 --> 00:32:33,540 to properly do brainstorming, and some of them 682 00:32:33,540 --> 00:32:34,400 are listed here. 683 00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:36,150 And then I have another on the next chart, 684 00:32:36,150 --> 00:32:38,130 there's sort of a step by step. 685 00:32:38,130 --> 00:32:41,910 So it's really try to remove creativity barriers, 686 00:32:41,910 --> 00:32:43,470 stimulate each other. 687 00:32:43,470 --> 00:32:46,830 There's an ideal group size, and it says 5 to 10 here, 688 00:32:46,830 --> 00:32:49,950 but I should probably revise this to be-- 689 00:32:49,950 --> 00:32:50,810 what do you think? 690 00:32:50,810 --> 00:32:52,050 7 plus minus 2. 691 00:32:52,050 --> 00:32:55,380 If you try to do brainstorming session with 30 people 692 00:32:55,380 --> 00:32:58,260 in the room, it's too big. 693 00:32:58,260 --> 00:33:00,720 It's not going to be that productive. 694 00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:05,730 So use of intuition, associations. 695 00:33:05,730 --> 00:33:07,140 What's important is that you have 696 00:33:07,140 --> 00:33:09,940 a clear idea of why you're doing the brainstorming session. 697 00:33:09,940 --> 00:33:11,730 So there's some solution neutral question, 698 00:33:11,730 --> 00:33:14,370 like how can we improve a coffee mug. 699 00:33:14,370 --> 00:33:16,620 What did you come up with, by the way, at the end? 700 00:33:16,620 --> 00:33:18,187 Did you have a result? 701 00:33:18,187 --> 00:33:19,770 AUDIENCE: I think it was we were going 702 00:33:19,770 --> 00:33:23,410 to redesign the handle so it would be more ergonomic. 703 00:33:23,410 --> 00:33:25,160 But, yeah. 704 00:33:25,160 --> 00:33:29,610 OLIVIER DE WECK: So what can be done too, how can we improve. 705 00:33:29,610 --> 00:33:32,880 There's got to be a driving question for the brainstorming 706 00:33:32,880 --> 00:33:35,649 session. 707 00:33:35,649 --> 00:33:37,440 Actually, the first time this was described 708 00:33:37,440 --> 00:33:43,230 was by AF Osborn in this book in 1957. 709 00:33:43,230 --> 00:33:46,840 There's why is brainstorming useful. 710 00:33:46,840 --> 00:33:48,030 We can talk about that. 711 00:33:48,030 --> 00:33:50,460 A lot of it has to do with this group dynamics. 712 00:33:50,460 --> 00:33:52,920 How to organize and host a brainstorming session. 713 00:33:52,920 --> 00:33:54,510 I'll talk about that next. 714 00:33:54,510 --> 00:33:57,300 And then there's this killer sentences you should never 715 00:33:57,300 --> 00:33:58,560 say during a brainstorming. 716 00:33:58,560 --> 00:34:00,330 Some of these are pretty funny. 717 00:34:00,330 --> 00:34:02,910 And then what do you do with the results. 718 00:34:02,910 --> 00:34:05,430 How do you actually then take the brainstorming results 719 00:34:05,430 --> 00:34:08,850 and use them for further refining or down-selecting 720 00:34:08,850 --> 00:34:10,350 concepts. 721 00:34:10,350 --> 00:34:15,810 So here's a six-step process for doing a brainstorming session. 722 00:34:15,810 --> 00:34:21,280 So you send out invitations a few days ahead of time. 723 00:34:21,280 --> 00:34:25,840 And the idea is that people can think about this question 724 00:34:25,840 --> 00:34:28,300 so that when they come to the brainstorming session, 725 00:34:28,300 --> 00:34:30,730 their brain is preloaded with ideas. 726 00:34:30,730 --> 00:34:31,780 That's the idea. 727 00:34:31,780 --> 00:34:37,380 You don't just pull people in like five minutes earlier. 728 00:34:37,380 --> 00:34:40,230 The idea is give a few days, not weeks, 729 00:34:40,230 --> 00:34:42,480 but a few days of warning so that people 730 00:34:42,480 --> 00:34:46,770 can think about this and come to the brainstorming session ready 731 00:34:46,770 --> 00:34:51,179 and charged to share their ideas. 732 00:34:51,179 --> 00:34:53,489 7 plus or minus 2 participants. 733 00:34:53,489 --> 00:34:56,020 There should be a facilitator. 734 00:34:56,020 --> 00:35:00,590 This is somebody who is helping to moderate. 735 00:35:00,590 --> 00:35:02,720 Participants take turns expressing thoughts, 736 00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:05,000 suggestions, ideas. 737 00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:06,410 You should take notes. 738 00:35:06,410 --> 00:35:09,560 So for example, these big whiteboards are great for that, 739 00:35:09,560 --> 00:35:12,200 with idea paint, the whole wall. 740 00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:13,130 That's great. 741 00:35:13,130 --> 00:35:14,390 Or you can do flip charts. 742 00:35:14,390 --> 00:35:17,420 You can do different ways of capturing these ideas. 743 00:35:17,420 --> 00:35:19,100 And then I think you mentioned this. 744 00:35:19,100 --> 00:35:22,580 It's called the principle of delayed judgment. 745 00:35:22,580 --> 00:35:25,730 So you're not allowed to criticize 746 00:35:25,730 --> 00:35:27,740 or particularly praise. 747 00:35:27,740 --> 00:35:29,400 So you could, for example say, oh, 748 00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:33,170 this is the best idea we've had so far in this session. 749 00:35:33,170 --> 00:35:36,140 Even though it's praise, it actually implicitly is 750 00:35:36,140 --> 00:35:37,610 criticism of the other ideas. 751 00:35:37,610 --> 00:35:38,720 So avoid that. 752 00:35:38,720 --> 00:35:40,490 Avoid the killer phrases. 753 00:35:40,490 --> 00:35:44,060 And then the idea there is produce a large amount 754 00:35:44,060 --> 00:35:46,730 and diversity of ideas. 755 00:35:46,730 --> 00:35:51,000 And then at some point, maybe 30 to 60 minutes, you end. 756 00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:53,750 Brainstorming session that last four hours, 757 00:35:53,750 --> 00:35:56,330 the first hour is probably really good 758 00:35:56,330 --> 00:35:58,760 and then the second hour OK, and then the rest 759 00:35:58,760 --> 00:36:01,850 is everybody is kind of shot and, there's not 760 00:36:01,850 --> 00:36:05,470 a lot of new ideas coming. 761 00:36:05,470 --> 00:36:07,540 Creativity killer sentences. 762 00:36:07,540 --> 00:36:08,680 I highlighted a few. 763 00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:10,870 This will never work. 764 00:36:10,870 --> 00:36:12,980 We don't even need to talk about this. 765 00:36:12,980 --> 00:36:14,990 Everybody does it this way. 766 00:36:14,990 --> 00:36:17,710 I've already studied this problem for years. 767 00:36:17,710 --> 00:36:20,680 Don't worry, I know I'm right, and et cetera. 768 00:36:20,680 --> 00:36:23,700 How long have you been with this company? 769 00:36:23,700 --> 00:36:27,760 Anyway, so that's the idea. 770 00:36:27,760 --> 00:36:29,710 All right Leonardo. 771 00:36:29,710 --> 00:36:33,970 Who's been to Italy or tour in France, 772 00:36:33,970 --> 00:36:35,830 or who's seen one of the exhibits 773 00:36:35,830 --> 00:36:39,066 know where his notebooks are on display? 774 00:36:39,066 --> 00:36:41,326 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 775 00:36:41,326 --> 00:36:43,290 OLIVIER DE WECK: Yeah. 776 00:36:43,290 --> 00:36:44,470 What about EPFL? 777 00:36:44,470 --> 00:36:47,550 Have you guys seen these wandering exhibits 778 00:36:47,550 --> 00:36:49,710 about Leonardo's work and his notebooks? 779 00:36:49,710 --> 00:36:52,130 Anybody had a chance to see that? 780 00:36:52,130 --> 00:36:54,480 Go ahead. 781 00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:55,890 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 782 00:36:55,890 --> 00:37:00,510 Actually, he do a lot of sketch, and he [INAUDIBLE] the fact 783 00:37:00,510 --> 00:37:04,344 that sketching is more important than writing. 784 00:37:04,344 --> 00:37:05,260 OLIVIER DE WECK: Yeah. 785 00:37:05,260 --> 00:37:05,960 That's right. 786 00:37:05,960 --> 00:37:10,900 So really, he didn't build a lot of his ideas. 787 00:37:10,900 --> 00:37:13,470 So that's one of the-- did he actually then. 788 00:37:13,470 --> 00:37:15,330 But he was a head of his time in many ways. 789 00:37:15,330 --> 00:37:18,870 So he's really been identified as an exceptional individual. 790 00:37:18,870 --> 00:37:22,740 So here's a book called How to Think Like Leonardo, Seven 791 00:37:22,740 --> 00:37:24,330 Steps to Genius. 792 00:37:24,330 --> 00:37:26,920 And I'm not a big fan of these popular books, 793 00:37:26,920 --> 00:37:29,040 but this one is pretty interesting 794 00:37:29,040 --> 00:37:32,025 because what's been extracted from this 795 00:37:32,025 --> 00:37:37,020 is the seven da Vincian principles of creativity. 796 00:37:37,020 --> 00:37:39,302 And they're here in Italian. 797 00:37:39,302 --> 00:37:41,260 I'm just going to go through them very quickly. 798 00:37:41,260 --> 00:37:45,220 So curiosita, lifelong quest for learning. 799 00:37:45,220 --> 00:37:48,150 Dimostratzione, testing your knowledge through experience, 800 00:37:48,150 --> 00:37:49,740 trying things out. 801 00:37:49,740 --> 00:37:53,680 Sensazione, continual refinement of the senses. 802 00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:57,750 Sfumato, which is essentially also a style of painting, 803 00:37:57,750 --> 00:38:01,860 like the Mona Lisa is painted in sfumato style. 804 00:38:01,860 --> 00:38:06,080 Mastering ambiguity, paradox, uncertainty. 805 00:38:06,080 --> 00:38:11,190 Arte/Scienza is the whole brain thinking, left-right brain. 806 00:38:11,190 --> 00:38:16,650 Corporalita, balance of body and mind, so a healthy mind 807 00:38:16,650 --> 00:38:18,330 and a healthy body. 808 00:38:18,330 --> 00:38:20,280 And then connessione is interesting. 809 00:38:20,280 --> 00:38:22,740 That gets close to system architecture, which 810 00:38:22,740 --> 00:38:27,060 is the appreciation of patterns, relationships, connections, 811 00:38:27,060 --> 00:38:28,470 and systems. 812 00:38:28,470 --> 00:38:32,100 So the idea is that, this from Leonardo, 813 00:38:32,100 --> 00:38:35,280 his work, his way of thinking, these seven principles 814 00:38:35,280 --> 00:38:36,240 have been extracted. 815 00:38:36,240 --> 00:38:38,730 And then you can say, well, which of these 816 00:38:38,730 --> 00:38:42,490 do I feel really resonate with me? 817 00:38:42,490 --> 00:38:42,990 All right. 818 00:38:42,990 --> 00:38:45,700 So we have only a few minutes left. 819 00:38:45,700 --> 00:38:49,320 Let's move to some of the structured processes 820 00:38:49,320 --> 00:38:50,604 for creativity. 821 00:38:50,604 --> 00:38:52,020 So the first one I want to mention 822 00:38:52,020 --> 00:38:54,810 is this is probably the simplest and the one that's 823 00:38:54,810 --> 00:38:55,860 used the most. 824 00:38:55,860 --> 00:38:59,050 This is known as a morphological matrix. 825 00:38:59,050 --> 00:39:02,130 So the idea there is that you try 826 00:39:02,130 --> 00:39:06,420 to define what are the key features, factors, or decisions 827 00:39:06,420 --> 00:39:08,250 that you have to make when you define 828 00:39:08,250 --> 00:39:10,380 a concept or an architecture. 829 00:39:10,380 --> 00:39:13,860 So the key decisions are the rows. 830 00:39:13,860 --> 00:39:16,080 Let's say there's n key decisions. 831 00:39:16,080 --> 00:39:17,880 There are factors in the rows. 832 00:39:17,880 --> 00:39:20,370 And then for each row you think about what 833 00:39:20,370 --> 00:39:25,500 are the number of possible alternatives for doing this. 834 00:39:25,500 --> 00:39:29,020 And then you enumerate all possible combinations. 835 00:39:29,020 --> 00:39:31,050 So an example here would be here's 836 00:39:31,050 --> 00:39:34,560 our morphological matrix. 837 00:39:34,560 --> 00:39:42,360 And then one possible concept here would be A2, B1, C3. 838 00:39:42,360 --> 00:39:44,130 That's our concept here. 839 00:39:44,130 --> 00:39:48,330 And then you can see that for a full-factorial enumeration, 840 00:39:48,330 --> 00:39:51,670 you would have 27 architectures that you could generate. 841 00:39:51,670 --> 00:39:53,460 So the number of architectures here 842 00:39:53,460 --> 00:39:58,590 is 27, based on this morphological matrix. 843 00:39:58,590 --> 00:40:02,310 And I find this to be very, very helpful. 844 00:40:02,310 --> 00:40:04,710 When the table gets too big, very quickly 845 00:40:04,710 --> 00:40:08,700 because of this being a product, this can really explode on you. 846 00:40:08,700 --> 00:40:10,350 It can be very large. 847 00:40:10,350 --> 00:40:13,480 And the big challenge with this, of course, 848 00:40:13,480 --> 00:40:16,650 is if you have many factors, you could generate many infeasible 849 00:40:16,650 --> 00:40:17,400 architectures. 850 00:40:17,400 --> 00:40:20,190 Not all these combinations are actually feasible. 851 00:40:20,190 --> 00:40:23,520 So the question then is, how do you prevent that, 852 00:40:23,520 --> 00:40:27,780 and that's where so-called architecture enumeration comes 853 00:40:27,780 --> 00:40:28,740 in. 854 00:40:28,740 --> 00:40:31,750 And I'm not going to go in a lot of detail here. 855 00:40:31,750 --> 00:40:35,160 But the idea is that through creativity, expert knowledge, 856 00:40:35,160 --> 00:40:38,550 and analysis you're going to define your components, which 857 00:40:38,550 --> 00:40:41,910 are essentially the rows in the morphological matrix. 858 00:40:41,910 --> 00:40:45,570 But you're also going to establish rules that tell you 859 00:40:45,570 --> 00:40:48,600 which combinations are actually valid combinations 860 00:40:48,600 --> 00:40:49,950 and which ones are not. 861 00:40:49,950 --> 00:40:52,290 And that, in fact, is [? Narek's ?] PhD 862 00:40:52,290 --> 00:40:56,310 topic is, how do you increase the number 863 00:40:56,310 --> 00:41:01,150 of physics-based rules rather than just empirical rules. 864 00:41:01,150 --> 00:41:02,400 Because if you think about it. 865 00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:07,410 If you apply rules that are just based on current practice, 866 00:41:07,410 --> 00:41:09,000 then you're just going to recreate 867 00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:11,280 concepts and architectures we already have. 868 00:41:11,280 --> 00:41:14,100 You won't really come up with something fundamentally new 869 00:41:14,100 --> 00:41:16,260 because you've constrained the combinations 870 00:41:16,260 --> 00:41:18,570 to what people do now. 871 00:41:18,570 --> 00:41:21,900 So the real challenge here is, between generating 872 00:41:21,900 --> 00:41:24,240 all possible combinations, many of which 873 00:41:24,240 --> 00:41:29,760 are infeasible and only the ones that we currently have, 874 00:41:29,760 --> 00:41:31,530 there's a middle ground there. 875 00:41:31,530 --> 00:41:34,020 So that's architecture enumeration, 876 00:41:34,020 --> 00:41:36,090 and there's different ways of doing this 877 00:41:36,090 --> 00:41:38,380 at different layers of abstraction. 878 00:41:38,380 --> 00:41:42,780 So here's an example of airplanes, 879 00:41:42,780 --> 00:41:44,640 different configurations of airplanes. 880 00:41:44,640 --> 00:41:47,190 If you think about the tail of airplanes, 881 00:41:47,190 --> 00:41:54,270 we have the traditional tail with a lower stabilizer. 882 00:41:54,270 --> 00:41:55,350 We have T tails. 883 00:41:55,350 --> 00:41:59,100 We have we have V tails. 884 00:41:59,100 --> 00:42:04,350 I mean, there's like 12 different tail geometries here. 885 00:42:04,350 --> 00:42:07,800 And you could think of this for the wings, for the fuselage, 886 00:42:07,800 --> 00:42:10,300 for the engine locations, very quickly, 887 00:42:10,300 --> 00:42:14,310 you can generate thousands or even millions of architectures. 888 00:42:14,310 --> 00:42:18,120 But at that higher abstraction layer, it's just a single tail. 889 00:42:18,120 --> 00:42:23,190 So how do you combine these using compositional rules? 890 00:42:23,190 --> 00:42:25,130 That's architecture enumeration. 891 00:42:27,880 --> 00:42:30,510 So here's also an example from [? Narek's ?] work. 892 00:42:30,510 --> 00:42:34,350 So at an engine, a turbo prop engine 893 00:42:34,350 --> 00:42:36,390 at a high level of abstraction, that's 894 00:42:36,390 --> 00:42:39,810 basically a propeller, an intake, a core, 895 00:42:39,810 --> 00:42:41,250 and a core nozzle. 896 00:42:41,250 --> 00:42:44,310 And then to break that concept in further detail, the core 897 00:42:44,310 --> 00:42:47,490 itself gets shown at a lower level of detail. 898 00:42:47,490 --> 00:42:49,170 And you can see that inside the core, 899 00:42:49,170 --> 00:42:52,470 you have, in this case, a single compressor, a burner, and then 900 00:42:52,470 --> 00:42:55,290 a turbine that drives the compressor. 901 00:42:55,290 --> 00:42:58,590 And so one of the advances in engines 902 00:42:58,590 --> 00:43:03,420 has been from World War II to go from single-stage to two-stage, 903 00:43:03,420 --> 00:43:05,230 thee-stage engines, and so forth. 904 00:43:05,230 --> 00:43:07,350 So the complexity has been going up, 905 00:43:07,350 --> 00:43:10,710 but you can actually generate through architectural 906 00:43:10,710 --> 00:43:14,370 enumeration, essentially, all architectures 907 00:43:14,370 --> 00:43:16,500 that have been built and that are known 908 00:43:16,500 --> 00:43:20,430 and have been certified through a organized architecture 909 00:43:20,430 --> 00:43:22,590 enumeration process. 910 00:43:22,590 --> 00:43:24,330 Some of this can be done in Excel, 911 00:43:24,330 --> 00:43:26,640 for example, where you essentially 912 00:43:26,640 --> 00:43:27,790 list your components. 913 00:43:27,790 --> 00:43:29,670 This is your library of components. 914 00:43:29,670 --> 00:43:31,470 And then on a different sheet, you 915 00:43:31,470 --> 00:43:33,750 define all the different rules that 916 00:43:33,750 --> 00:43:36,690 allow you to combine different number of instances 917 00:43:36,690 --> 00:43:39,030 of these components into architectures. 918 00:43:39,030 --> 00:43:41,850 And we'll post some information on this 919 00:43:41,850 --> 00:43:47,220 if you want to try this out for your concepts. 920 00:43:47,220 --> 00:43:49,170 So let me summarize. 921 00:43:49,170 --> 00:43:53,520 So system architecture is definitely very abstract, 922 00:43:53,520 --> 00:43:56,679 but it's also, potentially, the most influential activity 923 00:43:56,679 --> 00:43:58,095 that we do in system architecting. 924 00:43:58,095 --> 00:44:01,290 The concept is mapping function to form. 925 00:44:01,290 --> 00:44:03,360 We typically, in the conceptual design, 926 00:44:03,360 --> 00:44:04,840 don't do all the details. 927 00:44:04,840 --> 00:44:07,490 We just go down two levels of abstraction. 928 00:44:07,490 --> 00:44:09,930 So not all the details are defined. 929 00:44:09,930 --> 00:44:14,130 The NASA approach specify or is really 930 00:44:14,130 --> 00:44:16,800 focused on this idea of logical decomposition, which 931 00:44:16,800 --> 00:44:20,370 is very important, but it's not the only thing 932 00:44:20,370 --> 00:44:22,170 we do in system architecture. 933 00:44:22,170 --> 00:44:24,840 And then the really cool part, the exciting part 934 00:44:24,840 --> 00:44:27,270 in concept generation is the one that it's really 935 00:44:27,270 --> 00:44:29,700 a creative activity. 936 00:44:29,700 --> 00:44:34,230 And when you look at the set of creativity techniques, 937 00:44:34,230 --> 00:44:37,080 you can think of group dynamics like the brainstorming. 938 00:44:37,080 --> 00:44:40,140 That's used very heavily, but you 939 00:44:40,140 --> 00:44:41,820 have to do it the right way. 940 00:44:41,820 --> 00:44:43,740 If you organize a brainstorming session, 941 00:44:43,740 --> 00:44:47,790 and there's some wiggle room, but if you violate 942 00:44:47,790 --> 00:44:50,040 some fundamental principles of brainstorming, 943 00:44:50,040 --> 00:44:52,680 you're not going to get the full benefit. 944 00:44:52,680 --> 00:44:53,400 Models. 945 00:44:53,400 --> 00:44:57,820 So thinking about really creative individuals 946 00:44:57,820 --> 00:45:00,970 and what drove them, what were their principles, 947 00:45:00,970 --> 00:45:03,100 and try to emulate some of that. 948 00:45:03,100 --> 00:45:04,660 And then the structured processes, 949 00:45:04,660 --> 00:45:07,420 which include mind maps, morphological matrices, 950 00:45:07,420 --> 00:45:09,710 and then architecture enumeration. 951 00:45:09,710 --> 00:45:12,700 So when you look at assignment A3, which is now 952 00:45:12,700 --> 00:45:15,700 out there, that's really what it is about, 953 00:45:15,700 --> 00:45:19,630 is you've done the stakeholder analysis and initial CONOPS, 954 00:45:19,630 --> 00:45:20,980 you have a requirements set. 955 00:45:20,980 --> 00:45:26,050 So now be unchained, and within the constraints 956 00:45:26,050 --> 00:45:28,480 that are set by the competition, come up 957 00:45:28,480 --> 00:45:29,950 with different concepts. 958 00:45:29,950 --> 00:45:34,450 And in the homework, what I ask you to do in A3 959 00:45:34,450 --> 00:45:37,420 is try out at least two different techniques, 960 00:45:37,420 --> 00:45:39,670 a structured one and an unstructured one 961 00:45:39,670 --> 00:45:41,890 and then compare the results. 962 00:45:41,890 --> 00:45:44,940 And this will be due in two weeks.