WEBVTT 00:00:00.090 --> 00:00:02.430 The following content is provided under a Creative 00:00:02.430 --> 00:00:03.820 Commons license. 00:00:03.820 --> 00:00:06.050 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 00:00:06.050 --> 00:00:10.150 continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. 00:00:10.150 --> 00:00:12.690 To make a donation or to view additional materials 00:00:12.690 --> 00:00:16.600 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 00:00:16.600 --> 00:00:17.271 at ocw.mit.edu. 00:00:21.370 --> 00:00:24.040 ELIZABETH CHOE: Well thanks everyone for coming. 00:00:24.040 --> 00:00:26.330 I know that this is kind of a funky time of day. 00:00:26.330 --> 00:00:28.580 So I really appreciate everyone coming out 00:00:28.580 --> 00:00:31.420 to support the students of 2219. 00:00:31.420 --> 00:00:33.890 This is the very first time we ever offered this class. 00:00:33.890 --> 00:00:36.820 This is the very first time I've ever taught, 00:00:36.820 --> 00:00:39.816 so I-- it was an awesome experience for me. 00:00:39.816 --> 00:00:41.440 And hopefully it was a great experience 00:00:41.440 --> 00:00:42.572 for all the students. 00:00:42.572 --> 00:00:44.780 I am going to pull you guys up on stage at some point 00:00:44.780 --> 00:00:46.071 to talk about what it was like. 00:00:46.071 --> 00:00:49.330 Just as a heads up. 00:00:49.330 --> 00:00:51.386 So this class was initially called, 00:00:51.386 --> 00:00:52.510 Becoming the Next Bill Nye. 00:00:52.510 --> 00:00:56.300 But as many of the students might tell you, 00:00:56.300 --> 00:00:59.270 it's not exactly about becoming the next Bill Nye. 00:00:59.270 --> 00:01:01.340 What it is about is trying to figure out 00:01:01.340 --> 00:01:04.099 how to occupy the space that's in between education 00:01:04.099 --> 00:01:07.140 and entertainment-- a space that's not very well defined, 00:01:07.140 --> 00:01:10.440 a space that doesn't have very good best practices or best 00:01:10.440 --> 00:01:12.290 practices at all. 00:01:12.290 --> 00:01:16.690 But the things that are important in this space 00:01:16.690 --> 00:01:19.760 are to create materials that leave 00:01:19.760 --> 00:01:22.960 a door open to the world of science, technology, 00:01:22.960 --> 00:01:25.630 engineering and math to everyone, 00:01:25.630 --> 00:01:28.830 to create materials that foster a lifelong love of learning, 00:01:28.830 --> 00:01:31.840 and to create materials that promote stem literacy 00:01:31.840 --> 00:01:33.140 within the public. 00:01:33.140 --> 00:01:37.480 And these are all super broad sweeping ideas, 00:01:37.480 --> 00:01:40.540 but that is sort of what I think at least 00:01:40.540 --> 00:01:42.710 defines the space that's in between education 00:01:42.710 --> 00:01:44.640 and entertainment. 00:01:44.640 --> 00:01:47.639 These were the four class values that we had. 00:01:47.639 --> 00:01:49.680 And sorry guys, I know you've heard this already. 00:01:49.680 --> 00:01:52.450 But this is for people who have never been to the class. 00:01:52.450 --> 00:01:55.150 Because we couldn't really grade things 00:01:55.150 --> 00:01:59.130 like is this scene well lit, because honestly we 00:01:59.130 --> 00:02:02.590 were asking them to do so much within the span of two or three 00:02:02.590 --> 00:02:06.140 weeks, these were the values that were important to us. 00:02:06.140 --> 00:02:08.070 Do the materials that the students 00:02:08.070 --> 00:02:11.030 make exhibit a sense of spark? 00:02:11.030 --> 00:02:14.240 Is their enthusiasm for the topic matter very evident? 00:02:14.240 --> 00:02:15.710 And this doesn't mean that they're 00:02:15.710 --> 00:02:17.970 talking with their hands, waving all the time. 00:02:17.970 --> 00:02:20.370 It doesn't mean that they're acting like Hank Green 00:02:20.370 --> 00:02:22.330 with like super hyper personality. 00:02:22.330 --> 00:02:25.290 It just means that their genuine love of the material 00:02:25.290 --> 00:02:27.940 is evident. 00:02:27.940 --> 00:02:29.710 Is it clear-- "kill your darlings" 00:02:29.710 --> 00:02:32.410 is the phrase I used over and over again-- but are you 00:02:32.410 --> 00:02:34.340 able to really determine and distill what 00:02:34.340 --> 00:02:36.385 your message is very clearly? 00:02:36.385 --> 00:02:37.580 Are you thoughtful? 00:02:37.580 --> 00:02:40.510 Is every decision that you go into making-- 00:02:40.510 --> 00:02:42.620 what your scene looks like, what your line is, 00:02:42.620 --> 00:02:45.620 what your location is-- is that clear? 00:02:45.620 --> 00:02:47.380 And then are you pushing yourself 00:02:47.380 --> 00:02:49.314 outside of your comfort zones? 00:02:49.314 --> 00:02:50.730 I think there was only one student 00:02:50.730 --> 00:02:52.880 in this class who'd ever had experience 00:02:52.880 --> 00:02:55.310 with cameras or film. 00:02:55.310 --> 00:02:59.350 And I think most of the students were a little nervous 00:02:59.350 --> 00:03:02.410 about being on camera, which is totally understandable. 00:03:02.410 --> 00:03:05.300 It's very, very intimidating to be in front of the camera. 00:03:05.300 --> 00:03:08.530 And I think that over the course of the two, 00:03:08.530 --> 00:03:12.540 three weeks, all these projects exhibit these values 00:03:12.540 --> 00:03:15.070 which I'm very happy about. 00:03:15.070 --> 00:03:17.890 So what exactly happened in the last month? 00:03:17.890 --> 00:03:21.280 Well, we basically took production, 00:03:21.280 --> 00:03:23.729 which is all of the stuff, which I think 00:03:23.729 --> 00:03:25.270 is actually structured the wrong way. 00:03:25.270 --> 00:03:27.840 This is really what production is. 00:03:27.840 --> 00:03:32.450 And they had to learn all of it, in basically two weeks, 00:03:32.450 --> 00:03:35.390 because they spent the last week making their videos. 00:03:35.390 --> 00:03:37.860 And this isn't just how to turn on a camera. 00:03:37.860 --> 00:03:42.290 It's how to write an effective script, how to engage people 00:03:42.290 --> 00:03:44.080 with your texts and your body language, 00:03:44.080 --> 00:03:45.996 and the way you're presenting things. 00:03:45.996 --> 00:03:47.370 And then on top of that, they had 00:03:47.370 --> 00:03:48.953 to learn how to use all the equipment. 00:03:48.953 --> 00:03:52.490 And then they had to learn how to edit sort of on their own, 00:03:52.490 --> 00:03:54.250 and learn how to plan things, and learn 00:03:54.250 --> 00:03:57.250 how all of these things interact with each other. 00:03:57.250 --> 00:04:01.240 So what you're about to see are things that they basically 00:04:01.240 --> 00:04:03.020 put together in like two or three 00:04:03.020 --> 00:04:06.130 days, which is kind of nuts, and with very, very 00:04:06.130 --> 00:04:07.100 limited resources. 00:04:07.100 --> 00:04:11.570 We had these crappy little canon camcorders. 00:04:11.570 --> 00:04:15.400 So it's pretty impressive when you think about the constraints 00:04:15.400 --> 00:04:18.370 that they had. 00:04:18.370 --> 00:04:22.370 One of the things that we talked about was storyboarding. 00:04:22.370 --> 00:04:24.810 So I storyboarded the class for you guys. 00:04:24.810 --> 00:04:27.440 Day one, if you don't remember, we talked about intro 00:04:27.440 --> 00:04:27.990 to the class. 00:04:27.990 --> 00:04:31.050 Chris Babel gave a guest lecture on sort of introduction 00:04:31.050 --> 00:04:33.260 to using the camera. 00:04:33.260 --> 00:04:36.270 Then on day two, I made the terrible decision 00:04:36.270 --> 00:04:37.960 of not telling people that we were 00:04:37.960 --> 00:04:41.590 going to have 20 sixth graders come to the classroom. 00:04:41.590 --> 00:04:44.360 But luckily Jamie took care of that before I got there. 00:04:44.360 --> 00:04:48.230 And they basically had to pitch ideas for videos 00:04:48.230 --> 00:04:52.060 to 20 sixth graders from Winthrop. 00:04:52.060 --> 00:04:54.440 And then Natalie Kuldell came and talked 00:04:54.440 --> 00:04:57.470 a bit about her experiences launching BioBuilder, which 00:04:57.470 --> 00:05:00.440 is this educational nonprofit. 00:05:00.440 --> 00:05:02.757 And then George came in and did a hosting workshop, 00:05:02.757 --> 00:05:03.840 if you guys remember this. 00:05:03.840 --> 00:05:07.510 This is only like two weeks ago, which is crazy. 00:05:07.510 --> 00:05:09.550 And then Josh and John from Planet Nutshell 00:05:09.550 --> 00:05:13.420 gave a workshop on storyboarding. 00:05:13.420 --> 00:05:16.750 And then we had our table read. 00:05:16.750 --> 00:05:20.930 And then you guys shot for the first time. 00:05:20.930 --> 00:05:24.913 And then you had another table read. 00:05:24.913 --> 00:05:27.080 Wow, did I mess up my pictures? 00:05:27.080 --> 00:05:28.150 Sorry. 00:05:28.150 --> 00:05:29.940 And then we talked about post production. 00:05:29.940 --> 00:05:32.460 You guys literally learned the philosophy of editing 00:05:32.460 --> 00:05:35.270 in two hours. 00:05:35.270 --> 00:05:38.680 And then you went off to film your episodes. 00:05:38.680 --> 00:05:40.640 And then we had one screening. 00:05:40.640 --> 00:05:43.320 And then what-- two more days passed. 00:05:43.320 --> 00:05:44.280 One day passed. 00:05:44.280 --> 00:05:45.980 And then we're here at today. 00:05:45.980 --> 00:05:50.000 So it was a very condensed, very expedited version 00:05:50.000 --> 00:05:54.590 of all that stuff in the web that I showed earlier. 00:05:54.590 --> 00:05:59.520 And so speaking of storyboards, we are at our first project. 00:05:59.520 --> 00:06:01.600 This was Yuliya's first storyboard. 00:06:01.600 --> 00:06:03.380 And yes, I combed through the Tumblr, 00:06:03.380 --> 00:06:06.080 and I'm pulling up all the embarrassing first drafts 00:06:06.080 --> 00:06:09.670 of everything that people posted. 00:06:09.670 --> 00:06:11.289 Yuliya's first storyboard-- and I'm 00:06:11.289 --> 00:06:13.830 bummed because the text is super small and you can't see it-- 00:06:13.830 --> 00:06:15.950 but it's her first version of her script. 00:06:15.950 --> 00:06:18.830 And it's basically her first attempt 00:06:18.830 --> 00:06:21.570 at planning what her video was going to be. 00:06:21.570 --> 00:06:27.450 And the intro was what do a snowflake and cellphone have 00:06:27.450 --> 00:06:27.990 in common. 00:06:27.990 --> 00:06:30.660 And her plan was to go out by the Charles, 00:06:30.660 --> 00:06:31.834 maybe while it was snowing. 00:06:31.834 --> 00:06:34.375 And then she's going to have all these things about fractals, 00:06:34.375 --> 00:06:36.600 and how fractals are everywhere. 00:06:36.600 --> 00:06:37.670 Fractals are crazy. 00:06:37.670 --> 00:06:38.960 They're in broccoli. 00:06:38.960 --> 00:06:42.300 Oh my gosh, so many fractals! 00:06:42.300 --> 00:06:46.140 And then she starts talking about fractals. 00:06:48.730 --> 00:06:50.650 Yuliya, do you mind coming on up here? 00:06:57.920 --> 00:07:00.940 Pin this to yourself. 00:07:00.940 --> 00:07:02.900 What was the process like-- hang on, 00:07:02.900 --> 00:07:04.880 I'm going to give this to you too-- 00:07:04.880 --> 00:07:09.200 what was the process like going from this storyboard 00:07:09.200 --> 00:07:13.310 to the video that we're about to see? 00:07:13.310 --> 00:07:16.470 YULIYA: Well I mostly changed the script 00:07:16.470 --> 00:07:19.270 since this storyboard. 00:07:19.270 --> 00:07:21.660 But this kind of helped me think through what 00:07:21.660 --> 00:07:25.430 are some possible locations I'm going to film at, 00:07:25.430 --> 00:07:28.710 what animations I can use. 00:07:28.710 --> 00:07:30.230 So this was very important for me 00:07:30.230 --> 00:07:33.590 to kind of imagine what was happening, 00:07:33.590 --> 00:07:38.820 but not just in my script, but also how it would look on film. 00:07:38.820 --> 00:07:41.610 And then I noticed that there were 00:07:41.610 --> 00:07:44.720 some issues with the storyboard, and then 00:07:44.720 --> 00:07:46.260 changed the script afterwards. 00:07:46.260 --> 00:07:47.801 ELIZABETH CHOE: And how-- your script 00:07:47.801 --> 00:07:50.160 probably changed the most. 00:07:50.160 --> 00:07:53.240 Well, there were some drastic changes that happened. 00:07:53.240 --> 00:07:56.640 But from your very first idea from day one, 00:07:56.640 --> 00:07:59.775 your thought what to do something about math, 00:07:59.775 --> 00:08:02.110 but how math wasn't real. 00:08:02.110 --> 00:08:04.000 It was like this very philosophical idea. 00:08:04.000 --> 00:08:05.415 And it was awesome. 00:08:05.415 --> 00:08:09.210 But we had no idea how she would tell it in five minutes. 00:08:09.210 --> 00:08:12.260 So how did it evolve over the course 00:08:12.260 --> 00:08:14.260 or what were some of the challenges 00:08:14.260 --> 00:08:16.850 that you had revising it? 00:08:16.850 --> 00:08:18.660 YULIYA: So I started with talking 00:08:18.660 --> 00:08:21.050 about Godel's incompleteness theorem, which asks 00:08:21.050 --> 00:08:22.590 the question of is math real? 00:08:22.590 --> 00:08:25.070 And then I pitched that idea to sixth graders. 00:08:25.070 --> 00:08:27.390 And I came back, and I was really shocked 00:08:27.390 --> 00:08:31.120 that I ever thought that I could explain that to sixth graders. 00:08:31.120 --> 00:08:34.730 So then I have to think, well what else can I 00:08:34.730 --> 00:08:36.330 tell about math? 00:08:36.330 --> 00:08:38.482 And I like theoretical math, so all 00:08:38.482 --> 00:08:39.940 of the concepts that I line in math 00:08:39.940 --> 00:08:43.610 are abstract, and don't really have a concrete application. 00:08:43.610 --> 00:08:45.520 So I start freaking out. 00:08:45.520 --> 00:08:47.460 And then eventually I came up with this idea 00:08:47.460 --> 00:08:49.770 of fractals which were doodles, and they 00:08:49.770 --> 00:08:51.370 were present everywhere nature. 00:08:51.370 --> 00:08:52.750 So it could be made relatable. 00:08:52.750 --> 00:08:57.100 It could be made concrete, even though it was this very 00:08:57.100 --> 00:08:59.230 abstract math concept. 00:08:59.230 --> 00:09:03.280 So that was the third script that I wrote. 00:09:03.280 --> 00:09:06.150 That was about fractals and chaos theory. 00:09:06.150 --> 00:09:09.240 Then I wrote another one, which didn't talk about chaos theory, 00:09:09.240 --> 00:09:13.580 because that was also complex. 00:09:13.580 --> 00:09:17.410 So the issue for me was coming up with a topic 00:09:17.410 --> 00:09:20.020 that I could enjoy talking about, 00:09:20.020 --> 00:09:24.350 but also sixth graders would enjoy hearing about. 00:09:24.350 --> 00:09:27.880 And in the process I also realized 00:09:27.880 --> 00:09:31.796 that I need more help than I thought, 00:09:31.796 --> 00:09:33.170 and more practice than I thought. 00:09:33.170 --> 00:09:36.050 So it was a very humbling experience, 00:09:36.050 --> 00:09:37.380 especially the table reads. 00:09:40.130 --> 00:09:42.690 ELIZABETH CHOE: And how do you feel about your final video? 00:09:42.690 --> 00:09:47.560 Again, what they're working with are these small cameras. 00:09:47.560 --> 00:09:50.770 Most of them had never touched a camera really before. 00:09:50.770 --> 00:09:52.660 None of them had used editing software 00:09:52.660 --> 00:09:54.770 except for maybe one or two. 00:09:54.770 --> 00:09:57.910 So how do you feel about the final product 00:09:57.910 --> 00:10:00.520 that we're about to see? 00:10:00.520 --> 00:10:04.300 YULIYA: Well, I'm not very happy with the quality of the video. 00:10:04.300 --> 00:10:07.520 And I think part of it is I had to transfer between computers, 00:10:07.520 --> 00:10:10.110 and work with software. 00:10:10.110 --> 00:10:11.990 There are definitely some scenes I 00:10:11.990 --> 00:10:14.960 would re-film if I had more time to get better 00:10:14.960 --> 00:10:17.830 lighting and better sound. 00:10:17.830 --> 00:10:20.190 And it's only three and a half minutes long. 00:10:20.190 --> 00:10:23.740 So I could definitely add more math to it. 00:10:23.740 --> 00:10:26.940 But I think that yesterday when I uploaded it, 00:10:26.940 --> 00:10:30.536 I was pretty happy with what I got in the time that I had. 00:10:30.536 --> 00:10:31.535 ELIZABETH CHOE: Awesome. 00:10:31.535 --> 00:10:34.639 OK, well we'll watch your video. 00:10:34.639 --> 00:10:35.305 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 00:10:35.305 --> 00:10:40.390 -What do snowflakes and cell phones have in common? 00:10:40.390 --> 00:10:45.170 The answer is never ending patterns called fractals. 00:10:45.170 --> 00:10:49.970 To explain, let me start by drawing a snowflake. 00:10:49.970 --> 00:10:52.416 First, I draw an equilateral triangle, 00:10:52.416 --> 00:10:55.092 divide each side into three parts. 00:10:55.092 --> 00:10:59.870 I draw another equilateral triangle on top of each one. 00:10:59.870 --> 00:11:02.792 Then take out the middle and repeat the process, 00:11:02.792 --> 00:11:05.175 this time with one, two, three, four, 00:11:05.175 --> 00:11:08.150 times three, which is 12 sides. 00:11:08.150 --> 00:11:11.030 Eventually, the shape will start looking something like this. 00:11:11.030 --> 00:11:14.370 In mathematics, this is called a cox snowflake. 00:11:14.370 --> 00:11:17.316 If I repeated my process again and again, 00:11:17.316 --> 00:11:21.244 I would see this same pattern anywhere I looked. 00:11:21.244 --> 00:11:24.380 This is a cox snowflake, this time drawn on your computer. 00:11:24.380 --> 00:11:27.260 Such neverending patterns that are under any scale, 00:11:27.260 --> 00:11:29.660 on any level of zoom, look roughly the same, 00:11:29.660 --> 00:11:31.100 are called fractals. 00:11:31.100 --> 00:11:33.980 Computer scientists can program these patterns 00:11:33.980 --> 00:11:36.800 by repeating an often simple mathematical process 00:11:36.800 --> 00:11:38.147 over and over. 00:11:38.147 --> 00:11:40.580 And in 1990s, a regular astronomer, 00:11:40.580 --> 00:11:43.973 by the name of Nathan Cohen, used fractals 00:11:43.973 --> 00:11:46.596 to revolutionize wireless communications. 00:11:46.596 --> 00:11:50.307 At the time, Cohen was having troubles with his landlord. 00:11:50.307 --> 00:11:52.712 The man wouldn't let him put an antenna on his roof. 00:11:52.712 --> 00:11:57.260 So Cohen designed a more compact, fractal radio antenna 00:11:57.260 --> 00:11:58.238 instead. 00:11:58.238 --> 00:11:59.705 The landlord didn't notice it. 00:11:59.705 --> 00:12:03.130 And it worked better than the ones before. 00:12:03.130 --> 00:12:06.450 Working further, Cohen designed a new antenna, 00:12:06.450 --> 00:12:10.767 this time using a fractal called the menger sponge. 00:12:10.767 --> 00:12:12.478 The menger sponge is not the name 00:12:12.478 --> 00:12:14.679 of the sponge you'd be scrubbing your back with. 00:12:14.679 --> 00:12:16.635 But you can still think of it like that. 00:12:16.635 --> 00:12:19.569 Imagine with water and soap getting through the sponge's 00:12:19.569 --> 00:12:24.870 holes, except the water is Wi-Fi and soap is safe Bluetooth. 00:12:24.870 --> 00:12:26.410 The fractal's infinite sponginess 00:12:26.410 --> 00:12:29.076 allows it to receive many different frequencies 00:12:29.076 --> 00:12:30.042 simultaneously. 00:12:30.042 --> 00:12:32.457 Before Cohen's invention, antennas 00:12:32.457 --> 00:12:34.389 had to be cut for one frequency. 00:12:34.389 --> 00:12:36.804 And that was the only frequency they could offer. 00:12:36.804 --> 00:12:39.530 Alcon sponge, your cellphone would 00:12:39.530 --> 00:12:41.660 have to look something like a hedgehog 00:12:41.660 --> 00:12:44.152 to receive multiple signals, including 00:12:44.152 --> 00:12:46.948 the one your friends use when they call. 00:12:46.948 --> 00:12:49.390 Cohen later proved that only fractal shapes 00:12:49.390 --> 00:12:51.756 could work in such a wide range of frequencies. 00:12:51.756 --> 00:12:54.000 Today millions of wireless devices, 00:12:54.000 --> 00:12:56.437 such as laptops and barcode scanners, 00:12:56.437 --> 00:12:59.359 use Cohen's fractal antenna. 00:12:59.359 --> 00:13:01.307 Cohen's genius invention, however, 00:13:01.307 --> 00:13:04.229 was not the first application of fractals in the world. 00:13:04.229 --> 00:13:06.664 Nature has been doing it the whole time, and not 00:13:06.664 --> 00:13:07.638 just with snowflakes. 00:13:07.638 --> 00:13:10.560 Natural selection gave us the most efficient systems 00:13:10.560 --> 00:13:12.898 of organisms, all in the fractal form. 00:13:12.898 --> 00:13:15.056 The spiral fractal, for example, is 00:13:15.056 --> 00:13:18.376 present in sea shells, broccoli and hurricanes. 00:13:18.376 --> 00:13:20.970 The fractal tree is relatively easy to program, 00:13:20.970 --> 00:13:23.816 and can be used to study river systems, blood vessels 00:13:23.816 --> 00:13:25.706 and lightning holes. 00:13:25.706 --> 00:13:28.570 So many natural systems, previously thought off 00:13:28.570 --> 00:13:30.120 limits to mathematicians, can now 00:13:30.120 --> 00:13:32.995 be understood in terms of fractals. 00:13:32.995 --> 00:13:35.941 Mathematics allows us to learn each of those practices, 00:13:35.941 --> 00:13:39.378 and then apply them to solve real-world problems. 00:13:39.378 --> 00:13:42.170 Much like Cohen's antenna, revolutionized 00:13:42.170 --> 00:13:44.480 telecommunications, on the fractal research, 00:13:44.480 --> 00:13:48.540 is changing medicine, weather prediction and art, 00:13:48.540 --> 00:13:52.000 here at MIT and everywhere in the world. 00:13:52.000 --> 00:13:52.890 Look around you. 00:13:52.890 --> 00:13:55.842 What beautiful patterns do you see? 00:13:55.842 --> 00:13:57.810 [MUSIC PLAYING] 00:13:59.286 --> 00:14:02.238 [APPLAUSE] 00:14:02.238 --> 00:14:06.659 [END PLAYBACK] 00:14:06.659 --> 00:14:08.200 ELIZABETH CHOE: I forgot to mention-- 00:14:08.200 --> 00:14:10.940 so obviously, if a student's on screen hosting, 00:14:10.940 --> 00:14:14.330 they are not filming their own project. 00:14:14.330 --> 00:14:16.560 So what we did was paired people up into groups, 00:14:16.560 --> 00:14:17.700 and they filmed each other. 00:14:17.700 --> 00:14:23.247 So that piece was filmed by Kenneth and PJ, 00:14:23.247 --> 00:14:25.830 and they all worked together to help each other out and direct 00:14:25.830 --> 00:14:28.940 each other, and it was awesome. 00:14:28.940 --> 00:14:32.520 Next up, we have PJ. 00:14:32.520 --> 00:14:35.436 Now PJ, for you-- you can come on up. 00:14:35.436 --> 00:14:40.815 I took your second pitch from the Tumblr posts-- 00:14:40.815 --> 00:14:43.006 PJ: All right. 00:14:43.006 --> 00:14:44.630 ELIZABETH CHOE: --where you had come up 00:14:44.630 --> 00:14:46.970 with the idea of talking about ships. 00:14:46.970 --> 00:14:51.240 His first-- yes? 00:14:51.240 --> 00:14:53.880 Oh, thank you, sorry. 00:14:53.880 --> 00:14:56.160 You had come up with the idea of talking 00:14:56.160 --> 00:14:59.661 about the science behind poached eggs? 00:14:59.661 --> 00:15:00.160 PJ: Yeah. 00:15:00.160 --> 00:15:01.035 ELIZABETH CHOE: And-- 00:15:01.035 --> 00:15:03.522 PJ: Yeah, you shouldn't show that one. 00:15:03.522 --> 00:15:04.563 ELIZABETH CHOE: How did-- 00:15:04.563 --> 00:15:05.490 PJ: I don't even know how to poach an egg, so-- 00:15:05.490 --> 00:15:06.865 ELIZABETH CHOE: How did that turn 00:15:06.865 --> 00:15:11.170 from the science of poached eggs to what 00:15:11.170 --> 00:15:16.360 ended up being a video about how ships basically don't sink? 00:15:16.360 --> 00:15:19.320 PJ: Well, honestly I was trying to look for something easy. 00:15:19.320 --> 00:15:22.600 And poaching eggs isn't actually that easy. 00:15:22.600 --> 00:15:25.080 So I wanted to learn how to do it. 00:15:25.080 --> 00:15:26.620 And I thought it'd be some where I'd 00:15:26.620 --> 00:15:30.210 be able to present on something, and also learn something myself 00:15:30.210 --> 00:15:32.970 but-- also I could just do it in my kitchen at home. 00:15:32.970 --> 00:15:35.290 So it seemed very accessible. 00:15:35.290 --> 00:15:39.300 But yeah, I decided to ditch that because it's a lot harder 00:15:39.300 --> 00:15:44.460 than people-- or I think people know it's hard to poach an egg 00:15:44.460 --> 00:15:44.960 so-- 00:15:44.960 --> 00:15:45.990 ELIZABETH CHOE: OK, so let's watch your pitch 00:15:45.990 --> 00:15:47.622 and then we can talk about it, and how 00:15:47.622 --> 00:15:51.440 it changed to your final video. 00:15:51.440 --> 00:15:53.376 Oh, woops. 00:15:53.376 --> 00:15:55.312 Can everyone see that OK? 00:15:55.312 --> 00:15:57.732 Can I leave the back light on? 00:15:57.732 --> 00:16:01.592 PJ: Let us assume for a second that this cardboard box I 00:16:01.592 --> 00:16:04.692 hold in front of you is a ship. 00:16:04.692 --> 00:16:06.474 Let's say it's a box barge. 00:16:06.474 --> 00:16:08.710 It kind of looks like a barge. 00:16:08.710 --> 00:16:12.165 Now what I've done for you is drawn the water line. 00:16:12.165 --> 00:16:16.575 And what that is is that is the level at which the barge would 00:16:16.575 --> 00:16:18.708 float on top of the water, assuming 00:16:18.708 --> 00:16:21.690 that it's going to float. 00:16:21.690 --> 00:16:25.666 Now if I take these scissors, and create damage 00:16:25.666 --> 00:16:28.660 to the bow section of this barge, 00:16:28.660 --> 00:16:30.766 what do you think would happen? 00:16:30.766 --> 00:16:32.758 You'd probably be right in saying 00:16:32.758 --> 00:16:34.750 that water is going to go through this hole 00:16:34.750 --> 00:16:37.410 that I created, fill up in the barge, 00:16:37.410 --> 00:16:38.910 and that the barge is going to sink. 00:16:41.560 --> 00:16:49.529 Now let's take that same scenario and do it again. 00:16:49.529 --> 00:16:53.930 So you want to damage this bow portion right here. 00:16:53.930 --> 00:16:55.680 Now what do you think would happen? 00:16:55.680 --> 00:16:57.936 You'd probably say that well, you just did 00:16:57.936 --> 00:16:59.525 that so it's going to sink. 00:16:59.525 --> 00:17:01.025 Water's going to climb in that hole, 00:17:01.025 --> 00:17:02.600 and it's going to sink the ship. 00:17:02.600 --> 00:17:04.889 But you'd be wrong. 00:17:04.889 --> 00:17:09.060 What I did is I took these cardboard pieces right here, 00:17:09.060 --> 00:17:11.672 and subdivided the vessel. 00:17:11.672 --> 00:17:14.622 And what that means is that when water comes in 00:17:14.622 --> 00:17:16.240 through this hole, it's just going 00:17:16.240 --> 00:17:17.610 to fill up this compartment. 00:17:17.610 --> 00:17:19.353 Now what that's going to do, it's 00:17:19.353 --> 00:17:22.170 going to cause a trim condition in the barge, 00:17:22.170 --> 00:17:24.500 but it's not going sink. 00:17:24.500 --> 00:17:26.094 And people on board are not going 00:17:26.094 --> 00:17:29.607 to be injured as a result of the vessel sinking. 00:17:29.607 --> 00:17:32.650 Now I show you this example as a segway 00:17:32.650 --> 00:17:35.330 into what naval architects do. 00:17:35.330 --> 00:17:38.266 One of the most important features of designing a ship 00:17:38.266 --> 00:17:42.300 is making sure it's not going to sink, as easy as it sounds. 00:17:42.300 --> 00:17:48.645 And the way that we do that it through subdivision. 00:17:48.645 --> 00:17:52.130 ELIZABETH CHOE: So I showed that because basically 00:17:52.130 --> 00:17:54.540 the difference between this and the video that you're 00:17:54.540 --> 00:17:57.630 about to see in terms of content isn't super, super different. 00:17:57.630 --> 00:17:59.810 The science, the basic science behind it 00:17:59.810 --> 00:18:01.920 isn't incredibly different. 00:18:01.920 --> 00:18:04.900 So what happened between you making this 00:18:04.900 --> 00:18:07.630 to you making your final video? 00:18:07.630 --> 00:18:09.500 PJ: Well I kind of knew the resources 00:18:09.500 --> 00:18:14.480 that I had at MIT to do a pretty decent job trying to show it. 00:18:14.480 --> 00:18:17.640 So that was tough trying to organize 00:18:17.640 --> 00:18:19.162 that, like getting the labs I had 00:18:19.162 --> 00:18:21.370 to go to because I don't actually work in these labs. 00:18:21.370 --> 00:18:23.310 So it's-- it was tough to schedule that. 00:18:23.310 --> 00:18:24.920 But I knew it would be possible. 00:18:24.920 --> 00:18:27.890 So I just tried to do it, and had lot of fun int 00:18:27.890 --> 00:18:28.890 he process so-- 00:18:28.890 --> 00:18:30.370 ELIZABETH CHOE: I don't think that this is actually 00:18:30.370 --> 00:18:31.190 a bad video at all. 00:18:31.190 --> 00:18:32.606 I think that you'll go on YouTube, 00:18:32.606 --> 00:18:35.640 and you'll find a ton of videos just like this one where 00:18:35.640 --> 00:18:38.290 it's someone that just set up their camera back at home, 00:18:38.290 --> 00:18:42.720 and they're talking a little bit about a physics concept. 00:18:42.720 --> 00:18:44.810 Which one do you like better-- this one or the one 00:18:44.810 --> 00:18:46.296 that you made for the project? 00:18:46.296 --> 00:18:49.160 PJ: I liked the first one better. 00:18:49.160 --> 00:18:52.120 No, the second one's definitely a little bit more in depth, 00:18:52.120 --> 00:18:55.740 and kind of goes into the science a little bit more so-- 00:18:55.740 --> 00:18:58.580 ELIZABETH CHOE: What was the hardest part about getting 00:18:58.580 --> 00:18:59.470 to this final video? 00:19:03.420 --> 00:19:08.620 PJ: I'd say-- I think it was probably organizing all of it 00:19:08.620 --> 00:19:11.649 because just the different shots that had to take 00:19:11.649 --> 00:19:13.190 and everything-- it was pretty tough. 00:19:13.190 --> 00:19:16.860 But it was good having Kenneth and Yuliya. 00:19:16.860 --> 00:19:19.476 They definitely helped to-- I think my storyboard was 00:19:19.476 --> 00:19:20.600 kind of all over the place. 00:19:20.600 --> 00:19:22.320 But they were like, no, you should do it from this angle 00:19:22.320 --> 00:19:23.940 and you should try it from this angle. 00:19:23.940 --> 00:19:26.517 So I got a lot good stuff that I could edit. 00:19:26.517 --> 00:19:28.100 ELIZABETH CHOE: Yeah, and you actually 00:19:28.100 --> 00:19:30.276 said that it was easier for you to be on camera 00:19:30.276 --> 00:19:31.769 when you were around other people 00:19:31.769 --> 00:19:33.060 than when you were by yourself. 00:19:33.060 --> 00:19:34.610 PJ: Yeah. 00:19:34.610 --> 00:19:37.750 ELIZABETH CHOE: Well, let's have a look at your final project. 00:19:37.750 --> 00:19:38.916 PJ: You want me to sit down? 00:19:57.880 --> 00:19:59.350 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 00:19:59.350 --> 00:19:59.860 [INAUDIBLE] 00:20:03.925 --> 00:20:06.152 -When we take complex things, and break them 00:20:06.152 --> 00:20:09.370 into smaller pieces, we find out that we know a lot more 00:20:09.370 --> 00:20:13.330 about things than we think. 00:20:13.330 --> 00:20:16.300 [MUSIC PLAYING] 00:20:20.260 --> 00:20:22.735 Now let's this box Orca One, and create 00:20:22.735 --> 00:20:26.695 damage below the waterline which I've indicated right here. 00:20:26.695 --> 00:20:30.160 [MUSIC PLAYING] 00:20:31.645 --> 00:20:34.615 Now let's take Orca One on the water and see what happens. 00:20:34.615 --> 00:20:37.585 [MUSIC PLAYING] 00:20:44.515 --> 00:20:47.980 The Orca One sank due to the weight of the added water. 00:20:47.980 --> 00:20:52.900 What if the Orca One contained cargo or oil or even people? 00:20:52.900 --> 00:20:57.740 Now let's take Orca Two, and do the same thing. 00:20:57.740 --> 00:21:00.710 [MUSIC PLAYING] 00:21:05.660 --> 00:21:08.135 [BELL RINGING] 00:21:08.135 --> 00:21:10.610 So we can see that Orca Two did not sink, 00:21:10.610 --> 00:21:13.580 although it is sitting at an angle towards the bow. 00:21:13.580 --> 00:21:15.065 So why didn't Orca Two sink? 00:21:15.065 --> 00:21:17.540 As easy as it sounds, this simple demonstration 00:21:17.540 --> 00:21:21.005 is essential to the design of huge, complex ships-- 00:21:21.005 --> 00:21:23.975 ships that are responsible for carrying about 90% 00:21:23.975 --> 00:21:25.460 of all our stuff. 00:21:25.460 --> 00:21:27.935 If [INAUDIBLE], how do we [INAUDIBLE] ships 00:21:27.935 --> 00:21:31.666 carrying our stuff to make into ports safely and not sink? 00:21:31.666 --> 00:21:35.152 [MUSIC PLAYING] 00:21:41.626 --> 00:21:44.600 He we have Orca One and Orca Two from before. 00:21:44.600 --> 00:21:46.885 Although Orca One and Orca Two don't 00:21:46.885 --> 00:21:48.600 engage in international trade, they 00:21:48.600 --> 00:21:51.540 behave just as 1,000 foot container ship would. 00:21:51.540 --> 00:21:53.990 Now let's take a look into Orca One. 00:21:53.990 --> 00:21:55.950 We can see that there's nothing in it. 00:21:55.950 --> 00:21:57.920 It's just a box. 00:21:57.920 --> 00:22:01.752 But if you look at Orca Two, we can 00:22:01.752 --> 00:22:04.812 see that it's subdivided into these watertight compartments 00:22:04.812 --> 00:22:07.272 by these tranverse watertight bulkheads. 00:22:07.272 --> 00:22:09.568 Now what that means is that if we 00:22:09.568 --> 00:22:11.910 were to damage a ship right here, 00:22:11.910 --> 00:22:13.904 water would only flow into this compartment. 00:22:13.904 --> 00:22:16.736 It would not go into this one, this one or this one. 00:22:16.736 --> 00:22:20.413 That would cause the ship to be angled or trimmed in the water, 00:22:20.413 --> 00:22:22.970 but it would not cause the ship to sink completely. 00:22:22.970 --> 00:22:26.232 We refer to Orca Two as being subdivided. 00:22:26.232 --> 00:22:28.982 And we can see subdivision in many of these ships' plans. 00:22:28.982 --> 00:22:31.290 It is unclear when subdivision first 00:22:31.290 --> 00:22:34.884 started being used in ships, but accounts of fifth century 00:22:34.884 --> 00:22:36.550 Chinese trade ships indicated that water 00:22:36.550 --> 00:22:39.668 would be able to enter the vessel without sinking. 00:22:39.668 --> 00:22:41.960 So let's find out why this happens. 00:22:41.960 --> 00:22:46.270 Let's imagine a barge divided into ten equal compartments. 00:22:46.270 --> 00:22:48.640 One of them springs a leak from damage. 00:22:48.640 --> 00:22:51.373 Since the ship is subdivided, only the first compartment 00:22:51.373 --> 00:22:53.590 floats and the ship remains afloat 00:22:53.590 --> 00:22:56.130 protecting both its people and cargo. 00:22:56.130 --> 00:22:58.900 Although the added water causes the ship to trim, is still 00:22:58.900 --> 00:23:01.944 has enough buoyancy to return to port for repairs. 00:23:05.416 --> 00:23:06.768 Ships still sink, though. 00:23:06.768 --> 00:23:08.226 It's both expensive and impractical 00:23:08.226 --> 00:23:10.872 to try to design an unsinkable ship, 00:23:10.872 --> 00:23:12.690 especially when these ships will never 00:23:12.690 --> 00:23:13.848 see that amount of damage. 00:23:13.848 --> 00:23:15.931 That's why, as naval architects, we 00:23:15.931 --> 00:23:18.808 use computer programs to help us out with subdivision. 00:23:18.808 --> 00:23:21.680 Computers make it easy to see certain damage 00:23:21.680 --> 00:23:24.470 cases in practically no time. 00:23:24.470 --> 00:23:27.660 With different software, we can damage certain compartments 00:23:27.660 --> 00:23:30.010 and see how the ship responds to it. 00:23:30.010 --> 00:23:32.420 This gives the naval architect a good idea 00:23:32.420 --> 00:23:36.310 of what parts to improve on the ship, if any. 00:23:36.310 --> 00:23:39.760 So even though ships seem like these intricate, complex 00:23:39.760 --> 00:23:42.320 things, they're really just based on principles 00:23:42.320 --> 00:23:44.160 that we all already know. 00:23:47.160 --> 00:24:02.510 [APPLAUSE] 00:24:02.510 --> 00:24:04.490 [END PLAYBACK] 00:24:04.490 --> 00:24:06.500 ELIZABETH CHOE: All right, so [INAUDIBLE], 00:24:06.500 --> 00:24:10.160 I don't know if you saw me mess up, but you're up next. 00:24:10.160 --> 00:24:15.900 I accidentally fast forwarded through all the slides. 00:24:15.900 --> 00:24:25.410 So I'm also going to show-- that's this just 00:24:25.410 --> 00:24:28.750 the sound that's there. 00:24:28.750 --> 00:24:29.470 You can't see? 00:24:34.399 --> 00:24:35.440 Shouldn't have done that. 00:24:39.340 --> 00:24:40.720 Here we go. 00:24:40.720 --> 00:24:42.580 So Andrea, you can come on up. 00:24:42.580 --> 00:24:47.080 So I'm going to show the second pitch that you did. 00:24:47.080 --> 00:24:50.521 I guess my question for you is, you knew pretty early on where 00:24:50.521 --> 00:24:51.770 you were going to write about. 00:24:51.770 --> 00:24:54.890 I think your topic stayed pretty much the same, 00:24:54.890 --> 00:24:56.550 but the way that you were saying it 00:24:56.550 --> 00:24:59.300 changed a lot over the course of the class. 00:24:59.300 --> 00:25:03.520 So, I guess, what was the most important thing that you 00:25:03.520 --> 00:25:06.020 learned in the past few weeks? 00:25:06.020 --> 00:25:07.770 ANDREA: Oh gosh, the most important thing. 00:25:07.770 --> 00:25:11.025 ELIZABETH CHOE: Or maybe the most practical thing. 00:25:11.025 --> 00:25:13.170 Here you go, sorry. 00:25:16.500 --> 00:25:21.463 ANDREA: OK, two things-- persistence and iteration. 00:25:24.060 --> 00:25:28.020 And the persistence was by far the harder thing 00:25:28.020 --> 00:25:30.960 to really do, because I'd experience 00:25:30.960 --> 00:25:33.030 a block at something. 00:25:33.030 --> 00:25:37.070 My first one was that I was too much in, like, businesswoman 00:25:37.070 --> 00:25:42.140 presenting information mode, and it wasn't very authentic. 00:25:42.140 --> 00:25:44.260 And I didn't think-- I was like, I'm not 00:25:44.260 --> 00:25:46.310 trying to sell orthodontics to the sixth graders. 00:25:46.310 --> 00:25:48.100 That's kind of ridiculous. 00:25:48.100 --> 00:25:49.610 ELIZABETH CHOE: [INAUDIBLE] 00:25:49.610 --> 00:25:53.180 ANDREA: I'm trying to teach them about science. 00:25:53.180 --> 00:25:55.730 So it was just a series of blocks 00:25:55.730 --> 00:26:00.722 that I really just had to work through, much like life. 00:26:00.722 --> 00:26:02.180 ELIZABETH CHOE: What type of advice 00:26:02.180 --> 00:26:06.830 would you give anyone who's going to give a talk, who's 00:26:06.830 --> 00:26:07.980 going to make a video? 00:26:07.980 --> 00:26:10.090 Just anyone who's trying to communicate 00:26:10.090 --> 00:26:14.254 their technical ideas to lay audience. 00:26:14.254 --> 00:26:16.420 Because you come from a very interesting background. 00:26:16.420 --> 00:26:18.860 So, Andrea is a Sloan fellow, so she 00:26:18.860 --> 00:26:23.361 has a sense of presentation and communication minus the video. 00:26:23.361 --> 00:26:25.630 So, I guess drawing on all these experiences, 00:26:25.630 --> 00:26:28.065 what type of advice would you give to folks? 00:26:28.065 --> 00:26:29.940 ANDREA: Well, I think the first time you ever 00:26:29.940 --> 00:26:32.120 try to present information, you think 00:26:32.120 --> 00:26:34.480 you're going to get through a lot more information 00:26:34.480 --> 00:26:36.710 than you actually will, and that was the first thing 00:26:36.710 --> 00:26:39.420 that I learned when I taught. 00:26:39.420 --> 00:26:42.520 I went with a lesson plan of like 20 things, 00:26:42.520 --> 00:26:45.280 and I only got through, like, maybe four. 00:26:45.280 --> 00:26:47.130 So I think that that's your first lesson 00:26:47.130 --> 00:26:50.870 is, keep it simple initially. 00:26:50.870 --> 00:26:52.600 ELIZABETH CHOE: Awesome, do you-- well, 00:26:52.600 --> 00:26:53.940 let's watch your pitch first. 00:26:59.540 --> 00:27:00.232 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 00:27:00.232 --> 00:27:04.350 -My name's Andrea [INAUDIBLE], and I'm a Sloan fellow, 00:27:04.350 --> 00:27:05.470 as I mentioned earlier. 00:27:05.470 --> 00:27:07.920 And my pitch idea is actually having 00:27:07.920 --> 00:27:10.110 to do with something that I actually 00:27:10.110 --> 00:27:12.430 know something a little bit about, 00:27:12.430 --> 00:27:16.370 that many middle schoolers also struggle with. 00:27:16.370 --> 00:27:19.040 And that is having braces. 00:27:19.040 --> 00:27:22.080 I just recently got my braces off, 00:27:22.080 --> 00:27:25.120 and I also worked for an orthodontics company 00:27:25.120 --> 00:27:27.010 before I came here to MIT. 00:27:27.010 --> 00:27:31.760 So it's something that's both near and dear to my heart, 00:27:31.760 --> 00:27:35.790 and also I think I've seen a lot of high schoolers and middle 00:27:35.790 --> 00:27:38.365 schoolers struggle with this whole process. 00:27:38.365 --> 00:27:40.740 I know I didn't know a whole lot about it. 00:27:40.740 --> 00:27:42.890 So basically, that would be my pitch. 00:27:42.890 --> 00:27:45.560 To teach kids about what's happening with their teeth 00:27:45.560 --> 00:27:47.520 as they're having braces on. 00:27:47.520 --> 00:27:51.240 How the teeth move, how osteoblasts and osteoclasts 00:27:51.240 --> 00:27:56.130 work, and to deposit and dissolve some of their bone, 00:27:56.130 --> 00:27:59.488 which is actually one of the reasons why it hurts so much. 00:27:59.488 --> 00:28:02.554 And also why your mouth gets dry-- all those kinds 00:28:02.554 --> 00:28:03.970 of scientific aspects of something 00:28:03.970 --> 00:28:08.370 that these kids really deal with on a daily basis 00:28:08.370 --> 00:28:10.630 during a very awkward time of their life. 00:28:10.630 --> 00:28:13.055 So that's my main pitch. 00:28:13.055 --> 00:28:14.360 [END PLAYBACK] 00:28:14.360 --> 00:28:17.006 ELIZABETH CHOE: So before we see your video, 00:28:17.006 --> 00:28:18.880 what's one thing that you're really proud of, 00:28:18.880 --> 00:28:21.125 and one thing that you want to change if you had 00:28:21.125 --> 00:28:22.605 more time or more resources? 00:28:28.010 --> 00:28:30.450 ANDREA: OK, that's a really hard question. 00:28:30.450 --> 00:28:32.680 I'd change the whole thing. 00:28:32.680 --> 00:28:36.110 But the one thing that I liked about it 00:28:36.110 --> 00:28:38.870 is that I tried to keep my sense of humor 00:28:38.870 --> 00:28:44.445 in the video, and the one thing that I wish I could change 00:28:44.445 --> 00:28:46.950 is learning more about lighting and editing, 00:28:46.950 --> 00:28:51.812 and just more of the technical details. 00:28:51.812 --> 00:28:52.812 ELIZABETH CHOE: Awesome. 00:28:52.812 --> 00:28:56.555 Well, let's go ahead and watch it. 00:28:56.555 --> 00:28:58.180 ANDREA: Do you want me to stay up here? 00:28:58.180 --> 00:28:59.596 ELIZABETH CHOE: You can move down. 00:29:08.250 --> 00:29:08.916 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 00:29:08.916 --> 00:29:12.038 -Eating is one of the great pleasures and necessities 00:29:12.038 --> 00:29:17.098 of life, and to enjoy everything from energy bars to apples, 00:29:17.098 --> 00:29:19.815 we rely on one part of our bodies 00:29:19.815 --> 00:29:23.337 to do an important job, our teeth. 00:29:23.337 --> 00:29:26.211 Teeth are the hardest substances in our bodies. 00:29:26.211 --> 00:29:28.752 They are harder than our bones, and they're 00:29:28.752 --> 00:29:30.043 even harder than iron or steel. 00:29:30.043 --> 00:29:32.917 So, why doesn't our jaw just crumble 00:29:32.917 --> 00:29:34.240 under all of those forces? 00:29:34.240 --> 00:29:36.350 Between your tooth and your jawbone, 00:29:36.350 --> 00:29:38.458 there's a specialized piece of tissue 00:29:38.458 --> 00:29:42.362 called the periodontal ligament, or PDL for short. 00:29:42.362 --> 00:29:45.290 The PDL can easily absorb the normal forces 00:29:45.290 --> 00:29:48.706 that a tooth experiences when we chew, say, an apple, cushioning 00:29:48.706 --> 00:29:51.146 or protecting our jawbone from our teeth. 00:29:51.146 --> 00:29:54.074 Teeth sound like they're already perfectly designed, 00:29:54.074 --> 00:29:56.850 but sometimes we really need to force them 00:29:56.850 --> 00:29:59.340 in a certain direction, like with braces. 00:29:59.340 --> 00:30:02.622 As the braces slowly force the teeth to move, 00:30:02.622 --> 00:30:04.550 the PDL is squeezed in one direction 00:30:04.550 --> 00:30:06.230 and stretched in the other. 00:30:06.230 --> 00:30:08.260 To make room, the mechanoreceptors 00:30:08.260 --> 00:30:11.260 in the PDL trigger cells called osteoclasts 00:30:11.260 --> 00:30:14.757 that actually come in and dissolve part of jaw 00:30:14.757 --> 00:30:15.679 to make extra room. 00:30:15.679 --> 00:30:18.022 The mechanoreceptors also trigger another kind 00:30:18.022 --> 00:30:21.135 of cell called and osteoblast, which comes in and builds up 00:30:21.135 --> 00:30:22.140 part of the jaw bone. 00:30:22.140 --> 00:30:25.556 This allows the PDL to get back into its regular, cushioning 00:30:25.556 --> 00:30:28.980 shape, thus, holding the tooth securely in position. 00:30:28.980 --> 00:30:32.290 So if braces use osteoblasts to physically reposition teeth 00:30:32.290 --> 00:30:34.240 for cosmetic reasons, what if wanted 00:30:34.240 --> 00:30:36.900 to use them to replace things in our bodies? 00:30:36.900 --> 00:30:39.141 Dental implants replace teeth that 00:30:39.141 --> 00:30:41.592 are damaged or missing to restore chewing function. 00:30:41.592 --> 00:30:43.050 Your jaw isn't the only place where 00:30:43.050 --> 00:30:44.980 these osteoblasts and osteoclasts are 00:30:44.980 --> 00:30:46.400 altering your bone structure. 00:30:46.400 --> 00:30:48.910 In fact, this bony remodeling process 00:30:48.910 --> 00:30:50.878 is happening throughout your entire body. 00:30:50.878 --> 00:30:53.890 And these implants aren't just limited to teeth. 00:30:53.890 --> 00:30:58.087 Doctors can replace knees, hips, even spinal discs, 00:30:58.087 --> 00:31:01.660 and MIT engineers are using the properties of osteoblasts 00:31:01.660 --> 00:31:03.576 and osteoclasts that are already in our bodies 00:31:03.576 --> 00:31:06.570 to create a chemical coding for these implants. 00:31:06.570 --> 00:31:08.067 Just like in a mouth with braces, 00:31:08.067 --> 00:31:10.562 this coding helps create natural bone 00:31:10.562 --> 00:31:12.558 to help lock the implant into place. 00:31:12.558 --> 00:31:16.051 Right now, these implants are designed 00:31:16.051 --> 00:31:18.213 to have the exact same functionality as the parts 00:31:18.213 --> 00:31:19.171 that they're replacing. 00:31:22.039 --> 00:31:24.534 But scientists are already developing implants 00:31:24.534 --> 00:31:27.910 to improve the performance of our bodies and brains. 00:31:27.910 --> 00:31:34.278 So at that point, will we be more machine than human? 00:31:34.278 --> 00:31:36.254 [APPLAUSE] 00:31:36.254 --> 00:31:37.736 [END PLAYBACK] 00:31:50.784 --> 00:31:52.908 ELIZABETH CHOE: All right, so Nathan, why don't you 00:31:52.908 --> 00:31:56.170 come on up. 00:31:56.170 --> 00:31:59.650 Every day, the students had to write a daily reflection 00:31:59.650 --> 00:32:02.540 on our class blog, which is open to anyone. 00:32:02.540 --> 00:32:05.004 Any one of you guys can go see it, if you want. 00:32:05.004 --> 00:32:07.170 And this is in addition to doing all the assignments 00:32:07.170 --> 00:32:08.180 that they had to do. 00:32:08.180 --> 00:32:09.730 But they would just talk about what 00:32:09.730 --> 00:32:13.030 the day was like, what they learned, what was challenging-- 00:32:13.030 --> 00:32:14.410 just any thoughts. 00:32:14.410 --> 00:32:17.300 And they could either post pictures, or write things, 00:32:17.300 --> 00:32:18.840 or make video blogs. 00:32:18.840 --> 00:32:22.970 And Nathan, by far, had the most entertaining blogs. 00:32:22.970 --> 00:32:27.240 And I'm just going to show you it, and then we talk about it. 00:32:27.240 --> 00:32:30.120 NATHAN: All right, second day down. 00:32:30.120 --> 00:32:33.460 ELIZABETH CHOE: Oh wait, Nathan, can you scoot over? 00:32:33.460 --> 00:32:33.960 Whoops. 00:32:36.840 --> 00:32:37.820 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 00:32:37.820 --> 00:32:40.504 -All right, second day down. 00:32:40.504 --> 00:32:48.936 No, third-- third day-- so, third day-- all right, 00:32:48.936 --> 00:32:51.912 so, third day reflection. 00:32:51.912 --> 00:32:54.545 A lot happening. 00:32:54.545 --> 00:32:57.800 So much that's good, actually, so I 00:32:57.800 --> 00:32:59.832 guess I'll start with the first thing that pops 00:32:59.832 --> 00:33:04.225 into mind, which is shooting. 00:33:04.225 --> 00:33:08.680 I've just got done finally finishing my trailer pitch 00:33:08.680 --> 00:33:10.165 thing. 00:33:10.165 --> 00:33:14.590 And one thing I guess you always know, but you don't appreciate, 00:33:14.590 --> 00:33:17.610 is how many tries at shooting something 00:33:17.610 --> 00:33:20.090 it takes to get something you're satisfied with. 00:33:20.090 --> 00:33:23.685 Because, oh my gosh, I don't still 00:33:23.685 --> 00:33:26.110 really like what I've come out with, 00:33:26.110 --> 00:33:30.970 but I spent a good hour and a half 00:33:30.970 --> 00:33:33.324 repeating the same thing over and over again, 00:33:33.324 --> 00:33:36.726 and I don't know. 00:33:36.726 --> 00:33:40.265 I am OK with what came of it, because I 00:33:40.265 --> 00:33:43.030 know it's still very, very rough, 00:33:43.030 --> 00:33:44.720 and that's the point of it. 00:33:44.720 --> 00:33:45.596 So-- 00:33:45.596 --> 00:33:46.472 [END PLAYBACK] 00:33:46.472 --> 00:33:51.580 ELIZABETH CHOE: So that's part of his day three blog. 00:33:51.580 --> 00:33:54.960 So the reason why I said sort of becoming the next Bill Nye 00:33:54.960 --> 00:33:58.430 is that what I didn't want to end up 00:33:58.430 --> 00:34:01.840 happening was people thinking that this class was 00:34:01.840 --> 00:34:05.533 about molding them into some science celebrity that 00:34:05.533 --> 00:34:08.199 was becoming a next Bill Nye, or becoming the next Neil deGrasse 00:34:08.199 --> 00:34:10.610 Tyson, or becoming the Hank Green, 00:34:10.610 --> 00:34:13.810 because what I think is so awesome about what is here 00:34:13.810 --> 00:34:17.530 in the student body, and what everyone in this class brought, 00:34:17.530 --> 00:34:19.429 was their own individual personalities. 00:34:19.429 --> 00:34:23.159 And I would have hated it if Nathan 00:34:23.159 --> 00:34:25.489 was trying to be Bill Nye, because he's 00:34:25.489 --> 00:34:27.360 so much better as Nathan. 00:34:27.360 --> 00:34:30.020 And that's why his blogs are so great. 00:34:30.020 --> 00:34:33.230 So Nathan, what was-- I know that you 00:34:33.230 --> 00:34:34.980 had said that it was hard to be on camera, 00:34:34.980 --> 00:34:36.354 and it was hard to do production, 00:34:36.354 --> 00:34:37.770 but your blogs are so effortless, 00:34:37.770 --> 00:34:40.630 and your video blogs-- they're very you. 00:34:40.630 --> 00:34:43.360 So what was so hard about doing something 00:34:43.360 --> 00:34:44.909 when you had a line to say? 00:34:48.325 --> 00:34:52.230 You can just clip it to yourself if you want. 00:34:52.230 --> 00:34:56.850 NATHAN: I think we made it so hard was, 00:34:56.850 --> 00:34:59.080 if I'm just doing a blog sort of thing, 00:34:59.080 --> 00:35:04.300 I think of it in a way of, like, I'm just talking to someone. 00:35:04.300 --> 00:35:06.860 But when I'm trying to go with the script 00:35:06.860 --> 00:35:09.220 it becomes a lot more formal in my mind, 00:35:09.220 --> 00:35:13.090 and I just get nervous. 00:35:13.090 --> 00:35:15.820 ELIZABETH CHOE: How do feel about how the video that we're 00:35:15.820 --> 00:35:17.112 about to watch turned out? 00:35:17.112 --> 00:35:18.570 How do you feel about your hosting? 00:35:18.570 --> 00:35:21.810 What was it like shooting that? 00:35:21.810 --> 00:35:23.810 NATHAN: I think there's still a lot that I think 00:35:23.810 --> 00:35:27.400 could be better about it, but if I look back 00:35:27.400 --> 00:35:32.610 at the very first pitch video I did, and the second one, 00:35:32.610 --> 00:35:35.350 and even the rough cut, it's definitely improved. 00:35:35.350 --> 00:35:36.775 So, I'll take what I can. 00:35:36.775 --> 00:35:38.150 ELIZABETH CHOE: What are you most 00:35:38.150 --> 00:35:40.118 proud of in your final project? 00:35:46.470 --> 00:35:49.060 NATHAN: Probably that, I remember 00:35:49.060 --> 00:35:55.510 when we did the [INAUDIBLE], the first table reads as scripts, 00:35:55.510 --> 00:35:57.740 mine was, one, a lot different from what it is 00:35:57.740 --> 00:36:00.040 now, but also very, very long. 00:36:00.040 --> 00:36:05.520 And now, it took like about a little over five minutes 00:36:05.520 --> 00:36:07.410 to read through just on the table, which 00:36:07.410 --> 00:36:10.520 is, in theory, faster than it would be in a video. 00:36:10.520 --> 00:36:13.605 And the whole kill your darlings thing happened, 00:36:13.605 --> 00:36:16.580 and I ended up with about two and a half minute long video. 00:36:16.580 --> 00:36:20.846 So I think that's what I like most. 00:36:20.846 --> 00:36:25.238 ELIZABETH CHOE: OK, well, let's see what you got. 00:36:38.134 --> 00:36:40.150 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 00:36:40.150 --> 00:36:41.844 -Why does a fridge start to smell, 00:36:41.844 --> 00:36:44.500 and where does that icky black liquid come from? 00:36:44.500 --> 00:36:47.590 Wouldn't it just be easier if things didn't rot? 00:36:47.590 --> 00:36:49.420 If things lasted forever? 00:36:49.420 --> 00:36:51.994 Well maybe, but probably not. 00:36:51.994 --> 00:36:55.727 The average American household wasts about 25% of its food, 00:36:55.727 --> 00:36:57.310 and lot of restaurants are even worse. 00:36:57.310 --> 00:36:58.850 So if we didn't have decomposition, 00:36:58.850 --> 00:37:01.250 what would happen to all of the food we throw away? 00:37:01.250 --> 00:37:03.938 Food and microbes usually get settled by bacteria, protists, 00:37:03.938 --> 00:37:06.050 and fungi that allow nutrients in the food 00:37:06.050 --> 00:37:08.460 to return to the soil and, eventually, other living 00:37:08.460 --> 00:37:08.960 things. 00:37:08.960 --> 00:37:11.490 These decomposers also break down other dead stuff, 00:37:11.490 --> 00:37:12.575 like trees. 00:37:12.575 --> 00:37:16.357 In fact, they're pretty much the only thing that can eat wood. 00:37:16.357 --> 00:37:17.786 So even if in a world without rot, 00:37:17.786 --> 00:37:20.285 where you don't have to worry about your house getting eaten 00:37:20.285 --> 00:37:22.249 by termites, who align protists in their stomachs, 00:37:22.249 --> 00:37:23.722 pretty soon forests and landfills 00:37:23.722 --> 00:37:26.180 would be flooded with a lot of dead stuff. 00:37:26.180 --> 00:37:27.540 How do we avoid this problem? 00:37:27.540 --> 00:37:30.870 Well, basically in your fridge, on the forest floor, 00:37:30.870 --> 00:37:33.102 in the dumpster, almost anywhere there 00:37:33.102 --> 00:37:35.268 are fungi, bacteria, and protists that live entirely 00:37:35.268 --> 00:37:36.765 by eating dead stuff. 00:37:36.765 --> 00:37:38.640 These dead things can be more or less divided 00:37:38.640 --> 00:37:40.020 into three categories. 00:37:40.020 --> 00:37:42.560 Carbohydrates-- sugar and starches-- lipids-- 00:37:42.560 --> 00:37:45.131 think fats-- and proteins like meats. 00:37:45.131 --> 00:37:46.714 All of these are chemically different, 00:37:46.714 --> 00:37:48.954 so they each get broken down by different enzymes 00:37:48.954 --> 00:37:51.911 in different ways before being absorbed by decomposers. 00:37:51.911 --> 00:37:54.730 For example, proteases break down proteins 00:37:54.730 --> 00:37:57.290 into amino acids, the cells building blocks. 00:37:57.290 --> 00:38:00.740 Lipids rely on lipases, and carbohydrates on things 00:38:00.740 --> 00:38:02.400 like amylase and cellulases. 00:38:02.400 --> 00:38:05.220 So how does a perfectly nice broccoli floret 00:38:05.220 --> 00:38:07.100 start giving off this foul black liquid? 00:38:07.100 --> 00:38:09.440 Fruits and vegetables are almost entirely made of water, 00:38:09.440 --> 00:38:10.906 so on the most basic level you can 00:38:10.906 --> 00:38:14.214 see the cells are like extremely complex water balloons. 00:38:14.214 --> 00:38:16.490 The exterior of the cell wall is made 00:38:16.490 --> 00:38:18.606 of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate that 00:38:18.606 --> 00:38:21.802 gets broken down by enzymes that the smaller cell can get energy 00:38:21.802 --> 00:38:22.302 from. 00:38:22.302 --> 00:38:24.835 The bacteria or fungi uses cellulase to eat 00:38:24.835 --> 00:38:25.876 the exterior of the cell. 00:38:25.876 --> 00:38:28.690 It's like if I were to pop the balloon. 00:38:28.690 --> 00:38:30.340 That's the muck you see in your fridge. 00:38:30.340 --> 00:38:31.580 What about that stink? 00:38:31.580 --> 00:38:34.310 For fruits and vegetables, a lot of times the smell 00:38:34.310 --> 00:38:36.400 happens after the icky black liquid forms. 00:38:36.400 --> 00:38:37.941 Other bacterial that weren't involved 00:38:37.941 --> 00:38:40.738 in the initial colonization move in, 00:38:40.738 --> 00:38:42.666 and start to stink everything up. 00:38:42.666 --> 00:38:45.640 Meat gets smelly when lipases break down fat in the meat 00:38:45.640 --> 00:38:48.844 into glycerol and fatty acids, two energy sources, 00:38:48.844 --> 00:38:50.970 and fatty acids are kind of gross. 00:38:50.970 --> 00:38:54.459 And so while your food rotting may smell absolutely terrible, 00:38:54.459 --> 00:38:57.110 because of it the environment's able to recycle 00:38:57.110 --> 00:38:58.950 crucial nutrients it needs. 00:38:58.950 --> 00:39:03.562 And, well, that's why we have all this. 00:39:03.562 --> 00:39:06.550 [APPLAUSE] 00:39:15.514 --> 00:39:21.490 [END PLAYBACK] 00:39:21.490 --> 00:39:24.450 ELIZABETH CHOE: All right, so David, you can come on up. 00:39:24.450 --> 00:39:27.760 As I was saying, the students all have to post daily blogs, 00:39:27.760 --> 00:39:30.330 and after the first day I was really 00:39:30.330 --> 00:39:33.980 curious to read what everyone thought about the class, how 00:39:33.980 --> 00:39:36.090 they were feeling, and David's was 00:39:36.090 --> 00:39:38.327 one of the first ones I read. 00:39:38.327 --> 00:39:39.910 I don't know if you can see it, but it 00:39:39.910 --> 00:39:43.730 says, "Today was the first day in the class of MIT 219. 00:39:43.730 --> 00:39:45.780 I felt pretty much overwhelmed with the amount 00:39:45.780 --> 00:39:47.980 of course work required from the get go, 00:39:47.980 --> 00:39:50.992 but also pleasantly surprised by the amount of enthusiasm 00:39:50.992 --> 00:39:52.950 from students and teachers alike in the course. 00:39:52.950 --> 00:39:54.972 This will be a day of many firsts, then. 00:39:54.972 --> 00:39:56.890 First time making a blog, first time 00:39:56.890 --> 00:39:59.070 using Tumblr, first time making a video 00:39:59.070 --> 00:40:01.140 describing something myself. 00:40:01.140 --> 00:40:03.320 Previously, we had done in a group setting 00:40:03.320 --> 00:40:05.910 and it wasn't such a good experience." 00:40:05.910 --> 00:40:12.180 So I read that and I was like, oh no, I totally miss-gauged 00:40:12.180 --> 00:40:14.850 everyone's starting level. 00:40:14.850 --> 00:40:19.280 I gave too much to do. 00:40:19.280 --> 00:40:22.220 This is going to be an interesting month. 00:40:22.220 --> 00:40:25.200 How do you feel now that you not only have mastered Tumblr, 00:40:25.200 --> 00:40:26.900 but you're uploading videos, you're 00:40:26.900 --> 00:40:30.050 making videos on your own-- was it 00:40:30.050 --> 00:40:34.620 as bad of an experience as the first one? 00:40:34.620 --> 00:40:37.684 DAVID: Actually, I felt it was much better. 00:40:37.684 --> 00:40:39.100 Really, a lot much better, and I'm 00:40:39.100 --> 00:40:42.110 very grateful for all the help that we've been getting 00:40:42.110 --> 00:40:44.160 from all the teaching staff. 00:40:44.160 --> 00:40:48.120 And at first I was really-- because the first three times 00:40:48.120 --> 00:40:51.340 that we made video I was quite demoralized, because the video 00:40:51.340 --> 00:40:52.346 came out quite badly. 00:40:52.346 --> 00:40:53.970 And then when I watched it I was, like, 00:40:53.970 --> 00:40:55.640 cringing at the videos. 00:40:55.640 --> 00:41:00.230 So because of-- but I feel it is because when 00:41:00.230 --> 00:41:02.210 we did the video shoot most of the time 00:41:02.210 --> 00:41:04.820 I was doing it by myself, so I couldn't have another person 00:41:04.820 --> 00:41:08.920 to shoot it against, to let a person tell me what is good, 00:41:08.920 --> 00:41:10.510 what it bad about a video. 00:41:10.510 --> 00:41:12.490 However, in this class, every day 00:41:12.490 --> 00:41:15.670 we have opinions given to us as to what we can improve, 00:41:15.670 --> 00:41:18.600 what we can take out, what is better, what to cut. 00:41:18.600 --> 00:41:20.430 And so I think through this process 00:41:20.430 --> 00:41:24.214 we improve our videos much more than we could have alone. 00:41:24.214 --> 00:41:25.880 ELIZABETH CHOE: And I forgot to mention, 00:41:25.880 --> 00:41:27.890 so the last three videos that I'm going to show 00:41:27.890 --> 00:41:30.180 are from SUTD students. 00:41:30.180 --> 00:41:34.130 So we got to host a few students who are from the Singapore 00:41:34.130 --> 00:41:36.180 University of Technology and Design, 00:41:36.180 --> 00:41:38.490 and it was super interesting having 00:41:38.490 --> 00:41:40.350 all of your guys' perspectives. 00:41:40.350 --> 00:41:42.380 I was thinking before the class started, like, 00:41:42.380 --> 00:41:44.650 how's this going to work? 00:41:44.650 --> 00:41:47.080 Culturally, are people going to have the same sort 00:41:47.080 --> 00:41:49.000 of digital media literacy? 00:41:49.000 --> 00:41:50.630 And I feel like you guys were like, oh 00:41:50.630 --> 00:41:53.256 yeah, we've seen Slideshow, we've seen Veritasium. 00:41:53.256 --> 00:41:55.130 We already know about these YouTube channels. 00:41:55.130 --> 00:42:00.790 So I was like, OK, this is going to be totally fine. 00:42:00.790 --> 00:42:03.510 But David, you guys are going back 00:42:03.510 --> 00:42:05.800 to Singapore tomorrow morning. 00:42:05.800 --> 00:42:08.530 Do you think that you will take any of the things 00:42:08.530 --> 00:42:10.140 that we did in class? 00:42:10.140 --> 00:42:14.440 Either maybe making more videos, on in your talks, 00:42:14.440 --> 00:42:18.896 or what types of things were most useful to you? 00:42:18.896 --> 00:42:23.135 DAVID: I don't think that I'll be making more videos because I 00:42:23.135 --> 00:42:24.880 think it's really quite hard. 00:42:24.880 --> 00:42:26.950 And to do it, really you need a lot of people 00:42:26.950 --> 00:42:28.280 to do it with you. 00:42:28.280 --> 00:42:29.710 But one thing I will take back is 00:42:29.710 --> 00:42:31.640 how to give effective feedback. 00:42:31.640 --> 00:42:33.740 Because I actually feel that in this class, 00:42:33.740 --> 00:42:36.080 many times the feedback was very effective, 00:42:36.080 --> 00:42:38.220 and it came across very pleasantly. 00:42:38.220 --> 00:42:39.909 So I'm very thankful for that. 00:42:39.909 --> 00:42:42.450 ELIZABETH CHOE: All right, well let's see your final project. 00:42:53.241 --> 00:42:57.169 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 00:42:57.169 --> 00:43:00.162 [MUSIC PLAYING] 00:43:09.517 --> 00:43:11.600 -If I went out front right now, dressed like this, 00:43:11.600 --> 00:43:13.912 you'd probably call me nuts, right? 00:43:13.912 --> 00:43:15.850 Because it's so cold outside that 00:43:15.850 --> 00:43:18.610 I'd probably die of hypothermia. 00:43:18.610 --> 00:43:20.790 However, in 2009, Wim Hof managed 00:43:20.790 --> 00:43:23.830 to run a full marathon in -20 degrees Celsius wearing nothing 00:43:23.830 --> 00:43:24.409 but shorts. 00:43:24.409 --> 00:43:25.950 While most people would probably die, 00:43:25.950 --> 00:43:28.740 Wim Hof has managed to survive. 00:43:28.740 --> 00:43:32.030 So, what makes Wim Hof able to survive while others can't? 00:43:32.030 --> 00:43:37.365 The research team [INAUDIBLE] icy bath for almost two hours. 00:43:37.365 --> 00:43:39.627 Well, most people who had their core body temp 00:43:39.627 --> 00:43:41.730 to below 35 degrees causing hypothermia 00:43:41.730 --> 00:43:44.838 to kick in, Wim Hof's body temperature dropped 00:43:44.838 --> 00:43:48.528 to nearly 37.4 degrees Celsius, staying slightly warm. 00:43:48.528 --> 00:43:51.480 And the funny thing is that the researchers couldn't 00:43:51.480 --> 00:43:52.956 find exactly what had happened. 00:43:52.956 --> 00:43:55.908 Maybe it's a genetic adaptation. 00:43:55.908 --> 00:43:57.630 In a separate study, studies have 00:43:57.630 --> 00:43:59.844 found that individuals with [INAUDIBLE] ancestry 00:43:59.844 --> 00:44:01.320 have mitochondria that can produce 00:44:01.320 --> 00:44:03.288 more heat and lactic energy. 00:44:03.288 --> 00:44:05.256 Mitochondria is like a mini furnace 00:44:05.256 --> 00:44:09.184 that burns the sugars from food we eat into chemical and heat 00:44:09.184 --> 00:44:09.684 energy. 00:44:09.684 --> 00:44:13.128 Individuals like get better able to survive the cold. 00:44:13.128 --> 00:44:16.120 However, scientists haven't fully studied Wim Hof's genome, 00:44:16.120 --> 00:44:18.244 so we don't really know. 00:44:18.244 --> 00:44:21.468 Wim Hof practices g-tummo as a form of meditation 00:44:21.468 --> 00:44:24.692 and [INAUDIBLE] which allows him to double his metabolism. 00:44:24.692 --> 00:44:26.660 Regardless of condition before, Wim Hof 00:44:26.660 --> 00:44:28.660 can produce enough heat through his mitochondria 00:44:28.660 --> 00:44:31.991 with specific breathing and muscle contractions. 00:44:31.991 --> 00:44:34.116 They can produce enough heat to keep his body warm. 00:44:37.100 --> 00:44:39.920 Well, you might believe that this is not scientific. 00:44:39.920 --> 00:44:42.400 However, studies at NUS have shown 00:44:42.400 --> 00:44:45.376 that diversity increase the core temp of the individual using 00:44:45.376 --> 00:44:48.261 g-tummo, and the inner prior medication experience. 00:44:48.261 --> 00:44:49.344 Now, why could this be so? 00:44:49.344 --> 00:44:51.824 Increases in alpha and beta waves are notices, 00:44:51.824 --> 00:44:54.304 and many have theorized that this has enabled the body 00:44:54.304 --> 00:44:59.264 to effectively heat the center as far as the and the knees. 00:44:59.264 --> 00:45:01.645 We do not fully understand Wim Hof's methods, 00:45:01.645 --> 00:45:03.728 and while some have tried following his footsteps, 00:45:03.728 --> 00:45:05.712 it would be unwise to do the same. 00:45:05.712 --> 00:45:07.643 And Wim Hof, you don't hear him saying 00:45:07.643 --> 00:45:09.184 he can control all parts of his body. 00:45:09.184 --> 00:45:11.664 Now, if this were true, and scientifically backed, 00:45:11.664 --> 00:45:13.648 who knows what doors could open? 00:45:13.648 --> 00:45:16.241 While science has already audited and I myself 00:45:16.241 --> 00:45:17.616 don't practice Wim Hof's methods, 00:45:17.616 --> 00:45:21.088 maybe I better be off only one jacket. 00:45:26.544 --> 00:45:30.872 [END PLAYBACK] 00:45:30.872 --> 00:45:33.330 ELIZABETH CHOE: Oh wait, sorry, did I cut it off too early? 00:45:45.919 --> 00:45:47.460 Actually, I'll show your pitch first, 00:45:47.460 --> 00:45:48.440 then we can talk about it. 00:45:48.440 --> 00:45:49.106 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 00:45:49.106 --> 00:45:51.970 -Everyone has pretty much seen a science fiction movie in this 00:45:51.970 --> 00:45:55.920 day in age, and I'm pretty sure everyone has seen at least one 00:45:55.920 --> 00:45:57.550 that involves time travelling. 00:45:57.550 --> 00:46:00.950 Maybe it's Star Trek, Interstellar, or more recently, 00:46:00.950 --> 00:46:02.800 Predestination. 00:46:02.800 --> 00:46:07.281 And it's such a widely [INAUDIBLE] topic in science 00:46:07.281 --> 00:46:10.350 fiction, the whole genre of time travelling. 00:46:10.350 --> 00:46:13.572 But many times, Hollywood films always 00:46:13.572 --> 00:46:15.030 have these little, little loopholes 00:46:15.030 --> 00:46:17.995 in their storyline and their plot lines, 00:46:17.995 --> 00:46:22.696 and they often use theories and science to explain themselves, 00:46:22.696 --> 00:46:24.196 which are just like got from machine 00:46:24.196 --> 00:46:26.636 solutions-- totally not efficient. 00:46:26.636 --> 00:46:29.280 However, scientists have actually put forward three main 00:46:29.280 --> 00:46:31.030 theories when it comes to time travelling. 00:46:31.030 --> 00:46:33.980 First theory-- the fixed timeline theory. 00:46:33.980 --> 00:46:36.404 Say, for example, you're trying to prevent World War II, 00:46:36.404 --> 00:46:38.862 and you travel back in time after inventing a time machine. 00:46:38.862 --> 00:46:42.667 And after killing the baby that was supposed to be Hitler, 00:46:42.667 --> 00:46:45.936 you put-- I don't know, some other baby from an orphanage, 00:46:45.936 --> 00:46:47.640 and put it in the same cot. 00:46:47.640 --> 00:46:50.118 However, when you travel back in the future, 00:46:50.118 --> 00:46:52.810 you realize that the baby that you had replaced it with 00:46:52.810 --> 00:46:56.240 was the one that turn out to be Hitler, 00:46:56.240 --> 00:46:58.710 and there is no changing of the past, effectively, 00:46:58.710 --> 00:47:00.222 or the future, or the present. 00:47:00.222 --> 00:47:01.430 It's all in a fixed timeline. 00:47:01.430 --> 00:47:05.675 And this particular motions are actually often seen 00:47:05.675 --> 00:47:08.640 in movies such as Harry Potter. 00:47:08.640 --> 00:47:12.704 It was seen in Interstellar as well. 00:47:12.704 --> 00:47:15.124 It was also seen in Predestination. 00:47:15.124 --> 00:47:16.092 It's a good film. 00:47:16.092 --> 00:47:17.060 You have to catch it. 00:47:17.060 --> 00:47:19.021 The second theory is the multiverse theory, 00:47:19.021 --> 00:47:21.020 which states that every time you go back in time 00:47:21.020 --> 00:47:23.076 and you alter the history-- for example, 00:47:23.076 --> 00:47:26.960 you step on a butterfly and that butterfly could actually maybe 00:47:26.960 --> 00:47:29.672 be the prevention of, I don't know, 00:47:29.672 --> 00:47:31.927 a hurricane that sweeps through Orlando right 00:47:31.927 --> 00:47:36.552 now-- you spawn a new set of events which 00:47:36.552 --> 00:47:39.042 happens in a separate universe. 00:47:39.042 --> 00:47:42.402 Which, in other words means that you have actually 00:47:42.402 --> 00:47:45.096 got infinite number of universes after you 00:47:45.096 --> 00:47:46.512 have all these different decisions 00:47:46.512 --> 00:47:48.504 and different chain of events occurring 00:47:48.504 --> 00:47:50.994 And this particular timeline concept 00:47:50.994 --> 00:47:52.986 has legitimately explored many times as well. 00:47:52.986 --> 00:47:56.721 It's been featured in the recent regular Star Trek movies. 00:47:56.721 --> 00:48:01.180 It's also been featured in recent Fringe series, 00:48:01.180 --> 00:48:04.380 which kind of I hate because JJ Abrams right now remind me 00:48:04.380 --> 00:48:05.020 of something. 00:48:05.020 --> 00:48:08.860 And yeah, this multiverse series is actually quite popular 00:48:08.860 --> 00:48:11.625 because it's the easiest for producers to just show 00:48:11.625 --> 00:48:13.230 the solution, and then they'll say, 00:48:13.230 --> 00:48:15.354 oh, we actually spawned off a new timeline. 00:48:15.354 --> 00:48:18.246 So that's when you get sloppy and lazy. 00:48:18.246 --> 00:48:20.656 The third theory you have is what we call 00:48:20.656 --> 00:48:22.102 the dynamic timeline theory. 00:48:22.102 --> 00:48:24.893 It's also the theory which induces all the paradoxes. 00:48:24.893 --> 00:48:26.865 Which, you often hear about these paradoxes, 00:48:26.865 --> 00:48:29.823 such as the grandfather paradox, where you go back in time 00:48:29.823 --> 00:48:32.041 and you kill the grandfather, and because you 00:48:32.041 --> 00:48:33.767 kill the grandfather, you won't exist. 00:48:33.767 --> 00:48:35.985 And because you won't exist you can't go back in time 00:48:35.985 --> 00:48:37.711 and save the grandfather, and that's 00:48:37.711 --> 00:48:39.683 where the whole paradox comes in. 00:48:39.683 --> 00:48:40.669 Who kills who? 00:48:40.669 --> 00:48:43.627 God knows. 00:48:43.627 --> 00:48:45.919 The third theory we have is called the dynamic timeline 00:48:45.919 --> 00:48:48.335 theory, which is also where all your grandfather paradoxes 00:48:48.335 --> 00:48:49.211 come in. 00:48:49.211 --> 00:48:51.586 Let's say your grandfather is a really, really evil man-- 00:48:51.586 --> 00:48:54.222 Hitler-- and you have to go back in time to kill him. 00:48:54.222 --> 00:48:56.198 And you go back, you do the deed, 00:48:56.198 --> 00:48:59.424 and then you realize that, oh no, after I kill him 00:48:59.424 --> 00:49:00.008 I can't exist. 00:49:00.008 --> 00:49:02.257 And because you can't exist, you can't go back in time 00:49:02.257 --> 00:49:03.233 to kill him. 00:49:03.233 --> 00:49:05.114 And because of that, he comes back. 00:49:05.114 --> 00:49:06.655 And then after you have to come back, 00:49:06.655 --> 00:49:09.080 and you have to go back in time again [INAUDIBLE]. 00:49:09.080 --> 00:49:11.030 That's where the paradox starts. 00:49:11.030 --> 00:49:13.955 It's an infinite circle of never ending events, 00:49:13.955 --> 00:49:16.740 and that's how the grandfather paradox came 00:49:16.740 --> 00:49:19.547 about to be in the first place. 00:49:19.547 --> 00:49:23.948 And I think you may have seen it in Back to the Future. 00:49:23.948 --> 00:49:28.360 And I can't really think of any other film right now. 00:49:28.360 --> 00:49:30.328 So, this is a brief history of time travel 00:49:30.328 --> 00:49:32.078 and the three theories associated with it, 00:49:32.078 --> 00:49:35.674 as well as a quick touch on the grandfather paradox. 00:49:35.674 --> 00:49:36.650 [END PLAYBACK] 00:49:36.650 --> 00:49:40.840 ELIZABETH CHOE: All right, come on up, Kenneth. 00:49:40.840 --> 00:49:44.510 So of the four values-- I don't know if you all remember, 00:49:44.510 --> 00:49:47.250 but there's spark, there's clarity, 00:49:47.250 --> 00:49:51.900 there is thoughtfulness, and there's challenge, right? 00:49:51.900 --> 00:49:55.350 Kenneth obviously is not lacking in spark whatsoever, 00:49:55.350 --> 00:49:56.367 which is awesome. 00:49:56.367 --> 00:49:58.200 As soon as you see this video-- and this was 00:49:58.200 --> 00:50:00.182 the very first thing you did-- and you have 00:50:00.182 --> 00:50:01.390 some video experience, right? 00:50:01.390 --> 00:50:02.424 KENNETH: Yeah, I have. 00:50:02.424 --> 00:50:04.090 And if I had known this would be shown I 00:50:04.090 --> 00:50:07.460 would have put on more clothes. 00:50:07.460 --> 00:50:09.480 Yeah, I have had some. 00:50:09.480 --> 00:50:12.780 ELIZABETH CHOE: So the video technique was there, 00:50:12.780 --> 00:50:15.640 and the enthusiasm for the subject matter 00:50:15.640 --> 00:50:16.570 was definitely there. 00:50:16.570 --> 00:50:20.960 So how did you go from this pitch, which is basically 00:50:20.960 --> 00:50:25.250 it's own video-- it's kind of like a mini SciShow video, 00:50:25.250 --> 00:50:27.380 basically, on all the theories of time travel. 00:50:27.380 --> 00:50:30.130 How did you go from this to the video we're about to see? 00:50:30.130 --> 00:50:34.020 KENNETH: So this was talking about the three main theories 00:50:34.020 --> 00:50:35.960 of time travel, and this happened right 00:50:35.960 --> 00:50:37.790 before we saw the sixth graders. 00:50:37.790 --> 00:50:40.500 And when I started talking to the six graders, 00:50:40.500 --> 00:50:42.090 I realized that most of them haven't 00:50:42.090 --> 00:50:45.770 seen Interstellar or all of these new Star Trek movies. 00:50:45.770 --> 00:50:47.920 Funnily enough, they have seen Back to the Future. 00:50:47.920 --> 00:50:52.520 So yeah, I realized what really intrigued 00:50:52.520 --> 00:50:56.180 them about time travel wasn't all these paradoxes, or all 00:50:56.180 --> 00:50:57.930 these theories, or the timeline. 00:50:57.930 --> 00:51:02.010 They were more interested in how is it possible-- is it 00:51:02.010 --> 00:51:04.640 even possible, and other questions. 00:51:04.640 --> 00:51:07.910 So it wasn't-- they were interested in time travel, 00:51:07.910 --> 00:51:09.940 just not my scope that I initially planned. 00:51:09.940 --> 00:51:12.441 So I decided to change it up a bit. 00:51:12.441 --> 00:51:14.440 Maybe talk more about the science of time travel 00:51:14.440 --> 00:51:17.729 itself, which is where I went to at the end. 00:51:17.729 --> 00:51:20.020 ELIZABETH CHOE: I mean, something to emphasize too-- we 00:51:20.020 --> 00:51:22.019 talked about on the first day that this space is 00:51:22.019 --> 00:51:24.260 so hard to work in because what is good 00:51:24.260 --> 00:51:26.570 is not defined by anyone. 00:51:26.570 --> 00:51:27.950 So just because the sixth graders 00:51:27.950 --> 00:51:30.470 wanted you to talk about the exact science of time travel, 00:51:30.470 --> 00:51:33.210 and we encourage you to do that, that doesn't necessarily 00:51:33.210 --> 00:51:36.940 mean that this video is bad, or that people wouldn't really 00:51:36.940 --> 00:51:40.220 be into a video about the science behind Interstellar. 00:51:40.220 --> 00:51:42.150 That's not true at all. 00:51:42.150 --> 00:51:44.250 So part of the challenge of working in this space 00:51:44.250 --> 00:51:48.470 is knowing who to sacrifice-- what audience to sacrifice when 00:51:48.470 --> 00:51:51.560 you decide to make your video. 00:51:51.560 --> 00:51:54.170 What were some of the new or unexpected things 00:51:54.170 --> 00:51:58.020 that you had learned that you didn't know about production? 00:51:58.020 --> 00:51:59.430 KENNETH: Sound is important. 00:51:59.430 --> 00:52:01.440 Sound is really, really important. 00:52:01.440 --> 00:52:05.630 Yeah, if I had more time I would re-shoot some of the scenes 00:52:05.630 --> 00:52:09.990 because the sound was just so bad. 00:52:09.990 --> 00:52:13.000 Other things-- I realize my writing and my speaking 00:52:13.000 --> 00:52:14.580 is really, really, very different. 00:52:14.580 --> 00:52:17.020 My initial script when we first wrote it out, 00:52:17.020 --> 00:52:20.950 I think it was about seven-- six to seven minutes long. 00:52:20.950 --> 00:52:22.970 My final cut is short of four minutes. 00:52:22.970 --> 00:52:25.440 So I think while filming it's really 00:52:25.440 --> 00:52:28.340 a big difference to how we bring things-- 00:52:28.340 --> 00:52:29.790 how I brought things across. 00:52:29.790 --> 00:52:32.010 It feels a lot more natural to speak just ad 00:52:32.010 --> 00:52:33.944 lib to the camera. 00:52:33.944 --> 00:52:34.944 ELIZABETH CHOE: Awesome. 00:52:34.944 --> 00:52:38.014 Any final thoughts before we show yours? 00:52:38.014 --> 00:52:38.930 KENNETH: Be forgiving. 00:52:41.592 --> 00:52:42.925 ELIZABETH CHOE: Thanks, Kenneth. 00:52:52.960 --> 00:52:55.900 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 00:52:55.900 --> 00:52:59.108 -Imagine holding a party and then sending out 00:52:59.108 --> 00:53:01.130 invitations after the party. 00:53:01.130 --> 00:53:04.021 Wait a minute, that doesn't make any sense. 00:53:04.021 --> 00:53:06.292 Are my friends going to be able to time travel 00:53:06.292 --> 00:53:07.500 back just to attend my party? 00:53:07.500 --> 00:53:11.476 In 2009, Steven Hawking actually conducted such an experiment 00:53:11.476 --> 00:53:13.464 to disprove time travel. 00:53:13.464 --> 00:53:16.943 But what exactly is time travel, and how does it work? 00:53:16.943 --> 00:53:20.422 It actually has a lot to do with speed. 00:53:20.422 --> 00:53:22.658 A lot of what we know about time traveling actually 00:53:22.658 --> 00:53:25.392 comes from Einstein's theory of special and general relativity. 00:53:25.392 --> 00:53:27.877 We are actually time travelling right now, 00:53:27.877 --> 00:53:30.600 but not in the manner that sci-fi films have depicted it. 00:53:30.600 --> 00:53:34.210 We are, in fact, time travelling at a pace of one hour per hour. 00:53:34.210 --> 00:53:38.050 In other words, every hour I experience, the world around me 00:53:38.050 --> 00:53:39.870 experiences a singular hour, too. 00:53:39.870 --> 00:53:43.830 Now, it may sound simple and trivial, but stay with me. 00:53:43.830 --> 00:53:46.305 This is where it gets interesting. 00:53:46.305 --> 00:53:49.605 Now, a [INAUDIBLE] of Einstein's theory of special relativity 00:53:49.605 --> 00:53:52.740 is actually a phenomenon known as time dilation. 00:53:52.740 --> 00:53:55.710 Effectively, this means that the faster you travel the slower 00:53:55.710 --> 00:53:57.195 time passes around you. 00:53:57.195 --> 00:53:59.550 It potentially means that I could 00:53:59.550 --> 00:54:03.086 travel at maybe more than one hour per hour. 00:54:03.086 --> 00:54:06.020 This phenomenon, however, is only noticeable at really, 00:54:06.020 --> 00:54:09.190 really high speeds-- speeds near the speed of light. 00:54:09.190 --> 00:54:13.400 This rocket here, not even close. 00:54:13.400 --> 00:54:15.773 Say I do have a spaceship now that 00:54:15.773 --> 00:54:17.737 travels at 90% the speed of light, 00:54:17.737 --> 00:54:19.930 and I have a pair of newborn twins. 00:54:19.930 --> 00:54:23.740 I bring one of them with me on this journey for 10 years. 00:54:23.740 --> 00:54:27.830 When I return, one of them will have turned 23 years old, 00:54:27.830 --> 00:54:30.320 while the one will me will have only tuned 10 years old. 00:54:30.320 --> 00:54:32.486 While we have experienced 10 years on the spaceship, 00:54:32.486 --> 00:54:34.590 23 years have actually passed on earth. 00:54:34.590 --> 00:54:37.100 This amount of time actually increases exponentially 00:54:37.100 --> 00:54:41.060 as we get closer to the speed of light. 00:54:41.060 --> 00:54:45.020 So, we could have potentially travelled forward in time, 00:54:45.020 --> 00:54:48.485 but what about backwards in time? 00:54:48.485 --> 00:54:51.455 That's a loaded issue. 00:54:51.455 --> 00:54:53.930 Now, remember our previous draft. 00:54:53.930 --> 00:54:56.510 The time that it took [INAUDIBLE] 00:54:56.510 --> 00:54:58.500 to the speed of light. 00:54:58.500 --> 00:55:00.658 Some scientists think maybe the secret to time 00:55:00.658 --> 00:55:03.730 travel lies on the other side of the line. 00:55:03.730 --> 00:55:06.263 In other words, we may have to travel faster 00:55:06.263 --> 00:55:09.490 than the speed of light just to be able to travel back in time. 00:55:09.490 --> 00:55:12.860 Now, when you do travel at speeds near the speed of light, 00:55:12.860 --> 00:55:16.180 something called relativistic mass comes into play. 00:55:16.180 --> 00:55:19.498 In other words, as your speed goes up your mass increases. 00:55:19.498 --> 00:55:22.778 As your masses increases, you require more energy 00:55:22.778 --> 00:55:23.930 to move the same object. 00:55:23.930 --> 00:55:27.620 This might mean that we need an infinite amount of energy 00:55:27.620 --> 00:55:29.995 just to move [INAUDIBLE] beyond the speed of light. 00:55:29.995 --> 00:55:32.845 However, the more energy you put into an object, the more likely 00:55:32.845 --> 00:55:35.530 you are to increase its mass rather than 00:55:35.530 --> 00:55:36.930 to increase its speed. 00:55:36.930 --> 00:55:40.608 Therefore, to gather [INAUDIBLE] quite impossible 00:55:40.608 --> 00:55:43.100 at this point in time. 00:55:43.100 --> 00:55:46.818 So, why are we still so obsessed with time travel? 00:55:46.818 --> 00:55:51.255 Time travel does come with it's own set of problems. 00:55:51.255 --> 00:55:53.720 Take, for example, my party before. 00:55:53.720 --> 00:55:56.185 If I were to send out my invitations after the party, 00:55:56.185 --> 00:55:58.650 my friends would have come back in time to attend. 00:55:58.650 --> 00:56:00.622 And if they did come back in time to attend, 00:56:00.622 --> 00:56:03.087 I wouldn't have to have sent out my invitations. 00:56:03.087 --> 00:56:05.552 And if I didn't send out my invitations 00:56:05.552 --> 00:56:07.524 they wouldn't be at my party. 00:56:07.524 --> 00:56:10.482 Doesn't make any sense at all that they are both at my party 00:56:10.482 --> 00:56:11.961 and not at my party. 00:56:11.961 --> 00:56:14.690 This is what we call the grandfather paradox. 00:56:14.690 --> 00:56:16.404 It's one of three time travel theories 00:56:16.404 --> 00:56:18.192 that we currently have. 00:56:18.192 --> 00:56:21.642 Now, so it seems that we may not be able to time travel 00:56:21.642 --> 00:56:25.120 yet, based on what physics tells us at least. 00:56:25.120 --> 00:56:27.682 For now, if you are planning a party, 00:56:27.682 --> 00:56:30.590 be sure to send out the invites first. 00:56:30.590 --> 00:56:33.441 Your friends can't time travel yet. 00:56:33.441 --> 00:56:36.920 [APPLAUSE] 00:56:36.920 --> 00:56:43.340 [END PLAYBACK] 00:56:43.340 --> 00:56:44.965 ELIZABETH CHOE: We have one more video. 00:56:47.680 --> 00:56:50.710 Joshua, I'm going to show your day three blog. 00:56:50.710 --> 00:56:55.770 This was the day after that we had our hosting and script 00:56:55.770 --> 00:56:57.348 writing workshop. 00:56:57.348 --> 00:56:58.306 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 00:56:58.306 --> 00:57:00.222 -I thought what really stood out for me 00:57:00.222 --> 00:57:06.450 was the one of looking at a member of your audience 00:57:06.450 --> 00:57:10.880 like your family member or a professor behind the camera, 00:57:10.880 --> 00:57:12.310 so it's not just a camera. 00:57:12.310 --> 00:57:17.547 So yeah, but the funny thing is, speaking of this tip, 00:57:17.547 --> 00:57:19.838 I kind of forgot it and I've been looking at the camera 00:57:19.838 --> 00:57:21.230 thinking of the camera. 00:57:21.230 --> 00:57:23.130 So it's a bit ironic. 00:57:23.130 --> 00:57:25.550 I guess many if these things require a lot of practice, 00:57:25.550 --> 00:57:29.066 and that's kind of like why you do, and get out 00:57:29.066 --> 00:57:32.514 of the zone of thinking I'm in front of a camera. 00:57:32.514 --> 00:57:35.430 Usually, every time you press a camera there's this red button. 00:57:35.430 --> 00:57:37.180 Sometimes I think maybe if that red button 00:57:37.180 --> 00:57:42.400 was eliminated that a lot of things would be different. 00:57:42.400 --> 00:57:46.877 Yeah, so I guess one of my questions 00:57:46.877 --> 00:57:50.050 I would like to ask as well is, what kind of face-- what 00:57:50.050 --> 00:57:52.490 would be a perfect member of the audience 00:57:52.490 --> 00:57:54.558 that I would like to put there? 00:57:54.558 --> 00:57:56.893 I mean, if I put someone who is very respectable, 00:57:56.893 --> 00:58:01.590 like my professor, then I guess that the whole tonality 00:58:01.590 --> 00:58:04.478 in my voice, the whole choice of my vocabulary 00:58:04.478 --> 00:58:08.900 would try to be more serious. 00:58:08.900 --> 00:58:11.295 By the same time, I guess if I put someone 00:58:11.295 --> 00:58:13.720 like a two-year-old in my imagination 00:58:13.720 --> 00:58:16.590 in front of the camera, I'll probably not 00:58:16.590 --> 00:58:19.110 talk in the same tonality. 00:58:19.110 --> 00:58:24.356 So I guess, what would an appropriate member 00:58:24.356 --> 00:58:30.297 of the audience be in front of the camera, or some of-- 00:58:30.297 --> 00:58:30.880 [END PLAYBACK] 00:58:30.880 --> 00:58:34.240 ELIZABETH CHOE: So that's a very hard question. 00:58:34.240 --> 00:58:35.850 You can come on up. 00:58:35.850 --> 00:58:37.960 And the thing that's hard when you're hosting 00:58:37.960 --> 00:58:39.931 is that there's a difference between talking 00:58:39.931 --> 00:58:42.180 to and for your audience, which is a point that George 00:58:42.180 --> 00:58:44.180 brought up during the workshop. 00:58:44.180 --> 00:58:45.740 But being able to actually implement 00:58:45.740 --> 00:58:48.590 that, as you mentioned, it's really hard. 00:58:48.590 --> 00:58:52.500 So what did you think of when you were hosting? 00:58:52.500 --> 00:58:54.930 Because I think that the way you talk in this blog 00:58:54.930 --> 00:59:00.440 is totally appropriate for sixth grader, for your professor. 00:59:00.440 --> 00:59:04.270 But being able to distill like who you are as an individual, 00:59:04.270 --> 00:59:06.250 and having the self-awareness to process, 00:59:06.250 --> 00:59:09.260 like, this is how I really-- this is who I am at my core. 00:59:09.260 --> 00:59:11.100 That's actually a really hard thing to do. 00:59:11.100 --> 00:59:13.640 So how are you able to do in your final video? 00:59:17.060 --> 00:59:20.180 JOSHUA: I guess the most important thing 00:59:20.180 --> 00:59:22.670 is remembering a script. 00:59:22.670 --> 00:59:25.530 So you at least you know what you're going to speak, 00:59:25.530 --> 00:59:29.980 and then you probably just want to focus on being yourself. 00:59:29.980 --> 00:59:34.380 Because at the end of the day, we don't want to be Bill Nye. 00:59:34.380 --> 00:59:38.370 Still we want to be ourselves, but we must be clear. 00:59:38.370 --> 00:59:44.460 So you have to balance those two objectives. 00:59:44.460 --> 00:59:48.740 And this is just me just talking off my head, 00:59:48.740 --> 00:59:55.224 but I had no objective coming into these reflections. 00:59:55.224 --> 00:59:56.640 Yeah the question was interesting, 00:59:56.640 --> 00:59:59.835 because it was just-- it was the day 00:59:59.835 --> 01:00:04.580 after-- am I right to say it was the day after the students came 01:00:04.580 --> 01:00:05.080 in? 01:00:05.080 --> 01:00:07.485 And if you saw my first day picture 01:00:07.485 --> 01:00:09.440 it was extremely embarrassing. 01:00:09.440 --> 01:00:11.250 Thank God for not showing it. 01:00:11.250 --> 01:00:13.583 ELIZABETH CHOE: It's not bad-- it's really not that bad. 01:00:13.583 --> 01:00:15.340 JOSHUA: I was explaining like hashing, 01:00:15.340 --> 01:00:20.594 and it was like some security concept that's so hazy that-- 01:00:20.594 --> 01:00:23.010 ELIZABETH CHOE: It's actually-- it was quite a good video. 01:00:23.010 --> 01:00:24.300 Very clear and succinct. 01:00:24.300 --> 01:00:26.866 I now know that my password is safe on Facebook 01:00:26.866 --> 01:00:28.960 just as long as I update it every now and then. 01:00:28.960 --> 01:00:32.050 JOSHUA: Yeah, but I've now understood my audience. 01:00:32.050 --> 01:00:35.290 And so the point of this video-- and hopefully 01:00:35.290 --> 01:00:38.460 what I wanted to show was something very accessible, 01:00:38.460 --> 01:00:39.980 something you use everyday. 01:00:39.980 --> 01:00:42.800 And it goes deeper and deeper until it goes to a concept 01:00:42.800 --> 01:00:45.310 that you're not very familiar with. 01:00:45.310 --> 01:00:49.010 But because you started off at the very familiar point, 01:00:49.010 --> 01:00:50.230 it lead you there. 01:00:50.230 --> 01:00:53.750 And so I guess that's the exciting part of the K-12 01:00:53.750 --> 01:00:55.220 videos. 01:00:55.220 --> 01:00:56.220 ELIZABETH CHOE: Awesome. 01:00:56.220 --> 01:00:58.386 That was a point Chris [? Babel ?] brought up a lot, 01:00:58.386 --> 01:01:01.720 was taking the familiar and making it unfamiliar, 01:01:01.720 --> 01:01:03.890 or taking the unfamiliar and making it familiar. 01:01:03.890 --> 01:01:05.600 And I think this video that we're about to see 01:01:05.600 --> 01:01:07.391 does a great job of taking something that's 01:01:07.391 --> 01:01:09.480 familiar to all of us and showing sort 01:01:09.480 --> 01:01:11.880 of the unfamiliar side of it. 01:01:11.880 --> 01:01:15.846 Any other final thoughts before we show it? 01:01:15.846 --> 01:01:16.346 JOSHUA: Ugh. 01:01:19.330 --> 01:01:24.130 Don't cringe, but I better hide under the table. 01:01:24.130 --> 01:01:25.190 ELIZABETH CHOE: No, no. 01:01:25.190 --> 01:01:25.689 JOSHUA: OK. 01:01:36.190 --> 01:01:38.470 [VIDEO PLAYBACK] 01:01:38.470 --> 01:01:38.970 -Hi. 01:01:38.970 --> 01:01:40.511 Do you find it particularly difficult 01:01:40.511 --> 01:01:42.863 to find a specific item in your house? 01:01:42.863 --> 01:01:45.308 Let's say you're looking for a pair of gloves, 01:01:45.308 --> 01:01:48.731 but you just can't find it and you spend your entire afternoon 01:01:48.731 --> 01:01:50.198 looking for it. 01:01:50.198 --> 01:01:53.295 Well, you've just encountered the same problem 01:01:53.295 --> 01:01:55.577 that companies like Google or Microsoft 01:01:55.577 --> 01:02:00.460 encounter every single day, and that's the problem of search. 01:02:00.460 --> 01:02:02.745 Just like your house, which stores a thousand 01:02:02.745 --> 01:02:06.424 different items, Google stores 45 billion index pages 01:02:06.424 --> 01:02:07.915 of information. 01:02:07.915 --> 01:02:10.648 What if every page was a sheet of paper, 01:02:10.648 --> 01:02:12.400 and we stacked them up real high? 01:02:12.400 --> 01:02:15.022 We would create a tower 600 times 01:02:15.022 --> 01:02:17.402 taller than Mount Everest. 01:02:17.402 --> 01:02:19.782 Well, how can Google find a result 01:02:19.782 --> 01:02:22.210 so quickly when I find it so difficult 01:02:22.210 --> 01:02:24.776 to find a pair of gloves. 01:02:24.776 --> 01:02:26.465 Well, searching on Google is kind 01:02:26.465 --> 01:02:30.540 of like looking for a person in a big school. 01:02:30.540 --> 01:02:33.450 Let's say I'm looking for James in a row of classrooms. 01:02:33.450 --> 01:02:35.542 One of the easiest method would be 01:02:35.542 --> 01:02:40.170 to go to every classroom next to you until you find James. 01:02:40.170 --> 01:02:44.525 There is a better method called binary search. 01:02:44.525 --> 01:02:47.365 Now, let's say the students were arranges from A 01:02:47.365 --> 01:02:50.024 to Z, one in each classroom. 01:02:50.024 --> 01:02:51.640 We would then go to the middle room 01:02:51.640 --> 01:02:55.614 first and see if James is there, and if James isn't there 01:02:55.614 --> 01:02:57.530 we would look at the first letter in the name, 01:02:57.530 --> 01:03:01.940 and if the letter is before J, we head to the right. 01:03:01.940 --> 01:03:04.390 If not, we head to the left. 01:03:04.390 --> 01:03:06.350 We would then approach the middle room 01:03:06.350 --> 01:03:08.310 in the newly sectioned area. 01:03:08.310 --> 01:03:12.120 Eventually, we will repeat the process over and over again 01:03:12.120 --> 01:03:14.426 until we find James. 01:03:14.426 --> 01:03:18.820 Now, this is just the first method, but it's at a much, 01:03:18.820 --> 01:03:20.898 much faster rate. 01:03:20.898 --> 01:03:23.170 How much faster will that be? 01:03:23.170 --> 01:03:26.630 Well, that depends on the number of students in the school. 01:03:26.630 --> 01:03:29.618 Let's say there are 500 students and we are looking for one. 01:03:29.618 --> 01:03:32.120 It will take about 80 minutes in the first method, 01:03:32.120 --> 01:03:35.500 but one and a half minutes with binary search. 01:03:35.500 --> 01:03:38.418 But let's say there are 1,000 students in the school. 01:03:38.418 --> 01:03:42.082 It will take 160 minutes with the first method, 01:03:42.082 --> 01:03:46.190 but 1.6 minutes with the second method. 01:03:46.190 --> 01:03:48.030 Now, that's a whole lot of difference. 01:03:48.030 --> 01:03:50.960 So a name is just a word, but Google 01:03:50.960 --> 01:03:55.520 searches a combination of words, making it a little bit more 01:03:55.520 --> 01:03:56.456 complicated. 01:03:56.456 --> 01:03:59.264 So just like how we identified the first letter 01:03:59.264 --> 01:04:01.870 of each alphabet of the name, Google 01:04:01.870 --> 01:04:07.416 identifies 200 unique factors making the search terms faster. 01:04:07.416 --> 01:04:10.797 Well, if you recall, the effectiveness of binary search 01:04:10.797 --> 01:04:13.212 depends on the pre-arrangement of data, 01:04:13.212 --> 01:04:16.110 and that's why computer scientists are actively 01:04:16.110 --> 01:04:19.884 looking for ways to sort, manage, and eventually retrieve 01:04:19.884 --> 01:04:23.080 data faster and better. 01:04:23.080 --> 01:04:26.520 In the same way, the TV remote goes near the TV, 01:04:26.520 --> 01:04:31.020 the shoes go to the shoe rack, the coats go into the cupboard, 01:04:31.020 --> 01:04:34.280 and the winter gloves go into the winter jacket. 01:04:34.280 --> 01:04:34.780 Aha! 01:04:34.780 --> 01:04:38.554 So that's where my gloves are. 01:04:38.554 --> 01:04:42.012 [APPLAUSE] 01:04:42.012 --> 01:04:51.410 [END PLAYBACK] 01:04:51.410 --> 01:04:54.710 ELIZABETH CHOE: OK, so like I said, 01:04:54.710 --> 01:04:58.190 given the incredibly small amount of time 01:04:58.190 --> 01:05:00.580 and the small amount of resources they had, 01:05:00.580 --> 01:05:03.530 I think that these videos are pretty impressive. 01:05:03.530 --> 01:05:05.280 It's pretty impressive what they were all 01:05:05.280 --> 01:05:07.920 able to achieve in such a short amount of time. 01:05:07.920 --> 01:05:11.260 We didn't even really hit music, which 01:05:11.260 --> 01:05:15.720 is like an entirely separate, time consuming thing. 01:05:15.720 --> 01:05:18.580 But well done everyone. 01:05:18.580 --> 01:05:21.940 [APPLAUSE] 01:05:21.940 --> 01:05:24.740 I wanted to thank all the teaching staff who 01:05:24.740 --> 01:05:26.544 made this class possible. 01:05:26.544 --> 01:05:27.710 Sarah, you're an awesome TA. 01:05:27.710 --> 01:05:29.010 Jamie, the co-instructor. 01:05:29.010 --> 01:05:31.960 We had George [? Ziden ?] come and teach hosting. 01:05:31.960 --> 01:05:35.370 We had the guys from Planet Nutshell, Josh and John, 01:05:35.370 --> 01:05:37.080 come and teach script writing. 01:05:37.080 --> 01:05:39.040 Chris [? Babel ?] taught a lot of how 01:05:39.040 --> 01:05:41.730 to make the camera techniques advance your narrative, 01:05:41.730 --> 01:05:43.590 so it was really a collaborative effort 01:05:43.590 --> 01:05:45.310 to make this class happen. 01:05:45.310 --> 01:05:47.544 Just like hopefully you guys realize 01:05:47.544 --> 01:05:48.960 how much of a collaborative effort 01:05:48.960 --> 01:05:50.190 it takes to make a video. 01:05:50.190 --> 01:05:56.020 So big thank you to everywhere who made this class possible. 01:05:56.020 --> 01:05:58.730 So all of these videos and everyone's stuff 01:05:58.730 --> 01:06:00.930 is up on our Tumblr if you guys are interested. 01:06:00.930 --> 01:06:03.590 I don't know when we're going to offer this class again. 01:06:03.590 --> 01:06:05.410 We'll see what happens. 01:06:05.410 --> 01:06:08.809 But in the meantime, best wishes to all the students 01:06:08.809 --> 01:06:10.600 from Singapore who are going back tomorrow, 01:06:10.600 --> 01:06:13.990 and then the remaining students-- 01:06:13.990 --> 01:06:17.260 I've talked to most of you guys but waiting to hear back 01:06:17.260 --> 01:06:21.450 from one person-- we'll be producing their videos 01:06:21.450 --> 01:06:24.000 for Science Out Loud season three next week, 01:06:24.000 --> 01:06:26.810 in addition to a few more that we've been developing 01:06:26.810 --> 01:06:28.500 in parallel to this class. 01:06:28.500 --> 01:06:31.720 So maybe when the spring semester rolls out 01:06:31.720 --> 01:06:35.330 you'll not only be able to see their progress from pitch, 01:06:35.330 --> 01:06:38.520 to script, to second script, to rough cut, 01:06:38.520 --> 01:06:42.370 to final project, you'll also be able to see their final product 01:06:42.370 --> 01:06:45.200 in the videos that we produce for them, 01:06:45.200 --> 01:06:46.860 which is going to be really exciting. 01:06:46.860 --> 01:06:48.720 And that big thanks to Opencourseware too, 01:06:48.720 --> 01:06:51.125 for helping document this class. 01:06:51.125 --> 01:06:53.460 It will be interesting to see that roll out this summer 01:06:53.460 --> 01:06:54.660 as well. 01:06:54.660 --> 01:06:57.100 But feel free to take-- if there's food left, 01:06:57.100 --> 01:06:57.990 feel free to take it. 01:06:57.990 --> 01:07:00.156 There's plenty of salad left, which is unsurprising. 01:07:01.840 --> 01:07:05.675 But other than that, thanks so much for coming out. 01:07:05.675 --> 01:07:07.800 Feel free to-- I'm going to volunteer the students, 01:07:07.800 --> 01:07:09.910 if you want to ask them about their experiences, you can. 01:07:09.910 --> 01:07:11.660 But other than that, have a great evening, 01:07:11.660 --> 01:07:13.790 and thanks again, everyone.