WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.985 align:middle line:90% [SQUEAKING] 00:00:01.985 --> 00:00:03.965 align:middle line:90% [RUSTLING] 00:00:03.965 --> 00:00:13.900 align:middle line:90% [CLICKING] 00:00:13.900 --> 00:00:15.800 align:middle line:84% TRISTAN BROWN: So I left off last time 00:00:15.800 --> 00:00:17.902 align:middle line:84% in the middle of the Kangxi reign, 00:00:17.902 --> 00:00:20.360 align:middle line:84% and I was just telling you about the rebellion of the three 00:00:20.360 --> 00:00:24.960 align:middle line:84% feudatories, which was this real crisis, political crisis 00:00:24.960 --> 00:00:26.998 align:middle line:84% in South China during that early Qing dynasty. 00:00:26.998 --> 00:00:28.540 align:middle line:84% And you're thinking to yourself, hey, 00:00:28.540 --> 00:00:29.998 align:middle line:84% maybe this isn't going to work out. 00:00:29.998 --> 00:00:33.060 align:middle line:84% And then it turned out the Qing was able to turn the tide. 00:00:33.060 --> 00:00:36.540 align:middle line:84% The banner systems went into the banner, men went into action, 00:00:36.540 --> 00:00:39.000 align:middle line:84% and they were able to put down that rebellion. 00:00:39.000 --> 00:00:42.960 align:middle line:84% Now the next big site of action in the early Qing in the Kangxi 00:00:42.960 --> 00:00:45.720 align:middle line:84% reign comes on the island of Taiwan. 00:00:45.720 --> 00:00:50.720 align:middle line:84% So this is really, actually, the moment from the 1660s 00:00:50.720 --> 00:00:56.440 align:middle line:84% to the 1680s Taiwan really enters into Chinese history. 00:00:56.440 --> 00:00:57.640 align:middle line:90% And this is what you might-- 00:00:57.640 --> 00:01:01.380 align:middle line:84% I always say during dynastic China all semester, 00:01:01.380 --> 00:01:04.040 align:middle line:84% especially we have students whose families come from Taiwan 00:01:04.040 --> 00:01:09.140 align:middle line:84% or have Taiwan family ties, and they'll say, where's Taiwan? 00:01:09.140 --> 00:01:11.840 align:middle line:84% And you say, well, we're going to get to when it really 00:01:11.840 --> 00:01:15.940 align:middle line:84% comes into the historical narrative for China, which 00:01:15.940 --> 00:01:19.360 align:middle line:84% in all seriousness, is in this early Qing period. 00:01:19.360 --> 00:01:22.880 align:middle line:84% Now, quick couple of things about the island. 00:01:22.880 --> 00:01:26.800 align:middle line:84% There were Indigenous people living on the island of Taiwan 00:01:26.800 --> 00:01:29.760 align:middle line:84% before Chinese from mainland China 00:01:29.760 --> 00:01:32.960 align:middle line:84% showed up there in the late Imperial period. 00:01:32.960 --> 00:01:37.740 align:middle line:84% So these folks spoke an, I think, Austronesian language. 00:01:37.740 --> 00:01:39.400 align:middle line:84% I think that's the word for it, which 00:01:39.400 --> 00:01:40.860 align:middle line:90% is a very fascinating thing. 00:01:40.860 --> 00:01:44.640 align:middle line:84% Because it's a language that's spoken in parts of-- 00:01:44.640 --> 00:01:48.880 align:middle line:84% a language family spoken in parts of Oceania and Polynesia. 00:01:48.880 --> 00:01:50.960 align:middle line:84% So what I always find fascinating 00:01:50.960 --> 00:01:53.280 align:middle line:84% is that if you look, for instance, at some 00:01:53.280 --> 00:01:54.980 align:middle line:84% of the Indigenous Taiwanese languages, 00:01:54.980 --> 00:01:57.180 align:middle line:84% and then you look at the Hawaiian language, 00:01:57.180 --> 00:02:01.450 align:middle line:84% you will find nouns and vocabulary that is actually 00:02:01.450 --> 00:02:03.610 align:middle line:84% shared because those are, in fact, related 00:02:03.610 --> 00:02:06.650 align:middle line:84% languages-- distantly related, but they are related. 00:02:06.650 --> 00:02:08.590 align:middle line:84% So that was the story with Taiwan. 00:02:08.590 --> 00:02:12.890 align:middle line:84% Now basically, what ends up happening is that Taiwan gets 00:02:12.890 --> 00:02:17.330 align:middle line:84% caught up from the very, very beginning in the 1600s with this 00:02:17.330 --> 00:02:20.230 align:middle line:84% expanding era of European colonization. 00:02:20.230 --> 00:02:25.330 align:middle line:84% So you already have 1557 the opening of Portuguese Macau. 00:02:25.330 --> 00:02:29.810 align:middle line:84% By the 1600s, you also have the Spanish who have shown up. 00:02:29.810 --> 00:02:31.310 align:middle line:84% They're going to increasingly look 00:02:31.310 --> 00:02:33.810 align:middle line:84% to expand their influence, for instance, in the Philippines. 00:02:33.810 --> 00:02:37.210 align:middle line:84% They'll consolidate that over the 1700s. 00:02:37.210 --> 00:02:40.810 align:middle line:84% But basically by the 1620s, you see the Spanish have, 00:02:40.810 --> 00:02:43.970 align:middle line:90% in the Northern part of Taiwan-- 00:02:43.970 --> 00:02:46.410 align:middle line:90% near Jilong today, I believe-- 00:02:46.410 --> 00:02:49.970 align:middle line:84% they have a, let's say, I don't know if colony is 00:02:49.970 --> 00:02:51.510 align:middle line:90% the right word, but a foothold. 00:02:51.510 --> 00:02:54.830 align:middle line:84% And by this basically the same decade, 00:02:54.830 --> 00:02:58.790 align:middle line:84% the Dutch in Southern Taiwan have a foothold of their own. 00:02:58.790 --> 00:03:02.210 align:middle line:84% The Dutch presence was a bit more substantial. 00:03:02.210 --> 00:03:04.470 align:middle line:84% So here's what's interesting about this. 00:03:04.470 --> 00:03:08.110 align:middle line:84% So you say, how do Chinese really start getting to Taiwan? 00:03:08.110 --> 00:03:10.330 align:middle line:84% Now, I mentioned to you previously 00:03:10.330 --> 00:03:13.110 align:middle line:84% you had all the piracy stuff that was going on. 00:03:13.110 --> 00:03:15.450 align:middle line:84% You had some people who just migrated over on boats 00:03:15.450 --> 00:03:17.810 align:middle line:84% or whatever, but the Dutch actually 00:03:17.810 --> 00:03:20.850 align:middle line:84% started encouraging Chinese migration to Taiwan 00:03:20.850 --> 00:03:23.330 align:middle line:84% because they needed help to actually expand 00:03:23.330 --> 00:03:24.790 align:middle line:90% their colonial landholdings. 00:03:24.790 --> 00:03:27.170 align:middle line:84% So if you had Chinese settlers who 00:03:27.170 --> 00:03:30.110 align:middle line:84% were living in the Dutch colony in southern part of Taiwan, 00:03:30.110 --> 00:03:32.693 align:middle line:84% that would help increase revenue and all that stuff like that. 00:03:32.693 --> 00:03:36.250 align:middle line:84% So it's kind of an irony of history that it's the Dutch that 00:03:36.250 --> 00:03:39.130 align:middle line:84% at least played some role in encouraging that migration 00:03:39.130 --> 00:03:40.650 align:middle line:90% in the 1600s. 00:03:40.650 --> 00:03:45.730 align:middle line:84% So I've already mentioned to you this fascinating fellow, 00:03:45.730 --> 00:03:51.530 align:middle line:84% Koxinga, which is an anglicization of a Hokkien 00:03:51.530 --> 00:03:55.520 align:middle line:84% or a Min Nan Hua name for Zheng Chenggong, this family, 00:03:55.520 --> 00:04:01.060 align:middle line:84% the Zheng family, they basically come to establish a political 00:04:01.060 --> 00:04:05.880 align:middle line:84% base on the island of Taiwan in the middle of this 17th century, 00:04:05.880 --> 00:04:07.360 align:middle line:90% in the middle of the 1600s. 00:04:07.360 --> 00:04:10.160 align:middle line:84% Now, I mentioned to you that Zheng Chenggong is originally-- 00:04:10.160 --> 00:04:11.300 align:middle line:90% I think he's from Fujian. 00:04:11.300 --> 00:04:13.380 align:middle line:84% He's certainly from mainland China. 00:04:13.380 --> 00:04:15.500 align:middle line:90% I think he's from South China. 00:04:15.500 --> 00:04:19.019 align:middle line:84% And I mentioned to you that basically, he 00:04:19.019 --> 00:04:23.620 align:middle line:84% ends up resisting the Qing invasion, which I guess we can 00:04:23.620 --> 00:04:27.260 align:middle line:90% call an invasion at that point. 00:04:27.260 --> 00:04:30.740 align:middle line:84% And he joins up with the Ming loyalist cause. 00:04:30.740 --> 00:04:34.140 align:middle line:84% He ends up basically forming a permanent power base 00:04:34.140 --> 00:04:35.560 align:middle line:90% on the island of Taiwan. 00:04:35.560 --> 00:04:38.460 align:middle line:84% Now, what's so fascinating about this guy, Zheng Chenggong, 00:04:38.460 --> 00:04:41.420 align:middle line:84% is that he was certainly an enemy of the Qing dynasty, 00:04:41.420 --> 00:04:45.420 align:middle line:90% but he has a fascinating legacy. 00:04:45.420 --> 00:04:48.640 align:middle line:84% Because you say, what does he represent? 00:04:48.640 --> 00:04:51.040 align:middle line:84% Well, he represents, on the one hand, 00:04:51.040 --> 00:04:57.060 align:middle line:84% an island resistance against a mainland invading force. 00:04:57.060 --> 00:04:59.680 align:middle line:84% So you might say, well, that's kind of interesting. 00:04:59.680 --> 00:05:03.980 align:middle line:84% He's going to hold out the Ming, or at least some semblance 00:05:03.980 --> 00:05:07.740 align:middle line:84% of the Ming on the island while resisting the Manchu invasion, 00:05:07.740 --> 00:05:09.340 align:middle line:90% or the Manchu conquest. 00:05:09.340 --> 00:05:11.880 align:middle line:84% On the other hand, he does something else, 00:05:11.880 --> 00:05:15.380 align:middle line:84% which is that he has a naval battle against the Dutch, which 00:05:15.380 --> 00:05:19.440 align:middle line:84% limit and basically kick out Dutch influence. 00:05:19.440 --> 00:05:22.700 align:middle line:84% So it's the first time that a Chinese army has defeated 00:05:22.700 --> 00:05:25.100 align:middle line:90% a Western military power. 00:05:25.100 --> 00:05:28.260 align:middle line:84% So in that sense, he can be celebrated in mainland China, 00:05:28.260 --> 00:05:29.380 align:middle line:90% too. 00:05:29.380 --> 00:05:32.540 align:middle line:84% So that's why you'll see statues of Zheng Chenggong in Xiamen 00:05:32.540 --> 00:05:33.040 align:middle line:90% today. 00:05:33.040 --> 00:05:34.860 align:middle line:84% You'll see statues of Zheng Chenggong. 00:05:34.860 --> 00:05:38.240 align:middle line:84% He's a fascinating figure for what he represents, 00:05:38.240 --> 00:05:40.580 align:middle line:84% and he represents different things. 00:05:40.580 --> 00:05:44.600 align:middle line:84% So what you basically see here is that he-- at this point, 00:05:44.600 --> 00:05:46.660 align:middle line:84% you've got to understand nobody-- 00:05:46.660 --> 00:05:50.510 align:middle line:84% not the Dutch, not the Spanish, and not 00:05:50.510 --> 00:05:53.850 align:middle line:84% Zheng Chenggong and the Zheng family, or not the settlers, 00:05:53.850 --> 00:05:55.490 align:middle line:84% nobody's taken over the whole island. 00:05:55.490 --> 00:05:58.030 align:middle line:84% Remember, Taiwan is extremely mountainous in its center 00:05:58.030 --> 00:06:00.170 align:middle line:90% and to its east. 00:06:00.170 --> 00:06:03.710 align:middle line:84% So this is basically most of the island is populated 00:06:03.710 --> 00:06:05.910 align:middle line:90% by that Indigenous population. 00:06:05.910 --> 00:06:09.790 align:middle line:84% What you'll see is, in terms of the Chinese history of Taiwan, 00:06:09.790 --> 00:06:14.430 align:middle line:84% the big early settlements are all along that west coast. 00:06:14.430 --> 00:06:16.050 align:middle line:84% So that's where you'll basically go. 00:06:16.050 --> 00:06:17.508 align:middle line:84% You'll see the earliest settlements 00:06:17.508 --> 00:06:18.930 align:middle line:90% like the Port of Lugang. 00:06:18.930 --> 00:06:22.310 align:middle line:84% That's an early Chinese settlement, 00:06:22.310 --> 00:06:24.690 align:middle line:84% might be the oldest Chinese town on Taiwan. 00:06:24.690 --> 00:06:29.070 align:middle line:84% It's right-- it's near Taichung right on-- or close 00:06:29.070 --> 00:06:31.390 align:middle line:84% to the coast-- right on the coast, in fact. 00:06:31.390 --> 00:06:35.710 align:middle line:84% So what happens is that after establishing a power 00:06:35.710 --> 00:06:40.470 align:middle line:84% base on Taiwan, essentially the Zheng family, with their, 00:06:40.470 --> 00:06:42.790 align:middle line:84% let's say, quasi-regime, is going 00:06:42.790 --> 00:06:46.570 align:middle line:84% to just be pirates all up and down the Chinese coast. 00:06:46.570 --> 00:06:48.530 align:middle line:90% So this is an ongoing issue. 00:06:48.530 --> 00:06:50.528 align:middle line:84% It's not exactly a new issue because again, 00:06:50.528 --> 00:06:53.070 align:middle line:84% Chinese states have been dealing with this piracy issue since 00:06:53.070 --> 00:06:54.510 align:middle line:90% the 1500s. 00:06:54.510 --> 00:06:57.550 align:middle line:84% Now, what basically Kangxi and his government 00:06:57.550 --> 00:07:02.252 align:middle line:84% is-- what the early Qing government is going to decide 00:07:02.252 --> 00:07:03.710 align:middle line:84% is they're going to basically, it's 00:07:03.710 --> 00:07:06.050 align:middle line:84% called one of the great clearances. 00:07:06.050 --> 00:07:09.110 align:middle line:84% They basically take all of these people living along the coast 00:07:09.110 --> 00:07:10.710 align:middle line:90% and they make them move inland. 00:07:10.710 --> 00:07:13.452 align:middle line:84% And so you say, that's so disruptive. 00:07:13.452 --> 00:07:14.410 align:middle line:90% How would they do that? 00:07:14.410 --> 00:07:15.368 align:middle line:90% Why would they do that? 00:07:15.368 --> 00:07:19.710 align:middle line:84% They're moving potentially, I don't know, millions of people. 00:07:19.710 --> 00:07:21.250 align:middle line:84% But the point of this, of course, 00:07:21.250 --> 00:07:27.270 align:middle line:84% was to try to starve this piracy regime of funds 00:07:27.270 --> 00:07:29.250 align:middle line:90% and of places to pirate. 00:07:29.250 --> 00:07:32.770 align:middle line:84% Because they could basically land off the coast of Ningbo. 00:07:32.770 --> 00:07:36.150 align:middle line:84% They could land off the coast somewhere in the Chinese coast, 00:07:36.150 --> 00:07:38.830 align:middle line:84% steal a bunch of stuff, pillage a bunch of stuff, 00:07:38.830 --> 00:07:40.450 align:middle line:84% and then bring it back to the island. 00:07:40.450 --> 00:07:44.070 align:middle line:84% So that's basically what the Qing does, what they 00:07:44.070 --> 00:07:46.790 align:middle line:90% try to do to limit the damage. 00:07:46.790 --> 00:07:48.720 align:middle line:84% Now, what ends up happening is Zheng Chenggong 00:07:48.720 --> 00:07:54.000 align:middle line:84% dies in 1662 shortly after that victory against the Dutch. 00:07:54.000 --> 00:07:56.240 align:middle line:84% And then what ends up happening is 00:07:56.240 --> 00:08:00.560 align:middle line:84% that the Qing gets preoccupied with the Three Feudatories 00:08:00.560 --> 00:08:03.040 align:middle line:90% Rebellion in South China. 00:08:03.040 --> 00:08:06.040 align:middle line:84% The son of Zheng Chenggong tries to, again, 00:08:06.040 --> 00:08:08.200 align:middle line:84% throw his hat in with the three feudatories 00:08:08.200 --> 00:08:11.180 align:middle line:84% and say, OK, we're going to try to support this regime. 00:08:11.180 --> 00:08:14.080 align:middle line:84% Anything to counter Manchu influence. 00:08:14.080 --> 00:08:17.920 align:middle line:84% What ends up happening is this guy, Shi Lang, who's 00:08:17.920 --> 00:08:21.120 align:middle line:84% a very, very fascinating individual, 00:08:21.120 --> 00:08:25.680 align:middle line:84% he is eventually put in command by Kangxi 00:08:25.680 --> 00:08:28.760 align:middle line:84% after the victory over the three feudatories 00:08:28.760 --> 00:08:31.000 align:middle line:90% to solve the Taiwan question. 00:08:31.000 --> 00:08:33.559 align:middle line:84% Now, Shi Lang was a fascinating choice 00:08:33.559 --> 00:08:35.600 align:middle line:84% because his father had actually been 00:08:35.600 --> 00:08:38.240 align:middle line:84% killed by the forces of Zheng Chenggong, 00:08:38.240 --> 00:08:42.360 align:middle line:84% so he had a personal beef in the whole issue. 00:08:42.360 --> 00:08:46.077 align:middle line:84% And so he basically amasses a little bit of an armada. 00:08:46.077 --> 00:08:47.660 align:middle line:84% Remember, this was going to take time. 00:08:47.660 --> 00:08:50.180 align:middle line:84% The Manchus were good at bannerman, horseback, archery 00:08:50.180 --> 00:08:50.680 align:middle line:90% stuff. 00:08:50.680 --> 00:08:53.672 align:middle line:84% They didn't have a navy lying around to do this, 00:08:53.672 --> 00:08:54.380 align:middle line:90% but it took time. 00:08:54.380 --> 00:08:55.240 align:middle line:90% They built it up. 00:08:55.240 --> 00:09:00.800 align:middle line:84% And he ends up taking Taiwan, meaning the forces of, I think, 00:09:00.800 --> 00:09:06.120 align:middle line:84% Zheng Chenggong's grandson surrenders to him eventually, 00:09:06.120 --> 00:09:10.220 align:middle line:84% and the Qing takes over the island in the 1680s. 00:09:10.220 --> 00:09:15.820 align:middle line:84% And at that point, there's then this fascinating question, 00:09:15.820 --> 00:09:18.760 align:middle line:84% which is to say, what do you do with this island? 00:09:18.760 --> 00:09:20.620 align:middle line:90% What are we going to do with it? 00:09:20.620 --> 00:09:22.360 align:middle line:90% What should we do? 00:09:22.360 --> 00:09:27.120 align:middle line:84% Now, the first impulse that some of Kangxi's advisors 00:09:27.120 --> 00:09:29.680 align:middle line:90% had was just forget about it. 00:09:29.680 --> 00:09:31.020 align:middle line:90% It's a worthless island. 00:09:31.020 --> 00:09:33.020 align:middle line:84% It's a piece of rock in the middle of the ocean. 00:09:33.020 --> 00:09:34.240 align:middle line:90% It's hard to get to. 00:09:34.240 --> 00:09:37.340 align:middle line:84% The Taiwan Straits, you got to ride boats out there. 00:09:37.340 --> 00:09:38.180 align:middle line:90% Forget about it. 00:09:38.180 --> 00:09:40.600 align:middle line:84% Shi Lang gave a different opinion. 00:09:40.600 --> 00:09:45.370 align:middle line:84% Shi Lang basically says to Kangxi, if you don't take it, 00:09:45.370 --> 00:09:47.690 align:middle line:84% the Western powers are going to take it. 00:09:47.690 --> 00:09:51.490 align:middle line:84% So we should have a presence here. 00:09:51.490 --> 00:09:54.377 align:middle line:84% So actually, Shi Lang's argument wins. 00:09:54.377 --> 00:09:55.710 align:middle line:90% And you can just think about it. 00:09:55.710 --> 00:09:58.250 align:middle line:84% It's this moment in the Kangxi reign that just makes it 00:09:58.250 --> 00:10:02.590 align:middle line:84% so fascinating in the sense of there were this real long-term-- 00:10:02.590 --> 00:10:04.630 align:middle line:84% I mean, what Shi Lang saw was true. 00:10:04.630 --> 00:10:06.690 align:middle line:84% It was kind of a long-term vision. 00:10:06.690 --> 00:10:08.890 align:middle line:84% And so what ends up happening, the compromise 00:10:08.890 --> 00:10:12.130 align:middle line:84% is Taiwan is annexed into the Qing Empire. 00:10:12.130 --> 00:10:14.590 align:middle line:84% It will be, really, the only, let's say, 00:10:14.590 --> 00:10:19.090 align:middle line:84% Pacific maritime coastal area island 00:10:19.090 --> 00:10:20.570 align:middle line:84% that will be annexed in such a way 00:10:20.570 --> 00:10:23.690 align:middle line:90% during the Qing, the main one. 00:10:23.690 --> 00:10:27.870 align:middle line:84% It's annexed, and then it is made a part of Fujian Province. 00:10:27.870 --> 00:10:31.510 align:middle line:84% Just to clarify with you all, it is not annexed as a province. 00:10:31.510 --> 00:10:36.590 align:middle line:84% It doesn't have the infrastructure to be a province. 00:10:36.590 --> 00:10:40.150 align:middle line:84% It doesn't have an examination hall at this point. 00:10:40.150 --> 00:10:41.670 align:middle line:84% You couldn't annex it as a province. 00:10:41.670 --> 00:10:44.290 align:middle line:84% It didn't have enough people at this time. 00:10:44.290 --> 00:10:50.290 align:middle line:84% It becomes a province in the 1880s like 200 years later-- 00:10:50.290 --> 00:10:51.770 align:middle line:90% about 200 years later. 00:10:51.770 --> 00:10:54.090 align:middle line:84% They make it into a province, and then it's 00:10:54.090 --> 00:10:56.610 align:middle line:84% a province for a very short period of time, 00:10:56.610 --> 00:11:00.530 align:middle line:84% at which point, in the results of the first Sino-Japanese war 00:11:00.530 --> 00:11:05.050 align:middle line:84% of 1895, it has to be ceded to Japan. 00:11:05.050 --> 00:11:09.410 align:middle line:84% So that's the political backstory of Taiwan. 00:11:09.410 --> 00:11:13.610 align:middle line:84% So now, just to clarify, before we move on from this, 00:11:13.610 --> 00:11:17.090 align:middle line:84% is what was Qing rule over Taiwan like? 00:11:17.090 --> 00:11:18.870 align:middle line:84% It was a kind of light touch rule. 00:11:18.870 --> 00:11:23.330 align:middle line:84% Now, that almost applies in most places, to be frank. 00:11:23.330 --> 00:11:27.030 align:middle line:84% What you can say is that over the course of the 1700s, 00:11:27.030 --> 00:11:30.150 align:middle line:84% the population of Taiwan increased considerably. 00:11:30.150 --> 00:11:33.130 align:middle line:84% There continued to be migration from mainland China 00:11:33.130 --> 00:11:35.910 align:middle line:84% even though there were supposed to be restrictions on it, 00:11:35.910 --> 00:11:38.970 align:middle line:84% but those were as good as they could 00:11:38.970 --> 00:11:41.810 align:middle line:84% be enforced, which means not always 00:11:41.810 --> 00:11:43.210 align:middle line:90% particularly well-enforced. 00:11:43.210 --> 00:11:45.730 align:middle line:84% By the end of the Qing dynasty, the island 00:11:45.730 --> 00:11:47.810 align:middle line:84% has a population of about 2 million people. 00:11:47.810 --> 00:11:49.450 align:middle line:90% So it's pretty-- 00:11:49.450 --> 00:11:50.630 align:middle line:90% 10% of what it is today. 00:11:50.630 --> 00:11:54.370 align:middle line:84% It's about 20 million today, but it was a significant population 00:11:54.370 --> 00:11:56.210 align:middle line:90% by the end of the Qing dynasty. 00:11:56.210 --> 00:12:01.670 align:middle line:84% Remember this just so that you can see this, 00:12:01.670 --> 00:12:05.250 align:middle line:84% the western half of the island and the northern part of it 00:12:05.250 --> 00:12:07.930 align:middle line:84% is basically the part that eventually gets absorbed 00:12:07.930 --> 00:12:09.770 align:middle line:90% into the Qing administration. 00:12:09.770 --> 00:12:14.170 align:middle line:84% The mountain stuff, the parts of the east never really 00:12:14.170 --> 00:12:16.790 align:middle line:90% incorporated that much. 00:12:16.790 --> 00:12:20.570 align:middle line:84% Those remain Indigenous lands really up 00:12:20.570 --> 00:12:22.377 align:middle line:84% until the time of the Japanese Empire, 00:12:22.377 --> 00:12:24.210 align:middle line:84% when the Japanese Empire comes in and really 00:12:24.210 --> 00:12:27.010 align:middle line:84% tries to remake the whole island for the purposes 00:12:27.010 --> 00:12:28.475 align:middle line:90% of the Japanese Empire. 00:12:28.475 --> 00:12:30.350 align:middle line:84% I think that's the major thing I want to say. 00:12:30.350 --> 00:12:32.990 align:middle line:84% Oh, the final thing I'll just say, you might know this term, 00:12:32.990 --> 00:12:35.157 align:middle line:84% you might hear this term, formosa. 00:12:35.157 --> 00:12:35.990 align:middle line:90% This is kind of fun. 00:12:35.990 --> 00:12:39.440 align:middle line:84% That's a Portuguese word, Beautiful Island, Formosa. 00:12:39.440 --> 00:12:40.820 align:middle line:90% That's what it means. 00:12:40.820 --> 00:12:43.070 align:middle line:84% Sometimes you will hear Taiwan is called Formosa, 00:12:43.070 --> 00:12:45.320 align:middle line:84% and that's-- the Portuguese were the first to name it. 00:12:45.320 --> 00:12:47.800 align:middle line:84% It's like the Dutch, this Dutch guy Tasman, 00:12:47.800 --> 00:12:49.360 align:middle line:84% he was the first to name Tasmania. 00:12:49.360 --> 00:12:50.860 align:middle line:84% So that's why the island of Tasmania 00:12:50.860 --> 00:12:52.777 align:middle line:84% off the coast of Australia is called Tasmania. 00:12:52.777 --> 00:12:55.740 align:middle line:84% So Taiwan is Formosa because the Portuguese said, oh, it's 00:12:55.740 --> 00:12:56.800 align:middle line:90% a beautiful island. 00:12:56.800 --> 00:12:57.940 align:middle line:90% Yeah, there you go. 00:12:57.940 --> 00:12:58.880 align:middle line:90% Any questions on this? 00:12:58.880 --> 00:12:59.460 align:middle line:90% Yeah? 00:12:59.460 --> 00:13:04.460 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Why wasn't it included in the Zheng He [INAUDIBLE]? 00:13:04.460 --> 00:13:08.420 align:middle line:84% TRISTAN BROWN: Zheng He was trying to establish-- 00:13:08.420 --> 00:13:12.820 align:middle line:84% I won't say-- diplomatic relations is a little bit of a-- 00:13:12.820 --> 00:13:15.640 align:middle line:84% it's a little bit of a 20th century phrasing of it, 00:13:15.640 --> 00:13:18.620 align:middle line:84% but he was trying to do country-to-country relations. 00:13:18.620 --> 00:13:22.460 align:middle line:84% So the issue is that you go to Taiwan, Taiwan, 00:13:22.460 --> 00:13:24.860 align:middle line:84% Who are you going to establish relations with there? 00:13:24.860 --> 00:13:28.340 align:middle line:84% Now, there was, absolutely, there was a Yuan Dynasty-- 00:13:28.340 --> 00:13:31.140 align:middle line:84% there was a Yuan Dynasty expedition to Taiwan. 00:13:31.140 --> 00:13:34.660 align:middle line:90% That had something of an impact. 00:13:34.660 --> 00:13:37.740 align:middle line:84% There's a record of it, at least. 00:13:37.740 --> 00:13:40.340 align:middle line:84% There's a reading that you had for this week 00:13:40.340 --> 00:13:44.760 align:middle line:84% that was a late Ming literatus view of the island, 00:13:44.760 --> 00:13:48.820 align:middle line:84% and they thought like the island was totally, frankly, barbaric. 00:13:48.820 --> 00:13:52.260 align:middle line:84% They thought it was beyond the pale of civilization. 00:13:52.260 --> 00:13:55.120 align:middle line:84% That's a very, very interesting thing, actually. 00:13:55.120 --> 00:13:58.940 align:middle line:84% Because Taiwan starts off in the early Qing as a total frontier. 00:13:58.940 --> 00:14:02.180 align:middle line:84% This is not a place where you have scholars 00:14:02.180 --> 00:14:03.840 align:middle line:90% writing poetry, drinking tea. 00:14:03.840 --> 00:14:07.860 align:middle line:84% But then it ends up becoming quite a wealthy area 00:14:07.860 --> 00:14:10.620 align:middle line:84% during the Qing because it has all 00:14:10.620 --> 00:14:13.020 align:middle line:90% this-- it has good agriculture. 00:14:13.020 --> 00:14:16.100 align:middle line:84% It has the access to all this maritime trade. 00:14:16.100 --> 00:14:20.740 align:middle line:84% It's not as regulated as-- think about how closely regulated, 00:14:20.740 --> 00:14:25.400 align:middle line:84% per se, the Port of Guangzhou was, or Ningbo was. 00:14:25.400 --> 00:14:27.883 align:middle line:84% But in Taiwan, it was like the Qing had, again, 00:14:27.883 --> 00:14:28.800 align:middle line:90% this light touch rule. 00:14:28.800 --> 00:14:31.540 align:middle line:84% So Taiwan was able to benefit financially. 00:14:31.540 --> 00:14:34.260 align:middle line:84% So one of the things that always struck me is that by the time 00:14:34.260 --> 00:14:36.250 align:middle line:84% you get to the early 19th century, 00:14:36.250 --> 00:14:38.550 align:middle line:84% we look at legal secretary salaries. 00:14:38.550 --> 00:14:42.270 align:middle line:84% So let's say every official in the empire, 00:14:42.270 --> 00:14:44.050 align:middle line:84% you need to hire some secretaries. 00:14:44.050 --> 00:14:45.910 align:middle line:84% And I remember looking at a list once, 00:14:45.910 --> 00:14:48.510 align:middle line:84% and it was the salaries on Taiwan were the highest. 00:14:48.510 --> 00:14:52.488 align:middle line:84% Because you had-- first of all, you had to cross the straits. 00:14:52.488 --> 00:14:54.030 align:middle line:84% So there was the transportation cost, 00:14:54.030 --> 00:14:57.130 align:middle line:84% and you had to attract people to get over to the island. 00:14:57.130 --> 00:15:00.150 align:middle line:84% So that means you had to pay them a little bit more. 00:15:00.150 --> 00:15:01.470 align:middle line:90% But it was also just-- 00:15:01.470 --> 00:15:03.470 align:middle line:90% it ended up evolving. 00:15:03.470 --> 00:15:07.110 align:middle line:84% And it ends up getting quite a gentry culture. 00:15:07.110 --> 00:15:09.030 align:middle line:84% So it does end up getting a lot of people 00:15:09.030 --> 00:15:14.550 align:middle line:84% who've passed the exams are degree holders 00:15:14.550 --> 00:15:15.490 align:middle line:90% and stuff like that. 00:15:15.490 --> 00:15:17.110 align:middle line:90% It absolutely does. 00:15:17.110 --> 00:15:20.150 align:middle line:84% And remember, if you want to study its history 00:15:20.150 --> 00:15:22.270 align:middle line:84% during the Qing, you actually have 00:15:22.270 --> 00:15:25.470 align:middle line:84% to look into records of Fujian province, which is what it 00:15:25.470 --> 00:15:29.750 align:middle line:90% was part of until 1884, 1885. 00:15:29.750 --> 00:15:30.910 align:middle line:90% Yeah. 00:15:30.910 --> 00:15:32.710 align:middle line:90% So anybody else? 00:15:32.710 --> 00:15:34.350 align:middle line:90% Kind of interesting. 00:15:34.350 --> 00:15:37.870 align:middle line:84% So you understand, I guess, before we move on, 00:15:37.870 --> 00:15:40.550 align:middle line:84% let me just spell it out for you is 00:15:40.550 --> 00:15:44.990 align:middle line:84% I'm sure you all are aware that there's a sovereignty 00:15:44.990 --> 00:15:46.410 align:middle line:90% conflict over this question. 00:15:46.410 --> 00:15:49.930 align:middle line:90% And part of it is that-- 00:15:49.930 --> 00:15:52.710 align:middle line:84% so the long story short of it is that the island 00:15:52.710 --> 00:15:54.910 align:middle line:90% is ceded to Japan in 1895. 00:15:54.910 --> 00:15:59.070 align:middle line:84% It remains under Japanese occupation until 1945, 00:15:59.070 --> 00:16:02.150 align:middle line:84% so it's 50 years under Japanese occupation. 00:16:02.150 --> 00:16:05.210 align:middle line:84% In Japan-- that's a long 50 years. 00:16:05.210 --> 00:16:07.470 align:middle line:84% A lot of things happened in those 50 years. 00:16:07.470 --> 00:16:10.270 align:middle line:84% There was eventually an effort to make everybody speak 00:16:10.270 --> 00:16:12.630 align:middle line:84% Japanese, but that was not until later 00:16:12.630 --> 00:16:14.550 align:middle line:90% in the Japanese occupation. 00:16:14.550 --> 00:16:17.750 align:middle line:84% And then in 1945, you basically get the outbreak 00:16:17.750 --> 00:16:19.590 align:middle line:90% of the Chinese Civil War. 00:16:19.590 --> 00:16:23.230 align:middle line:84% The nationalists end up going to Taiwan 00:16:23.230 --> 00:16:30.910 align:middle line:84% or retreating to Taiwan where they end up in 1945, 00:16:30.910 --> 00:16:32.900 align:middle line:84% and that is the Republic of China, 00:16:32.900 --> 00:16:37.720 align:middle line:84% which was the state founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1911. 00:16:37.720 --> 00:16:40.880 align:middle line:84% And that's a state that still exists today. 00:16:40.880 --> 00:16:42.440 align:middle line:84% It's recognized by, I don't know, 00:16:42.440 --> 00:16:45.887 align:middle line:84% 14 countries around the world, including the Vatican. 00:16:45.887 --> 00:16:48.220 align:middle line:84% Mainland China does not have relations with the Vatican. 00:16:48.220 --> 00:16:50.760 align:middle line:84% That's kind of an interesting one. 00:16:50.760 --> 00:16:53.120 align:middle line:90% So it's still there. 00:16:53.120 --> 00:16:55.940 align:middle line:84% And what's there to say about it? 00:16:55.940 --> 00:16:59.080 align:middle line:84% So part of the sovereignty claim, 00:16:59.080 --> 00:17:01.840 align:middle line:84% in a sense, it all goes back to this Qing dynasty 00:17:01.840 --> 00:17:09.040 align:middle line:84% moment of the Qing had taken it over, and had annexed it. 00:17:09.040 --> 00:17:11.460 align:middle line:90% So that's the essence of it. 00:17:11.460 --> 00:17:13.740 align:middle line:84% That's the essence of at least that part of it. 00:17:13.740 --> 00:17:17.040 align:middle line:84% But again, you can also say, well, the Dutch were there, 00:17:17.040 --> 00:17:18.220 align:middle line:90% and the Spanish were there. 00:17:18.220 --> 00:17:20.099 align:middle line:84% And I mean, now, if you look at Taiwan, 00:17:20.099 --> 00:17:24.319 align:middle line:84% Taiwan's history textbooks are also changing, I have to say. 00:17:24.319 --> 00:17:27.400 align:middle line:84% And Taiwanese, one of the things that you'll say-- well, you 00:17:27.400 --> 00:17:30.660 align:middle line:84% could definitely see in Taiwan is over the last 20 years, 00:17:30.660 --> 00:17:34.680 align:middle line:84% there's been a big move towards a local identity 00:17:34.680 --> 00:17:37.200 align:middle line:90% rather than a Chinese identity. 00:17:37.200 --> 00:17:39.080 align:middle line:84% And that's, by the way, something 00:17:39.080 --> 00:17:41.860 align:middle line:84% that you'll find in many, many island places. 00:17:41.860 --> 00:17:44.073 align:middle line:84% Think about Sicilians versus Italians. 00:17:44.073 --> 00:17:46.240 align:middle line:84% Think about people who live on the islands of Hawaii 00:17:46.240 --> 00:17:48.100 align:middle line:84% versus mainlanders in the United States. 00:17:48.100 --> 00:17:51.680 align:middle line:84% They share American citizenship, but it's a little bit different. 00:17:51.680 --> 00:17:55.800 align:middle line:84% And so there's, of course, that was bound to happen, in a sense. 00:17:55.800 --> 00:17:59.560 align:middle line:84% But you'll now see the history textbooks of Taiwan, 00:17:59.560 --> 00:18:01.200 align:middle line:84% it's not like the Chiang Kai-Shek days 00:18:01.200 --> 00:18:04.380 align:middle line:84% where they start with Chinese civilization. 00:18:04.380 --> 00:18:07.960 align:middle line:84% Now, they start with the original Indigenous peoples 00:18:07.960 --> 00:18:10.580 align:middle line:84% going back thousands of years and all of that stuff like that. 00:18:10.580 --> 00:18:12.820 align:middle line:90% So this is a story to watch. 00:18:12.820 --> 00:18:14.320 align:middle line:84% But as you can see from the video 00:18:14.320 --> 00:18:16.680 align:middle line:84% that I played you at the beginning of class today, 00:18:16.680 --> 00:18:17.720 align:middle line:90% there's a lot of-- 00:18:17.720 --> 00:18:21.040 align:middle line:84% I mean, Chinese culture is all over the island. 00:18:21.040 --> 00:18:24.360 align:middle line:84% Broadly speaking, Chinese in terms of zhong hua, that thing. 00:18:24.360 --> 00:18:27.040 align:middle line:84% Without getting political, I think we can all admit that. 00:18:27.040 --> 00:18:30.390 align:middle line:90% So that's the story. 00:18:30.390 --> 00:18:31.690 align:middle line:90% Any questions? 00:18:31.690 --> 00:18:33.630 align:middle line:90% OK, good. 00:18:33.630 --> 00:18:36.770 align:middle line:84% So what I meant to tell you in all this story 00:18:36.770 --> 00:18:41.090 align:middle line:84% is to just show you, in a sense, how talented Kangxi was 00:18:41.090 --> 00:18:42.570 align:middle line:90% as an emperor. 00:18:42.570 --> 00:18:44.210 align:middle line:90% Think of what he's done so far. 00:18:44.210 --> 00:18:46.150 align:middle line:90% He's consolidated his rule. 00:18:46.150 --> 00:18:49.090 align:middle line:84% He's given an olive branch to the southern literati. 00:18:49.090 --> 00:18:52.970 align:middle line:84% He's tried to avoid the Mongol mistake of the Yuan. 00:18:52.970 --> 00:18:55.010 align:middle line:84% They've presided over the reinstitution 00:18:55.010 --> 00:18:56.630 align:middle line:84% of the civil service examinations. 00:18:56.630 --> 00:18:58.750 align:middle line:84% He's put down the Three Feudatories Rebellion, 00:18:58.750 --> 00:19:00.118 align:middle line:90% and he just annexed Taiwan. 00:19:00.118 --> 00:19:00.910 align:middle line:90% Pretty good, right? 00:19:00.910 --> 00:19:02.590 align:middle line:84% Well, let's add a little bit to it. 00:19:02.590 --> 00:19:07.850 align:middle line:84% So then, the next thing on the agenda is a treaty with Russia. 00:19:07.850 --> 00:19:09.790 align:middle line:84% And this is the Treaty of Nerchinsk. 00:19:09.790 --> 00:19:14.650 align:middle line:84% So basically, what you have to realize is the Qing is-- 00:19:14.650 --> 00:19:16.890 align:middle line:90% you have the Qing establishment. 00:19:16.890 --> 00:19:19.530 align:middle line:84% And at this time, Russia, the Russian Empire 00:19:19.530 --> 00:19:21.730 align:middle line:90% is also expanding into Siberia. 00:19:21.730 --> 00:19:24.690 align:middle line:84% And there, by the late 1600s, they're basically getting right 00:19:24.690 --> 00:19:29.210 align:middle line:90% up close to the edge-- 00:19:29.210 --> 00:19:30.930 align:middle line:90% the edge of modern-day Russia. 00:19:30.930 --> 00:19:33.590 align:middle line:84% This then poses a question of what is the border? 00:19:33.590 --> 00:19:36.690 align:middle line:84% What will the border be between the Russian Empire and the Qing 00:19:36.690 --> 00:19:38.530 align:middle line:90% Empire? 00:19:38.530 --> 00:19:40.950 align:middle line:90% And so nobody wants a war. 00:19:40.950 --> 00:19:41.990 align:middle line:90% Nobody wants a conflict. 00:19:41.990 --> 00:19:43.470 align:middle line:90% It's very far from Moscow. 00:19:43.470 --> 00:19:45.912 align:middle line:90% It's pretty close to Beijing. 00:19:45.912 --> 00:19:47.370 align:middle line:84% And it's actually quite close, it's 00:19:47.370 --> 00:19:50.250 align:middle line:84% right abuts Manchuria, which is the ancestral 00:19:50.250 --> 00:19:51.630 align:middle line:90% homeland of the Manchus. 00:19:51.630 --> 00:19:53.710 align:middle line:84% But Kangxi wants to avoid a conflict, 00:19:53.710 --> 00:19:56.370 align:middle line:84% and so they're going to basically 00:19:56.370 --> 00:19:58.930 align:middle line:84% meet with a Russian delegation to figure out 00:19:58.930 --> 00:20:01.250 align:middle line:90% what the border should be. 00:20:01.250 --> 00:20:06.650 align:middle line:84% This happens in the 1680s, same decade that Taiwan was annexed 00:20:06.650 --> 00:20:08.810 align:middle line:90% into Fujian Province. 00:20:08.810 --> 00:20:11.290 align:middle line:84% And you could basically see that they come up 00:20:11.290 --> 00:20:14.010 align:middle line:84% with this agreement, which is basically 00:20:14.010 --> 00:20:16.370 align:middle line:90% aligning the Amur River. 00:20:16.370 --> 00:20:18.690 align:middle line:84% This is what the border would be. 00:20:18.690 --> 00:20:19.430 align:middle line:90% It's right there. 00:20:19.430 --> 00:20:21.610 align:middle line:84% This is the border of the Treaty of Nerchinsk. 00:20:21.610 --> 00:20:24.570 align:middle line:84% And if you look, this part of the border 00:20:24.570 --> 00:20:26.860 align:middle line:90% is still the border today. 00:20:26.860 --> 00:20:29.140 align:middle line:84% This is one of the most successful treaties 00:20:29.140 --> 00:20:30.360 align:middle line:90% of Chinese history. 00:20:30.360 --> 00:20:32.180 align:middle line:90% It worked for hundreds of years. 00:20:32.180 --> 00:20:35.220 align:middle line:84% Now, you might say, what's this, and what's this? 00:20:35.220 --> 00:20:39.500 align:middle line:84% These are lands ceded to Russia in the 19th century during 00:20:39.500 --> 00:20:43.160 align:middle line:84% the quote-unquote "period of the unequal treaties." 00:20:43.160 --> 00:20:46.260 align:middle line:84% So remember I told you last time that there's that how does 00:20:46.260 --> 00:20:50.020 align:middle line:84% the Qing dynasty borders line up against the borders of the PRC? 00:20:50.020 --> 00:20:51.843 align:middle line:84% This is really one of the key differences. 00:20:51.843 --> 00:20:54.260 align:middle line:84% In terms of land area, it's one of the biggest differences 00:20:54.260 --> 00:20:56.180 align:middle line:90% besides outer Mongolia. 00:20:56.180 --> 00:21:00.020 align:middle line:84% In the sense of these lands, these two parts of it were ceded 00:21:00.020 --> 00:21:03.460 align:middle line:84% to Russia during the mid 19th century. 00:21:03.460 --> 00:21:06.400 align:middle line:84% There were then negotiations eventually, 00:21:06.400 --> 00:21:09.940 align:middle line:84% and I think the treaty was officially 00:21:09.940 --> 00:21:14.740 align:middle line:84% signed in 1990 or something that the PRC recognized 00:21:14.740 --> 00:21:16.700 align:middle line:84% that those lands would be Russia. 00:21:16.700 --> 00:21:18.860 align:middle line:84% So this is actually a fascinating moment 00:21:18.860 --> 00:21:22.700 align:middle line:84% of when the PRC gave up a territorial claim, 00:21:22.700 --> 00:21:25.680 align:middle line:90% and they did it at that moment. 00:21:25.680 --> 00:21:28.140 align:middle line:84% So this is just an interesting thing 00:21:28.140 --> 00:21:29.727 align:middle line:90% about the Treaty of Nerchinsk. 00:21:29.727 --> 00:21:31.560 align:middle line:84% I don't know if you can see it that clearly, 00:21:31.560 --> 00:21:34.020 align:middle line:84% but you might notice it's not in Chinese. 00:21:34.020 --> 00:21:36.820 align:middle line:90% It's also not in Russian. 00:21:36.820 --> 00:21:37.760 align:middle line:90% It's in Latin. 00:21:37.760 --> 00:21:38.440 align:middle line:90% It's in Latin. 00:21:38.440 --> 00:21:40.320 align:middle line:84% The Treaty of Nerchinsk is in Latin. 00:21:40.320 --> 00:21:42.740 align:middle line:84% And you might say, why would it be in Latin? 00:21:42.740 --> 00:21:48.240 align:middle line:84% Because basically, what the Qing realized, what Kangxi realized, 00:21:48.240 --> 00:21:50.300 align:middle line:84% what the Russians realized is that they 00:21:50.300 --> 00:21:52.180 align:middle line:84% needed a common language that they 00:21:52.180 --> 00:21:53.900 align:middle line:90% could negotiate this treaty in. 00:21:53.900 --> 00:21:56.300 align:middle line:84% And the Chinese had the Jesuit priests 00:21:56.300 --> 00:21:58.140 align:middle line:90% who were based in Beijing. 00:21:58.140 --> 00:22:00.640 align:middle line:84% Remember, I told you the Jesuit mission. 00:22:00.640 --> 00:22:03.558 align:middle line:84% And so they basically said, OK, send the Jesuit priests. 00:22:03.558 --> 00:22:05.600 align:middle line:84% They probably know how to talk to these Russians. 00:22:05.600 --> 00:22:09.060 align:middle line:84% Now, they didn't know Russian, but there was a Pole 00:22:09.060 --> 00:22:10.480 align:middle line:90% on the Russian delegation. 00:22:10.480 --> 00:22:12.620 align:middle line:84% And the Pole was, of course, Catholic, 00:22:12.620 --> 00:22:15.220 align:middle line:90% and so the Pole knew Latin. 00:22:15.220 --> 00:22:19.220 align:middle line:84% And so they hammered out the treaty in Latin. 00:22:19.220 --> 00:22:20.600 align:middle line:90% And then it was recognized. 00:22:20.600 --> 00:22:26.700 align:middle line:84% So it's kind of a funny moment of the history of diplomacy, 00:22:26.700 --> 00:22:31.540 align:middle line:84% and Chinese-Russian relations, and Latin, and all of that. 00:22:31.540 --> 00:22:32.700 align:middle line:90% Are you all good? 00:22:32.700 --> 00:22:36.940 align:middle line:90% So this then gets us into-- 00:22:36.940 --> 00:22:38.720 align:middle line:90% OK, so you say, wow. 00:22:38.720 --> 00:22:41.440 align:middle line:84% So Kangxi also fixed the border with Russia. 00:22:41.440 --> 00:22:42.120 align:middle line:90% Pretty good. 00:22:42.120 --> 00:22:43.300 align:middle line:90% Pretty good. 00:22:43.300 --> 00:22:45.380 align:middle line:90% So he's on a roll. 00:22:45.380 --> 00:22:48.460 align:middle line:84% And then the next thing on the agenda, 00:22:48.460 --> 00:22:55.420 align:middle line:84% which is really the single most, let's say, the single biggest 00:22:55.420 --> 00:22:57.160 align:middle line:90% headache for the Manchus. 00:22:57.160 --> 00:22:58.940 align:middle line:90% It might surprise you. 00:22:58.940 --> 00:23:00.500 align:middle line:84% You might be like, are they worried 00:23:00.500 --> 00:23:01.778 align:middle line:90% about the southern Chinese? 00:23:01.778 --> 00:23:03.320 align:middle line:84% Are they worried about the Taiwanese? 00:23:03.320 --> 00:23:05.020 align:middle line:84% Are they worried about the Japanese? 00:23:05.020 --> 00:23:06.560 align:middle line:84% What are the Manchus worried about? 00:23:06.560 --> 00:23:09.000 align:middle line:84% No, the Manchus are worried about the Mongols. 00:23:09.000 --> 00:23:10.900 align:middle line:84% Now you might say, wait a second. 00:23:10.900 --> 00:23:15.660 align:middle line:84% Didn't the Mongols ally with the Qing? 00:23:15.660 --> 00:23:17.020 align:middle line:90% Yes. 00:23:17.020 --> 00:23:19.260 align:middle line:90% Notice-- let me remind you. 00:23:19.260 --> 00:23:21.090 align:middle line:84% There is an Inner Mongolia today, 00:23:21.090 --> 00:23:22.650 align:middle line:90% and there's an Outer Mongolia. 00:23:22.650 --> 00:23:25.130 align:middle line:84% Not all of the Mongols were united, 00:23:25.130 --> 00:23:27.250 align:middle line:84% and not all of the Mongols supported the Qing. 00:23:27.250 --> 00:23:29.590 align:middle line:84% There were different types of Mongols. 00:23:29.590 --> 00:23:31.990 align:middle line:84% So some of the Mongols, some of the Mongol tribes 00:23:31.990 --> 00:23:34.692 align:middle line:84% joined in the Manchu conquest, joined as bannermen, 00:23:34.692 --> 00:23:36.150 align:middle line:84% and became bannermen, and all that. 00:23:36.150 --> 00:23:37.510 align:middle line:90% They were in the system. 00:23:37.510 --> 00:23:42.110 align:middle line:84% But there was especially this-- the Dzungar Mongols did not 00:23:42.110 --> 00:23:43.410 align:middle line:90% ally with the Qing. 00:23:43.410 --> 00:23:45.950 align:middle line:84% They were not on board with it, and they 00:23:45.950 --> 00:23:51.350 align:middle line:84% posed a geopolitical threat to the Qing 00:23:51.350 --> 00:23:54.510 align:middle line:84% for a good first century of the dynasty's existence 00:23:54.510 --> 00:23:55.670 align:middle line:90% from Beijing. 00:23:55.670 --> 00:23:59.350 align:middle line:84% There was this guy named Galdan, and Galdan was basically 00:23:59.350 --> 00:24:01.470 align:middle line:90% Kangxi's biggest enemy. 00:24:01.470 --> 00:24:03.950 align:middle line:90% Galdan was like, oh, Galdan. 00:24:03.950 --> 00:24:11.430 align:middle line:84% Galdan was a Mongol leader who basically goes to war against 00:24:11.430 --> 00:24:15.630 align:middle line:90% the Qing in the late 1600s. 00:24:15.630 --> 00:24:19.110 align:middle line:84% Now, Galdan has a very, very interesting foreign policy 00:24:19.110 --> 00:24:21.230 align:middle line:90% in and of itself. 00:24:21.230 --> 00:24:22.770 align:middle line:90% What do I mean by that? 00:24:22.770 --> 00:24:25.630 align:middle line:84% I mean that by this point, many of the Mongols 00:24:25.630 --> 00:24:27.350 align:middle line:90% are Tibetan Buddhists. 00:24:27.350 --> 00:24:32.350 align:middle line:84% So for a time, Galdan actually goes to Lhasa down here. 00:24:32.350 --> 00:24:35.710 align:middle line:84% He actually goes to Lhasa, where he studies with the Fifth Dalai 00:24:35.710 --> 00:24:37.110 align:middle line:90% Lama. 00:24:37.110 --> 00:24:39.370 align:middle line:84% So this is a thing that you got to understand. 00:24:39.370 --> 00:24:42.870 align:middle line:84% There's a very sensitive and subtle geopolitical relationship 00:24:42.870 --> 00:24:47.230 align:middle line:84% here between Tibet, the Mongols, and Beijing 00:24:47.230 --> 00:24:49.150 align:middle line:90% in the form of the Manchu rule. 00:24:49.150 --> 00:24:53.575 align:middle line:84% So the Manchus, of course, they want jurisdiction, sovereignty, 00:24:53.575 --> 00:24:54.450 align:middle line:90% whatever you call it. 00:24:54.450 --> 00:24:56.450 align:middle line:84% Sovereignty is kind of a 19th century word, 00:24:56.450 --> 00:24:57.530 align:middle line:90% but you get what I mean. 00:24:57.530 --> 00:24:59.790 align:middle line:84% They want influence over all of it. 00:24:59.790 --> 00:25:04.110 align:middle line:84% But this basically means that if you want to let's say, 00:25:04.110 --> 00:25:05.910 align:middle line:84% one way that you can handle this question 00:25:05.910 --> 00:25:09.613 align:middle line:84% is you could just militarily defeat these Mongols. 00:25:09.613 --> 00:25:11.030 align:middle line:84% Another thing that you could do is 00:25:11.030 --> 00:25:14.110 align:middle line:84% you could court the Dalai Lamas, and you could 00:25:14.110 --> 00:25:15.690 align:middle line:90% court the Tibetan Buddhists. 00:25:15.690 --> 00:25:17.920 align:middle line:84% The Qing will do both of these things. 00:25:17.920 --> 00:25:20.540 align:middle line:84% They will do both of these things. 00:25:20.540 --> 00:25:22.240 align:middle line:84% But what I just want you to realize 00:25:22.240 --> 00:25:26.080 align:middle line:84% is from basically Galdan's campaign of 1688, 00:25:26.080 --> 00:25:30.300 align:middle line:84% Galdan 1696, all of these fighting campaigns, 00:25:30.300 --> 00:25:32.800 align:middle line:84% eventually Galdan dies on the battlefield, which 00:25:32.800 --> 00:25:35.220 align:middle line:90% is wonderful news for Kangxi. 00:25:35.220 --> 00:25:37.480 align:middle line:84% He was like, oh, thank God, right? 00:25:37.480 --> 00:25:40.900 align:middle line:84% But the Mongol threat doesn't go away. 00:25:40.900 --> 00:25:43.640 align:middle line:90% It doesn't go away. 00:25:43.640 --> 00:25:50.720 align:middle line:84% After Galdan dies, you see a dynastic, or Qing focus 00:25:50.720 --> 00:25:54.440 align:middle line:84% in particular on the Tibet side of the equation. 00:25:54.440 --> 00:25:59.880 align:middle line:84% And in the 1720s, the Qing stations a small army contingent 00:25:59.880 --> 00:26:03.700 align:middle line:84% in Lhasa, somewhat representing, let's say, 00:26:03.700 --> 00:26:06.480 align:middle line:84% I don't know if we want to say the incorporation of Tibet 00:26:06.480 --> 00:26:09.040 align:middle line:84% into the Empire, at least somewhat. 00:26:09.040 --> 00:26:11.920 align:middle line:84% Again, it's one of those things where it's not really strongly 00:26:11.920 --> 00:26:14.940 align:middle line:84% under Qing control, but at least they do claim it, 00:26:14.940 --> 00:26:17.280 align:middle line:84% and they have a military presence there. 00:26:17.280 --> 00:26:21.280 align:middle line:84% The thing that you might not realize is that the last war 00:26:21.280 --> 00:26:25.880 align:middle line:84% against the Dzungar Mongols happened in the 1750s. 00:26:25.880 --> 00:26:29.440 align:middle line:84% That's under Kangxi's grandson, the Qianlong Emperor. 00:26:29.440 --> 00:26:33.200 align:middle line:84% And that is actually the reason Xinjiang becomes 00:26:33.200 --> 00:26:35.920 align:middle line:90% incorporated into the Empire. 00:26:35.920 --> 00:26:37.440 align:middle line:90% Just realize this. 00:26:37.440 --> 00:26:41.100 align:middle line:84% The Dzungar Mongols, they're all over this area here. 00:26:41.100 --> 00:26:44.960 align:middle line:84% Basically, you can think this is approximately Xinjiang today. 00:26:44.960 --> 00:26:49.480 align:middle line:84% Basically, it was not that the Qing wanted to go conquer Muslim 00:26:49.480 --> 00:26:50.300 align:middle line:90% Central Asia. 00:26:50.300 --> 00:26:51.640 align:middle line:90% That was not their goal. 00:26:51.640 --> 00:26:55.680 align:middle line:84% Their goal was to eliminate the Dzungar Mongol threat. 00:26:55.680 --> 00:26:59.000 align:middle line:84% And the Dzungar Mongol threat was in that northern part 00:26:59.000 --> 00:27:00.280 align:middle line:90% of Xinjiang. 00:27:00.280 --> 00:27:03.480 align:middle line:84% But if you want to station soldiers in that Central Asian 00:27:03.480 --> 00:27:05.400 align:middle line:84% area, you basically have to take it 00:27:05.400 --> 00:27:08.520 align:middle line:84% all the way to Kashgar, which is basically what they did. 00:27:08.520 --> 00:27:12.400 align:middle line:84% So they end up annexing all of Xinjiang 00:27:12.400 --> 00:27:14.590 align:middle line:84% in their war against the Mongols. 00:27:14.590 --> 00:27:16.890 align:middle line:84% It's not a war against the Uyghurs. 00:27:16.890 --> 00:27:19.490 align:middle line:84% The Uyghurs just happen to be living there. 00:27:19.490 --> 00:27:20.610 align:middle line:90% You see what I'm saying? 00:27:20.610 --> 00:27:23.850 align:middle line:84% So that's basically the story of the Mongols 00:27:23.850 --> 00:27:26.930 align:middle line:84% and the Qing is one in which some branches 00:27:26.930 --> 00:27:29.790 align:middle line:84% of the outer Mongols were problems for the Qing. 00:27:29.790 --> 00:27:31.750 align:middle line:84% They fought wars against them for 100 years, 00:27:31.750 --> 00:27:34.410 align:middle line:84% and it ends up leading to the consolidation 00:27:34.410 --> 00:27:37.410 align:middle line:84% of this kind of Western-Northwestern part 00:27:37.410 --> 00:27:38.890 align:middle line:90% of the Empire. 00:27:38.890 --> 00:27:41.470 align:middle line:84% And that's the PRC that you have today. 00:27:41.470 --> 00:27:42.490 align:middle line:90% Let's be honest. 00:27:42.490 --> 00:27:44.552 align:middle line:84% You go to the PRC today, you go to Xinjiang, 00:27:44.552 --> 00:27:46.510 align:middle line:84% and sure, they'll tell you about the Silk Road, 00:27:46.510 --> 00:27:47.910 align:middle line:84% and they'll tell you about the Han dynasty, 00:27:47.910 --> 00:27:49.390 align:middle line:84% and they'll tell you there was an expedition, 00:27:49.390 --> 00:27:50.830 align:middle line:84% and they'll tell you in the Tang dynasty, 00:27:50.830 --> 00:27:52.390 align:middle line:84% there was a military outpost here. 00:27:52.390 --> 00:27:57.210 align:middle line:84% But the reality is that this region really became annexed 00:27:57.210 --> 00:27:58.770 align:middle line:90% in the 1750s. 00:27:58.770 --> 00:28:00.270 align:middle line:84% That's like the Taiwan thing, right? 00:28:00.270 --> 00:28:03.770 align:middle line:84% You just-- I understand we can always play the game about who 00:28:03.770 --> 00:28:06.592 align:middle line:84% was the first person ever to walk there, 00:28:06.592 --> 00:28:09.050 align:middle line:84% and there was a Chinese person who walked there 2,000 years 00:28:09.050 --> 00:28:09.310 align:middle line:90% ago. 00:28:09.310 --> 00:28:09.852 align:middle line:90% Yes, we know. 00:28:09.852 --> 00:28:12.850 align:middle line:84% But the reality is that, look, it's 00:28:12.850 --> 00:28:16.070 align:middle line:90% a relatively late acquisition. 00:28:16.070 --> 00:28:19.450 align:middle line:84% And the policies that have you've seen over the last 20 00:28:19.450 --> 00:28:22.410 align:middle line:84% years are evidence of the fact that it's a relatively late 00:28:22.410 --> 00:28:24.877 align:middle line:84% acquisition because why would you have to colonize a place 00:28:24.877 --> 00:28:26.710 align:middle line:84% that had been in the Empire for 2,000 years? 00:28:26.710 --> 00:28:28.630 align:middle line:84% You'd only have to do it if it was recent. 00:28:28.630 --> 00:28:31.990 align:middle line:84% And again, the name Xinjiang, New Dominion gives it away-- 00:28:31.990 --> 00:28:33.770 align:middle line:90% let's be honest, gives it away. 00:28:33.770 --> 00:28:37.910 align:middle line:84% And again, places conquer places all the time. 00:28:37.910 --> 00:28:39.890 align:middle line:90% This happens. 00:28:39.890 --> 00:28:42.710 align:middle line:84% Why is that province part of France, and not part of Germany? 00:28:42.710 --> 00:28:43.690 align:middle line:90% It's like, yeah. 00:28:43.690 --> 00:28:45.743 align:middle line:84% It's like, I don't know, World War I happened, 00:28:45.743 --> 00:28:47.130 align:middle line:90% you know what I mean? 00:28:47.130 --> 00:28:48.450 align:middle line:90% These things happen. 00:28:48.450 --> 00:28:51.030 align:middle line:84% None of this is to say it's illegitimate. 00:28:51.030 --> 00:28:52.810 align:middle line:90% This is what history is. 00:28:52.810 --> 00:28:55.690 align:middle line:84% But just so you know background to it. 00:28:55.690 --> 00:29:00.890 align:middle line:84% Now, all of this, you basically have to say, 00:29:00.890 --> 00:29:05.430 align:middle line:84% wow, Kangxi puts down the rebellion, annexes Taiwan, 00:29:05.430 --> 00:29:08.290 align:middle line:84% basically, at least deals with the beginning blows 00:29:08.290 --> 00:29:10.140 align:middle line:90% to the Mongol threat. 00:29:10.140 --> 00:29:13.980 align:middle line:84% That culminates in this very large empire. 00:29:13.980 --> 00:29:16.480 align:middle line:84% Now, I want you to think about the Qing for a minute 00:29:16.480 --> 00:29:18.980 align:middle line:84% because this is a really, really important part of the Qing. 00:29:18.980 --> 00:29:21.560 align:middle line:90% Qing does one thing. 00:29:21.560 --> 00:29:22.660 align:middle line:90% Think about it like this. 00:29:22.660 --> 00:29:24.820 align:middle line:84% Think about the long history of China. 00:29:24.820 --> 00:29:27.180 align:middle line:90% You can rule the frontier. 00:29:27.180 --> 00:29:28.700 align:middle line:90% Remember the Jurchen Jin. 00:29:28.700 --> 00:29:33.800 align:middle line:84% Remember the northern Wei in the early medieval period. 00:29:33.800 --> 00:29:36.280 align:middle line:84% You can rule the North and the frontier, 00:29:36.280 --> 00:29:37.620 align:middle line:90% or you can rule the South. 00:29:37.620 --> 00:29:39.380 align:middle line:84% But it's very hard to rule it all 00:29:39.380 --> 00:29:41.620 align:middle line:84% and hold it for a long period of time. 00:29:41.620 --> 00:29:43.820 align:middle line:90% The Mongols try to do it. 00:29:43.820 --> 00:29:45.760 align:middle line:90% The Mongols try to do it. 00:29:45.760 --> 00:29:48.960 align:middle line:84% The Yuan Dynasty, they have it all, and they try to hold it. 00:29:48.960 --> 00:29:50.820 align:middle line:84% But they can't hold it for that long. 00:29:50.820 --> 00:29:54.240 align:middle line:84% Only the Manchus were able to conquer the North, 00:29:54.240 --> 00:29:56.240 align:middle line:84% conquer the South, conquer the West, 00:29:56.240 --> 00:29:59.120 align:middle line:84% and hold it for a long period of time. 00:29:59.120 --> 00:30:01.420 align:middle line:84% And that's what makes the Qing Dynasty probably 00:30:01.420 --> 00:30:04.860 align:middle line:84% unique among the dynasties we've looked at this semester. 00:30:04.860 --> 00:30:08.920 align:middle line:84% It's the amount of time they're able to hold it with stability. 00:30:08.920 --> 00:30:11.460 align:middle line:84% And that gives you at least a part 00:30:11.460 --> 00:30:13.420 align:middle line:84% of the story of the borders of China today. 00:30:13.420 --> 00:30:13.920 align:middle line:90% Yeah? 00:30:13.920 --> 00:30:15.337 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It's really fascinating. 00:30:15.337 --> 00:30:16.860 align:middle line:84% I think growing up and hearing what 00:30:16.860 --> 00:30:18.985 align:middle line:84% [INAUDIBLE] has to say about we're against this one 00:30:18.985 --> 00:30:20.140 align:middle line:90% unified entity. 00:30:20.140 --> 00:30:23.580 align:middle line:84% But then you look more into it, there's the Uyghurs in the West, 00:30:23.580 --> 00:30:24.760 align:middle line:90% and like that territory. 00:30:24.760 --> 00:30:26.520 align:middle line:84% Most Han Chinese do not live there. 00:30:26.520 --> 00:30:28.020 align:middle line:90% Most Han lived in the East. 00:30:28.020 --> 00:30:30.240 align:middle line:84% And then I don't know if it was going at Harvard, 00:30:30.240 --> 00:30:31.740 align:middle line:84% but there are people who are calling 00:30:31.740 --> 00:30:33.860 align:middle line:90% for Tibetan independence. 00:30:33.860 --> 00:30:36.620 align:middle line:84% And it's like, it's just hearing about the geopolitical roots 00:30:36.620 --> 00:30:37.900 align:middle line:90% of all of these. 00:30:37.900 --> 00:30:40.300 align:middle line:84% TRISTAN BROWN: Yeah, yeah, yeah, absolutely. 00:30:40.300 --> 00:30:44.620 align:middle line:84% And again, well, it's like, for instance, I told you last time, 00:30:44.620 --> 00:30:46.900 align:middle line:90% Mongolia is independent. 00:30:46.900 --> 00:30:47.880 align:middle line:90% Why is it independent? 00:30:47.880 --> 00:30:50.255 align:middle line:84% Well, because various things happened in the 20th century 00:30:50.255 --> 00:30:51.900 align:middle line:90% that enabled that to happen. 00:30:51.900 --> 00:30:55.180 align:middle line:84% And other things happened in Tibet and Xinjiang 00:30:55.180 --> 00:30:56.680 align:middle line:84% that didn't enable that to happen. 00:30:56.680 --> 00:30:57.680 align:middle line:90% It's just what happened. 00:30:57.680 --> 00:30:59.080 align:middle line:90% But it's good to know it. 00:30:59.080 --> 00:31:00.705 align:middle line:84% It's good to know the background to it. 00:31:00.705 --> 00:31:01.380 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:31:01.380 --> 00:31:03.020 align:middle line:84% Now, there's something I also want 00:31:03.020 --> 00:31:09.190 align:middle line:84% to say that we're getting a little bit of a hint of what 00:31:09.190 --> 00:31:11.230 align:middle line:90% the long-term problem might be. 00:31:11.230 --> 00:31:13.990 align:middle line:84% So you say, wow, the Manchus seem 00:31:13.990 --> 00:31:17.630 align:middle line:90% to be really quite good at this. 00:31:17.630 --> 00:31:20.430 align:middle line:90% But they have their blind spots. 00:31:20.430 --> 00:31:23.490 align:middle line:84% Where did the Manchus not pay attention so much? 00:31:23.490 --> 00:31:27.390 align:middle line:90% What were they not as up on? 00:31:27.390 --> 00:31:32.370 align:middle line:84% The answer is really Southeast Asia, to be honest with you. 00:31:32.370 --> 00:31:34.590 align:middle line:90% And that's the ironic thing. 00:31:34.590 --> 00:31:37.510 align:middle line:84% The dynasty that replaces the previous dynasty 00:31:37.510 --> 00:31:39.783 align:middle line:84% learns their mistakes, but sometimes forgets 00:31:39.783 --> 00:31:40.450 align:middle line:90% their strengths. 00:31:40.450 --> 00:31:44.150 align:middle line:84% The Ming actually paid attention to Southeast Asia. 00:31:44.150 --> 00:31:44.930 align:middle line:90% That's Zheng He. 00:31:44.930 --> 00:31:47.080 align:middle line:84% That's all the trading that happened 00:31:47.080 --> 00:31:48.350 align:middle line:90% and everything like that. 00:31:48.350 --> 00:31:51.890 align:middle line:84% The Manchus, they're not really into it. 00:31:51.890 --> 00:31:53.730 align:middle line:84% You say, why aren't they into it? 00:31:53.730 --> 00:31:55.730 align:middle line:84% There's all these Chinese who moved to Malaysia. 00:31:55.730 --> 00:31:58.350 align:middle line:84% There's all these Chinese who moved to Indonesia. 00:31:58.350 --> 00:32:03.747 align:middle line:84% You got-- oh, you can have all this information coming back. 00:32:03.747 --> 00:32:05.330 align:middle line:84% Why don't you collect the information? 00:32:05.330 --> 00:32:06.310 align:middle line:90% No. 00:32:06.310 --> 00:32:09.310 align:middle line:84% Because you got to understand from their perspective, 00:32:09.310 --> 00:32:13.510 align:middle line:84% the Chinese who go abroad into Southeast Asia 00:32:13.510 --> 00:32:16.430 align:middle line:90% are breaking the law. 00:32:16.430 --> 00:32:19.750 align:middle line:84% They are leaving the celestial empire 00:32:19.750 --> 00:32:21.710 align:middle line:90% and living in a foreign land. 00:32:21.710 --> 00:32:26.270 align:middle line:84% So they don't trust them especially because the idea, 00:32:26.270 --> 00:32:28.390 align:middle line:84% the rumor was always that the Ming 00:32:28.390 --> 00:32:30.233 align:middle line:90% had fled into Southeast Asia. 00:32:30.233 --> 00:32:32.150 align:middle line:84% Remember, the last Ming claimant to the throne 00:32:32.150 --> 00:32:35.110 align:middle line:84% found himself in Burma where Wu Sangui killed him. 00:32:35.110 --> 00:32:40.970 align:middle line:84% So there's always this feeling of, well yeah, 00:32:40.970 --> 00:32:43.570 align:middle line:84% there are Chinese who live in Southeast Asia, 00:32:43.570 --> 00:32:45.530 align:middle line:90% but we don't listen to them. 00:32:45.530 --> 00:32:49.830 align:middle line:84% And we don't take them-- we don't talk to them that much. 00:32:49.830 --> 00:32:51.910 align:middle line:84% This is actually the dynasty's policy 00:32:51.910 --> 00:32:54.630 align:middle line:84% for a remarkably long period of time. 00:32:54.630 --> 00:32:56.050 align:middle line:84% Now, why is that going to matter? 00:32:56.050 --> 00:32:58.633 align:middle line:84% Obviously, it's going to matter because Southeast Asia matters 00:32:58.633 --> 00:33:00.650 align:middle line:90% so much for the 19th century. 00:33:00.650 --> 00:33:03.590 align:middle line:84% It matters so much for the expanding British Empire. 00:33:03.590 --> 00:33:05.470 align:middle line:84% It matters so much for the expanding-- 00:33:05.470 --> 00:33:07.790 align:middle line:84% all of the major colonial powers that 00:33:07.790 --> 00:33:11.192 align:middle line:84% are going to have footholds there for that amount of time. 00:33:11.192 --> 00:33:13.650 align:middle line:84% Now, for those of you who have taken my modern China class, 00:33:13.650 --> 00:33:15.983 align:middle line:84% I know a couple of you have taken my modern China class, 00:33:15.983 --> 00:33:18.150 align:middle line:84% there's an additional irony to this, which 00:33:18.150 --> 00:33:20.510 align:middle line:90% ends up kind of being true. 00:33:20.510 --> 00:33:22.750 align:middle line:90% Which is that Sun Yat-sen. 00:33:22.750 --> 00:33:24.350 align:middle line:90% Was Cantonese. 00:33:24.350 --> 00:33:26.630 align:middle line:90% He was from Guangdong. 00:33:26.630 --> 00:33:30.590 align:middle line:84% And where does he go to do his key fundraising to basically 00:33:30.590 --> 00:33:32.830 align:middle line:90% overthrow the Manchu dynasty? 00:33:32.830 --> 00:33:35.350 align:middle line:90% He goes to Southeast Asia. 00:33:35.350 --> 00:33:39.710 align:middle line:84% So in a sense, the Manchus are completely correct that this 00:33:39.710 --> 00:33:41.830 align:middle line:84% is a problematic region because you've 00:33:41.830 --> 00:33:44.870 align:middle line:84% got Chinese speakers, Chinese cultural people who 00:33:44.870 --> 00:33:47.490 align:middle line:84% will potentially organize against them eventually. 00:33:47.490 --> 00:33:51.210 align:middle line:84% Now, it took over 200 years, but Sun Yat-sen does in fact, 00:33:51.210 --> 00:33:52.090 align:middle line:90% do that. 00:33:52.090 --> 00:33:54.168 align:middle line:84% So there's a little bit of a point of irony here, 00:33:54.168 --> 00:33:55.210 align:middle line:90% and everything like that. 00:33:55.210 --> 00:33:55.970 align:middle line:90% It's fascinating. 00:33:55.970 --> 00:33:59.250 align:middle line:84% I really recommend, if you have time, go to Malaysia. 00:33:59.250 --> 00:34:01.200 align:middle line:90% Go to Indonesia. 00:34:01.200 --> 00:34:03.960 align:middle line:84% And Thailand, of course, has a very-- 00:34:03.960 --> 00:34:06.680 align:middle line:84% all of the major Southeast Asian countries 00:34:06.680 --> 00:34:09.040 align:middle line:84% have historic Chinese populations. 00:34:09.040 --> 00:34:12.585 align:middle line:84% And they've all been governed differently in the 20th century, 00:34:12.585 --> 00:34:13.460 align:middle line:90% everything like that. 00:34:13.460 --> 00:34:14.835 align:middle line:84% But that's, I think, a little bit 00:34:14.835 --> 00:34:19.159 align:middle line:84% of a foreshadowing of where the Manchus, 00:34:19.159 --> 00:34:21.040 align:middle line:84% they know what's going on in Kashgar. 00:34:21.040 --> 00:34:22.699 align:middle line:84% They know what's going on in Lhasa. 00:34:22.699 --> 00:34:24.616 align:middle line:84% They know what's going on in all these places, 00:34:24.616 --> 00:34:26.780 align:middle line:84% but they don't know what's going on in Malacca. 00:34:26.780 --> 00:34:27.780 align:middle line:90% You see what I'm saying? 00:34:27.780 --> 00:34:28.280 align:middle line:90% Yeah? 00:34:28.280 --> 00:34:30.113 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I was actually surprised recently. 00:34:30.113 --> 00:34:32.560 align:middle line:84% I was talking to someone that I know from Southeast Asia, 00:34:32.560 --> 00:34:36.346 align:middle line:84% and either they are Chinese 100%, 00:34:36.346 --> 00:34:38.179 align:middle line:84% or they have some Chinese blood within them. 00:34:38.179 --> 00:34:40.406 align:middle line:84% And I was surprised to hear that. 00:34:40.406 --> 00:34:42.239 align:middle line:84% I didn't realize that there was this history 00:34:42.239 --> 00:34:44.199 align:middle line:84% of the Chinese moving to Southeast Asia 00:34:44.199 --> 00:34:46.199 align:middle line:90% and establishing-- 00:34:46.199 --> 00:34:49.788 align:middle line:84% TRISTAN BROWN: The first overseas Chinese, huge amounts. 00:34:49.788 --> 00:34:52.080 align:middle line:84% I remember saying, like, it was something like Malaysia 00:34:52.080 --> 00:34:53.560 align:middle line:90% was a third Chinese. 00:34:53.560 --> 00:34:55.620 align:middle line:84% And before the independence of Singapore. 00:34:55.620 --> 00:35:00.600 align:middle line:84% So basically, just to rundown really, really quickly, 00:35:00.600 --> 00:35:06.160 align:middle line:84% in Thailand, a large population of Thailand has Chinese descent. 00:35:06.160 --> 00:35:09.020 align:middle line:84% So a lot of Chinese over the centuries moved to Thailand, 00:35:09.020 --> 00:35:11.460 align:middle line:84% and that continued into the 20th-- that continues now. 00:35:11.460 --> 00:35:13.760 align:middle line:84% There's Chinese expats in Thailand. 00:35:13.760 --> 00:35:14.680 align:middle line:90% It's a thing. 00:35:14.680 --> 00:35:18.320 align:middle line:84% The thing is that there was a king, I don't know, 00:35:18.320 --> 00:35:22.080 align:middle line:84% Rama VI or something like that, who basically said, 00:35:22.080 --> 00:35:24.520 align:middle line:84% the Chinese can stay, but you have to take Thai names. 00:35:24.520 --> 00:35:27.330 align:middle line:84% So the Chinese in Thailand took Thai names, 00:35:27.330 --> 00:35:29.080 align:middle line:84% but there was also a lot of intermarriage. 00:35:29.080 --> 00:35:30.280 align:middle line:90% Because the Thais are Buddhist. 00:35:30.280 --> 00:35:31.100 align:middle line:90% Chinese were Buddhists. 00:35:31.100 --> 00:35:32.267 align:middle line:90% It's like, OK, close enough. 00:35:32.267 --> 00:35:32.920 align:middle line:90% We can do it. 00:35:32.920 --> 00:35:39.000 align:middle line:84% So the thing about Malaysia is that Malaysia is different. 00:35:39.000 --> 00:35:42.520 align:middle line:84% Because the Chinese, there was a little bit 00:35:42.520 --> 00:35:44.900 align:middle line:84% of a wall on the assimilation possibility there. 00:35:44.900 --> 00:35:47.400 align:middle line:84% Now, it's not to say Chinese and Malaysians, a lot of them 00:35:47.400 --> 00:35:50.240 align:middle line:84% do speak Chinese, and they also speak Malay, 00:35:50.240 --> 00:35:52.000 align:middle line:90% but they're not Muslim. 00:35:52.000 --> 00:35:53.960 align:middle line:84% So that basically means that if a Chinese wants 00:35:53.960 --> 00:35:56.800 align:middle line:84% to marry a Malay, you're going to convert to Islam, 00:35:56.800 --> 00:35:58.670 align:middle line:84% or you're going to marry a Chinese. 00:35:58.670 --> 00:36:01.990 align:middle line:84% So that's where the Chinese community of Malay stayed, 00:36:01.990 --> 00:36:04.010 align:middle line:90% actually, very close together. 00:36:04.010 --> 00:36:07.650 align:middle line:84% And so Chinese Malays have Chinese names, 00:36:07.650 --> 00:36:08.670 align:middle line:90% everything like that. 00:36:08.670 --> 00:36:11.370 align:middle line:90% You could tell immediately. 00:36:11.370 --> 00:36:15.410 align:middle line:84% Indonesia, that's another whole story of there was a big 00:36:15.410 --> 00:36:19.450 align:middle line:84% crackdown on Chinese language and identity in the later part 00:36:19.450 --> 00:36:20.710 align:middle line:90% of the 20th century. 00:36:20.710 --> 00:36:22.690 align:middle line:90% And that was very, very-- 00:36:22.690 --> 00:36:23.962 align:middle line:90% you couldn't teach Chinese. 00:36:23.962 --> 00:36:25.670 align:middle line:84% You couldn't learn Chinese, and all that. 00:36:25.670 --> 00:36:27.510 align:middle line:84% That's now softened a little bit. 00:36:27.510 --> 00:36:29.770 align:middle line:84% Again, that's a changing story, but all 00:36:29.770 --> 00:36:31.530 align:middle line:84% of the countries of Southeast Asia 00:36:31.530 --> 00:36:33.550 align:middle line:84% have had historic Chinese populations. 00:36:33.550 --> 00:36:35.610 align:middle line:84% You could all do this-- a great timeline project, 00:36:35.610 --> 00:36:37.390 align:middle line:84% if anybody needs a last minute project. 00:36:37.390 --> 00:36:39.227 align:middle line:90% It's a fascinating story. 00:36:39.227 --> 00:36:41.810 align:middle line:84% It goes all the way back, and I mean, the history of Singapore 00:36:41.810 --> 00:36:42.830 align:middle line:90% is fascinating. 00:36:42.830 --> 00:36:46.410 align:middle line:84% The Peranakan Chinese, those are some of the first Chinese, 00:36:46.410 --> 00:36:49.250 align:middle line:84% sometimes called the Straits Chinese. 00:36:49.250 --> 00:36:51.630 align:middle line:84% Some of those families date back to the Ming dynasty 00:36:51.630 --> 00:36:55.170 align:middle line:84% in how they got to Southeast Asia. 00:36:55.170 --> 00:36:57.650 align:middle line:90% So that's the story. 00:36:57.650 --> 00:36:58.890 align:middle line:90% Good, OK? 00:36:58.890 --> 00:37:01.110 align:middle line:84% All right, so Manchus did not pay attention. 00:37:01.110 --> 00:37:02.990 align:middle line:84% Oh yeah, this is, by the way, I love this. 00:37:02.990 --> 00:37:04.250 align:middle line:90% I love showing you this. 00:37:04.250 --> 00:37:07.490 align:middle line:84% So one of the things is it is true 00:37:07.490 --> 00:37:12.610 align:middle line:84% that in the first few decades of the existence of the Qing 00:37:12.610 --> 00:37:19.690 align:middle line:84% dynasty, some Ming loyalists did go to Southeast Asia. 00:37:19.690 --> 00:37:24.450 align:middle line:84% Again, I don't want to overstate it, but some of them really did. 00:37:24.450 --> 00:37:29.090 align:middle line:84% And if you look in Malacca or in parts of Malaysia, including 00:37:29.090 --> 00:37:32.070 align:middle line:84% what is today now Singapore, you'll find these inscriptions. 00:37:32.070 --> 00:37:34.250 align:middle line:84% These are from the early Qing dynasty. 00:37:34.250 --> 00:37:37.530 align:middle line:84% But fascinatingly, what year is it? 00:37:37.530 --> 00:37:39.750 align:middle line:90% What time is it? 00:37:39.750 --> 00:37:42.490 align:middle line:84% Remember, the calendar and the year 00:37:42.490 --> 00:37:45.530 align:middle line:84% is determined by the dynasty and the ruling emperor. 00:37:45.530 --> 00:37:47.730 align:middle line:84% So for the Overseas Chinese communities 00:37:47.730 --> 00:37:51.099 align:middle line:84% of Southeast Asia in the first few decades of the Qing dynasty, 00:37:51.099 --> 00:37:53.266 align:middle line:84% they identified the year as the [Chinese] she me she 00:37:53.266 --> 00:37:55.700 align:middle line:90% me year of the Longfei emperor. 00:37:55.700 --> 00:37:57.000 align:middle line:90% And you go, Longfei emperor? 00:37:57.000 --> 00:37:58.083 align:middle line:90% Who's the Longfei emperor? 00:37:58.083 --> 00:37:59.340 align:middle line:90% He's a made-up emperor. 00:37:59.340 --> 00:38:00.500 align:middle line:90% Doesn't exist. 00:38:00.500 --> 00:38:03.005 align:middle line:84% But they didn't recognize Kangxi. 00:38:03.005 --> 00:38:03.880 align:middle line:90% You know what I mean? 00:38:03.880 --> 00:38:04.640 align:middle line:90% They didn't recognize him. 00:38:04.640 --> 00:38:06.100 align:middle line:90% They didn't recognize the chain. 00:38:06.100 --> 00:38:08.060 align:middle line:84% So then you have this fascinating question 00:38:08.060 --> 00:38:11.580 align:middle line:84% of when did Chinese communities in Southeast Asia 00:38:11.580 --> 00:38:14.860 align:middle line:84% start using the Qing dynasty dates? 00:38:14.860 --> 00:38:18.005 align:middle line:84% And it's by the 1700s they're using them. 00:38:18.005 --> 00:38:19.380 align:middle line:84% But it doesn't matter because you 00:38:19.380 --> 00:38:20.940 align:middle line:84% can try to tell the Manchus in Beijing that, 00:38:20.940 --> 00:38:22.040 align:middle line:90% and they still don't care. 00:38:22.040 --> 00:38:23.320 align:middle line:90% But you know what I'm saying? 00:38:23.320 --> 00:38:24.480 align:middle line:90% They do actually start-- 00:38:24.480 --> 00:38:27.140 align:middle line:84% You'll see Chen Long, [CHINESE] she me she me year in the 18th 00:38:27.140 --> 00:38:28.080 align:middle line:90% century. 00:38:28.080 --> 00:38:31.760 align:middle line:84% But in the Kangxi reign, you'll see this made up emperor. 00:38:31.760 --> 00:38:34.420 align:middle line:84% And it's just fascinating to go to Chinese temples in Southeast 00:38:34.420 --> 00:38:36.587 align:middle line:84% Asia, if they have old inscriptions, and you'll see, 00:38:36.587 --> 00:38:41.820 align:middle line:84% these are the early Ming exile communities or something 00:38:41.820 --> 00:38:46.120 align:middle line:84% that they're just not on board with the Manchu conquest. 00:38:46.120 --> 00:38:48.900 align:middle line:90% So it's fascinating to see. 00:38:48.900 --> 00:38:51.580 align:middle line:84% All right, so basically, I've just 00:38:51.580 --> 00:38:55.260 align:middle line:84% covered the highlights of the Kangxi reign. 00:38:55.260 --> 00:38:57.280 align:middle line:90% This was a 60-year reign. 00:38:57.280 --> 00:39:00.220 align:middle line:84% And as you can see from his stuff with negotiations 00:39:00.220 --> 00:39:03.720 align:middle line:84% with Russia, the Mongols, the Taiwan annexation, 00:39:03.720 --> 00:39:05.760 align:middle line:84% putting down the Three Feudatories rebellion, 00:39:05.760 --> 00:39:07.300 align:middle line:90% he had a busy reign. 00:39:07.300 --> 00:39:09.040 align:middle line:90% It was quite active. 00:39:09.040 --> 00:39:12.100 align:middle line:84% But it's just like sometimes you get lucky. 00:39:12.100 --> 00:39:14.700 align:middle line:84% In the Qing dynasty, you got lucky 00:39:14.700 --> 00:39:17.140 align:middle line:84% in the sense of they had a capable emperor at a time 00:39:17.140 --> 00:39:18.600 align:middle line:90% when you really needed one. 00:39:18.600 --> 00:39:20.493 align:middle line:90% And he proved to be fairly-- 00:39:20.493 --> 00:39:22.660 align:middle line:84% I don't want to overstate it, but he was, especially 00:39:22.660 --> 00:39:24.410 align:middle line:84% compared to who you've seen from the Ming. 00:39:24.410 --> 00:39:28.420 align:middle line:90% So that's Kangxi. 00:39:28.420 --> 00:39:32.300 align:middle line:84% Why was Kangxi chosen, by the way, to be emperor? 00:39:32.300 --> 00:39:34.660 align:middle line:90% This is interesting. 00:39:34.660 --> 00:39:39.020 align:middle line:84% In fact, my very phrasing of that sentence is interesting. 00:39:39.020 --> 00:39:43.020 align:middle line:84% He was chosen, meaning there was a choice. 00:39:43.020 --> 00:39:44.420 align:middle line:90% That's quite important. 00:39:44.420 --> 00:39:48.100 align:middle line:84% The Shunzhi Emperor who preceded him, who was the first emperor 00:39:48.100 --> 00:39:50.580 align:middle line:84% to rule from Beijing, the first Manchu emperor 00:39:50.580 --> 00:39:53.350 align:middle line:84% to rule from Beijing at the beginning of the dynasty, 00:39:53.350 --> 00:39:57.070 align:middle line:84% he died of smallpox at a fairly young age. 00:39:57.070 --> 00:39:59.950 align:middle line:84% And so the thing of why Kangxi was 00:39:59.950 --> 00:40:04.030 align:middle line:84% picked to be the next emperor is that he had contracted smallpox 00:40:04.030 --> 00:40:09.070 align:middle line:84% as a child and survived, so meaning he had immunity. 00:40:09.070 --> 00:40:12.430 align:middle line:84% Now, the reason why I want to bring this out to you 00:40:12.430 --> 00:40:16.430 align:middle line:84% is you say, why did the Qing have pretty decent emperors 00:40:16.430 --> 00:40:18.230 align:middle line:90% compared to the Ming? 00:40:18.230 --> 00:40:21.550 align:middle line:84% Because the Qing did not practice 00:40:21.550 --> 00:40:25.730 align:middle line:84% the whatever it's called, primogeniture, whatever-- 00:40:25.730 --> 00:40:28.510 align:middle line:84% you know what I'm talking about-- the first son 00:40:28.510 --> 00:40:29.490 align:middle line:90% becomes the emperor. 00:40:29.490 --> 00:40:30.670 align:middle line:90% That's what the Ming did. 00:40:30.670 --> 00:40:33.430 align:middle line:84% It got them into tons of trouble. 00:40:33.430 --> 00:40:35.510 align:middle line:84% It got them into tons of trouble because look, 00:40:35.510 --> 00:40:39.230 align:middle line:84% you cannot guarantee the first son is going to be the winner. 00:40:39.230 --> 00:40:42.130 align:middle line:84% What I mean to say is the talent, 00:40:42.130 --> 00:40:44.770 align:middle line:84% it could be not the talented one. 00:40:44.770 --> 00:40:45.730 align:middle line:90% It might be the sixth. 00:40:45.730 --> 00:40:46.910 align:middle line:90% Who knows? 00:40:46.910 --> 00:40:49.790 align:middle line:84% The way that the Manchus did it is that the Manchus would 00:40:49.790 --> 00:40:52.510 align:middle line:84% basically say, you look at all the sons, 00:40:52.510 --> 00:40:53.910 align:middle line:90% and you basically observe them. 00:40:53.910 --> 00:40:57.990 align:middle line:84% And you go, who's the most intelligent of the bunch? 00:40:57.990 --> 00:40:59.670 align:middle line:90% Who's a little bit curious? 00:40:59.670 --> 00:41:01.130 align:middle line:90% Who's capable? 00:41:01.130 --> 00:41:04.890 align:middle line:84% And they had a long period of time to observe them. 00:41:04.890 --> 00:41:08.630 align:middle line:84% So this is actually really fascinating because Kangxi dies 00:41:08.630 --> 00:41:12.270 align:middle line:90% on the 20th of December of 1722. 00:41:12.270 --> 00:41:15.730 align:middle line:84% And I think he had a bunch of sons-- at least eight, 00:41:15.730 --> 00:41:16.450 align:middle line:90% maybe more. 00:41:16.450 --> 00:41:18.650 align:middle line:84% But there was eight in contention for the throne. 00:41:18.650 --> 00:41:23.070 align:middle line:84% And for most of Kangxi's reign, he 00:41:23.070 --> 00:41:28.510 align:middle line:84% had this one son who was an absolute just awful son, 00:41:28.510 --> 00:41:30.770 align:middle line:90% just horrible. 00:41:30.770 --> 00:41:31.770 align:middle line:90% Like a criminal. 00:41:31.770 --> 00:41:32.910 align:middle line:90% Like I'm serious. 00:41:32.910 --> 00:41:34.050 align:middle line:90% And it's very hard. 00:41:34.050 --> 00:41:37.310 align:middle line:84% It was really a Hunter Biden situation. 00:41:37.310 --> 00:41:38.230 align:middle line:90% It really was. 00:41:38.230 --> 00:41:41.050 align:middle line:84% I mean, I'm sorry to say, it was a real Hunter Biden situation. 00:41:41.050 --> 00:41:42.870 align:middle line:84% So it was basically-- it was even worse. 00:41:42.870 --> 00:41:46.910 align:middle line:84% So it was basically, Kangxi had this son was the Crown Prince. 00:41:46.910 --> 00:41:49.690 align:middle line:84% And you and Crown Prince basically means you're tapped. 00:41:49.690 --> 00:41:52.030 align:middle line:84% You're probably going to be the emperor, but no 00:41:52.030 --> 00:41:56.490 align:middle line:84% guarantees until we see the writing on the wall. 00:41:56.490 --> 00:42:03.030 align:middle line:84% So this guy, people were telling Kangxi over the years, 00:42:03.030 --> 00:42:05.290 align:middle line:90% we don't think he's the one. 00:42:05.290 --> 00:42:09.465 align:middle line:84% He's accused of like all these sex crimes. 00:42:09.465 --> 00:42:11.090 align:middle line:84% He was like-- all this stuff like that. 00:42:11.090 --> 00:42:14.150 align:middle line:84% And then he was even at some points 00:42:14.150 --> 00:42:16.990 align:middle line:90% trying to overthrow his father. 00:42:16.990 --> 00:42:19.870 align:middle line:84% Who knows if it's true or not, but it probably 00:42:19.870 --> 00:42:22.190 align:middle line:90% is to a certain extent. 00:42:22.190 --> 00:42:27.070 align:middle line:84% But it's very difficult, as we can see, 00:42:27.070 --> 00:42:30.090 align:middle line:84% it's very difficult for a father to throw his son under the bus. 00:42:30.090 --> 00:42:34.110 align:middle line:84% You want to believe, oh, come on, he's misunderstood. 00:42:34.110 --> 00:42:41.210 align:middle line:84% But eventually, after decades, Kangxi demoted him. 00:42:41.210 --> 00:42:42.290 align:middle line:90% It was like, oh my God. 00:42:42.290 --> 00:42:43.890 align:middle line:90% OK, so now who's it going to be? 00:42:43.890 --> 00:42:45.130 align:middle line:90% Who's next? 00:42:45.130 --> 00:42:46.060 align:middle line:90% Who's coming up? 00:42:46.060 --> 00:42:49.360 align:middle line:84% We got seven other options that are all-- any of them 00:42:49.360 --> 00:42:51.960 align:middle line:84% would be better than that guy, so who's it going to be? 00:42:51.960 --> 00:42:54.240 align:middle line:90% So nobody knew. 00:42:54.240 --> 00:42:58.160 align:middle line:84% And then-- so how the Manchu emperors did it is 00:42:58.160 --> 00:43:01.440 align:middle line:84% they wrote their choice, and it doesn't necessarily 00:43:01.440 --> 00:43:02.820 align:middle line:90% have to be the Crown Prince. 00:43:02.820 --> 00:43:04.700 align:middle line:84% The Crown Prince is the leading contender, 00:43:04.700 --> 00:43:06.680 align:middle line:90% but it could be somebody else. 00:43:06.680 --> 00:43:09.560 align:middle line:84% They write their choice on a piece of paper 00:43:09.560 --> 00:43:12.680 align:middle line:84% and put it in a locked box over their bed. 00:43:12.680 --> 00:43:16.400 align:middle line:84% And then when they die, you can take the box down and then 00:43:16.400 --> 00:43:18.800 align:middle line:84% open it up, and it's like, OK, that's the next emperor. 00:43:18.800 --> 00:43:22.400 align:middle line:84% Now again, what this practice did 00:43:22.400 --> 00:43:25.120 align:middle line:84% is that it ensured that the people who became emperors 00:43:25.120 --> 00:43:27.820 align:middle line:84% during the Qing dynasty generally could do the job. 00:43:27.820 --> 00:43:29.920 align:middle line:84% That was one thing that it guaranteed. 00:43:29.920 --> 00:43:35.360 align:middle line:84% So what you had in the 20th of December in 1722, 00:43:35.360 --> 00:43:39.520 align:middle line:84% is that the announcement came, and it was somebody nobody 00:43:39.520 --> 00:43:40.760 align:middle line:90% expected. 00:43:40.760 --> 00:43:42.560 align:middle line:84% It was the Yongzheng-- the guy who 00:43:42.560 --> 00:43:45.320 align:middle line:90% becomes the Yongzheng Emperor. 00:43:45.320 --> 00:43:48.680 align:middle line:90% And people were like, what? 00:43:48.680 --> 00:43:50.920 align:middle line:90% It was a shock announcement. 00:43:50.920 --> 00:43:53.540 align:middle line:90% Because he wasn't a favorite. 00:43:53.540 --> 00:43:55.440 align:middle line:90% He wasn't in line. 00:43:55.440 --> 00:43:58.800 align:middle line:84% He didn't have a political establishment in Beijing. 00:43:58.800 --> 00:44:00.100 align:middle line:90% There were all of these people. 00:44:00.100 --> 00:44:03.340 align:middle line:84% He had been a very loyal son to his father. 00:44:03.340 --> 00:44:05.200 align:middle line:84% He had supported, I think, one of the things 00:44:05.200 --> 00:44:07.580 align:middle line:84% that he did very politically astutely 00:44:07.580 --> 00:44:10.943 align:middle line:84% is he didn't throw that kind of controversial son 00:44:10.943 --> 00:44:11.860 align:middle line:90% totally under the bus. 00:44:11.860 --> 00:44:14.320 align:middle line:84% He was always taking his dad's side 00:44:14.320 --> 00:44:16.760 align:middle line:90% and trying to be peacemaker. 00:44:16.760 --> 00:44:18.840 align:middle line:90% So he was older. 00:44:18.840 --> 00:44:21.180 align:middle line:84% He was one of the-- when he assumed the throne, 00:44:21.180 --> 00:44:24.422 align:middle line:84% he was older, which was another surprise of the announcement. 00:44:24.422 --> 00:44:25.880 align:middle line:84% Because it's like, why wouldn't you 00:44:25.880 --> 00:44:28.220 align:middle line:84% pick a young guy who's invigorated, 00:44:28.220 --> 00:44:30.160 align:middle line:90% has a long life ahead of him? 00:44:30.160 --> 00:44:32.560 align:middle line:84% So he picked somebody who was a little bit older. 00:44:32.560 --> 00:44:36.880 align:middle line:84% And there were always rumors that Yongzheng had somehow 00:44:36.880 --> 00:44:43.528 align:middle line:84% changed the paper, that there had been a conspiracy. 00:44:43.528 --> 00:44:45.070 align:middle line:84% From the very beginning of his reign, 00:44:45.070 --> 00:44:47.570 align:middle line:84% there was always this thing of, is he legitimate? 00:44:47.570 --> 00:44:53.130 align:middle line:84% But, actually, he ends up being a totally capable 00:44:53.130 --> 00:44:56.810 align:middle line:84% and probably the most hardworking emperor 00:44:56.810 --> 00:44:59.050 align:middle line:90% of the whole dynasty. 00:44:59.050 --> 00:45:01.590 align:middle line:84% He literally, as I mentioned last time, 00:45:01.590 --> 00:45:04.610 align:middle line:84% worked so hard that people think he worked himself 00:45:04.610 --> 00:45:07.030 align:middle line:90% to death-- an early death. 00:45:07.030 --> 00:45:12.930 align:middle line:84% And so he reigns for 13 years from 1722 to 1735. 00:45:12.930 --> 00:45:17.290 align:middle line:84% And one of the things is he's the most activist 00:45:17.290 --> 00:45:19.510 align:middle line:90% of all of the Qing emperors. 00:45:19.510 --> 00:45:22.450 align:middle line:84% And what I mean by that is he identifies problems 00:45:22.450 --> 00:45:24.470 align:middle line:90% and he tries to solve them. 00:45:24.470 --> 00:45:27.570 align:middle line:84% So one thing that he does over here, let's 00:45:27.570 --> 00:45:29.090 align:middle line:90% start on the far right. 00:45:29.090 --> 00:45:34.150 align:middle line:84% You had in China a system that was, let's say, 00:45:34.150 --> 00:45:38.010 align:middle line:84% a messenger system between local provincial officials 00:45:38.010 --> 00:45:41.210 align:middle line:84% and the Imperial State known as the memorial system. 00:45:41.210 --> 00:45:44.690 align:middle line:84% Basically, officials would write memorials, 00:45:44.690 --> 00:45:46.770 align:middle line:84% and they would be mailed to Beijing. 00:45:46.770 --> 00:45:48.250 align:middle line:84% And they'd be copied out by people 00:45:48.250 --> 00:45:50.810 align:middle line:84% along the way to ensure that they're accurate. 00:45:50.810 --> 00:45:52.770 align:middle line:84% There was a problem about this, which 00:45:52.770 --> 00:45:57.050 align:middle line:84% is to say the memorials were not particularly confidential. 00:45:57.050 --> 00:45:58.550 align:middle line:90% They pass through mediums. 00:45:58.550 --> 00:46:01.050 align:middle line:84% They pass through various different other layers 00:46:01.050 --> 00:46:02.270 align:middle line:90% of the bureaucracy. 00:46:02.270 --> 00:46:03.770 align:middle line:84% And then once it got to Beijing, it 00:46:03.770 --> 00:46:05.650 align:middle line:84% was copied by certain bureaucrats 00:46:05.650 --> 00:46:09.490 align:middle line:84% in the palace who saw it before the emperor saw it. 00:46:09.490 --> 00:46:12.490 align:middle line:84% So the Yongzheng emperor is like, if you really 00:46:12.490 --> 00:46:14.930 align:middle line:84% want to figure out what's going on in this Empire, 00:46:14.930 --> 00:46:17.472 align:middle line:84% if you really want to figure out who's a good official, who's 00:46:17.472 --> 00:46:20.690 align:middle line:84% a bad official, you have to have a secret system. 00:46:20.690 --> 00:46:24.970 align:middle line:84% So Yongzheng basically inaugurates a new communication 00:46:24.970 --> 00:46:27.870 align:middle line:84% system known as the secret palace memorials. 00:46:27.870 --> 00:46:29.670 align:middle line:90% These are folded memorials. 00:46:29.670 --> 00:46:32.850 align:middle line:84% And what they do is the official in the province writes 00:46:32.850 --> 00:46:35.030 align:middle line:84% a memorial, puts it in a locked box. 00:46:35.030 --> 00:46:37.790 align:middle line:84% It's sent to Beijing, and it's opened in front of the emperor. 00:46:37.790 --> 00:46:39.200 align:middle line:90% And only he reads it. 00:46:39.200 --> 00:46:41.140 align:middle line:84% So that way, if you see something going on 00:46:41.140 --> 00:46:42.860 align:middle line:84% in terms of corruption, if you need 00:46:42.860 --> 00:46:45.485 align:middle line:84% to say something that's a little bit difficult to hear that you 00:46:45.485 --> 00:46:48.040 align:middle line:84% don't want other officials to hear, the emperor will hear it. 00:46:48.040 --> 00:46:51.220 align:middle line:84% So he basically institutes this new communication system 00:46:51.220 --> 00:46:55.620 align:middle line:84% that ends up being quite important because he also 00:46:55.620 --> 00:46:57.160 align:middle line:90% overhauls the tax system. 00:46:57.160 --> 00:47:00.380 align:middle line:84% Now, listen, I know taxes are nobody's favorite topic. 00:47:00.380 --> 00:47:04.340 align:middle line:84% It's like, OK, but you realize how important taxes are. 00:47:04.340 --> 00:47:07.100 align:middle line:84% And you realize that, think about how taxes, 00:47:07.100 --> 00:47:08.920 align:middle line:84% they're so messed up in the United States. 00:47:08.920 --> 00:47:10.160 align:middle line:90% It's a pain every year. 00:47:10.160 --> 00:47:12.360 align:middle line:84% You have to do your taxes and everything like that. 00:47:12.360 --> 00:47:15.740 align:middle line:84% So it's like, it's difficult to streamline a tax code. 00:47:15.740 --> 00:47:17.340 align:middle line:84% There's a lot of special interests 00:47:17.340 --> 00:47:18.780 align:middle line:84% who want to prevent you from doing 00:47:18.780 --> 00:47:21.120 align:middle line:84% that, who make money on the side, everything like that. 00:47:21.120 --> 00:47:23.800 align:middle line:84% So he institutes the secret palace memorial system, 00:47:23.800 --> 00:47:26.540 align:middle line:84% and then he basically uses that to try to basically 00:47:26.540 --> 00:47:29.280 align:middle line:84% feel out how are we going to implement this new tax system? 00:47:29.280 --> 00:47:31.340 align:middle line:84% The system that he implements ends up basically 00:47:31.340 --> 00:47:32.960 align:middle line:90% lasting the rest of the dynasty. 00:47:32.960 --> 00:47:35.640 align:middle line:90% So it's a real moment of reform. 00:47:35.640 --> 00:47:38.940 align:middle line:84% So the thing that's sad about Yongzheng 00:47:38.940 --> 00:47:41.165 align:middle line:84% is he actually identified real problems. 00:47:41.165 --> 00:47:43.040 align:middle line:84% He really wanted to solve them in government. 00:47:43.040 --> 00:47:44.840 align:middle line:84% He wanted to make the government better. 00:47:44.840 --> 00:47:46.000 align:middle line:90% Think about this. 00:47:46.000 --> 00:47:50.140 align:middle line:84% I'm talking about you can't say this for every emperor. 00:47:50.140 --> 00:47:52.480 align:middle line:84% Even the good emperors, you're like, OK, 00:47:52.480 --> 00:47:53.940 align:middle line:90% they're kind of treading water. 00:47:53.940 --> 00:47:57.060 align:middle line:84% Basically, they want the dynasty to survive another 10 years. 00:47:57.060 --> 00:47:58.120 align:middle line:90% That's what they want. 00:47:58.120 --> 00:48:00.480 align:middle line:84% But sometimes, you get somebody who's like, no, 00:48:00.480 --> 00:48:02.580 align:middle line:90% I want it to work better. 00:48:02.580 --> 00:48:04.680 align:middle line:84% I want it to be better than it is right now. 00:48:04.680 --> 00:48:07.140 align:middle line:84% And that's what you had in this case. 00:48:07.140 --> 00:48:09.320 align:middle line:84% Now, he doesn't live long enough. 00:48:09.320 --> 00:48:11.580 align:middle line:84% And if he had lived longer, it's possible 00:48:11.580 --> 00:48:13.780 align:middle line:84% that he would have even done more stuff that 00:48:13.780 --> 00:48:16.500 align:middle line:84% would have made the rest of the dynasty's history look 00:48:16.500 --> 00:48:17.000 align:middle line:90% different. 00:48:17.000 --> 00:48:17.960 align:middle line:90% But he didn't. 00:48:17.960 --> 00:48:24.180 align:middle line:84% Now, I want to just say, let me show you some examples 00:48:24.180 --> 00:48:26.040 align:middle line:90% of this palace memorial system. 00:48:26.040 --> 00:48:29.060 align:middle line:90% So basically, the official-- 00:48:29.060 --> 00:48:31.480 align:middle line:84% this is the official writes the letter, 00:48:31.480 --> 00:48:34.020 align:middle line:84% writes the memorial to the emperor, and then the emperor 00:48:34.020 --> 00:48:36.990 align:middle line:90% responds with this red script. 00:48:36.990 --> 00:48:38.090 align:middle line:90% He opens it up. 00:48:38.090 --> 00:48:38.723 align:middle line:90% It's folded. 00:48:38.723 --> 00:48:41.390 align:middle line:84% It's originally folded so nobody can read it, and he opens it up 00:48:41.390 --> 00:48:43.570 align:middle line:90% and he writes his response. 00:48:43.570 --> 00:48:47.910 align:middle line:84% So the most famous response of Qing dynasty emperors-- 00:48:47.910 --> 00:48:49.630 align:middle line:84% this is true of probably all emperors 00:48:49.630 --> 00:48:52.603 align:middle line:84% going back some centuries in Chinese history-- was [CHINESE] 00:48:52.603 --> 00:48:56.950 align:middle line:84% zhi dao le, which means, I got it. 00:48:56.950 --> 00:49:00.590 align:middle line:84% So basically, you're going to get-- 00:49:00.590 --> 00:49:03.110 align:middle line:84% because you're going to get a ton of these all the time. 00:49:03.110 --> 00:49:06.790 align:middle line:84% So you get memorials every day coming 00:49:06.790 --> 00:49:09.107 align:middle line:84% in from different parts of the empire, 00:49:09.107 --> 00:49:10.690 align:middle line:84% and you don't want to write like this. 00:49:10.690 --> 00:49:12.530 align:middle line:84% You're like, oh, wow, that's a nice response. 00:49:12.530 --> 00:49:14.447 align:middle line:84% But you don't want to write that on every one. 00:49:14.447 --> 00:49:18.410 align:middle line:84% It's like giving feedback on exams. 00:49:18.410 --> 00:49:19.890 align:middle line:90% I know what the score is. 00:49:19.890 --> 00:49:21.350 align:middle line:90% I could write out why. 00:49:21.350 --> 00:49:23.030 align:middle line:90% I just don't want to. 00:49:23.030 --> 00:49:28.195 align:middle line:84% So I just say, OK, it was a good essay, and it's actually, 00:49:28.195 --> 00:49:30.070 align:middle line:84% it's the essays that are the most problematic 00:49:30.070 --> 00:49:31.528 align:middle line:84% that you have to write the most on. 00:49:31.528 --> 00:49:33.270 align:middle line:84% So it's the same with the Qing emperors. 00:49:33.270 --> 00:49:36.130 align:middle line:84% The most problematic memorials you have to respond the most. 00:49:36.130 --> 00:49:38.770 align:middle line:84% But most of the time, you just go, I got it. 00:49:38.770 --> 00:49:40.330 align:middle line:84% Yeah, I got it, [CHINESE] zhi dao le. 00:49:40.330 --> 00:49:43.950 align:middle line:84% So this is Kangxi, his version of [CHINESE] zhi dao le -- 00:49:43.950 --> 00:49:46.070 align:middle line:84% Yongzheng's, Qianlong's, Jiaqing's, these 00:49:46.070 --> 00:49:47.910 align:middle line:84% are all the Qing emperors and how they would 00:49:47.910 --> 00:49:49.397 align:middle line:90% write those characters in red. 00:49:49.397 --> 00:49:50.230 align:middle line:90% So it's kind of fun. 00:49:50.230 --> 00:49:52.810 align:middle line:84% Now, there's another thing that's really funny. 00:49:52.810 --> 00:49:56.070 align:middle line:84% It went viral in China in 2019, which 00:49:56.070 --> 00:49:59.430 align:middle line:84% is that after Kangxi's playing around with this communication 00:49:59.430 --> 00:50:02.350 align:middle line:90% system. 00:50:02.350 --> 00:50:04.330 align:middle line:84% Of course, why do you write the emperor? 00:50:04.330 --> 00:50:08.570 align:middle line:84% You write the emperor if something pressing is happening. 00:50:08.570 --> 00:50:10.430 align:middle line:84% Like oh wow, there's a rebellion. 00:50:10.430 --> 00:50:11.950 align:middle line:90% You got to write the emperor. 00:50:11.950 --> 00:50:14.270 align:middle line:84% But you also write the emperor to wish 00:50:14.270 --> 00:50:16.710 align:middle line:90% his mother a happy birthday. 00:50:16.710 --> 00:50:19.830 align:middle line:84% You also-- there are reasons why you write the emperor. 00:50:19.830 --> 00:50:23.110 align:middle line:84% And especially, if you want a promotion, 00:50:23.110 --> 00:50:26.970 align:middle line:84% you might send a memorial to the emperor. 00:50:26.970 --> 00:50:28.970 align:middle line:84% Well, so this went viral in 2019. 00:50:28.970 --> 00:50:31.430 align:middle line:84% There was this one official in Jiangnan 00:50:31.430 --> 00:50:38.540 align:middle line:84% who was such a kiss-ass, he wrote Yongzhen every month. 00:50:38.540 --> 00:50:44.640 align:middle line:84% And he literally-- he had nothing to say. 00:50:44.640 --> 00:50:46.080 align:middle line:90% He had nothing to say. 00:50:46.080 --> 00:50:51.680 align:middle line:84% So basically, so he writes him every month. 00:50:51.680 --> 00:50:56.960 align:middle line:84% And he basically asks him, he says, I hope you're doing well. 00:50:56.960 --> 00:50:58.700 align:middle line:90% I hope your health is well. 00:50:58.700 --> 00:51:00.760 align:middle line:84% I hope everybody in the home is well. 00:51:00.760 --> 00:51:05.960 align:middle line:84% And basically most of the time, Yongzheng just responded, 00:51:05.960 --> 00:51:08.800 align:middle line:84% [CHINESE] zheng an, I'm OK, thanks. 00:51:08.800 --> 00:51:11.680 align:middle line:90% I, imperial we, I'm OK. 00:51:11.680 --> 00:51:15.880 align:middle line:84% So in the fifth year, on the first day of the first month, 00:51:15.880 --> 00:51:22.040 align:middle line:84% the new year, he responded like, my health 00:51:22.040 --> 00:51:25.532 align:middle line:84% is really good recently, and I've even gained weight. 00:51:25.532 --> 00:51:27.240 align:middle line:84% So that gives you a little bit of a sense 00:51:27.240 --> 00:51:28.700 align:middle line:90% of Yongzheng's personality. 00:51:28.700 --> 00:51:33.360 align:middle line:84% But again, most of the time that's the response. 00:51:33.360 --> 00:51:37.040 align:middle line:84% You can think about the emails you get back from professors. 00:51:37.040 --> 00:51:39.140 align:middle line:90% How many words are in them? 00:51:39.140 --> 00:51:43.140 align:middle line:90% So yeah, so that's Yongzheng. 00:51:43.140 --> 00:51:43.640 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:51:43.640 --> 00:51:45.890 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: At least at the end, when you were like, OK. 00:51:45.890 --> 00:51:48.880 align:middle line:90% TRISTAN BROWN: Right, exactly. 00:51:48.880 --> 00:51:50.800 align:middle line:90% Exactly. 00:51:50.800 --> 00:51:54.280 align:middle line:84% So now, there's another thing that 00:51:54.280 --> 00:51:57.240 align:middle line:84% happens during the Yongzheng reign, which is really, really 00:51:57.240 --> 00:52:02.320 align:middle line:84% fascinating Is that basically, there's this thing that's 00:52:02.320 --> 00:52:04.040 align:middle line:90% called the Zeng Jing affair. 00:52:04.040 --> 00:52:09.480 align:middle line:84% And this was made famous by a popular book by Jonathan Spence, 00:52:09.480 --> 00:52:12.920 align:middle line:84% I don't know, like 25 years ago called Treason by the Book, 00:52:12.920 --> 00:52:15.120 align:middle line:84% and it's actually a pretty good read. 00:52:15.120 --> 00:52:16.880 align:middle line:84% It's a book that you could actually 00:52:16.880 --> 00:52:18.100 align:middle line:90% read on a plane or something. 00:52:18.100 --> 00:52:20.960 align:middle line:90% It's quite a compelling read. 00:52:20.960 --> 00:52:23.160 align:middle line:84% The reason why this case is so fascinating 00:52:23.160 --> 00:52:25.800 align:middle line:84% is that essentially, it boils down to this. 00:52:25.800 --> 00:52:29.680 align:middle line:84% Zeng Jing was this guy, I think he 00:52:29.680 --> 00:52:31.680 align:middle line:84% was in [CHINESE] Shanxi or something. 00:52:31.680 --> 00:52:35.240 align:middle line:84% He approaches this major Qing official named Yu Zhongshi 00:52:35.240 --> 00:52:38.260 align:middle line:84% and he basically says like, hey, I heat the government, 00:52:38.260 --> 00:52:39.800 align:middle line:90% let's overthrow it. 00:52:39.800 --> 00:52:42.440 align:middle line:90% And Zhongshi is like, what? 00:52:42.440 --> 00:52:47.840 align:middle line:84% So he reports Zeng Jing to the throne, 00:52:47.840 --> 00:52:53.400 align:middle line:84% and Zeng Jing is arrested for treason, and for sedition, 00:52:53.400 --> 00:52:56.600 align:middle line:84% and for spreading all this hate, and everything like that. 00:52:56.600 --> 00:53:01.400 align:middle line:84% So he's held in captivity where he's awaiting 00:53:01.400 --> 00:53:03.800 align:middle line:90% his potential execution. 00:53:03.800 --> 00:53:07.040 align:middle line:90% And Yongzheng starts-- 00:53:07.040 --> 00:53:09.440 align:middle line:84% Yongzheng had this personality where 00:53:09.440 --> 00:53:12.440 align:middle line:84% he was fascinated by Zeng Jing because he was basically 00:53:12.440 --> 00:53:17.600 align:middle line:84% like, why does Zeng Jing hate me? 00:53:17.600 --> 00:53:20.420 align:middle line:84% Why does Zeng Jing hate our empire? 00:53:20.420 --> 00:53:22.160 align:middle line:90% Why does he heat the Qing? 00:53:22.160 --> 00:53:26.360 align:middle line:84% Because Zeng Jing had said this anti-Manchu stuff. 00:53:26.360 --> 00:53:29.082 align:middle line:84% And he had said this stuff that was like, the Manchus shouldn't 00:53:29.082 --> 00:53:29.790 align:middle line:90% be running China. 00:53:29.790 --> 00:53:31.270 align:middle line:84% They're barbarians from beyond the wall. 00:53:31.270 --> 00:53:32.710 align:middle line:90% What the hell is going on here? 00:53:32.710 --> 00:53:34.085 align:middle line:84% Who's this guy who's our emperor? 00:53:34.085 --> 00:53:34.988 align:middle line:90% He's a loser. 00:53:34.988 --> 00:53:36.030 align:middle line:90% All this stuff like that. 00:53:36.030 --> 00:53:40.090 align:middle line:84% So Yongzheng was like, he was fascinated by this fellow. 00:53:40.090 --> 00:53:44.090 align:middle line:84% So he starts a pen pal relationship with him 00:53:44.090 --> 00:53:45.370 align:middle line:90% from prison. 00:53:45.370 --> 00:53:48.550 align:middle line:84% So he basically says, what's your problem? 00:53:48.550 --> 00:53:51.930 align:middle line:84% And then Zen Jing writes back, here's my problem with you. 00:53:51.930 --> 00:53:54.588 align:middle line:84% You're a barbarian from beyond the wall, 00:53:54.588 --> 00:53:55.630 align:middle line:90% all this stuff like that. 00:53:55.630 --> 00:53:57.630 align:middle line:84% So then Yongzheng is like, OK, you know what? 00:53:57.630 --> 00:53:59.850 align:middle line:84% I'm going to use this opportunity 00:53:59.850 --> 00:54:05.690 align:middle line:84% to explain to everybody why we have the right to rule China. 00:54:05.690 --> 00:54:08.970 align:middle line:84% So it's a fascinating moment in Yongzheng's tenure 00:54:08.970 --> 00:54:11.650 align:middle line:84% where he's like, look, Confucius says it's not 00:54:11.650 --> 00:54:13.550 align:middle line:90% about barbarian or Chinese. 00:54:13.550 --> 00:54:16.230 align:middle line:84% It's about the ritual, who does it right. 00:54:16.230 --> 00:54:18.585 align:middle line:84% We're Manchus, but we do the right rituals. 00:54:18.585 --> 00:54:19.710 align:middle line:90% What are you talking about? 00:54:19.710 --> 00:54:21.043 align:middle line:90% We have the right to rule China. 00:54:21.043 --> 00:54:24.170 align:middle line:84% We have the Mandate of Heaven, all this stuff like that. 00:54:24.170 --> 00:54:27.030 align:middle line:84% So he actually writes-- in a sense, 00:54:27.030 --> 00:54:30.490 align:middle line:84% he writes this essay that eventually is published 00:54:30.490 --> 00:54:32.490 align:middle line:84% and is promulgated throughout the dynasty which 00:54:32.490 --> 00:54:36.670 align:middle line:84% is kind of like an argument for diversity in a sense. 00:54:36.670 --> 00:54:42.950 align:middle line:84% It's remarkably prescient in its cosmopolitan attitude. 00:54:42.950 --> 00:54:45.470 align:middle line:84% Of course, he's writing it to basically say, 00:54:45.470 --> 00:54:47.450 align:middle line:90% this is why we can rule. 00:54:47.450 --> 00:54:50.850 align:middle line:90% But he promulgates it. 00:54:50.850 --> 00:54:55.970 align:middle line:84% He then, as a mark of generosity, 00:54:55.970 --> 00:54:59.770 align:middle line:84% pardoned Zeng Jing because Zeng Jing apologizes. 00:54:59.770 --> 00:55:02.430 align:middle line:84% So then if you make this big deal about it, 00:55:02.430 --> 00:55:07.090 align:middle line:84% you have to be like, look, I've taught Zeng Jing well. 00:55:07.090 --> 00:55:09.650 align:middle line:84% Zeng Jing has learned his mistake, 00:55:09.650 --> 00:55:12.190 align:middle line:84% and he has now realized the error of his ways, 00:55:12.190 --> 00:55:13.750 align:middle line:84% and he has publicly apologized to me. 00:55:13.750 --> 00:55:15.250 align:middle line:90% So I'm going to pardon him. 00:55:15.250 --> 00:55:17.750 align:middle line:84% And it's kind of like, wow, OK, Yongzheng. 00:55:17.750 --> 00:55:19.610 align:middle line:90% This is quite a move. 00:55:19.610 --> 00:55:27.020 align:middle line:84% So then without giving it away, Yongzheng's son, the Qianlong 00:55:27.020 --> 00:55:30.940 align:middle line:84% emperor, one of the first acts he 00:55:30.940 --> 00:55:33.140 align:middle line:84% does when he comes to the throne is 00:55:33.140 --> 00:55:36.260 align:middle line:84% he executes Zeng Jing immediately. 00:55:36.260 --> 00:55:38.880 align:middle line:90% He just hates this guy. 00:55:38.880 --> 00:55:41.420 align:middle line:84% And then it's quite a funny situation because you say, 00:55:41.420 --> 00:55:45.820 align:middle line:84% but Yongzheng pardoned-- it was an imperial pardon, which 00:55:45.820 --> 00:55:47.380 align:middle line:90% was like a presidential pardon. 00:55:47.380 --> 00:55:50.080 align:middle line:84% You're not supposed to go after him after a presidential pardon. 00:55:50.080 --> 00:55:53.300 align:middle line:84% But then Qianlong says, ah ha, yes, that's 00:55:53.300 --> 00:55:54.800 align:middle line:90% what my father asked for. 00:55:54.800 --> 00:55:58.020 align:middle line:84% But he insulted my father, which means that I 00:55:58.020 --> 00:56:00.260 align:middle line:90% have to defend my ancestor. 00:56:00.260 --> 00:56:06.580 align:middle line:84% So Confucianism is remarkably flexible. 00:56:06.580 --> 00:56:09.040 align:middle line:84% You can justify anything you want with it, 00:56:09.040 --> 00:56:10.440 align:middle line:90% so he immediately executes him. 00:56:10.440 --> 00:56:12.400 align:middle line:84% So that's the end of the Zeng Jing affair. 00:56:12.400 --> 00:56:16.540 align:middle line:84% But that's Treason by the Book, if you want the whole story. 00:56:16.540 --> 00:56:18.540 align:middle line:84% A little bit of another thing about Yongzheng 00:56:18.540 --> 00:56:22.460 align:middle line:90% is taste for the exotic. 00:56:22.460 --> 00:56:28.020 align:middle line:84% He was exposed to some Western influence which was 00:56:28.020 --> 00:56:30.080 align:middle line:90% growing in China at this time. 00:56:30.080 --> 00:56:34.780 align:middle line:84% Of course, the Jesuits were big influencers at court. 00:56:34.780 --> 00:56:38.300 align:middle line:84% He wasn't necessarily so into Catholicism. 00:56:38.300 --> 00:56:43.260 align:middle line:84% In fact, Kangxi had banned missionary activity late 00:56:43.260 --> 00:56:44.080 align:middle line:90% in his reign. 00:56:44.080 --> 00:56:45.980 align:middle line:90% Yongzheng upheld that. 00:56:45.980 --> 00:56:47.940 align:middle line:84% But you could see he was fascinated 00:56:47.940 --> 00:56:53.140 align:middle line:84% by European masquerade balls, which of course, he 00:56:53.140 --> 00:56:58.460 align:middle line:84% heard about from the Jesuits in his conversations with them. 00:56:58.460 --> 00:57:01.980 align:middle line:84% So you could basically see how he appropriated 00:57:01.980 --> 00:57:07.140 align:middle line:84% the clothing or the costumes of European masquerade balls 00:57:07.140 --> 00:57:08.762 align:middle line:90% for tiger hunting. 00:57:08.762 --> 00:57:10.220 align:middle line:84% Now, the whole thing is I just want 00:57:10.220 --> 00:57:11.940 align:middle line:84% to make it very clear to you, I'm 00:57:11.940 --> 00:57:15.200 align:middle line:84% sure this is not an accurate image. 00:57:15.200 --> 00:57:18.660 align:middle line:84% Meaning I don't think he ever got that close to a tiger. 00:57:18.660 --> 00:57:22.830 align:middle line:84% I don't think he was wearing the wig or the outfit there 00:57:22.830 --> 00:57:24.250 align:middle line:90% or anything like that. 00:57:24.250 --> 00:57:25.910 align:middle line:84% But what it does show you is it's kind 00:57:25.910 --> 00:57:29.070 align:middle line:90% of like a self-fashioning. 00:57:29.070 --> 00:57:32.190 align:middle line:84% It's like, look at me, I'm the emperor. 00:57:32.190 --> 00:57:35.630 align:middle line:84% I can kill tigers and wear the latest European fashion. 00:57:35.630 --> 00:57:36.710 align:middle line:90% Why not? 00:57:36.710 --> 00:57:40.270 align:middle line:84% So that just gives you a sense of Yongzheng. 00:57:40.270 --> 00:57:42.310 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Was it more like come see Yongzheng? 00:57:42.310 --> 00:57:45.040 align:middle line:84% Were they there actual names, or was that also later? 00:57:45.040 --> 00:57:46.290 align:middle line:90% TRISTAN BROWN: No, reign name. 00:57:46.290 --> 00:57:47.030 align:middle line:90% Those are the reign names. 00:57:47.030 --> 00:57:48.450 align:middle line:90% They were used at the time. 00:57:48.450 --> 00:57:49.910 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It's like, [CHINESE] Aixinjueluo. 00:57:49.910 --> 00:57:51.550 align:middle line:84% TRISTAN BROWN: Yeah, [CHINESE] Aixinjueluo. 00:57:51.550 --> 00:57:53.010 align:middle line:90% That's the personal family name. 00:57:53.010 --> 00:57:55.517 align:middle line:84% And then they all have personal names, yeah. 00:57:55.517 --> 00:57:56.850 align:middle line:90% And then they have temple names. 00:57:56.850 --> 00:57:59.170 align:middle line:84% So every emperor has three or four names. 00:57:59.170 --> 00:58:00.670 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Reign names are definitely 00:58:00.670 --> 00:58:02.210 align:middle line:90% different from before. 00:58:02.210 --> 00:58:04.550 align:middle line:90% Is it like a Manchu thing? 00:58:04.550 --> 00:58:09.050 align:middle line:84% TRISTAN BROWN: The reign names, we say different from before-- 00:58:09.050 --> 00:58:12.650 align:middle line:84% I would say that the Ming and Qing names-- remember, 00:58:12.650 --> 00:58:14.790 align:middle line:84% so with reign names of the Ming and the Qing, 00:58:14.790 --> 00:58:17.390 align:middle line:84% they don't change over the course of the dynasty, which 00:58:17.390 --> 00:58:21.590 align:middle line:84% is actually really convenient for doing Ming and Qing history. 00:58:21.590 --> 00:58:24.270 align:middle line:84% You see, before that, again, I gave you 00:58:24.270 --> 00:58:26.230 align:middle line:84% the example of Wu Zetian, Wu Zetian 00:58:26.230 --> 00:58:28.490 align:middle line:84% had a reign name for her first few years, 00:58:28.490 --> 00:58:30.410 align:middle line:84% and then she would change the reign name. 00:58:30.410 --> 00:58:32.730 align:middle line:84% She changes the reign name throughout her dynasty. 00:58:32.730 --> 00:58:35.110 align:middle line:84% Like the Song, emperors changed their reign name 00:58:35.110 --> 00:58:36.232 align:middle line:90% throughout the dynasty. 00:58:36.232 --> 00:58:37.690 align:middle line:84% But the Ming and the Qing emperors, 00:58:37.690 --> 00:58:39.410 align:middle line:84% they picked a reign name, like Kangxi, 00:58:39.410 --> 00:58:41.490 align:middle line:84% and that's the name for 60 years. 00:58:41.490 --> 00:58:43.695 align:middle line:90% Very convenient for calendars. 00:58:43.695 --> 00:58:44.570 align:middle line:90% You know what I mean? 00:58:44.570 --> 00:58:45.830 align:middle line:90% In timekeeping. 00:58:45.830 --> 00:58:48.270 align:middle line:90% Yeah. 00:58:48.270 --> 00:58:52.270 align:middle line:84% Good, so there's another thing, which 00:58:52.270 --> 00:58:54.990 align:middle line:84% is interesting about the Yongzheng period, which 00:58:54.990 --> 00:58:56.910 align:middle line:90% is the opium question. 00:58:56.910 --> 00:59:02.870 align:middle line:84% So opium comes to Yongzheng's desk during his reign, 00:59:02.870 --> 00:59:05.630 align:middle line:90% and he's basically going to be-- 00:59:05.630 --> 00:59:09.630 align:middle line:84% essentially, he bans its cultivation. 00:59:09.630 --> 00:59:11.710 align:middle line:84% This is interesting because what it 00:59:11.710 --> 00:59:13.510 align:middle line:84% shows you is kind of like what I showed you 00:59:13.510 --> 00:59:15.870 align:middle line:84% in the previous slide, the taste for the exotic-- 00:59:15.870 --> 00:59:18.600 align:middle line:90% 00:59:18.600 --> 00:59:22.120 align:middle line:84% the influences that are creeping into China at this time. 00:59:22.120 --> 00:59:25.360 align:middle line:84% Well, you have the question of opium, 00:59:25.360 --> 00:59:28.340 align:middle line:84% and opium coming into China at this time. 00:59:28.340 --> 00:59:31.200 align:middle line:84% Now, you have to basically understand with the time that 00:59:31.200 --> 00:59:34.580 align:middle line:84% Yongzheng was reigning in the 1720s, 00:59:34.580 --> 00:59:38.220 align:middle line:84% '30s, there was very little opium coming into China. 00:59:38.220 --> 00:59:40.680 align:middle line:84% But opium was cultivated in China. 00:59:40.680 --> 00:59:42.420 align:middle line:84% Now, why would opium be cultivated? 00:59:42.420 --> 00:59:45.160 align:middle line:84% Opium has actually got an old history in China 00:59:45.160 --> 00:59:47.740 align:middle line:84% in the sense of it was called [CHINESE] ying su, 00:59:47.740 --> 00:59:52.700 align:middle line:84% poppy, for the purposes of producing a medicine. 00:59:52.700 --> 00:59:54.660 align:middle line:90% So that was grown. 00:59:54.660 --> 00:59:59.380 align:middle line:84% Now, the thing is that there comes to be a number of things. 00:59:59.380 --> 01:00:02.840 align:middle line:84% At this point, tobacco is already in China 01:00:02.840 --> 01:00:06.320 align:middle line:90% and is becoming quite popular. 01:00:06.320 --> 01:00:08.652 align:middle line:84% And so people are mixing tobacco and opium. 01:00:08.652 --> 01:00:11.360 align:middle line:84% There's all these different ways you could smoke it and Inhale it 01:00:11.360 --> 01:00:12.560 align:middle line:90% and everything like that. 01:00:12.560 --> 01:00:15.720 align:middle line:84% Basically, Yongzheng is very skeptical towards these things 01:00:15.720 --> 01:00:21.720 align:middle line:84% because he doesn't like poppies not because of addiction 01:00:21.720 --> 01:00:24.760 align:middle line:84% per se, which is not really a concept he had, 01:00:24.760 --> 01:00:28.760 align:middle line:84% but because he wants farmers to grow crops, 01:00:28.760 --> 01:00:30.800 align:middle line:90% meaning things you eat. 01:00:30.800 --> 01:00:34.240 align:middle line:84% He doesn't want them to grow stuff that you can't eat. 01:00:34.240 --> 01:00:39.340 align:middle line:84% And so he's got a skepticism towards the crop on that basis. 01:00:39.340 --> 01:00:46.280 align:middle line:84% So he basically puts in a ban on the cultivation of poppies. 01:00:46.280 --> 01:00:49.520 align:middle line:84% But just to emphasize, he doesn't 01:00:49.520 --> 01:00:51.162 align:middle line:90% ban the consumption of opium. 01:00:51.162 --> 01:00:52.620 align:middle line:84% That's not something you would ban. 01:00:52.620 --> 01:00:56.720 align:middle line:84% So it was kind of like a little bit ambiguous. 01:00:56.720 --> 01:00:59.880 align:middle line:84% Now, you realize that by the time you get to the latter part 01:00:59.880 --> 01:01:05.040 align:middle line:84% of the 1700s, the growing opium importation into China will 01:01:05.040 --> 01:01:06.380 align:middle line:90% become a major issue. 01:01:06.380 --> 01:01:11.680 align:middle line:84% And that's going to especially pick up in the early 19th 01:01:11.680 --> 01:01:15.170 align:middle line:84% century, and that's going to lead you to the Opium Wars. 01:01:15.170 --> 01:01:18.290 align:middle line:84% But it's interesting during this reign, that's 01:01:18.290 --> 01:01:22.490 align:middle line:90% where you get the big thing. 01:01:22.490 --> 01:01:25.455 align:middle line:84% Really quickly, Yongzheng in the music households, 01:01:25.455 --> 01:01:27.330 align:middle line:84% we've talked about this in the past regarding 01:01:27.330 --> 01:01:33.990 align:middle line:84% gender norms, various anxieties surrounding them. 01:01:33.990 --> 01:01:37.090 align:middle line:84% Also the cults of female suicides. 01:01:37.090 --> 01:01:39.830 align:middle line:84% As I mentioned to you, there was a group of people in China, 01:01:39.830 --> 01:01:42.510 align:middle line:84% the [Chinese] yue hu or music households. 01:01:42.510 --> 01:01:45.210 align:middle line:84% They were a hereditary group of people 01:01:45.210 --> 01:01:48.530 align:middle line:84% who engaged in the performing arts, 01:01:48.530 --> 01:01:51.010 align:middle line:84% and by extension, something that was very linked 01:01:51.010 --> 01:01:54.250 align:middle line:84% to the performing arts, prostitution. 01:01:54.250 --> 01:01:57.430 align:middle line:84% And so these were a category of people, the mean people. 01:01:57.430 --> 01:01:59.510 align:middle line:84% They did not take the examinations. 01:01:59.510 --> 01:02:01.110 align:middle line:90% They inherited their status. 01:02:01.110 --> 01:02:04.070 align:middle line:84% It's a little bit like a caste system. 01:02:04.070 --> 01:02:06.730 align:middle line:84% They would inherit that status generation to generation. 01:02:06.730 --> 01:02:10.170 align:middle line:84% Yongzheng basically, liberates, quote-unquote, "liberates" 01:02:10.170 --> 01:02:13.490 align:middle line:84% these households, says we're not going to recognize those 01:02:13.490 --> 01:02:14.430 align:middle line:90% statuses anymore. 01:02:14.430 --> 01:02:15.790 align:middle line:90% Everybody can take the exams. 01:02:15.790 --> 01:02:17.950 align:middle line:84% Everybody's going to be just a regular subject. 01:02:17.950 --> 01:02:19.350 align:middle line:90% No more mean people. 01:02:19.350 --> 01:02:20.970 align:middle line:90% No more music households. 01:02:20.970 --> 01:02:23.930 align:middle line:84% He also, at the same time, formally puts 01:02:23.930 --> 01:02:25.590 align:middle line:90% a ban on prostitution. 01:02:25.590 --> 01:02:28.330 align:middle line:84% It used to be like, nobody does prostitution 01:02:28.330 --> 01:02:29.670 align:middle line:90% except music household people. 01:02:29.670 --> 01:02:31.530 align:middle line:90% Everybody knows what they do. 01:02:31.530 --> 01:02:34.050 align:middle line:84% Now we're not having music household people anymore, which 01:02:34.050 --> 01:02:35.770 align:middle line:90% means prostitution is banned. 01:02:35.770 --> 01:02:38.370 align:middle line:84% Hence, one of the things that I mentioned to you comes out 01:02:38.370 --> 01:02:43.810 align:middle line:84% of this moment after in the latter part of the 1700s is 01:02:43.810 --> 01:02:47.130 align:middle line:84% increased anxiety over accusations that somebody is 01:02:47.130 --> 01:02:48.850 align:middle line:90% a prostitute. 01:02:48.850 --> 01:02:57.730 align:middle line:84% Somebody is, engaged in sexual immorality, all of that. 01:02:57.730 --> 01:03:00.970 align:middle line:84% So this is also a interesting thing. 01:03:00.970 --> 01:03:03.570 align:middle line:84% I'll just say really quickly before moving on, 01:03:03.570 --> 01:03:04.830 align:middle line:90% you take this all together. 01:03:04.830 --> 01:03:08.690 align:middle line:84% You can think about Kangxi as, Kangxi is the great consolidator 01:03:08.690 --> 01:03:11.330 align:middle line:90% of Qing imperial rule. 01:03:11.330 --> 01:03:13.650 align:middle line:84% He helps consolidate the borders. 01:03:13.650 --> 01:03:15.150 align:middle line:84% He does all this geopolitical stuff. 01:03:15.150 --> 01:03:16.550 align:middle line:84% He puts down rebellion and everything. 01:03:16.550 --> 01:03:18.175 align:middle line:84% He makes sure the Qing dynasty is going 01:03:18.175 --> 01:03:19.730 align:middle line:90% to be a long-lasting dynasty. 01:03:19.730 --> 01:03:21.470 align:middle line:90% Yongzheng is the reformer. 01:03:21.470 --> 01:03:24.170 align:middle line:84% Whether you think the reforms are good or bad, 01:03:24.170 --> 01:03:25.070 align:middle line:90% he's the reformer. 01:03:25.070 --> 01:03:26.990 align:middle line:84% He wants to change things, and he does change. 01:03:26.990 --> 01:03:28.070 align:middle line:90% He changes tax system. 01:03:28.070 --> 01:03:29.630 align:middle line:90% He changes communication system. 01:03:29.630 --> 01:03:31.150 align:middle line:90% He changes inherited caste. 01:03:31.150 --> 01:03:32.750 align:middle line:90% He changes all of that stuff. 01:03:32.750 --> 01:03:35.070 align:middle line:84% So you can basically think that's his [INAUDIBLE]. 01:03:35.070 --> 01:03:39.570 align:middle line:84% All right, now his son, the Qianlong emperor, there he is, 01:03:39.570 --> 01:03:41.392 align:middle line:90% comes to power, kills Zeng Jing. 01:03:41.392 --> 01:03:42.350 align:middle line:90% That's his first thing. 01:03:42.350 --> 01:03:43.392 align:middle line:90% You know what's going on. 01:03:43.392 --> 01:03:45.370 align:middle line:90% He has a very long reign. 01:03:45.370 --> 01:03:47.550 align:middle line:84% As you can see, exactly 60 years. 01:03:47.550 --> 01:03:49.290 align:middle line:84% As I mentioned to you, he steps down 01:03:49.290 --> 01:03:51.130 align:middle line:84% because he doesn't want to take the throne of the longest 01:03:51.130 --> 01:03:53.630 align:middle line:84% reigning emperor in Chinese history from his grandfather. 01:03:53.630 --> 01:03:57.690 align:middle line:90% So filial son and grandson. 01:03:57.690 --> 01:03:59.690 align:middle line:84% I love this expression, like the sun 01:03:59.690 --> 01:04:02.690 align:middle line:84% at midday, because the Qianlong emperor is often 01:04:02.690 --> 01:04:05.850 align:middle line:84% thought, his rule, to represent the height 01:04:05.850 --> 01:04:07.750 align:middle line:90% of Qing imperial power. 01:04:07.750 --> 01:04:10.140 align:middle line:84% It's also like the sun at midday, 01:04:10.140 --> 01:04:14.820 align:middle line:84% the moment where things start to look a little bit like things 01:04:14.820 --> 01:04:15.800 align:middle line:90% could go wrong. 01:04:15.800 --> 01:04:18.700 align:middle line:84% So remember, I showed you the opium 01:04:18.700 --> 01:04:21.380 align:middle line:84% imports coming in at the very end of his dynasty. 01:04:21.380 --> 01:04:25.140 align:middle line:84% Corruption, we'll see, becomes a talked about thing 01:04:25.140 --> 01:04:26.780 align:middle line:90% at the end of his dynasty-- 01:04:26.780 --> 01:04:29.420 align:middle line:84% or sorry, at the end of his reign, rather. 01:04:29.420 --> 01:04:32.100 align:middle line:84% So Qianlong is a fascinating figure. 01:04:32.100 --> 01:04:35.680 align:middle line:84% He was certainly extremely arrogant, let's just face it. 01:04:35.680 --> 01:04:38.177 align:middle line:84% It's hard to be an emperor and not be arrogant. 01:04:38.177 --> 01:04:40.760 align:middle line:84% Everybody's telling you you're the son of heaven all the time. 01:04:40.760 --> 01:04:42.500 align:middle line:90% I'm sure it gets to you. 01:04:42.500 --> 01:04:44.860 align:middle line:84% I mean, in fact, like Yongzheng, I 01:04:44.860 --> 01:04:49.500 align:middle line:84% think it helps to become the son of heaven 01:04:49.500 --> 01:04:51.840 align:middle line:84% when you're whatever he was, like around 40. 01:04:51.840 --> 01:04:53.580 align:middle line:84% Because you've lived a whole life 01:04:53.580 --> 01:04:57.538 align:middle line:84% where you were just like royalty, but not like big thing. 01:04:57.538 --> 01:04:59.080 align:middle line:84% So it helps to come in later in life. 01:04:59.080 --> 01:05:03.020 align:middle line:84% But if you become the emperor really young, 01:05:03.020 --> 01:05:06.780 align:middle line:84% you're too young to be the son of heaven. 01:05:06.780 --> 01:05:09.680 align:middle line:84% Qianlong becomes fairly young, as you can see in this portrait. 01:05:09.680 --> 01:05:11.440 align:middle line:90% So he has a 60 year reign. 01:05:11.440 --> 01:05:12.780 align:middle line:90% Long reign. 01:05:12.780 --> 01:05:16.580 align:middle line:84% What he becomes, let me say one thing about Qianlong 01:05:16.580 --> 01:05:20.820 align:middle line:84% is he wants to fashion himself a little bit like his grandfather 01:05:20.820 --> 01:05:23.500 align:middle line:84% Kangxi, the very successful reign. 01:05:23.500 --> 01:05:26.920 align:middle line:84% So he comes in his later years to call himself, 01:05:26.920 --> 01:05:30.000 align:middle line:84% I'm the old man of the 10 great campaigns. 01:05:30.000 --> 01:05:32.200 align:middle line:84% This is a self-fashioning phase for himself. 01:05:32.200 --> 01:05:33.740 align:middle line:90% I had 10 great campaigns. 01:05:33.740 --> 01:05:36.340 align:middle line:84% Now you can say, what were these campaigns? 01:05:36.340 --> 01:05:37.980 align:middle line:90% Were they great? 01:05:37.980 --> 01:05:39.900 align:middle line:90% Not necessarily. 01:05:39.900 --> 01:05:42.560 align:middle line:84% Qianlong is famous for spending a lot of money. 01:05:42.560 --> 01:05:45.120 align:middle line:84% He spends a lot of money on military expenditures. 01:05:45.120 --> 01:05:47.020 align:middle line:90% He also builds a ton of stuff. 01:05:47.020 --> 01:05:50.000 align:middle line:84% But one of the things, he fights a war in Burma. 01:05:50.000 --> 01:05:52.300 align:middle line:84% He fights a few wars, like in Tibet. 01:05:52.300 --> 01:05:56.980 align:middle line:84% The biggest campaign he does almost certainly 01:05:56.980 --> 01:06:00.140 align:middle line:90% is the Xinjiang campaign. 01:06:00.140 --> 01:06:03.500 align:middle line:84% Qianlong is the one who basically engages 01:06:03.500 --> 01:06:08.190 align:middle line:84% the conquest of Xinjiang and annexes it for the Qing state. 01:06:08.190 --> 01:06:13.070 align:middle line:84% So that's the borders that you see in the PRC today, that's 01:06:13.070 --> 01:06:13.770 align:middle line:90% Qianlong. 01:06:13.770 --> 01:06:20.790 align:middle line:84% But he has a bunch of unsuccessful campaigns 01:06:20.790 --> 01:06:23.610 align:middle line:84% that he would just say, he said were successful. 01:06:23.610 --> 01:06:25.450 align:middle line:90% It was one of those things. 01:06:25.450 --> 01:06:27.190 align:middle line:84% Nobody would really tell him that they 01:06:27.190 --> 01:06:30.270 align:middle line:84% weren't because the Qing didn't lose territory 01:06:30.270 --> 01:06:32.070 align:middle line:90% under Qianlong's reign. 01:06:32.070 --> 01:06:34.490 align:middle line:84% And they gained territory, so overall it was a net gain. 01:06:34.490 --> 01:06:37.110 align:middle line:84% But that's what he called himself. 01:06:37.110 --> 01:06:40.110 align:middle line:84% So this is what I was saying, the incorporation of Xinjiang 01:06:40.110 --> 01:06:44.990 align:middle line:84% into the Empire in the late 1750s to end Mongol threat 01:06:44.990 --> 01:06:46.270 align:middle line:90% there. 01:06:46.270 --> 01:06:49.270 align:middle line:84% So this is, by the time, this is 1820. 01:06:49.270 --> 01:06:51.430 align:middle line:84% By the end of Qianlong's reign, this 01:06:51.430 --> 01:06:53.590 align:middle line:84% is basically what you're looking at for the empire. 01:06:53.590 --> 01:06:55.330 align:middle line:90% It's a pretty big empire. 01:06:55.330 --> 01:06:57.690 align:middle line:90% This is really quite large. 01:06:57.690 --> 01:07:02.310 align:middle line:84% I mean, it's incredible to remember if you're in Gansu, 01:07:02.310 --> 01:07:04.247 align:middle line:84% you're in the center of the empire. 01:07:04.247 --> 01:07:05.330 align:middle line:90% And just think about that. 01:07:05.330 --> 01:07:08.348 align:middle line:84% Like people in China today, even today, well, you say Gansu, 01:07:08.348 --> 01:07:09.890 align:middle line:84% you're like oh, that's the Northwest. 01:07:09.890 --> 01:07:11.050 align:middle line:90% That's way out there. 01:07:11.050 --> 01:07:13.710 align:middle line:84% And it's like, you're in the center of China, actually. 01:07:13.710 --> 01:07:14.585 align:middle line:90% You know what I mean? 01:07:14.585 --> 01:07:16.990 align:middle line:90% That's how big it is. 01:07:16.990 --> 01:07:19.190 align:middle line:90% So that's that campaign. 01:07:19.190 --> 01:07:20.150 align:middle line:90% Yeah? 01:07:20.150 --> 01:07:27.230 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: On that map earlier, what's very west part of China 01:07:27.230 --> 01:07:32.930 align:middle line:84% that also, they lost later on at that [INAUDIBLE] you have? 01:07:32.930 --> 01:07:37.870 align:middle line:84% Like how the map on the-- the yellow map. 01:07:37.870 --> 01:07:41.010 align:middle line:84% Because earlier you said aside from outer Mongolia, 01:07:41.010 --> 01:07:42.510 align:middle line:90% it was Russia. 01:07:42.510 --> 01:07:46.650 align:middle line:84% But there's also the part on the western border that later-- 01:07:46.650 --> 01:07:48.750 align:middle line:90% TRISTAN BROWN: Yeah, yeah, yeah. 01:07:48.750 --> 01:07:51.110 align:middle line:84% There's a part of it that I think 01:07:51.110 --> 01:07:57.355 align:middle line:90% that's taken at some point, yes. 01:07:57.355 --> 01:07:59.730 align:middle line:84% So you can see the boundaries and claims of modern China. 01:07:59.730 --> 01:08:01.600 align:middle line:90% It's approximately here. 01:08:01.600 --> 01:08:04.200 align:middle line:90% This, I guess, What would that-- 01:08:04.200 --> 01:08:06.160 align:middle line:90% is that Pakistan, or Uzbekistan? 01:08:06.160 --> 01:08:08.200 align:middle line:90% Pakistan? 01:08:08.200 --> 01:08:09.960 align:middle line:90% Kazakhstan? 01:08:09.960 --> 01:08:15.240 align:middle line:84% I mean, the point is to say, yeah, here's what I mean to say. 01:08:15.240 --> 01:08:17.319 align:middle line:84% With the Russia border, there was 01:08:17.319 --> 01:08:19.600 align:middle line:90% a border negotiated and fixed. 01:08:19.600 --> 01:08:22.460 align:middle line:84% In the 1750s when Xinjiang was incorporated, 01:08:22.460 --> 01:08:25.420 align:middle line:84% it's not like they map out every inch of that border over there. 01:08:25.420 --> 01:08:26.700 align:middle line:90% You see what I'm saying? 01:08:26.700 --> 01:08:29.479 align:middle line:84% Basically, they take it to Kashgar. 01:08:29.479 --> 01:08:32.740 align:middle line:84% Kashgar is the edge of the empire. 01:08:32.740 --> 01:08:34.840 align:middle line:84% Kashgar is where they station troops. 01:08:34.840 --> 01:08:37.939 align:middle line:84% In terms of this part, it's like, what's in, 01:08:37.939 --> 01:08:40.380 align:middle line:90% what's out, open to negotiation. 01:08:40.380 --> 01:08:41.439 align:middle line:90% You see what I'm saying? 01:08:41.439 --> 01:08:42.140 align:middle line:90% Yeah, yeah. 01:08:42.140 --> 01:08:46.439 align:middle line:84% But it's a good question because it is fought over with 01:08:46.439 --> 01:08:51.720 align:middle line:84% the Russians later on, and that goes into the 20th century. 01:08:51.720 --> 01:08:55.000 align:middle line:84% So how that border is exactly fixed, it's a good one. 01:08:55.000 --> 01:08:56.899 align:middle line:84% Also, the border like Tibet and India. 01:08:56.899 --> 01:08:58.960 align:middle line:90% That's another one. 01:08:58.960 --> 01:09:04.840 align:middle line:84% All right, so let me just now tell if you go to Beijing today, 01:09:04.840 --> 01:09:06.479 align:middle line:84% a lot of the stuff that you will see 01:09:06.479 --> 01:09:10.819 align:middle line:84% there is actually constructed during the reign of Qianlong. 01:09:10.819 --> 01:09:13.479 align:middle line:90% So the Summer Palace, that's-- 01:09:13.479 --> 01:09:16.100 align:middle line:84% a lot of the stuff is like, you'll just see it-- 01:09:16.100 --> 01:09:18.000 align:middle line:84% I remember one of the first times when 01:09:18.000 --> 01:09:19.859 align:middle line:84% I was living in China, going around China, 01:09:19.859 --> 01:09:22.276 align:middle line:84% traveling around China, I was like, wow, this guy Qianlong 01:09:22.276 --> 01:09:23.399 align:middle line:90% built everything. 01:09:23.399 --> 01:09:25.020 align:middle line:84% He was just-- he was a big spender. 01:09:25.020 --> 01:09:27.960 align:middle line:84% He built a lot of palaces, built gardens, everything 01:09:27.960 --> 01:09:29.380 align:middle line:90% like that-- old Summer Palace. 01:09:29.380 --> 01:09:31.080 align:middle line:84% The other thing that you'll see is 01:09:31.080 --> 01:09:33.060 align:middle line:84% that when you go to Temple of Heaven, 01:09:33.060 --> 01:09:34.880 align:middle line:84% you go to Forbidden City, you go to 01:09:34.880 --> 01:09:40.700 align:middle line:84% the big Qing imperial complexes, you will see multilingual signs. 01:09:40.700 --> 01:09:43.160 align:middle line:84% And these are signs that basically 01:09:43.160 --> 01:09:47.060 align:middle line:84% would have approximately been there in some shape or form, 01:09:47.060 --> 01:09:50.620 align:middle line:84% a lot of them are redone, of course, from the Qianlong reign, 01:09:50.620 --> 01:09:54.180 align:middle line:84% incorporating Mongol language, Manchu language, 01:09:54.180 --> 01:09:56.760 align:middle line:90% Tibetan language, and Chinese. 01:09:56.760 --> 01:10:01.890 align:middle line:84% And this is the Qianlong emperor really embraces this kind of we 01:10:01.890 --> 01:10:06.850 align:middle line:84% are the great Qing Empire of we incorporate all of these people 01:10:06.850 --> 01:10:08.770 align:middle line:90% into our empire. 01:10:08.770 --> 01:10:13.250 align:middle line:84% So it is kind of like, you can say for Qianlong, 01:10:13.250 --> 01:10:18.610 align:middle line:84% he absolutely considers himself the ruler of China, absolutely. 01:10:18.610 --> 01:10:22.230 align:middle line:84% But he also considers himself the Khan of the Mongols. 01:10:22.230 --> 01:10:24.710 align:middle line:84% He also considers himself-- you see what I'm saying? 01:10:24.710 --> 01:10:28.290 align:middle line:84% It's not like he considers all of this China per se. 01:10:28.290 --> 01:10:32.190 align:middle line:84% That will be a later redefinition of the term. 01:10:32.190 --> 01:10:34.670 align:middle line:84% But he does it like that universal Empire. 01:10:34.670 --> 01:10:38.570 align:middle line:84% He's particularly devout, particularly interested 01:10:38.570 --> 01:10:40.370 align:middle line:90% in Tibetan Buddhism. 01:10:40.370 --> 01:10:42.090 align:middle line:90% He becomes quite devout-- 01:10:42.090 --> 01:10:44.570 align:middle line:84% quite a devout Tibetan Buddhist, builds 01:10:44.570 --> 01:10:46.450 align:middle line:90% Tibetan Buddhist structures. 01:10:46.450 --> 01:10:50.690 align:middle line:84% In one of his summer residences, he rebuilds the Potala Palace, 01:10:50.690 --> 01:10:51.190 align:middle line:90% actually. 01:10:51.190 --> 01:10:53.730 align:middle line:90% I might have an image of that. 01:10:53.730 --> 01:10:56.050 align:middle line:84% The other thing that he constructs which is worth 01:10:56.050 --> 01:10:58.810 align:middle line:84% pointing out is he constructs the Old Summer 01:10:58.810 --> 01:11:01.210 align:middle line:84% Palace, which you might recognize 01:11:01.210 --> 01:11:02.470 align:middle line:90% is that's the Yuan Ming Yuan. 01:11:02.470 --> 01:11:04.262 align:middle line:84% That's the one that's going to be destroyed 01:11:04.262 --> 01:11:06.490 align:middle line:84% in the wake of the Second Opium War 01:11:06.490 --> 01:11:09.430 align:middle line:84% by the British and the French troops. 01:11:09.430 --> 01:11:11.962 align:middle line:84% So there's the ruins of the Yuan Ming Yuan right there. 01:11:11.962 --> 01:11:12.670 align:middle line:90% It's interesting. 01:11:12.670 --> 01:11:14.290 align:middle line:84% That is not some of ancient palace. 01:11:14.290 --> 01:11:18.570 align:middle line:84% That was built by Qianlong relatively-- 01:11:18.570 --> 01:11:21.030 align:middle line:84% in the century before it was destroyed. 01:11:21.030 --> 01:11:23.550 align:middle line:84% And then finally, one thing, as you remember this, 01:11:23.550 --> 01:11:24.298 align:middle line:90% remember this? 01:11:24.298 --> 01:11:26.590 align:middle line:84% Remember that beautiful painting from the Song dynasty? 01:11:26.590 --> 01:11:28.630 align:middle line:84% Remember I told you about Qianlong? 01:11:28.630 --> 01:11:31.970 align:middle line:84% Qianlong adds his own poem, Remember? 01:11:31.970 --> 01:11:35.270 align:middle line:84% Remember over there, he says, I love this painting, 01:11:35.270 --> 01:11:36.783 align:middle line:90% but it's just missing something. 01:11:36.783 --> 01:11:37.950 align:middle line:90% It's just missing something. 01:11:37.950 --> 01:11:39.130 align:middle line:90% What's it missing? 01:11:39.130 --> 01:11:43.210 align:middle line:84% It's missing a poem that just says what that is. 01:11:43.210 --> 01:11:45.230 align:middle line:84% The trees are just beginning to sprout leaves. 01:11:45.230 --> 01:11:48.630 align:middle line:84% The frozen brook begins to melt. It's like, thank you, Qianlong. 01:11:48.630 --> 01:11:49.670 align:middle line:90% We just didn't know. 01:11:49.670 --> 01:11:51.490 align:middle line:90% We just didn't know. 01:11:51.490 --> 01:11:52.550 align:middle line:90% So there you go. 01:11:52.550 --> 01:11:55.140 align:middle line:90% OK, out of time. 01:11:55.140 --> 01:11:56.040 align:middle line:90% Have a great weekend. 01:11:56.040 --> 01:11:58.620 align:middle line:84% I'll try to get the study guide up for you today. 01:11:58.620 --> 01:12:00.803 align:middle line:84% And then remember, so final exam. 01:12:00.803 --> 01:12:02.220 align:middle line:84% If you want to take it early, it's 01:12:02.220 --> 01:12:04.160 align:middle line:84% got to be next Wednesday at this time. 01:12:04.160 --> 01:12:05.850 align:middle line:90% All right? 01:12:05.850 --> 01:12:53.000 align:middle line:90%