WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:00.484 align:middle line:90% [SQUEAKING] 00:00:00.484 --> 00:00:00.984 align:middle line:90% [RUSTLING] 00:00:00.984 --> 00:00:03.872 align:middle line:90% [CLICKING] 00:00:03.872 --> 00:00:10.170 align:middle line:90% 00:00:10.170 --> 00:00:13.350 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: We got a pretty good overview 00:00:13.350 --> 00:00:18.000 align:middle line:84% without any rules, except those we intuited 00:00:18.000 --> 00:00:22.590 align:middle line:84% and I told you about, of verbs in the mini-texts 00:00:22.590 --> 00:00:25.890 align:middle line:84% already last week, including strong verbs 00:00:25.890 --> 00:00:28.590 align:middle line:84% from that first sentence of mini-text B, 00:00:28.590 --> 00:00:33.240 align:middle line:84% where the verb was ġelamp from ġelimpan. 00:00:33.240 --> 00:00:36.250 align:middle line:84% And for today, you actually got to study them. 00:00:36.250 --> 00:00:41.040 align:middle line:84% So 7.1 of Baker is an excellent overview. 00:00:41.040 --> 00:00:43.710 align:middle line:84% And I'm going to start by reinforcing a few 00:00:43.710 --> 00:00:46.690 align:middle line:90% of those main points here. 00:00:46.690 --> 00:00:49.260 align:middle line:84% The good news about Old English-- 00:00:49.260 --> 00:00:52.990 align:middle line:84% so first of all, I suspect, for many of you 00:00:52.990 --> 00:00:56.610 align:middle line:84% if not most, verbs are the hardest part of learning 00:00:56.610 --> 00:00:58.070 align:middle line:90% any foreign language. 00:00:58.070 --> 00:01:01.300 align:middle line:84% And I think that's probably true of Old English as well. 00:01:01.300 --> 00:01:04.260 align:middle line:84% Nevertheless, the good news is that Old English 00:01:04.260 --> 00:01:07.440 align:middle line:84% has very few verb endings to memorize, 00:01:07.440 --> 00:01:10.080 align:middle line:84% especially compared to, say, Latin or Greek. 00:01:10.080 --> 00:01:15.120 align:middle line:84% And this becomes dramatically obvious on table 7.2, 00:01:15.120 --> 00:01:18.750 align:middle line:90% page 66 of Baker. 00:01:18.750 --> 00:01:21.450 align:middle line:84% You can see all of the pleural forms 00:01:21.450 --> 00:01:25.710 align:middle line:90% are the same in all instances. 00:01:25.710 --> 00:01:30.480 align:middle line:84% All persons of the singular subjunctive are the same. 00:01:30.480 --> 00:01:32.220 align:middle line:90% And that's it. 00:01:32.220 --> 00:01:34.020 align:middle line:84% This is partly a function of the fact 00:01:34.020 --> 00:01:37.020 align:middle line:84% that Old English has very few verb tenses-- 00:01:37.020 --> 00:01:39.930 align:middle line:84% specifically two, past and present. 00:01:39.930 --> 00:01:42.640 align:middle line:84% We'll get back to that in a second. 00:01:42.640 --> 00:01:46.050 align:middle line:84% The main complication, however, with Old English verbs-- 00:01:46.050 --> 00:01:48.870 align:middle line:84% and it is a big one-- is that there are two different kinds 00:01:48.870 --> 00:01:49.500 align:middle line:90% of verbs-- 00:01:49.500 --> 00:01:54.840 align:middle line:84% strong verbs and weak verbs, where weak verbs are those that 00:01:54.840 --> 00:01:59.100 align:middle line:84% form the past tense by adding a dental suffix, 00:01:59.100 --> 00:02:01.680 align:middle line:90% like the -ed of modern English-- 00:02:01.680 --> 00:02:07.320 align:middle line:84% walk/walked-- whereas strong verbs change the root vowel 00:02:07.320 --> 00:02:09.720 align:middle line:90% in lieu of adding an ending. 00:02:09.720 --> 00:02:12.940 align:middle line:84% This, by the way, is a feature of all Germanic languages-- 00:02:12.940 --> 00:02:15.040 align:middle line:84% the strong/weak verb distinction. 00:02:15.040 --> 00:02:17.390 align:middle line:84% And we have it in modern English as well. 00:02:17.390 --> 00:02:20.980 align:middle line:84% So sing, sang, sung is the classic modern English strong 00:02:20.980 --> 00:02:23.330 align:middle line:84% verb, where there is no ending at all. 00:02:23.330 --> 00:02:26.870 align:middle line:84% It's just the vowel that changes. 00:02:26.870 --> 00:02:32.570 align:middle line:84% And sure enough, if you take a look at the past indicative, 00:02:32.570 --> 00:02:36.690 align:middle line:84% so the middle left of that table 7.2, 00:02:36.690 --> 00:02:40.190 align:middle line:84% you can see that the past indicative singular 00:02:40.190 --> 00:02:44.300 align:middle line:84% is where we have actual differences in the endings 00:02:44.300 --> 00:02:49.940 align:middle line:90% of verbs from strong and weak. 00:02:49.940 --> 00:02:53.030 align:middle line:84% Very helpfully, the all plurals are the same applies 00:02:53.030 --> 00:02:54.210 align:middle line:90% to strong verbs as well. 00:02:54.210 --> 00:02:55.710 align:middle line:84% So you don't have to worry about any 00:02:55.710 --> 00:02:59.960 align:middle line:90% of what follows in the plural. 00:02:59.960 --> 00:03:04.070 align:middle line:84% And as you can see, the first and third person 00:03:04.070 --> 00:03:08.690 align:middle line:84% singular past indicative of the strong verbs, 00:03:08.690 --> 00:03:11.870 align:middle line:84% there's a little dash in lieu of an ending, which indicates 00:03:11.870 --> 00:03:13.520 align:middle line:90% that there is no ending. 00:03:13.520 --> 00:03:17.220 align:middle line:84% And so when you reproduce table 7.2 on your exams, 00:03:17.220 --> 00:03:18.830 align:middle line:84% which you will every single exam-- 00:03:18.830 --> 00:03:20.870 align:middle line:84% this is the last table, by the way, 00:03:20.870 --> 00:03:22.920 align:middle line:84% that's going to be on every single exam. 00:03:22.920 --> 00:03:30.060 align:middle line:84% So 5.3 and 5.4 from chapter 5, obviously, the strong noun 00:03:30.060 --> 00:03:35.220 align:middle line:84% endings 6.1 from chapter 6, and then the personal endings 00:03:35.220 --> 00:03:37.920 align:middle line:90% of the verbs in table 7.2-- 00:03:37.920 --> 00:03:40.950 align:middle line:84% those are the four tables that you will reproduce-- 00:03:40.950 --> 00:03:44.040 align:middle line:90% 68 points worth, it turns out-- 00:03:44.040 --> 00:03:47.010 align:middle line:90% on every single exam, all right? 00:03:47.010 --> 00:03:51.900 align:middle line:84% And just as you need to indicate the absence of an instrumental 00:03:51.900 --> 00:03:58.170 align:middle line:84% form in the feminine and plural back for table 5.3, 00:03:58.170 --> 00:04:00.930 align:middle line:84% so too you have to indicate the absence 00:04:00.930 --> 00:04:04.080 align:middle line:84% of an ending for the first and third person past 00:04:04.080 --> 00:04:06.700 align:middle line:90% indicative of strong verbs. 00:04:06.700 --> 00:04:08.190 align:middle line:84% And that's one of the things that 00:04:08.190 --> 00:04:11.430 align:middle line:84% makes Old English verbs tricky, is 00:04:11.430 --> 00:04:14.880 align:middle line:84% they often lack an ending in the past indicative, which 00:04:14.880 --> 00:04:18.870 align:middle line:84% can make it hard to find the conjugated verb of a given 00:04:18.870 --> 00:04:20.500 align:middle line:90% clause. 00:04:20.500 --> 00:04:22.572 align:middle line:84% The other-- yeah, do you have a question? 00:04:22.572 --> 00:04:24.530 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: For the second person past indicative 00:04:24.530 --> 00:04:25.332 align:middle line:90% for the strong-- 00:04:25.332 --> 00:04:26.040 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Yes? 00:04:26.040 --> 00:04:28.830 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Is the vowel also changing along with the ending? 00:04:28.830 --> 00:04:30.450 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: OK, yes. 00:04:30.450 --> 00:04:33.540 align:middle line:84% I'm glad you asked that, Lambert, because that's 00:04:33.540 --> 00:04:37.440 align:middle line:84% the other thing that is arguably trickier about strong verbs, 00:04:37.440 --> 00:04:40.980 align:middle line:84% is they are constantly changing their vowels. 00:04:40.980 --> 00:04:43.920 align:middle line:84% So if you take a look at 7.1, which 00:04:43.920 --> 00:04:46.200 align:middle line:90% has the actual conjugated form-- 00:04:46.200 --> 00:04:49.140 align:middle line:84% and our two examples are fremman, 00:04:49.140 --> 00:04:51.570 align:middle line:90% to do, and helpan, to help-- 00:04:51.570 --> 00:04:55.320 align:middle line:84% you can see that that E of-- that short E of 00:04:55.320 --> 00:04:58.980 align:middle line:84% fremman never changes, very obligingly, 00:04:58.980 --> 00:05:03.750 align:middle line:84% through that whole column in every single form. 00:05:03.750 --> 00:05:08.190 align:middle line:84% It does switch between having two M's and one M. 00:05:08.190 --> 00:05:12.900 align:middle line:84% We'll get to that phenomenon, which is called gemination, 00:05:12.900 --> 00:05:14.920 align:middle line:90% in a little bit. 00:05:14.920 --> 00:05:17.830 align:middle line:84% But in terms of the vowel, no differences at all. 00:05:17.830 --> 00:05:23.280 align:middle line:84% Whereas, helpan, on the right, quite unhelpfully-- 00:05:23.280 --> 00:05:24.390 align:middle line:90% see what I did there-- 00:05:24.390 --> 00:05:27.964 align:middle line:84% changes its vowels from helpan to hilpþ 00:05:27.964 --> 00:05:33.270 align:middle line:90% to healp to hulpon to holpen. 00:05:33.270 --> 00:05:37.170 align:middle line:84% And moreover, it's bopping around, 00:05:37.170 --> 00:05:40.420 align:middle line:90% if you read down that column. 00:05:40.420 --> 00:05:44.500 align:middle line:84% So you can hear five quite distinct vowel sounds there-- 00:05:44.500 --> 00:05:49.890 align:middle line:90% [e], [i], [æ], [u], [o]-- 00:05:49.890 --> 00:05:52.150 align:middle line:84% which we'll talk more about in a moment. 00:05:52.150 --> 00:05:55.410 align:middle line:84% Now, here, you may be thinking, I speak modern English. 00:05:55.410 --> 00:05:58.680 align:middle line:84% And I do not say "I halp" in the past. 00:05:58.680 --> 00:06:00.330 align:middle line:90% I say "I helped." 00:06:00.330 --> 00:06:01.980 align:middle line:90% And you are correct. 00:06:01.980 --> 00:06:05.460 align:middle line:84% That's because modern English shows a strong preference 00:06:05.460 --> 00:06:06.840 align:middle line:90% for weak verbs. 00:06:06.840 --> 00:06:10.380 align:middle line:84% So a lot of verbs that were strong in Old English, 00:06:10.380 --> 00:06:13.710 align:middle line:84% like helpan, have over the centuries 00:06:13.710 --> 00:06:17.640 align:middle line:84% become weak, like help, so that we've just 00:06:17.640 --> 00:06:20.760 align:middle line:90% changed how we form the past. 00:06:20.760 --> 00:06:26.230 align:middle line:84% Nevertheless, this process doesn't happen overnight. 00:06:26.230 --> 00:06:27.270 align:middle line:90% It happens gradually. 00:06:27.270 --> 00:06:33.480 align:middle line:84% So if you've read or heard the King James Bible, which 00:06:33.480 --> 00:06:38.080 align:middle line:84% was written in the early 17th century, 00:06:38.080 --> 00:06:42.600 align:middle line:84% "He hath holpen his servant Israel" is one of the phrases. 00:06:42.600 --> 00:06:46.560 align:middle line:84% So they're still using that strong past participle 00:06:46.560 --> 00:06:49.560 align:middle line:84% that you see down at the bottom of the column, holpen, 00:06:49.560 --> 00:06:54.480 align:middle line:84% into the 1600s, albeit in what then is already 00:06:54.480 --> 00:06:58.600 align:middle line:90% an archaic formulation. 00:06:58.600 --> 00:07:01.890 align:middle line:84% So one way in which modern English prefers weak verbs 00:07:01.890 --> 00:07:04.860 align:middle line:84% is that many verbs are just getting weak. 00:07:04.860 --> 00:07:06.630 align:middle line:84% But it's also the case that when we 00:07:06.630 --> 00:07:10.110 align:middle line:84% adopt a verb into modern English, 00:07:10.110 --> 00:07:14.220 align:middle line:84% it's always weak as well, even if there's a-- 00:07:14.220 --> 00:07:16.770 align:middle line:84% even if it sounds like a strong verb 00:07:16.770 --> 00:07:19.050 align:middle line:90% that we might analogize it to. 00:07:19.050 --> 00:07:22.950 align:middle line:84% So for example, modern English drive, 00:07:22.950 --> 00:07:25.610 align:middle line:84% because it comes from Old English drīfan, which 00:07:25.610 --> 00:07:29.330 align:middle line:84% is strong, is still strong in modern English. 00:07:29.330 --> 00:07:33.980 align:middle line:84% But contrive, which rhymes with drive, 00:07:33.980 --> 00:07:37.310 align:middle line:84% is weak because it was adopted into modern English right 00:07:37.310 --> 00:07:39.380 align:middle line:90% at the end of the Middle Ages. 00:07:39.380 --> 00:07:42.170 align:middle line:84% And that explains why we say drive, 00:07:42.170 --> 00:07:47.810 align:middle line:84% drove, driven, but not contrive, controve, contriven. 00:07:47.810 --> 00:07:49.550 align:middle line:90% Although, I love strong verbs. 00:07:49.550 --> 00:07:54.560 align:middle line:84% And so I'm constantly hoping that we can mobilize and find 00:07:54.560 --> 00:07:57.180 align:middle line:84% weak verbs that could be strengthened. 00:07:57.180 --> 00:08:00.440 align:middle line:90% This is deeply nerdy, obviously. 00:08:00.440 --> 00:08:01.790 align:middle line:90% But we're all here. 00:08:01.790 --> 00:08:05.120 align:middle line:90% So we're among our people. 00:08:05.120 --> 00:08:07.440 align:middle line:90% Melt is another good example. 00:08:07.440 --> 00:08:11.480 align:middle line:84% So melt used to be strong in Old English. 00:08:11.480 --> 00:08:15.050 align:middle line:84% And you can hear that same melt, molten-- 00:08:15.050 --> 00:08:17.210 align:middle line:84% so molten, the adjective, which we 00:08:17.210 --> 00:08:20.060 align:middle line:84% tend to use as an adjective now, and mostly 00:08:20.060 --> 00:08:24.890 align:middle line:84% for just things like lava, molten lava, molten lead, 00:08:24.890 --> 00:08:27.890 align:middle line:84% but it would sound odd to say "Here, Chef, 00:08:27.890 --> 00:08:29.780 align:middle line:84% I have molten this butter for you." 00:08:29.780 --> 00:08:33.770 align:middle line:84% I mean, you'd probably be understood, right? 00:08:33.770 --> 00:08:37.460 align:middle line:84% So I encourage you to go off and refer 00:08:37.460 --> 00:08:39.590 align:middle line:90% to having "molten" things. 00:08:39.590 --> 00:08:43.580 align:middle line:84% Similarly, today-- what is today in the Christian calendar? 00:08:43.580 --> 00:08:45.860 align:middle line:90% It is Shrove Tuesday. 00:08:45.860 --> 00:08:49.820 align:middle line:84% It is the day before Ash Wednesday, Mardi Gras also. 00:08:49.820 --> 00:08:55.130 align:middle line:84% Shrove is the strong past tense of shrive. 00:08:55.130 --> 00:08:59.270 align:middle line:84% To shrive means to forgive, to convey penance and absolution 00:08:59.270 --> 00:09:00.080 align:middle line:90% for sins. 00:09:00.080 --> 00:09:01.760 align:middle line:90% So today, I shrive. 00:09:01.760 --> 00:09:03.380 align:middle line:90% Yesterday, I shrove. 00:09:03.380 --> 00:09:05.900 align:middle line:90% I have shriven. 00:09:05.900 --> 00:09:11.630 align:middle line:84% So there are temporally consonant examples 00:09:11.630 --> 00:09:13.640 align:middle line:90% of this happening. 00:09:13.640 --> 00:09:15.050 align:middle line:90% That's all just for fun. 00:09:15.050 --> 00:09:17.690 align:middle line:84% You do not have to memorize the vowel 00:09:17.690 --> 00:09:20.420 align:middle line:90% gradations of the strong verbs. 00:09:20.420 --> 00:09:22.880 align:middle line:84% But you do have to understand how they work. 00:09:22.880 --> 00:09:26.360 align:middle line:84% And we'll come to that in just a moment. 00:09:26.360 --> 00:09:28.330 align:middle line:84% But before we get there, go to the bottom 00:09:28.330 --> 00:09:32.500 align:middle line:84% of page 65 and these numbered lists. 00:09:32.500 --> 00:09:37.300 align:middle line:84% So as I mentioned briefly, just two tenses past and present. 00:09:37.300 --> 00:09:41.680 align:middle line:84% You'll also hear preterite as a synonym for past, 00:09:41.680 --> 00:09:44.860 align:middle line:90% P-R-E-T-I preterite-- 00:09:44.860 --> 00:09:49.950 align:middle line:90% P-R-E-T-E-R-I-T-E. 00:09:49.950 --> 00:09:51.830 align:middle line:90% So how do we express futurity? 00:09:51.830 --> 00:09:55.550 align:middle line:84% Typically, Old English uses auxiliary verbs, 00:09:55.550 --> 00:09:59.510 align:middle line:84% which are also called modal verbs, like willan or sculan. 00:09:59.510 --> 00:10:01.920 align:middle line:90% We'll get to those in a moment. 00:10:01.920 --> 00:10:04.340 align:middle line:84% But sometimes, it's just context. 00:10:04.340 --> 00:10:05.660 align:middle line:90% It's just a present tense. 00:10:05.660 --> 00:10:07.580 align:middle line:84% And you have to infer from context 00:10:07.580 --> 00:10:09.800 align:middle line:90% that it's future meaning. 00:10:09.800 --> 00:10:12.800 align:middle line:84% Similarly, there's no conjugated form 00:10:12.800 --> 00:10:16.880 align:middle line:84% of the perfect or the pluperfect, that 00:10:16.880 --> 00:10:20.990 align:middle line:84% is to say I have done something, I had done something. 00:10:20.990 --> 00:10:24.200 align:middle line:84% But Old English most often expresses it, frankly, 00:10:24.200 --> 00:10:26.090 align:middle line:84% the way modern English does with a form 00:10:26.090 --> 00:10:34.190 align:middle line:84% of the verb habban, "to have," sometimes with the adverb, ǣr. 00:10:34.190 --> 00:10:37.630 align:middle line:84% But again, that shouldn't be too tricky. 00:10:37.630 --> 00:10:41.670 align:middle line:90% 00:10:41.670 --> 00:10:47.390 align:middle line:84% So turning the page to 66, numbers 3 and 4 is-- 00:10:47.390 --> 00:10:49.940 align:middle line:84% that basically just talks about the endings. 00:10:49.940 --> 00:10:51.050 align:middle line:90% We've covered that. 00:10:51.050 --> 00:10:53.390 align:middle line:84% With number 5, we come to the first 00:10:53.390 --> 00:11:00.560 align:middle line:84% of the vowel shifts that occur in Old English strong verbs. 00:11:00.560 --> 00:11:03.780 align:middle line:90% And it's actually I-mutation. 00:11:03.780 --> 00:11:06.200 align:middle line:84% So number 5, the root vowels of strong verbs 00:11:06.200 --> 00:11:09.110 align:middle line:84% undergo I-mutation in the present, second, 00:11:09.110 --> 00:11:11.180 align:middle line:84% and third person singular indicative. 00:11:11.180 --> 00:11:14.570 align:middle line:84% That's how we get from helpan to hilpst, 00:11:14.570 --> 00:11:19.610 align:middle line:84% from faran to færst, and from ċēosan to ċīest. 00:11:19.610 --> 00:11:26.840 align:middle line:84% And you can go back to chapter 2 and the table, 00:11:26.840 --> 00:11:31.760 align:middle line:84% the I-mutation table on page 17, to remind yourself 00:11:31.760 --> 00:11:38.780 align:middle line:84% what all of those shifts look and sound like. 00:11:38.780 --> 00:11:41.730 align:middle line:84% This does not occur in the weak paradigms 00:11:41.730 --> 00:11:45.180 align:middle line:84% or with strong verbs whose vowels are not 00:11:45.180 --> 00:11:49.440 align:middle line:84% subject to I-mutation, such as wrītan, whose second person 00:11:49.440 --> 00:11:51.430 align:middle line:90% singular is wrītst. 00:11:51.430 --> 00:11:55.110 align:middle line:84% And as you can see on page 17, there is no I-- 00:11:55.110 --> 00:11:58.665 align:middle line:84% there is no unmutated I. So there's nothing to do there. 00:11:58.665 --> 00:12:02.580 align:middle line:90% 00:12:02.580 --> 00:12:06.330 align:middle line:84% Number 6, so while a modern English verb descended 00:12:06.330 --> 00:12:10.050 align:middle line:84% from strong verbs never has more than one vowel 00:12:10.050 --> 00:12:12.280 align:middle line:90% in the past tense-- 00:12:12.280 --> 00:12:16.860 align:middle line:84% we say "I drove," "you drove," "we drove," "they drove," 00:12:16.860 --> 00:12:20.400 align:middle line:84% it's always just that same [o] sound-- 00:12:20.400 --> 00:12:23.550 align:middle line:84% Old English strong verbs have two past forms 00:12:23.550 --> 00:12:26.370 align:middle line:90% with different vowels. 00:12:26.370 --> 00:12:29.550 align:middle line:84% The form used for the first and third singular 00:12:29.550 --> 00:12:33.780 align:middle line:84% past indicative-- so healp-- is called the first past. 00:12:33.780 --> 00:12:36.000 align:middle line:84% And the form used everywhere else 00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:39.610 align:middle line:84% in the past tense, such as the past plural 00:12:39.610 --> 00:12:48.600 align:middle line:84% hulpon and the second singular hulpe, you helped, 00:12:48.600 --> 00:12:51.100 align:middle line:90% is called the second past. 00:12:51.100 --> 00:12:53.310 align:middle line:84% And then there's a fourth vowel that 00:12:53.310 --> 00:12:57.270 align:middle line:84% is the vowel of the past participle, which, 00:12:57.270 --> 00:13:00.780 align:middle line:84% in the case of helpan goes to holpen. 00:13:00.780 --> 00:13:03.280 align:middle line:84% So this is important because it means 00:13:03.280 --> 00:13:08.020 align:middle line:84% that the second of those vowels, the second of those-- the first 00:13:08.020 --> 00:13:11.080 align:middle line:84% shifted vowel from helpan to hilpst, that's 00:13:11.080 --> 00:13:13.960 align:middle line:84% not part of the so-called principal parts 00:13:13.960 --> 00:13:18.380 align:middle line:84% or vowel gradations of the strong verb series. 00:13:18.380 --> 00:13:20.890 align:middle line:84% So if you take a look-- and you don't have to right now, 00:13:20.890 --> 00:13:26.710 align:middle line:84% but it's very useful to know that at the end of Word-Hoard, 00:13:26.710 --> 00:13:28.720 align:middle line:84% there's a very nice little table that 00:13:28.720 --> 00:13:35.620 align:middle line:84% just has all of the strong verb classes with multiple examples. 00:13:35.620 --> 00:13:37.930 align:middle line:90% And there are only four. 00:13:37.930 --> 00:13:40.390 align:middle line:84% There are only four parts because-- 00:13:40.390 --> 00:13:44.740 align:middle line:84% or only four forms for each verb because they're 00:13:44.740 --> 00:13:49.060 align:middle line:84% ignoring the I-mutated second and third 00:13:49.060 --> 00:13:51.010 align:middle line:90% singular present, all right? 00:13:51.010 --> 00:13:55.050 align:middle line:90% 00:13:55.050 --> 00:14:01.650 align:middle line:84% Any questions about that, the basics there? 00:14:01.650 --> 00:14:04.203 align:middle line:90% 00:14:04.203 --> 00:14:05.870 align:middle line:84% We'll see more examples in a little bit. 00:14:05.870 --> 00:14:08.710 align:middle line:90% 00:14:08.710 --> 00:14:14.170 align:middle line:84% All right, let's take a look at page 67 and the two forms of 00:14:14.170 --> 00:14:15.460 align:middle line:90% "to be." 00:14:15.460 --> 00:14:18.730 align:middle line:84% The verb bēon, "to be," in Old English 00:14:18.730 --> 00:14:24.340 align:middle line:84% is a mess, but so is "to be" in modern English. 00:14:24.340 --> 00:14:29.770 align:middle line:84% Table 7.3, you will need to be able to recognize 00:14:29.770 --> 00:14:38.450 align:middle line:84% the forms of bēon and wesan, its occasional infinitive. 00:14:38.450 --> 00:14:40.960 align:middle line:90% But bēon is really the main. 00:14:40.960 --> 00:14:43.960 align:middle line:84% You'll need to be able to recognize these on exams. 00:14:43.960 --> 00:14:47.030 align:middle line:84% But you do not have to be able to reproduce them. 00:14:47.030 --> 00:14:50.710 align:middle line:84% The good news is that many of the forms 00:14:50.710 --> 00:14:52.900 align:middle line:84% are pretty similar to modern English. 00:14:52.900 --> 00:14:57.400 align:middle line:84% You can easily hear how iċeom becomes "I am," 00:14:57.400 --> 00:15:01.990 align:middle line:84% þū eart becomes "thou art," which, of course, now 00:15:01.990 --> 00:15:07.015 align:middle line:84% is "you are," hē is literally "he is," and so on. 00:15:07.015 --> 00:15:10.240 align:middle line:90% 00:15:10.240 --> 00:15:14.920 align:middle line:84% Now, these verbs-- or rather, these two forms of bēon 00:15:14.920 --> 00:15:17.390 align:middle line:90% can be used interchangeably. 00:15:17.390 --> 00:15:23.440 align:middle line:84% But there is an important difference often in how 00:15:23.440 --> 00:15:28.910 align:middle line:84% they're used, which is that the be forms of the verb-- 00:15:28.910 --> 00:15:32.660 align:middle line:84% that is to say bēo, bist, biþ, bēoþ-- 00:15:32.660 --> 00:15:37.310 align:middle line:84% the right hand of those two columns down in 7.3-- 00:15:37.310 --> 00:15:43.370 align:middle line:84% those are often used to express futurity or-- 00:15:43.370 --> 00:15:49.830 align:middle line:84% and to express a constant always true state of affairs. 00:15:49.830 --> 00:15:55.070 align:middle line:84% So if I say in Old English that the sun is a distant star, 00:15:55.070 --> 00:16:02.210 align:middle line:84% I would almost certainly use the be form, sēo sunne biþ, 00:16:02.210 --> 00:16:06.800 align:middle line:84% as opposed to-- because it's always a distant star-- 00:16:06.800 --> 00:16:10.700 align:middle line:84% as distinct from a sentence like "The sun is shining," 00:16:10.700 --> 00:16:15.350 align:middle line:84% which is obviously a changeable state of affairs, 00:16:15.350 --> 00:16:21.340 align:middle line:84% where I would say something more like sēo sunne is scīnende. 00:16:21.340 --> 00:16:24.350 align:middle line:84% And I mean, probably in Old English, 00:16:24.350 --> 00:16:27.200 align:middle line:90% I would just use scīneð. 00:16:27.200 --> 00:16:32.170 align:middle line:90% But that's the difference. 00:16:32.170 --> 00:16:37.030 align:middle line:84% But as Baker says just above table 7.3, sometimes the 00:16:37.030 --> 00:16:42.550 align:middle line:84% be forms are simple presents analogous to the vowel forms, 00:16:42.550 --> 00:16:45.070 align:middle line:90% the eom, eart, is. 00:16:45.070 --> 00:16:48.290 align:middle line:90% 00:16:48.290 --> 00:16:54.480 align:middle line:84% Any questions on the two, on these two forms of "to be"? 00:16:54.480 --> 00:16:54.980 align:middle line:90% Tara? 00:16:54.980 --> 00:16:58.910 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So to clarify, you would use bēon specifically 00:16:58.910 --> 00:17:02.300 align:middle line:90% with consistent things? 00:17:02.300 --> 00:17:03.320 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Exactly. 00:17:03.320 --> 00:17:07.280 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Does this show up, not necessarily like 00:17:07.280 --> 00:17:10.849 align:middle line:84% grammatically, in like, let's say, middle English or, I mean, 00:17:10.849 --> 00:17:11.766 align:middle line:90% any other part-- 00:17:11.766 --> 00:17:13.099 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Oh, great question. 00:17:13.099 --> 00:17:16.970 align:middle line:84% No, by middle English, the two be's have-- 00:17:16.970 --> 00:17:20.285 align:middle line:84% or the two be's the two forms of "to be" 00:17:20.285 --> 00:17:21.888 align:middle line:90% have collapsed into one. 00:17:21.888 --> 00:17:22.430 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: No. 00:17:22.430 --> 00:17:27.251 align:middle line:84% I mean, just in the sense of using the infinitive as a-- 00:17:27.251 --> 00:17:31.190 align:middle line:84% the infinitive to be like an eternal thing. 00:17:31.190 --> 00:17:32.938 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Oh. 00:17:32.938 --> 00:17:36.130 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Is that true on-- 00:17:36.130 --> 00:17:37.630 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: That's a good question. 00:17:37.630 --> 00:17:38.580 align:middle line:90% I'm trying to think. 00:17:38.580 --> 00:17:40.620 align:middle line:90% I don't think so. 00:17:40.620 --> 00:17:43.950 align:middle line:84% I think this is specific to Old English. 00:17:43.950 --> 00:17:47.310 align:middle line:84% You can, however, see in the be forms of the verb-- 00:17:47.310 --> 00:17:49.710 align:middle line:84% those of you, anyone who's studied German-- 00:17:49.710 --> 00:17:54.060 align:middle line:84% the bist of the second singular, that's literally 00:17:54.060 --> 00:17:58.050 align:middle line:90% "du bist" of modern German. 00:17:58.050 --> 00:18:00.600 align:middle line:90% So that's kind of fun. 00:18:00.600 --> 00:18:03.150 align:middle line:84% And take a look at the past indicative 00:18:03.150 --> 00:18:04.810 align:middle line:90% and past subjunctive-- 00:18:04.810 --> 00:18:06.810 align:middle line:90% wæs, wære, wæs. 00:18:06.810 --> 00:18:09.810 align:middle line:90% 00:18:09.810 --> 00:18:15.480 align:middle line:84% That's very close to I was, you were, he was. 00:18:15.480 --> 00:18:18.210 align:middle line:90% We've lost the endings on wæron. 00:18:18.210 --> 00:18:22.920 align:middle line:84% We still just say we were, but yeah. 00:18:22.920 --> 00:18:23.420 align:middle line:90% Good. 00:18:23.420 --> 00:18:24.320 align:middle line:90% Other questions? 00:18:24.320 --> 00:18:28.730 align:middle line:90% 00:18:28.730 --> 00:18:33.140 align:middle line:84% All right, 7.1.3, preterite present verbs 00:18:33.140 --> 00:18:37.400 align:middle line:84% you're going to read quite a lot about for next time, which 00:18:37.400 --> 00:18:42.890 align:middle line:84% is just tomorrow, since we're in our unfortunate compressed week 00:18:42.890 --> 00:18:45.980 align:middle line:84% thanks to President's Day and the registrar. 00:18:45.980 --> 00:18:50.000 align:middle line:84% And preterite present verbs are so-called 00:18:50.000 --> 00:18:52.670 align:middle line:84% because the present tense of these verbs 00:18:52.670 --> 00:18:56.780 align:middle line:84% looks like the past tense, which, as I pointed out, 00:18:56.780 --> 00:19:01.610 align:middle line:84% many grammar books called preterite, of the strong verbs. 00:19:01.610 --> 00:19:06.890 align:middle line:84% So can, could, may, might, shall, should-- 00:19:06.890 --> 00:19:10.670 align:middle line:90% we'll get to those next time. 00:19:10.670 --> 00:19:15.650 align:middle line:84% So this is really just a preview of coming attractions. 00:19:15.650 --> 00:19:20.240 align:middle line:84% All right, 7.2, more about endings-- 00:19:20.240 --> 00:19:24.170 align:middle line:84% so assimilation, this explains the process 00:19:24.170 --> 00:19:29.850 align:middle line:90% by which D becomes T-- 00:19:29.850 --> 00:19:32.100 align:middle line:84% number 1, D becomes T when it immediately 00:19:32.100 --> 00:19:34.067 align:middle line:90% follows an unvoiced consonant. 00:19:34.067 --> 00:19:36.150 align:middle line:84% What's the difference between voiced and unvoiced, 00:19:36.150 --> 00:19:37.230 align:middle line:90% by the way? 00:19:37.230 --> 00:19:38.775 align:middle line:90% Anybody? 00:19:38.775 --> 00:19:39.275 align:middle line:90% Yeah? 00:19:39.275 --> 00:19:40.340 align:middle line:90% Oh, sorry. 00:19:40.340 --> 00:19:42.320 align:middle line:90% Yeah, Ritam? 00:19:42.320 --> 00:19:44.810 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Well, when you make voiced sounds, 00:19:44.810 --> 00:19:46.775 align:middle line:90% your larynx vibrates. 00:19:46.775 --> 00:19:47.900 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Yeah, exactly. 00:19:47.900 --> 00:19:54.530 align:middle line:84% So if I say duh, duh, duh, you can feel that vibrate. 00:19:54.530 --> 00:19:59.750 align:middle line:84% If I just say tuh, tuh, tuh, it doesn't. 00:19:59.750 --> 00:20:06.140 align:middle line:84% So the D is going to become T right before the unvoiced P 00:20:06.140 --> 00:20:07.820 align:middle line:90% of slǣpan. 00:20:07.820 --> 00:20:12.770 align:middle line:84% So slǣpte, mētte, it's going to double 00:20:12.770 --> 00:20:17.240 align:middle line:90% that T instead of adding a D. 00:20:17.240 --> 00:20:20.600 align:middle line:84% And as they point out, we do the same thing in modern English, 00:20:20.600 --> 00:20:25.010 align:middle line:84% because even though we spell reached with an -ed at the end, 00:20:25.010 --> 00:20:28.940 align:middle line:84% if you actually say the word, you can hear that what 00:20:28.940 --> 00:20:34.460 align:middle line:84% you're saying is a T, "reacht," not "reach-duh." 00:20:34.460 --> 00:20:35.450 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:20:35.450 --> 00:20:40.400 align:middle line:84% And then some more rules down there. 00:20:40.400 --> 00:20:44.180 align:middle line:84% These are all, as the word "assimilation" 00:20:44.180 --> 00:20:49.970 align:middle line:84% suggests, based on what is easier to say in the mouth. 00:20:49.970 --> 00:20:55.610 align:middle line:84% You don't need to worry too much about that or about 7.2.2, 00:20:55.610 --> 00:21:00.950 align:middle line:84% plurals ending in E. Before the pronouns wē and yē, we and you, 00:21:00.950 --> 00:21:09.080 align:middle line:84% any plural ending may appear as an E. I'm not 00:21:09.080 --> 00:21:10.230 align:middle line:90% going to test you on this. 00:21:10.230 --> 00:21:13.850 align:middle line:84% It's just something to be aware of. 00:21:13.850 --> 00:21:19.880 align:middle line:84% Also important to note in 7.2.3 is that the subjunctive 00:21:19.880 --> 00:21:22.580 align:middle line:84% is already starting to fall out of Old English 00:21:22.580 --> 00:21:24.270 align:middle line:90% by the late Old English period. 00:21:24.270 --> 00:21:27.860 align:middle line:84% So the subjunctive in English is this fascinating example 00:21:27.860 --> 00:21:31.140 align:middle line:84% of something that is always already about to die 00:21:31.140 --> 00:21:32.840 align:middle line:90% and yet never quite does. 00:21:32.840 --> 00:21:38.460 align:middle line:84% It's like the monster in the horror movie that's 00:21:38.460 --> 00:21:40.580 align:middle line:90% never quite finally stabbable. 00:21:40.580 --> 00:21:44.570 align:middle line:90% 00:21:44.570 --> 00:21:45.290 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:21:45.290 --> 00:21:48.770 align:middle line:90% More about weak verbs, 7.3-- 00:21:48.770 --> 00:21:52.190 align:middle line:84% so there are three classes of weak verbs, 00:21:52.190 --> 00:21:58.010 align:middle line:84% but only two of them listed here on the top of page 77.4. 00:21:58.010 --> 00:22:02.070 align:middle line:84% We'll get to class 3 in a moment. 00:22:02.070 --> 00:22:07.460 align:middle line:84% So the most important thing to know about these two form-- 00:22:07.460 --> 00:22:12.080 align:middle line:84% these two classes, I should say, of the verb is that, 00:22:12.080 --> 00:22:17.840 align:middle line:84% in class 2, which are most verbs that end in -ian, 00:22:17.840 --> 00:22:21.725 align:middle line:84% most weak verbs that end in -ian, like lufian-- 00:22:21.725 --> 00:22:25.770 align:middle line:84% herian is an exception that we'll get to in a moment-- 00:22:25.770 --> 00:22:30.770 align:middle line:84% Most of those verbs have different third person 00:22:30.770 --> 00:22:36.300 align:middle line:84% present indicative and present plural indicative endings. 00:22:36.300 --> 00:22:44.410 align:middle line:84% And you can see this on 71, the little boxed exclamation point. 00:22:44.410 --> 00:22:47.250 align:middle line:90% So hē sceþeþ, hereþ, hālþ-- 00:22:47.250 --> 00:22:49.950 align:middle line:90% 00:22:49.950 --> 00:22:52.350 align:middle line:84% those are all class 1 weak verbs, 00:22:52.350 --> 00:22:57.720 align:middle line:84% but hē lufaþ in the third singular of lufian 00:22:57.720 --> 00:22:59.250 align:middle line:90% which is class 2. 00:22:59.250 --> 00:23:02.100 align:middle line:84% So we would normally expect that -aþ 00:23:02.100 --> 00:23:04.980 align:middle line:84% ending to indicate the plural, which is what it does 00:23:04.980 --> 00:23:07.230 align:middle line:90% indicate in class 1 verbs. 00:23:07.230 --> 00:23:12.000 align:middle line:84% But in class 2, it's just the singular. 00:23:12.000 --> 00:23:18.140 align:middle line:84% And you get lufiaþ when you have the plural, all right? 00:23:18.140 --> 00:23:22.360 align:middle line:84% So if the root syllable ends-- this 00:23:22.360 --> 00:23:26.020 align:middle line:84% is the end of that little box on page 71. 00:23:26.020 --> 00:23:30.250 align:middle line:84% If the root syllable ends with any consonant but R 00:23:30.250 --> 00:23:35.560 align:middle line:84% and is followed by I, chances are it is a class 2 weak verb. 00:23:35.560 --> 00:23:37.930 align:middle line:84% And the present third person singular 00:23:37.930 --> 00:23:42.355 align:middle line:84% will end in -að or -aþ, all right? 00:23:42.355 --> 00:23:47.090 align:middle line:90% 00:23:47.090 --> 00:23:52.040 align:middle line:84% Flipping back to page 70, on the bottom of the page, 7.3.1, 00:23:52.040 --> 00:23:54.620 align:middle line:90% class 1 is marked by I-mutation. 00:23:54.620 --> 00:23:57.200 align:middle line:84% And you may be thinking, oh God, more mutation. 00:23:57.200 --> 00:23:58.580 align:middle line:90% You don't have to worry. 00:23:58.580 --> 00:24:01.130 align:middle line:84% All that means is that the verbs-- 00:24:01.130 --> 00:24:04.010 align:middle line:84% sorry, the verb-- yeah, class 1 weak verbs 00:24:04.010 --> 00:24:10.250 align:middle line:84% have vowels that are I-mutated vowels. 00:24:10.250 --> 00:24:11.990 align:middle line:90% I don't know why they-- 00:24:11.990 --> 00:24:15.950 align:middle line:84% I don't know why they went into that. 00:24:15.950 --> 00:24:19.700 align:middle line:84% If the root syllable is short, then gemination, 00:24:19.700 --> 00:24:21.290 align:middle line:84% which is the doubling of the consonant 00:24:21.290 --> 00:24:25.710 align:middle line:84% at the end of the root syllable, occurs in certain forms, 00:24:25.710 --> 00:24:27.590 align:middle line:90% including the infinitive. 00:24:27.590 --> 00:24:33.170 align:middle line:84% OK, so this explains why, back in table 7.1 on fremman, 00:24:33.170 --> 00:24:37.160 align:middle line:84% we had some cases where it was fremme, with the double M, 00:24:37.160 --> 00:24:39.590 align:middle line:84% and others, like in the third singular, 00:24:39.590 --> 00:24:42.770 align:middle line:84% where it was just fremeþ, where it was just a single M. 00:24:42.770 --> 00:24:48.240 align:middle line:84% You can see that in sceþþan, the leftmost column, "to injure," 00:24:48.240 --> 00:24:56.580 align:middle line:84% iċ sceþþe, but then þū sceþest, hē sceþeþ, wē sceþaþ. 00:24:56.580 --> 00:24:59.850 align:middle line:84% So that alternation-- again, you don't have to memorize that. 00:24:59.850 --> 00:25:03.240 align:middle line:84% But it does mean that, because when you look up 00:25:03.240 --> 00:25:05.770 align:middle line:84% a verb you're looking up its infinitive, 00:25:05.770 --> 00:25:10.020 align:middle line:84% you may need to add an extra consonant in order 00:25:10.020 --> 00:25:13.390 align:middle line:84% to get in order to find the word you're looking for. 00:25:13.390 --> 00:25:15.420 align:middle line:84% So for example, if you're looking up-- 00:25:15.420 --> 00:25:20.010 align:middle line:84% if you see hē sceþeþ with a single thorn there, 00:25:20.010 --> 00:25:24.360 align:middle line:84% you're going to have to look it up under-- with two thorns. 00:25:24.360 --> 00:25:24.985 align:middle line:90% Yeah? 00:25:24.985 --> 00:25:26.610 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Totally off topic, just based 00:25:26.610 --> 00:25:28.290 align:middle line:84% on your pronunciation, is it consistent 00:25:28.290 --> 00:25:30.975 align:middle line:84% that things that we would normally voice intervocalically 00:25:30.975 --> 00:25:33.510 align:middle line:84% we don't voice when they're geminated? 00:25:33.510 --> 00:25:34.920 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Oh, yes, it is. 00:25:34.920 --> 00:25:36.510 align:middle line:90% Yeah, it is. 00:25:36.510 --> 00:25:42.180 align:middle line:84% And I think that's just because the second consonant makes 00:25:42.180 --> 00:25:44.027 align:middle line:90% it not renders-- 00:25:44.027 --> 00:25:44.610 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It-- 00:25:44.610 --> 00:25:47.040 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: Renders it no longer intervocalic. 00:25:47.040 --> 00:25:49.373 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: They render each other no longer intervocalic. 00:25:49.373 --> 00:25:51.090 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: Yes, exactly, exactly. 00:25:51.090 --> 00:25:53.257 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So the underlying form is always unvoiced. 00:25:53.257 --> 00:25:55.860 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Correct, yeah. 00:25:55.860 --> 00:25:58.660 align:middle line:84% Well, the underlying form is the single consonant. 00:25:58.660 --> 00:25:59.820 align:middle line:90% So maybe that's not true. 00:25:59.820 --> 00:26:01.020 align:middle line:90% But it doesn't matter. 00:26:01.020 --> 00:26:04.320 align:middle line:90% Just if it's doubled, unvoiced. 00:26:04.320 --> 00:26:05.250 align:middle line:90% Yeah, got it. 00:26:05.250 --> 00:26:05.865 align:middle line:90% Good question. 00:26:05.865 --> 00:26:08.670 align:middle line:90% 00:26:08.670 --> 00:26:14.280 align:middle line:84% The only exception to this -ian means 00:26:14.280 --> 00:26:21.900 align:middle line:84% class 2 is verbs like herian, where you have -rian. 00:26:21.900 --> 00:26:26.310 align:middle line:84% You're just going to have to learn that and get used to it. 00:26:26.310 --> 00:26:27.780 align:middle line:84% But it's not something you should 00:26:27.780 --> 00:26:30.330 align:middle line:84% try to memorize or really worry about right now. 00:26:30.330 --> 00:26:34.240 align:middle line:84% It's just something to be aware of. 00:26:34.240 --> 00:26:39.210 align:middle line:84% And then I think the reason that they give hālan-- it's heal, 00:26:39.210 --> 00:26:41.970 align:middle line:84% to heal-- its own column there is just 00:26:41.970 --> 00:26:44.430 align:middle line:84% because, if you take a look at the third singular, 00:26:44.430 --> 00:26:48.990 align:middle line:90% it's hālþ, not hāleþ. 00:26:48.990 --> 00:26:51.450 align:middle line:84% There's no E, as we would expect. 00:26:51.450 --> 00:26:56.930 align:middle line:90% 00:26:56.930 --> 00:26:57.455 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:26:57.455 --> 00:27:04.020 align:middle line:90% 00:27:04.020 --> 00:27:08.160 align:middle line:84% Now, 7.3.2, at the bottom of page 71, 00:27:08.160 --> 00:27:12.150 align:middle line:84% class 1 weak verbs that change their vowels-- 00:27:12.150 --> 00:27:14.430 align:middle line:90% this sounds like a huge pain. 00:27:14.430 --> 00:27:19.530 align:middle line:84% And frankly, it kind of is, but partly 00:27:19.530 --> 00:27:25.060 align:middle line:84% because the verbs that do this are pretty common, actually. 00:27:25.060 --> 00:27:31.110 align:middle line:84% So if you turn the page to 72, table 7.5, 00:27:31.110 --> 00:27:33.910 align:middle line:90% you don't need to memorize this. 00:27:33.910 --> 00:27:37.600 align:middle line:84% But you should try to get familiar with it. 00:27:37.600 --> 00:27:43.080 align:middle line:84% So if you take a look at sēċan, to seek, you can see, 00:27:43.080 --> 00:27:48.360 align:middle line:84% in the past indicative, it changes its vowel, so from A 00:27:48.360 --> 00:27:56.070 align:middle line:84% to O. But it also has all of the normal weak verb 00:27:56.070 --> 00:27:58.150 align:middle line:90% endings that we would expect. 00:27:58.150 --> 00:28:03.210 align:middle line:90% So it's iċ sohte, not iċ soht. 00:28:03.210 --> 00:28:04.680 align:middle line:84% Because if it were a strong verb, 00:28:04.680 --> 00:28:08.280 align:middle line:84% there would be no ending in the first and third person 00:28:08.280 --> 00:28:09.360 align:middle line:90% singular. 00:28:09.360 --> 00:28:19.380 align:middle line:84% Similarly, þenċan goes to þohte and cwellan to cwealde. 00:28:19.380 --> 00:28:22.350 align:middle line:84% And you can hear, of course, seek, sought. 00:28:22.350 --> 00:28:23.580 align:middle line:90% "I have sought." 00:28:23.580 --> 00:28:27.240 align:middle line:90% We still have that past form. 00:28:27.240 --> 00:28:28.680 align:middle line:90% Think, thought. 00:28:28.680 --> 00:28:32.700 align:middle line:84% Saw comes straight from Old English. 00:28:32.700 --> 00:28:37.720 align:middle line:84% So again, just something to be aware of. 00:28:37.720 --> 00:28:42.582 align:middle line:84% Contracted verbs, 7.3.3, don't worry about. 00:28:42.582 --> 00:28:44.290 align:middle line:84% I mean, unless you really-- unless you're 00:28:44.290 --> 00:28:46.457 align:middle line:84% a linguistics nerd, which some of you obviously are. 00:28:46.457 --> 00:28:49.000 align:middle line:84% So by all means, do a deep dive, if you care. 00:28:49.000 --> 00:28:52.000 align:middle line:84% But in terms of the purposes of this class, 00:28:52.000 --> 00:28:56.440 align:middle line:84% we're not going to dwell on the contracted verbs particularly. 00:28:56.440 --> 00:29:03.250 align:middle line:84% But you can see how they work from the example, smēaġan, 00:29:03.250 --> 00:29:06.370 align:middle line:84% table 7.6, "to ponder," which I think 00:29:06.370 --> 00:29:13.430 align:middle line:84% we had in our very first mini-text at the top of 73. 00:29:13.430 --> 00:29:18.620 align:middle line:84% Class 3 weak verbs-- so Baker says somewhat dryly 00:29:18.620 --> 00:29:21.500 align:middle line:84% that obeying the rule that the most common words are 00:29:21.500 --> 00:29:26.900 align:middle line:84% the last to leave a dying class, class 3 verbs 00:29:26.900 --> 00:29:33.020 align:middle line:84% contain only habban, libban, and secgan. 00:29:33.020 --> 00:29:39.020 align:middle line:84% And these are laid out this way, as if to emphasize 00:29:39.020 --> 00:29:41.480 align:middle line:90% their anomalous status. 00:29:41.480 --> 00:29:44.120 align:middle line:84% You turn the page and flip the book around. 00:29:44.120 --> 00:29:47.780 align:middle line:90% And you can see these forms. 00:29:47.780 --> 00:29:52.130 align:middle line:84% Of these, habban is by far the most important, 00:29:52.130 --> 00:29:56.330 align:middle line:84% partly because, as I mentioned earlier, 00:29:56.330 --> 00:29:58.910 align:middle line:84% habban often gets used to indicate 00:29:58.910 --> 00:30:01.550 align:middle line:84% the perfect and the pluperfect tense, 00:30:01.550 --> 00:30:04.790 align:middle line:84% just like it does in modern English. 00:30:04.790 --> 00:30:12.470 align:middle line:84% So you should be able to recognize those forms of have, 00:30:12.470 --> 00:30:13.430 align:middle line:90% to have. 00:30:13.430 --> 00:30:18.650 align:middle line:84% Fortunately, they're pretty close to modern English. 00:30:18.650 --> 00:30:23.600 align:middle line:84% And the endings are not that confusing. 00:30:23.600 --> 00:30:29.570 align:middle line:84% So I'm trying to think if there are any other moments 00:30:29.570 --> 00:30:30.770 align:middle line:90% to highlight here. 00:30:30.770 --> 00:30:32.270 align:middle line:84% I guess just to be aware that there 00:30:32.270 --> 00:30:36.960 align:middle line:84% are two different forms of libban, kind of like bēon, 00:30:36.960 --> 00:30:39.820 align:middle line:84% although they don't indicate different-- 00:30:39.820 --> 00:30:42.090 align:middle line:84% they don't have any semantic difference 00:30:42.090 --> 00:30:45.750 align:middle line:84% at all, the two different forms of "to live," 00:30:45.750 --> 00:30:49.560 align:middle line:84% and even some different forms of "to think." 00:30:49.560 --> 00:30:55.350 align:middle line:84% So you can either have past indicative, hogode or hygde 00:30:55.350 --> 00:31:00.790 align:middle line:84% for the past tense of "think," a different verb for "to think." 00:31:00.790 --> 00:31:03.090 align:middle line:84% So Old English, like many languages, 00:31:03.090 --> 00:31:04.890 align:middle line:84% has multiple verbs for "to think." 00:31:04.890 --> 00:31:06.930 align:middle line:84% So þenċan is where we get think from. 00:31:06.930 --> 00:31:14.190 align:middle line:84% But there's also hycgan, which the Beowulf poet loves, lots 00:31:14.190 --> 00:31:17.940 align:middle line:90% of hycgan all over Beowulf. 00:31:17.940 --> 00:31:21.450 align:middle line:84% All right, that was a lot very quickly on weak verbs. 00:31:21.450 --> 00:31:25.200 align:middle line:84% So any questions about weak verbs 00:31:25.200 --> 00:31:27.390 align:middle line:84% before we move on to strong verbs? 00:31:27.390 --> 00:31:35.190 align:middle line:90% 00:31:35.190 --> 00:31:40.440 align:middle line:90% All right, so strong verbs-- 00:31:40.440 --> 00:31:44.010 align:middle line:84% on page 75, Baker gives you his table 00:31:44.010 --> 00:31:47.490 align:middle line:90% of the classes of strong verbs. 00:31:47.490 --> 00:31:49.920 align:middle line:84% And this is what I mean when I say that-- 00:31:49.920 --> 00:31:52.710 align:middle line:90% 00:31:52.710 --> 00:31:56.420 align:middle line:84% well, the second of those columns, the third person 00:31:56.420 --> 00:31:59.060 align:middle line:84% singular, that's the I-mutated form. 00:31:59.060 --> 00:32:03.440 align:middle line:84% And that is not part of the vowel gradations 00:32:03.440 --> 00:32:05.660 align:middle line:84% of the strong verbs, which is why 00:32:05.660 --> 00:32:08.180 align:middle line:84% I think it's actually kind of unhelpful of Baker 00:32:08.180 --> 00:32:09.770 align:middle line:90% to have to have included it. 00:32:09.770 --> 00:32:12.560 align:middle line:84% But whatever, it does at least reinforce 00:32:12.560 --> 00:32:14.480 align:middle line:90% that there is that difference. 00:32:14.480 --> 00:32:18.770 align:middle line:84% There is that vowel shift in many classes of strong verbs. 00:32:18.770 --> 00:32:22.100 align:middle line:84% The analogous class, or the analogous 00:32:22.100 --> 00:32:27.370 align:middle line:84% table in Mitchell and Robinson is on page 37, paragraph 93. 00:32:27.370 --> 00:32:29.870 align:middle line:84% You don't have to go to it right now, although you certainly 00:32:29.870 --> 00:32:31.580 align:middle line:90% can. 00:32:31.580 --> 00:32:35.300 align:middle line:84% And that gives just the infinitive 00:32:35.300 --> 00:32:38.750 align:middle line:84% the first past, the second past, and the past participle, 00:32:38.750 --> 00:32:44.510 align:middle line:84% same thing with the table at the back of-- 00:32:44.510 --> 00:32:46.970 align:middle line:84% at the back of Word-hoard, just the four 00:32:46.970 --> 00:32:49.970 align:middle line:84% traditional principal parts of the verb. 00:32:49.970 --> 00:32:54.410 align:middle line:90% 00:32:54.410 --> 00:33:00.510 align:middle line:84% And here, at the bottom of 75, you 00:33:00.510 --> 00:33:03.450 align:middle line:84% get another one of these little boxed exclamation point things. 00:33:03.450 --> 00:33:06.060 align:middle line:84% And Baker says, "Students often ask 00:33:06.060 --> 00:33:08.640 align:middle line:84% if they should memorize the strong verb classes. 00:33:08.640 --> 00:33:11.130 align:middle line:90% The answer is a qualified yes." 00:33:11.130 --> 00:33:13.950 align:middle line:84% I am here to say, as I did in my announcement 00:33:13.950 --> 00:33:18.960 align:middle line:84% on the Canvas site, the answer is actually no. 00:33:18.960 --> 00:33:20.940 align:middle line:84% I do not expect you to memorize these. 00:33:20.940 --> 00:33:26.520 align:middle line:84% That said, I do encourage you to read them out loud, 00:33:26.520 --> 00:33:30.600 align:middle line:84% to just take a few minutes every other day, 00:33:30.600 --> 00:33:33.720 align:middle line:84% as you're doing your Old English homework, 00:33:33.720 --> 00:33:35.640 align:middle line:84% as you're memorizing Word-hoard-- you've got 00:33:35.640 --> 00:33:36.960 align:middle line:90% Word-hoard out a lot anyway. 00:33:36.960 --> 00:33:37.710 align:middle line:90% I know you people. 00:33:37.710 --> 00:33:40.320 align:middle line:90% 00:33:40.320 --> 00:33:44.400 align:middle line:84% Just go to the back and say bīdan, bād, bidon, biden, 00:33:44.400 --> 00:33:46.140 align:middle line:90% būgan, bēag, bugon, bogen... 00:33:46.140 --> 00:33:51.330 align:middle line:90% 00:33:51.330 --> 00:33:55.290 align:middle line:84% If you just start saying these out loud, 00:33:55.290 --> 00:33:57.790 align:middle line:90% they'll get into your ear. 00:33:57.790 --> 00:33:59.980 align:middle line:84% And it will be easier to recognize them 00:33:59.980 --> 00:34:02.320 align:middle line:84% when you're dealing with them in the, quote 00:34:02.320 --> 00:34:05.830 align:middle line:84% unquote, "real world," the very rarefied version 00:34:05.830 --> 00:34:07.330 align:middle line:84% of the real world in which we're all 00:34:07.330 --> 00:34:09.250 align:middle line:84% studying Old English, but fortunately the one 00:34:09.250 --> 00:34:09.917 align:middle line:90% that we inhabit. 00:34:09.917 --> 00:34:19.540 align:middle line:90% 00:34:19.540 --> 00:34:21.650 align:middle line:84% I'm not going to expect you to memorize this. 00:34:21.650 --> 00:34:24.670 align:middle line:84% So if I give you a strong verb in the past tense 00:34:24.670 --> 00:34:28.060 align:middle line:84% on an exam in sight translation, I'll 00:34:28.060 --> 00:34:31.270 align:middle line:84% go ahead and give you the infinitive as well so 00:34:31.270 --> 00:34:33.850 align:middle line:84% that you'll know what it comes from. 00:34:33.850 --> 00:34:35.650 align:middle line:84% And it will be a word from Word-hoard, 00:34:35.650 --> 00:34:38.739 align:middle line:84% obviously, if it's on the exam at all. 00:34:38.739 --> 00:34:41.650 align:middle line:84% Nonetheless, your translation for homework 00:34:41.650 --> 00:34:45.520 align:middle line:84% is going to go a lot faster and be a lot less frustrating 00:34:45.520 --> 00:34:50.110 align:middle line:84% if you have some kind of familiarity with these vowel 00:34:50.110 --> 00:34:52.150 align:middle line:90% gradations. 00:34:52.150 --> 00:34:55.360 align:middle line:84% The reason for that, of course, is that, again, we 00:34:55.360 --> 00:34:57.070 align:middle line:90% look things up-- 00:34:57.070 --> 00:35:00.730 align:middle line:84% we have to find things under the infinitive form. 00:35:00.730 --> 00:35:07.260 align:middle line:84% So Baker's glossary tends to be very useful, tends 00:35:07.260 --> 00:35:08.890 align:middle line:90% to be very helpful. 00:35:08.890 --> 00:35:16.640 align:middle line:84% So go ahead and look up this word in Baker 00:35:16.640 --> 00:35:20.405 align:middle line:84% and see what you see what you get. 00:35:20.405 --> 00:35:29.280 align:middle line:90% 00:35:29.280 --> 00:35:29.970 align:middle line:90% Excuse me. 00:35:29.970 --> 00:35:42.740 align:middle line:90% 00:35:42.740 --> 00:35:43.820 align:middle line:90% What could it be? 00:35:43.820 --> 00:35:48.460 align:middle line:90% 00:35:48.460 --> 00:35:49.581 align:middle line:90% Bēag. 00:35:49.581 --> 00:36:06.290 align:middle line:90% 00:36:06.290 --> 00:36:07.670 align:middle line:90% Anyone? 00:36:07.670 --> 00:36:10.070 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It looks like it's gone for-- 00:36:10.070 --> 00:36:12.200 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It's dual. 00:36:12.200 --> 00:36:13.790 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Yeah. 00:36:13.790 --> 00:36:17.910 align:middle line:84% So on page 291, we have two options. 00:36:17.910 --> 00:36:22.430 align:middle line:84% One is that it's a masculine noun, which means "ring." 00:36:22.430 --> 00:36:27.590 align:middle line:84% And the other is that it comes from būgan or ġebūgan. 00:36:27.590 --> 00:36:31.430 align:middle line:84% Not all glossaries are going to be as helpful as Baker. 00:36:31.430 --> 00:36:34.430 align:middle line:90% 00:36:34.430 --> 00:36:36.350 align:middle line:84% And in fact, I think Mitchell and Robinson, 00:36:36.350 --> 00:36:38.390 align:middle line:84% where we do where we do some of our readings, 00:36:38.390 --> 00:36:40.940 align:middle line:84% it is not actually as helpful as Baker. 00:36:40.940 --> 00:36:43.490 align:middle line:84% So this is one of the reasons that I encourage everyone 00:36:43.490 --> 00:36:45.080 align:middle line:84% to-- if I may borrow this briefly, 00:36:45.080 --> 00:36:49.610 align:middle line:84% to have their magic sheet with them because you can see now, 00:36:49.610 --> 00:36:53.180 align:middle line:84% I hope, how it could be very helpful to have the classes 00:36:53.180 --> 00:36:58.310 align:middle line:84% of strong verbs ready to hand so that if you look up B-E-A-G 00:36:58.310 --> 00:37:03.590 align:middle line:84% and it gives you a nonsensical meaning, because presumably-- 00:37:03.590 --> 00:37:06.120 align:middle line:84% I mean, "ring" and the past tense of būgan 00:37:06.120 --> 00:37:08.040 align:middle line:90% are not synonyms, right? 00:37:08.040 --> 00:37:11.460 align:middle line:84% It could be very helpful to have these classes of strong verbs 00:37:11.460 --> 00:37:14.880 align:middle line:84% here, so you can see, oh, E-A, that 00:37:14.880 --> 00:37:20.580 align:middle line:84% might come from a vowel whose root is U. 00:37:20.580 --> 00:37:23.010 align:middle line:90% It could also come from bēogan. 00:37:23.010 --> 00:37:24.705 align:middle line:84% But that's not a word, so it doesn't. 00:37:24.705 --> 00:37:27.870 align:middle line:90% 00:37:27.870 --> 00:37:28.515 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:37:28.515 --> 00:37:34.480 align:middle line:90% 00:37:34.480 --> 00:37:39.220 align:middle line:84% Verbs affect-- all the rest of 7.4, 00:37:39.220 --> 00:37:44.230 align:middle line:84% you don't need to worry too much about grammatical alternation, 00:37:44.230 --> 00:37:45.640 align:middle line:90% 7.9. 00:37:45.640 --> 00:37:48.910 align:middle line:84% Again, you don't have to worry too much about contracted 00:37:48.910 --> 00:37:52.900 align:middle line:84% strong verbs, although it's always useful 00:37:52.900 --> 00:37:54.520 align:middle line:84% anytime you have one of these tables 00:37:54.520 --> 00:37:56.890 align:middle line:84% to just say them out loud because usually 00:37:56.890 --> 00:38:02.110 align:middle line:84% the reason that seeming exceptions exist, 00:38:02.110 --> 00:38:06.130 align:middle line:84% like contracted strong verbs, is simply because the form 00:38:06.130 --> 00:38:09.280 align:middle line:84% that we have, in this case contracted, 00:38:09.280 --> 00:38:11.030 align:middle line:90% is just easier to say. 00:38:11.030 --> 00:38:13.180 align:middle line:84% So if you say these things out loud, 00:38:13.180 --> 00:38:18.400 align:middle line:84% you'll probably hear in your mouth how it's easier to say. 00:38:18.400 --> 00:38:28.120 align:middle line:84% And that, in turn, will help fix it in your head how it works. 00:38:28.120 --> 00:38:29.740 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:38:29.740 --> 00:38:34.570 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to take us through the boxed section on page 78 00:38:34.570 --> 00:38:39.880 align:middle line:90% and 79, and then take questions. 00:38:39.880 --> 00:38:43.480 align:middle line:84% This would be a good time to go over all the verb paradigms you 00:38:43.480 --> 00:38:48.520 align:middle line:84% have seen so far, noting basic similarities, especially 00:38:48.520 --> 00:38:50.680 align:middle line:84% the fact that, in the present tense, 00:38:50.680 --> 00:38:52.960 align:middle line:84% the second and third person singular forms 00:38:52.960 --> 00:38:57.250 align:middle line:84% are usually different from all the others. 00:38:57.250 --> 00:39:00.280 align:middle line:84% Present tense strong verbs cause few difficulties, 00:39:00.280 --> 00:39:03.760 align:middle line:84% since the endings make them easy to identify. 00:39:03.760 --> 00:39:07.580 align:middle line:84% Past plurals are easy as well for the same reason. 00:39:07.580 --> 00:39:10.210 align:middle line:84% But past singulars, which either lack 00:39:10.210 --> 00:39:12.790 align:middle line:84% an ending, in the first and third singular, 00:39:12.790 --> 00:39:16.480 align:middle line:84% or end only in E in the second singular, 00:39:16.480 --> 00:39:21.290 align:middle line:84% are easy to confuse with nouns and adjectives. 00:39:21.290 --> 00:39:23.320 align:middle line:84% As you gain experience, this kind of confusion 00:39:23.320 --> 00:39:24.320 align:middle line:90% will become less likely. 00:39:24.320 --> 00:39:26.390 align:middle line:84% But in the meantime, here are some tips 00:39:26.390 --> 00:39:28.370 align:middle line:90% to help you get it right. 00:39:28.370 --> 00:39:31.640 align:middle line:84% So one is to look up words carefully. 00:39:31.640 --> 00:39:35.030 align:middle line:84% Learn what kinds of spelling variations you can expect. 00:39:35.030 --> 00:39:39.135 align:middle line:84% See table 2.1.3 in Appendix A. When two words look alike, 00:39:39.135 --> 00:39:41.510 align:middle line:84% but their spelling differences are not what you'd expect, 00:39:41.510 --> 00:39:45.230 align:middle line:84% you can probably conclude that they're different words. 00:39:45.230 --> 00:39:51.140 align:middle line:84% So wearþ, "became," looks like weorþ, value or price. 00:39:51.140 --> 00:39:58.190 align:middle line:84% But E-A normally does not vary with E-O. nam, "took," 00:39:58.190 --> 00:40:00.980 align:middle line:84% looks like nama, the noun meaning "name." 00:40:00.980 --> 00:40:07.280 align:middle line:84% But endings are rarely lost in Old English and so... yeah. 00:40:07.280 --> 00:40:10.280 align:middle line:84% Second, examine the grammatical context of the sentence 00:40:10.280 --> 00:40:11.398 align:middle line:90% or clause you're reading. 00:40:11.398 --> 00:40:13.940 align:middle line:84% This is what we've been doing from the very first mini-text-- 00:40:13.940 --> 00:40:15.680 align:middle line:90% find the subject, find the verb. 00:40:15.680 --> 00:40:18.980 align:middle line:90% 00:40:18.980 --> 00:40:21.990 align:middle line:84% If you're still looking for a verb and you have bēag-- 00:40:21.990 --> 00:40:24.660 align:middle line:84% this is what I asked you to look it up-- 00:40:24.660 --> 00:40:28.170 align:middle line:84% try it first as the past of būgan, "to bow." 00:40:28.170 --> 00:40:31.980 align:middle line:84% If you need a noun, try it as "a ring." 00:40:31.980 --> 00:40:33.112 align:middle line:90% Examine the word order. 00:40:33.112 --> 00:40:35.070 align:middle line:84% That's not super helpful yet because we haven't 00:40:35.070 --> 00:40:36.360 align:middle line:90% talked about word order much. 00:40:36.360 --> 00:40:38.340 align:middle line:90% But in due course, we will. 00:40:38.340 --> 00:40:42.540 align:middle line:90% And verbs have a pretty-- 00:40:42.540 --> 00:40:45.780 align:middle line:84% as we've discussed, the conjugated verb very much 00:40:45.780 --> 00:40:52.500 align:middle line:84% prefers to be the second element of a sentence in Old English. 00:40:52.500 --> 00:40:55.320 align:middle line:84% And then once you've got a tentative translation, 00:40:55.320 --> 00:40:57.030 align:middle line:90% apply a sanity test. 00:40:57.030 --> 00:40:58.530 align:middle line:90% Does it make sense? 00:40:58.530 --> 00:41:01.740 align:middle line:84% If it seems ungrammatical or grammatical but absurd, 00:41:01.740 --> 00:41:03.420 align:middle line:90% try something else. 00:41:03.420 --> 00:41:06.870 align:middle line:84% And this is where I would now encourage 00:41:06.870 --> 00:41:10.240 align:middle line:84% you to start working at your own pace 00:41:10.240 --> 00:41:13.530 align:middle line:84% and as you wish with the Old English Aerobics 00:41:13.530 --> 00:41:15.975 align:middle line:90% website that's on the syllabus. 00:41:15.975 --> 00:41:18.630 align:middle line:90% 00:41:18.630 --> 00:41:20.550 align:middle line:90% I'll send you some examples. 00:41:20.550 --> 00:41:22.815 align:middle line:84% But really, just they're just drills. 00:41:22.815 --> 00:41:25.380 align:middle line:90% 00:41:25.380 --> 00:41:27.150 align:middle line:90% There's no need to do anything. 00:41:27.150 --> 00:41:31.650 align:middle line:84% But I encourage you to do so, just because-- 00:41:31.650 --> 00:41:33.480 align:middle line:84% just as a way of testing out what 00:41:33.480 --> 00:41:35.370 align:middle line:84% your recognition is, because you are 00:41:35.370 --> 00:41:37.680 align:middle line:84% going to have to recognize things 00:41:37.680 --> 00:41:42.600 align:middle line:84% on the exam, which is only a little over two weeks away 00:41:42.600 --> 00:41:45.650 align:middle line:90% at this point. 00:41:45.650 --> 00:41:49.160 align:middle line:90% All right, lots of verbs so far. 00:41:49.160 --> 00:41:51.480 align:middle line:90% And there's more for next time. 00:41:51.480 --> 00:41:57.110 align:middle line:84% So for tomorrow, pay a special attention 00:41:57.110 --> 00:42:04.190 align:middle line:84% to preterite present verbs, 7.6 on pages 80 and 81. 00:42:04.190 --> 00:42:08.330 align:middle line:84% These are hugely important because they show up 00:42:08.330 --> 00:42:11.400 align:middle line:90% all the time. 00:42:11.400 --> 00:42:15.080 align:middle line:84% Many of these preterite present verbs are modals. 00:42:15.080 --> 00:42:20.510 align:middle line:84% So cunnan, "to know how to or to be able to," 00:42:20.510 --> 00:42:24.530 align:middle line:84% magan which is another way of saying "to be able to," 00:42:24.530 --> 00:42:29.120 align:middle line:84% sculan which is where we get modern English "shall," but it 00:42:29.120 --> 00:42:33.530 align:middle line:84% has a much stronger sense of obligation or necessity 00:42:33.530 --> 00:42:35.390 align:middle line:90% in Old English. 00:42:35.390 --> 00:42:37.910 align:middle line:84% Usually, when you see sculan, you 00:42:37.910 --> 00:42:42.860 align:middle line:84% want to translate it as "must" or "need to" 00:42:42.860 --> 00:42:44.840 align:middle line:90% rather than "will." 00:42:44.840 --> 00:42:47.730 align:middle line:84% That difference between-- that semantic difference 00:42:47.730 --> 00:42:51.840 align:middle line:84% between "will" and "shall" we find even 00:42:51.840 --> 00:42:54.390 align:middle line:90% into Shakespeare's day. 00:42:54.390 --> 00:42:57.240 align:middle line:84% So there's a pretty distinct semantic difference 00:42:57.240 --> 00:42:59.220 align:middle line:84% in a Shakespeare play between saying 00:42:59.220 --> 00:43:01.440 align:middle line:84% "I will do something," which implies 00:43:01.440 --> 00:43:05.700 align:middle line:84% at least an element of volition, because willan originally 00:43:05.700 --> 00:43:10.890 align:middle line:84% means "to want to do something," whereas sculan, which 00:43:10.890 --> 00:43:15.120 align:middle line:84% is where we get "shall," implies obligation or necessity 00:43:15.120 --> 00:43:17.890 align:middle line:90% without the desire. 00:43:17.890 --> 00:43:22.350 align:middle line:84% So when Ophelia is replying to Polonius 00:43:22.350 --> 00:43:28.440 align:middle line:84% and he's like, forget Hamlet and go be a dutiful daughter, 00:43:28.440 --> 00:43:31.110 align:middle line:90% she says, I shall obey my Lord. 00:43:31.110 --> 00:43:34.110 align:middle line:84% And the fact that she doesn't say will, 00:43:34.110 --> 00:43:36.510 align:middle line:84% there's a little subtle hint that she's not 00:43:36.510 --> 00:43:38.650 align:middle line:90% too happy about it. 00:43:38.650 --> 00:43:44.550 align:middle line:84% And so you can see on page 81, sculan, 00:43:44.550 --> 00:43:47.750 align:middle line:90% it typically means must. 00:43:47.750 --> 00:43:51.260 align:middle line:84% Of these verbs, of these preterite present verbs, 00:43:51.260 --> 00:43:55.790 align:middle line:84% the ones that are so common that you will simply need to know 00:43:55.790 --> 00:44:02.870 align:middle line:84% are cunnan-- so circle these and start being able to recognize 00:44:02.870 --> 00:44:04.160 align:middle line:90% their forms-- 00:44:04.160 --> 00:44:15.090 align:middle line:84% cunnan, magan, motan, sculan, and witan. 00:44:15.090 --> 00:44:18.870 align:middle line:84% And here again, I encourage you to say out loud and just 00:44:18.870 --> 00:44:24.720 align:middle line:84% repeat how those verbs shift, both in their forms 00:44:24.720 --> 00:44:27.390 align:middle line:90% and in their vowels. 00:44:27.390 --> 00:44:32.220 align:middle line:84% But we'll talk more about them next time. 00:44:32.220 --> 00:44:37.010 align:middle line:84% Any questions on the basics of verbs? 00:44:37.010 --> 00:44:40.200 align:middle line:90% 00:44:40.200 --> 00:44:41.040 align:middle line:90% It's a lot. 00:44:41.040 --> 00:44:44.790 align:middle line:90% This week is a lot, I know. 00:44:44.790 --> 00:44:49.500 align:middle line:84% You have the weekend to get it reinforced. 00:44:49.500 --> 00:44:52.230 align:middle line:84% And then we'll start using it more actively 00:44:52.230 --> 00:44:55.100 align:middle line:90% as we keep translating. 00:44:55.100 --> 00:44:59.000 align:middle line:90%