WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:10.020 align:middle line:84% [SQUEAKING] [RUSTLING] [CLICKING] 00:00:10.020 --> 00:00:11.020 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: All righty. 00:00:11.020 --> 00:00:13.610 align:middle line:90% 00:00:13.610 --> 00:00:15.260 align:middle line:84% What I'm actually going to do now 00:00:15.260 --> 00:00:22.910 align:middle line:84% is pass out a description of the mock exam 00:00:22.910 --> 00:00:29.100 align:middle line:84% and exam, 1 which takes place to two weeks from today. 00:00:29.100 --> 00:00:34.850 align:middle line:84% So the mock exam is going to get posted-- 00:00:34.850 --> 00:00:38.510 align:middle line:84% I mean, I'll post it to Canvas this weekend. 00:00:38.510 --> 00:00:42.650 align:middle line:84% You're not actually supposed to attempt it, however, 00:00:42.650 --> 00:00:46.310 align:middle line:90% until the following weekend. 00:00:46.310 --> 00:00:48.920 align:middle line:84% You should do it weekend after next. 00:00:48.920 --> 00:00:53.420 align:middle line:84% And we'll discuss the mock exams in class on Monday the sixth, 00:00:53.420 --> 00:01:00.150 align:middle line:84% so two days before the exam proper. 00:01:00.150 --> 00:01:03.860 align:middle line:84% So the mock exam will mimic the structure and timing 00:01:03.860 --> 00:01:07.820 align:middle line:84% of the first four sections of exam 1. 00:01:07.820 --> 00:01:11.120 align:middle line:90% Those sections are closed book. 00:01:11.120 --> 00:01:13.980 align:middle line:84% And you'll turn those in before proceeding 00:01:13.980 --> 00:01:17.790 align:middle line:84% to the final section of the exam proper, which is open book, 00:01:17.790 --> 00:01:20.610 align:middle line:84% and for which you will need a hard copy of Baker, 00:01:20.610 --> 00:01:23.080 align:middle line:84% as I've said from the very beginning of class. 00:01:23.080 --> 00:01:25.230 align:middle line:84% So if you don't have one, get one pronto 00:01:25.230 --> 00:01:29.250 align:middle line:84% because two weeks from today you will have to use it. 00:01:29.250 --> 00:01:32.370 align:middle line:84% Section 1, 68 points, should take you 00:01:32.370 --> 00:01:33.480 align:middle line:90% less than five minutes. 00:01:33.480 --> 00:01:39.000 align:middle line:84% You reproduce tables 5.3, 5.4, 6.1, and 7.2. 00:01:39.000 --> 00:01:41.980 align:middle line:84% I've been announcing that regularly from the beginning. 00:01:41.980 --> 00:01:47.420 align:middle line:84% So those should be already quite well drilled. 00:01:47.420 --> 00:01:49.220 align:middle line:84% You are also responsible for being 00:01:49.220 --> 00:01:52.820 align:middle line:84% able to recognize adjective endings and weak noun endings. 00:01:52.820 --> 00:01:55.730 align:middle line:84% But you don't need to reproduce them in tabular form. 00:01:55.730 --> 00:01:57.650 align:middle line:84% You also need to be able to recognize 00:01:57.650 --> 00:02:00.935 align:middle line:84% conjugated forms of cunnan, magan, motan, sculan, witan, 00:02:00.935 --> 00:02:04.010 align:middle line:90% gān, and willan. 00:02:04.010 --> 00:02:06.590 align:middle line:84% I mentioned most of those in class last time. 00:02:06.590 --> 00:02:09.070 align:middle line:84% We're going to talk a little bit about gān and willan. 00:02:09.070 --> 00:02:11.810 align:middle line:84% Actually, we'll talk about all of them today. 00:02:11.810 --> 00:02:14.840 align:middle line:84% Section 2 is basically a souped up version 00:02:14.840 --> 00:02:17.150 align:middle line:90% of the daily vocab quiz-- 00:02:17.150 --> 00:02:21.530 align:middle line:84% 40 points, 40 words from groups-- 00:02:21.530 --> 00:02:23.360 align:middle line:90% oops, did I say 1 through 50? 00:02:23.360 --> 00:02:24.425 align:middle line:90% I think that should be-- 00:02:24.425 --> 00:02:25.280 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: 1 through 60. 00:02:25.280 --> 00:02:27.200 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: Yeah, 1 through 60, my apologies. 00:02:27.200 --> 00:02:29.570 align:middle line:84% I'll correct that before I post this. 00:02:29.570 --> 00:02:36.140 align:middle line:84% Yeah, it's through what you will have done by that point. 00:02:36.140 --> 00:02:40.670 align:middle line:84% Section 3, and the reason that I'm passing this out now, 00:02:40.670 --> 00:02:44.570 align:middle line:84% is to be able to reproduce some important grammar 00:02:44.570 --> 00:02:47.880 align:middle line:84% rules, nearly all of which I either have already or will 00:02:47.880 --> 00:02:50.430 align:middle line:84% have by then emphasized in class. 00:02:50.430 --> 00:02:53.040 align:middle line:84% And if you turn to pages 2 and 3 of this handout, 00:02:53.040 --> 00:02:55.530 align:middle line:84% this is section 3 of the exam with all 00:02:55.530 --> 00:02:58.710 align:middle line:90% of the answers filled in. 00:02:58.710 --> 00:03:02.970 align:middle line:84% As I've said previously, I would love for everybody 00:03:02.970 --> 00:03:04.980 align:middle line:90% to earn an A in this class. 00:03:04.980 --> 00:03:10.110 align:middle line:84% This is one way of helping you do 00:03:10.110 --> 00:03:15.660 align:middle line:84% so because I don't see any point in playing hide the ball. 00:03:15.660 --> 00:03:17.520 align:middle line:84% This is what I think is important. 00:03:17.520 --> 00:03:19.470 align:middle line:90% This is what you have to know. 00:03:19.470 --> 00:03:23.850 align:middle line:84% And we'll be referring to it as we go through class today. 00:03:23.850 --> 00:03:29.520 align:middle line:84% Part of the reason that over 100 points are pretty 00:03:29.520 --> 00:03:32.940 align:middle line:84% straightforward to get-- that is, all of sections 1, 00:03:32.940 --> 00:03:35.880 align:middle line:84% the paradigm memorization, and all of section 3, 00:03:35.880 --> 00:03:39.510 align:middle line:84% where the answers are literally on the sheet in front of you-- 00:03:39.510 --> 00:03:42.210 align:middle line:84% although, you can't bring the sheet with you to the exam. 00:03:42.210 --> 00:03:45.000 align:middle line:84% You do have to actually have it in your head for those 80 00:03:45.000 --> 00:03:47.510 align:middle line:90% minutes at least. 00:03:47.510 --> 00:03:50.330 align:middle line:84% One of the reasons that those parts of the exam 00:03:50.330 --> 00:03:57.270 align:middle line:84% are relatively easy is that sections 4 and 5 are hard. 00:03:57.270 --> 00:04:01.190 align:middle line:84% You're going to be doing site translation of five Old English 00:04:01.190 --> 00:04:04.250 align:middle line:84% sentences using words from Word Hoard, 00:04:04.250 --> 00:04:06.650 align:middle line:84% as well as any other words I have said 00:04:06.650 --> 00:04:09.300 align:middle line:84% in class you will need to be able to recognize, 00:04:09.300 --> 00:04:12.320 align:middle line:90% such as the verbs-- 00:04:12.320 --> 00:04:13.940 align:middle line:90% I think it's only the verbs. 00:04:13.940 --> 00:04:14.720 align:middle line:90% I'll double check. 00:04:14.720 --> 00:04:16.940 align:middle line:84% I'll go back to the exam and make sure this is true. 00:04:16.940 --> 00:04:24.080 align:middle line:84% But I believe it's only those verbs listed above, cunnan, 00:04:24.080 --> 00:04:28.640 align:middle line:84% magan, motan, sculan, witan, gān, and willan. 00:04:28.640 --> 00:04:31.880 align:middle line:84% These sentences are designed to be hard. 00:04:31.880 --> 00:04:35.390 align:middle line:84% I don't expect anyone to get 50 out of 50 points on them. 00:04:35.390 --> 00:04:38.105 align:middle line:84% Although, people have surprised me in the past and done so. 00:04:38.105 --> 00:04:40.640 align:middle line:90% 00:04:40.640 --> 00:04:43.370 align:middle line:84% But I give partial credit quite liberally. 00:04:43.370 --> 00:04:45.840 align:middle line:84% So make sure to tell me what you know. 00:04:45.840 --> 00:04:50.540 align:middle line:84% Show me what you know rather than just give up or get 00:04:50.540 --> 00:04:54.230 align:middle line:84% stumped because you can have a translation that's really 00:04:54.230 --> 00:04:59.870 align:middle line:84% quite wrong in a lot of ways and still get 6 out of 10 points 00:04:59.870 --> 00:05:02.060 align:middle line:90% on a given sentence, all right? 00:05:02.060 --> 00:05:03.620 align:middle line:84% And when I say tell me what you know, 00:05:03.620 --> 00:05:06.860 align:middle line:84% I mean, this looks like genitive plural, 00:05:06.860 --> 00:05:08.810 align:middle line:84% even though I don't know what the word means. 00:05:08.810 --> 00:05:13.940 align:middle line:84% Or like we heard Kenneth say in class when he was translating-- 00:05:13.940 --> 00:05:17.600 align:middle line:84% sight translating, so this is totally fine-- 00:05:17.600 --> 00:05:20.870 align:middle line:90% but hrepedon that was a word. 00:05:20.870 --> 00:05:23.930 align:middle line:84% So if you don't know what hreppan means, fine. 00:05:23.930 --> 00:05:25.035 align:middle line:90% But you know it's a verb. 00:05:25.035 --> 00:05:25.910 align:middle line:90% You know it's plural. 00:05:25.910 --> 00:05:29.360 align:middle line:90% You know it's past, et cetera. 00:05:29.360 --> 00:05:31.790 align:middle line:84% You'll turn all that in when you're done. 00:05:31.790 --> 00:05:35.690 align:middle line:84% And then you'll get to turn to assisted 00:05:35.690 --> 00:05:39.440 align:middle line:84% translation of a short portion of a text from Baker. 00:05:39.440 --> 00:05:43.370 align:middle line:84% And for this section of the exam, you may use the glossary. 00:05:43.370 --> 00:05:45.410 align:middle line:84% Indeed, you must use the glossary 00:05:45.410 --> 00:05:50.100 align:middle line:84% in the back of the book, as well as your magic sheet of forms, 00:05:50.100 --> 00:05:54.240 align:middle line:90% if you bring it to the exam. 00:05:54.240 --> 00:05:58.590 align:middle line:84% Under that, I say, by design, this is tightly timed. 00:05:58.590 --> 00:06:00.750 align:middle line:84% I've emphasized from day 1 the importance 00:06:00.750 --> 00:06:02.158 align:middle line:84% of learning your paradigms so you 00:06:02.158 --> 00:06:04.200 align:middle line:84% don't have to go running back to your magic sheet 00:06:04.200 --> 00:06:06.960 align:middle line:90% every time you see a word. 00:06:06.960 --> 00:06:09.570 align:middle line:84% Of course, you will already be tested on the paradigms 00:06:09.570 --> 00:06:11.310 align:middle line:90% in section 1 of the exam. 00:06:11.310 --> 00:06:16.410 align:middle line:84% But you'll be implicitly tested on them as well by how quickly 00:06:16.410 --> 00:06:22.860 align:middle line:90% you can complete section 4. 00:06:22.860 --> 00:06:27.460 align:middle line:84% So when the mock exam is posted and you do it-- 00:06:27.460 --> 00:06:28.750 align:middle line:90% there is no section 5. 00:06:28.750 --> 00:06:33.220 align:middle line:84% I'm not giving you an assisted translation. 00:06:33.220 --> 00:06:36.130 align:middle line:84% You're already going to be doing assisted translation when 00:06:36.130 --> 00:06:39.745 align:middle line:84% we start translating Aelfric's preface to Genesis next week. 00:06:39.745 --> 00:06:44.460 align:middle line:90% 00:06:44.460 --> 00:06:46.350 align:middle line:84% I would time yourself for sections 1 00:06:46.350 --> 00:06:52.560 align:middle line:84% through 4 to make sure that you're getting through it 00:06:52.560 --> 00:06:58.950 align:middle line:84% along roughly the time frame laid out here. 00:06:58.950 --> 00:07:02.970 align:middle line:84% And as I've said again before, you 00:07:02.970 --> 00:07:05.250 align:middle line:84% may not share any materials during the exam. 00:07:05.250 --> 00:07:06.900 align:middle line:84% Everyone must have their own copy 00:07:06.900 --> 00:07:11.790 align:middle line:84% of Baker and the magic sheet, if you wish, for use in section 5. 00:07:11.790 --> 00:07:13.110 align:middle line:90% Fair Warning. 00:07:13.110 --> 00:07:14.690 align:middle line:90% Any questions on all? 00:07:14.690 --> 00:07:21.390 align:middle line:90% 00:07:21.390 --> 00:07:29.750 align:middle line:84% All righty, let's turn to chapter 7, section 5 of Baker 00:07:29.750 --> 00:07:42.170 align:middle line:84% and very quickly mention the bottom of page 79. 00:07:42.170 --> 00:07:48.290 align:middle line:84% A few verbs, as Baker says, have weak present tenses 00:07:48.290 --> 00:07:51.500 align:middle line:90% and strong past tenses. 00:07:51.500 --> 00:07:54.110 align:middle line:84% So some common verbs behave in this way, 00:07:54.110 --> 00:07:59.630 align:middle line:84% like biddan, which we saw last time had the preterite form 00:07:59.630 --> 00:08:03.590 align:middle line:84% bæd, like bade in modern English, 00:08:03.590 --> 00:08:06.200 align:middle line:84% sittan, which, of course, becomes 00:08:06.200 --> 00:08:09.920 align:middle line:84% sat in both Old English and modern English. 00:08:09.920 --> 00:08:13.670 align:middle line:84% Remember the "old fiend," se ealde feond sæt ofer þam 00:08:13.670 --> 00:08:17.150 align:middle line:84% stane in "The Miracle of Saint Benedict," 00:08:17.150 --> 00:08:21.860 align:middle line:84% and scieppan, "to make or create," 00:08:21.860 --> 00:08:25.260 align:middle line:84% where we get modern English shape, of course. 00:08:25.260 --> 00:08:28.940 align:middle line:84% The dual nature of these verbs is a curiosity 00:08:28.940 --> 00:08:31.250 align:middle line:84% and therefore probably interesting 00:08:31.250 --> 00:08:34.190 align:middle line:84% to the linguistics-minded among you, 00:08:34.190 --> 00:08:40.650 align:middle line:84% but not something we'll go over in any detail beyond this. 00:08:40.650 --> 00:08:44.730 align:middle line:84% All right, preterite present verbs, 7.6 on page 80, 00:08:44.730 --> 00:08:49.800 align:middle line:84% this is where it gets really very important, partly 00:08:49.800 --> 00:08:52.012 align:middle line:84% because you have to know these on the exam. 00:08:52.012 --> 00:08:53.470 align:middle line:84% And the reason for that, of course, 00:08:53.470 --> 00:08:58.650 align:middle line:84% is that they are just all over the place in Old English. 00:08:58.650 --> 00:09:01.120 align:middle line:84% You should not have to look them up. 00:09:01.120 --> 00:09:05.770 align:middle line:84% I mean, now, of course, you do, but by that point. 00:09:05.770 --> 00:09:10.770 align:middle line:84% So preterite present verbs, what this really means 00:09:10.770 --> 00:09:19.830 align:middle line:84% is simply that the present tense looks like the past tense. 00:09:19.830 --> 00:09:22.920 align:middle line:84% That is to say, they are preterite in form, 00:09:22.920 --> 00:09:25.020 align:middle line:90% but present in meaning. 00:09:25.020 --> 00:09:27.820 align:middle line:84% Latin and Greek have some of these as well. 00:09:27.820 --> 00:09:36.300 align:middle line:84% So οἶδᾰ in Greek, nōvī in Latin, both words for "I know"-- 00:09:36.300 --> 00:09:38.820 align:middle line:84% they actually have perfect tense-- 00:09:38.820 --> 00:09:42.090 align:middle line:84% or sorry, perfect forms, but present meanings. 00:09:42.090 --> 00:09:47.100 align:middle line:84% And you see the same thing happens in witan, "to know." 00:09:47.100 --> 00:09:52.250 align:middle line:84% Table 7.11, the right-hand column-- 00:09:52.250 --> 00:09:57.830 align:middle line:84% witan, wāt-- So the present indicative shifts. 00:09:57.830 --> 00:10:00.110 align:middle line:84% Its vowel doesn't have an ending, 00:10:00.110 --> 00:10:06.410 align:middle line:84% just like a strong verb, even though, in that strong verb-- 00:10:06.410 --> 00:10:11.270 align:middle line:84% or sorry, that strong past form is actually present in meaning. 00:10:11.270 --> 00:10:14.970 align:middle line:84% The past tense of these preterite present verbs. 00:10:14.970 --> 00:10:17.390 align:middle line:90% This is number 2 of 7.6. 00:10:17.390 --> 00:10:21.410 align:middle line:84% The past tense is usually built on the second past root 00:10:21.410 --> 00:10:24.140 align:middle line:90% with -d or -t added. 00:10:24.140 --> 00:10:27.320 align:middle line:84% It's far preferable simply to just 00:10:27.320 --> 00:10:30.950 align:middle line:84% learn these particular forms rather than 00:10:30.950 --> 00:10:35.360 align:middle line:84% to try to learn the rules that govern them. 00:10:35.360 --> 00:10:38.130 align:middle line:84% And again, as I've said many times, 00:10:38.130 --> 00:10:40.010 align:middle line:84% I think the best way, or at least a way 00:10:40.010 --> 00:10:42.170 align:middle line:84% that I encourage you to try to learn these, 00:10:42.170 --> 00:10:47.510 align:middle line:84% is to simply say them out loud and get these vowel gradations 00:10:47.510 --> 00:10:50.660 align:middle line:90% in your head. 00:10:50.660 --> 00:10:57.000 align:middle line:84% So cunnan, magan, moton, sculan, witan, you've got them all 00:10:57.000 --> 00:10:59.700 align:middle line:90% listed out on page 81. 00:10:59.700 --> 00:11:01.950 align:middle line:90% Those are the most important. 00:11:01.950 --> 00:11:05.550 align:middle line:84% Although, the others that are there 00:11:05.550 --> 00:11:08.595 align:middle line:90% show up quite often as well. 00:11:08.595 --> 00:11:11.240 align:middle line:90% 00:11:11.240 --> 00:11:15.830 align:middle line:84% Any questions about the basics here? 00:11:15.830 --> 00:11:17.180 align:middle line:90% Yes? 00:11:17.180 --> 00:11:18.740 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Just to double check, I'm 00:11:18.740 --> 00:11:21.283 align:middle line:84% assuming if we don't see a form in this table, 00:11:21.283 --> 00:11:23.450 align:middle line:84% we can just assume it is what we think it should be? 00:11:23.450 --> 00:11:24.533 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Correct, yes. 00:11:24.533 --> 00:11:26.780 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Like cune, cunnen, cūðe, cūðen or something 00:11:26.780 --> 00:11:27.890 align:middle line:84% like that for like the subjunctive 00:11:27.890 --> 00:11:28.848 align:middle line:90% or something like that? 00:11:28.848 --> 00:11:30.518 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: Yeah, exactly, exactly. 00:11:30.518 --> 00:11:31.310 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: OK, cool. 00:11:31.310 --> 00:11:32.500 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Yep, yep, yep. 00:11:32.500 --> 00:11:36.250 align:middle line:90% 00:11:36.250 --> 00:11:44.860 align:middle line:84% So dōn, gān, and willan are all strange-ish verbs. 00:11:44.860 --> 00:11:48.293 align:middle line:90% 00:11:48.293 --> 00:11:49.960 align:middle line:84% Again, the reason you need to know these 00:11:49.960 --> 00:11:53.620 align:middle line:84% is they just show up all the time. 00:11:53.620 --> 00:11:56.020 align:middle line:90% And so they're important. 00:11:56.020 --> 00:11:59.900 align:middle line:90% I like that "gān"-- 00:11:59.900 --> 00:12:02.140 align:middle line:84% so this is the bottom of 81-- "gān 00:12:02.140 --> 00:12:04.930 align:middle line:84% lacks a past form of its own and has apparently 00:12:04.930 --> 00:12:08.380 align:middle line:84% borrowed the past of another verb now disappeared." 00:12:08.380 --> 00:12:14.590 align:middle line:84% That explains why, at the top of 82 in table 7.12, you see gān, 00:12:14.590 --> 00:12:17.860 align:middle line:84% and then you get gǣþ and gǣst in the second and third. 00:12:17.860 --> 00:12:20.860 align:middle line:84% So that's the I-mutation taking over. 00:12:20.860 --> 00:12:22.810 align:middle line:84% But then in the past indicative, it just 00:12:22.810 --> 00:12:28.240 align:middle line:84% goes wherever it wants with ēode, ēodest, ēodon. 00:12:28.240 --> 00:12:32.200 align:middle line:84% And then the past subjunctive looks the same. 00:12:32.200 --> 00:12:38.240 align:middle line:90% Willan is really pretty simple. 00:12:38.240 --> 00:12:42.980 align:middle line:84% I don't see any big complications there, 00:12:42.980 --> 00:12:46.670 align:middle line:84% except for the fact that the past is wolde. 00:12:46.670 --> 00:12:50.390 align:middle line:84% That is, of course, comparable to modern English would. 00:12:50.390 --> 00:12:53.090 align:middle line:84% It ultimately becomes modern English would. 00:12:53.090 --> 00:12:56.150 align:middle line:84% But in this case, it's just the past tense 00:12:56.150 --> 00:12:58.500 align:middle line:90% of "to will" or "to desire." 00:12:58.500 --> 00:13:03.260 align:middle line:84% So hē wolde, "he desired," not "he would," 00:13:03.260 --> 00:13:07.640 align:middle line:90% even though that's the cognate. 00:13:07.640 --> 00:13:10.190 align:middle line:84% Fortunately, you're going to get a lot of practice 00:13:10.190 --> 00:13:12.290 align:middle line:84% in recognizing these in the reading 00:13:12.290 --> 00:13:15.810 align:middle line:84% that we do for the next three days. 00:13:15.810 --> 00:13:18.650 align:middle line:84% So after translating a little bit more 00:13:18.650 --> 00:13:22.520 align:middle line:84% of Aelfric's translation of Genesis, 00:13:22.520 --> 00:13:26.210 align:middle line:84% we're going to shift, for next time, for Monday. 00:13:26.210 --> 00:13:29.450 align:middle line:84% This will be where our text is coming from. 00:13:29.450 --> 00:13:33.260 align:middle line:84% And you're going to start reading, start translating 00:13:33.260 --> 00:13:35.245 align:middle line:90% Aelfric's preface to Genesis. 00:13:35.245 --> 00:13:36.870 align:middle line:84% So if you take a look at the syllabus-- 00:13:36.870 --> 00:13:39.870 align:middle line:84% you don't have to look, I'll just tell you-- 00:13:39.870 --> 00:13:41.930 align:middle line:84% we are going to start translating-- 00:13:41.930 --> 00:13:44.240 align:middle line:84% you are going to start translating, that is, 00:13:44.240 --> 00:13:51.260 align:middle line:84% lines 1 through 24 of Aelfric's preface to Genesis, which 00:13:51.260 --> 00:13:55.520 align:middle line:84% starts on page 199 of Mitchell and Robinson. 00:13:55.520 --> 00:13:58.230 align:middle line:84% I encourage you to get started early on this. 00:13:58.230 --> 00:14:01.430 align:middle line:84% It's a lot of translation when you haven't done really 00:14:01.430 --> 00:14:02.970 align:middle line:90% any of it before. 00:14:02.970 --> 00:14:08.030 align:middle line:84% So get started early and expect it to take a while. 00:14:08.030 --> 00:14:10.610 align:middle line:84% You're going to be looking up a lot of words. 00:14:10.610 --> 00:14:13.850 align:middle line:84% But this is how you're going to be prepared 00:14:13.850 --> 00:14:17.441 align:middle line:90% to take the exam in two weeks. 00:14:17.441 --> 00:14:20.450 align:middle line:84% This whole class is a boot camp, in some sense. 00:14:20.450 --> 00:14:24.050 align:middle line:84% And it's getting bootier by the minute. 00:14:24.050 --> 00:14:26.360 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:14:26.360 --> 00:14:27.050 align:middle line:90% Yes? 00:14:27.050 --> 00:14:29.342 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So are we turning in the translation of the-- 00:14:29.342 --> 00:14:31.850 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: You do not have to turn it in. 00:14:31.850 --> 00:14:34.370 align:middle line:84% But your performance on the translation 00:14:34.370 --> 00:14:37.100 align:middle line:84% when we go around the room and translate 00:14:37.100 --> 00:14:40.970 align:middle line:84% will be part of your participation grade in class. 00:14:40.970 --> 00:14:42.110 align:middle line:90% So excellent question. 00:14:42.110 --> 00:14:44.690 align:middle line:84% That said, if you want to turn in your translation, 00:14:44.690 --> 00:14:48.770 align:middle line:84% I will happily look at it and mark it up. 00:14:48.770 --> 00:14:51.950 align:middle line:84% But it's not a formal homework assignment that gets turned in. 00:14:51.950 --> 00:14:52.790 align:middle line:90% Glad you asked. 00:14:52.790 --> 00:14:53.498 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Gotcha. 00:14:53.498 --> 00:14:54.000 align:middle line:90% Thank you. 00:14:54.000 --> 00:14:55.375 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: Any other questions? 00:14:55.375 --> 00:14:59.300 align:middle line:90% 00:14:59.300 --> 00:15:00.650 align:middle line:90% It's really pretty fun. 00:15:00.650 --> 00:15:03.698 align:middle line:84% I mean, it may sound like-- the preface to Genesis, 00:15:03.698 --> 00:15:05.240 align:middle line:84% I mean, that may sound pretty boring. 00:15:05.240 --> 00:15:09.770 align:middle line:84% But honestly, it's kind of a cool meta-moment 00:15:09.770 --> 00:15:12.170 align:middle line:84% because, of course, you are translating Genesis. 00:15:12.170 --> 00:15:14.570 align:middle line:90% Aelfric is translating Genesis. 00:15:14.570 --> 00:15:17.300 align:middle line:84% Aelfric is very nervous about translating Genesis, 00:15:17.300 --> 00:15:18.320 align:middle line:90% as you're going to hear. 00:15:18.320 --> 00:15:20.510 align:middle line:90% So I don't know. 00:15:20.510 --> 00:15:21.890 align:middle line:90% I think it's pretty fun. 00:15:21.890 --> 00:15:23.570 align:middle line:90% I'm a fan of Aelfric. 00:15:23.570 --> 00:15:26.840 align:middle line:84% So we'll get to talk more about him next time. 00:15:26.840 --> 00:15:31.580 align:middle line:84% All right, back to Baker and verbs. 00:15:31.580 --> 00:15:34.100 align:middle line:84% So negation, we've already talked a little bit 00:15:34.100 --> 00:15:37.250 align:middle line:90% about this back on page 82. 00:15:37.250 --> 00:15:41.900 align:middle line:84% We've already talked about how two negatives do not 00:15:41.900 --> 00:15:43.170 align:middle line:90% make a positive. 00:15:43.170 --> 00:15:46.100 align:middle line:84% So double negatives and even triple negatives sometime 00:15:46.100 --> 00:15:51.170 align:middle line:84% in Old English just emphasize further the negative quality 00:15:51.170 --> 00:15:53.430 align:middle line:90% of whatever is being described. 00:15:53.430 --> 00:15:58.040 align:middle line:84% So on the bottom of page 82, we have a sentence that 00:15:58.040 --> 00:16:03.480 align:middle line:84% we're actually going to translate later today uttered 00:16:03.480 --> 00:16:08.148 align:middle line:84% by the serpent of Genesis, Ne bēo ġē nātes-hwōn dēade, 00:16:08.148 --> 00:16:13.320 align:middle line:84% ðēah ðe ġē of ðām trēowe eton, "You will not in any way be 00:16:13.320 --> 00:16:16.470 align:middle line:84% dead, even if you eat from the tree," 00:16:16.470 --> 00:16:19.620 align:middle line:84% the serpent says reassuringly to Eve, 00:16:19.620 --> 00:16:24.000 align:middle line:84% or þæt wīf as she's described by Aelfric. 00:16:24.000 --> 00:16:27.840 align:middle line:84% And at the top of 83, here, the additional negative adverb, 00:16:27.840 --> 00:16:31.770 align:middle line:84% nātes-hwōn, makes the sentence more emphatic than it would be 00:16:31.770 --> 00:16:34.800 align:middle line:90% with ne alone. 00:16:34.800 --> 00:16:38.430 align:middle line:84% And then "common negative adverbs are nā, nealles, 00:16:38.430 --> 00:16:42.990 align:middle line:90% nātes-hwōn, and nātoþæs-hwon." 00:16:42.990 --> 00:16:47.130 align:middle line:84% So that last one is not particularly common, frankly. 00:16:47.130 --> 00:16:49.770 align:middle line:90% But it is a cool one. 00:16:49.770 --> 00:16:55.080 align:middle line:84% Also, further reinforcement of how important long vowels are. 00:16:55.080 --> 00:17:03.090 align:middle line:90% So hwōn means "little." 00:17:03.090 --> 00:17:16.520 align:middle line:84% hwon is the instrumental interrogative pronoun. 00:17:16.520 --> 00:17:21.020 align:middle line:90% So "little"; "by what means"? 00:17:21.020 --> 00:17:22.880 align:middle line:84% So bear in mind, always be looking 00:17:22.880 --> 00:17:25.234 align:middle line:90% for these macrons over vowels. 00:17:25.234 --> 00:17:28.160 align:middle line:90% 00:17:28.160 --> 00:17:30.660 align:middle line:90% All right, back to page 82. 00:17:30.660 --> 00:17:35.690 align:middle line:84% So this is also very important, the paragraph right 00:17:35.690 --> 00:17:37.640 align:middle line:90% under the first quotation. 00:17:37.640 --> 00:17:40.850 align:middle line:84% So ne is contracted with certain verbs-- 00:17:40.850 --> 00:17:46.130 align:middle line:84% for example, nis, so ne plus is, "is not"; 00:17:46.130 --> 00:17:50.900 align:middle line:84% næs, which is ne plus wæs, "was not"; 00:17:50.900 --> 00:17:55.670 align:middle line:84% næfþ, "does not have," from ne plus hæfþ, 00:17:55.670 --> 00:17:58.110 align:middle line:90% and so on and so forth. 00:17:58.110 --> 00:18:04.480 align:middle line:84% And then the last one, nolde, noldon-- nāh, 00:18:04.480 --> 00:18:07.810 align:middle line:84% "does not have," from ne plus āh. 00:18:07.810 --> 00:18:14.110 align:middle line:84% Nāt, N-A-- N-long-A-T, "does not know," from ne plus wāt.. 00:18:14.110 --> 00:18:17.230 align:middle line:84% Notice that all of the verbs so contracted 00:18:17.230 --> 00:18:22.750 align:middle line:84% begin with a vowel, an H, or a W. 00:18:22.750 --> 00:18:25.360 align:middle line:84% These don't have to be-- the author 00:18:25.360 --> 00:18:28.900 align:middle line:84% doesn't have to do this to perform these contractions. 00:18:28.900 --> 00:18:34.480 align:middle line:84% But I would say 70% to 80% to maybe 90% of the time, 00:18:34.480 --> 00:18:36.670 align:middle line:90% whoever's writing does. 00:18:36.670 --> 00:18:40.510 align:middle line:84% So you should get very used to seeing 00:18:40.510 --> 00:19:00.470 align:middle line:84% and be ready to recognize on the exam forms like næs, nis, 00:19:00.470 --> 00:19:01.880 align:middle line:90% and so on and so forth. 00:19:01.880 --> 00:19:03.280 align:middle line:90% Yeah, [? Lambert? ?] 00:19:03.280 --> 00:19:05.570 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: How did the living negation 00:19:05.570 --> 00:19:07.490 align:middle line:90% go from being before to after? 00:19:07.490 --> 00:19:11.317 align:middle line:90% Like ne is, we say "is not." 00:19:11.317 --> 00:19:12.650 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Oh, great question. 00:19:12.650 --> 00:19:14.075 align:middle line:90% No idea, yeah. 00:19:14.075 --> 00:19:16.850 align:middle line:90% 00:19:16.850 --> 00:19:20.820 align:middle line:90% I think the short answer-- 00:19:20.820 --> 00:19:23.550 align:middle line:90% yeah, I don't know. 00:19:23.550 --> 00:19:25.825 align:middle line:90% But it's a good question. 00:19:25.825 --> 00:19:26.325 align:middle line:90% Others? 00:19:26.325 --> 00:19:33.090 align:middle line:90% 00:19:33.090 --> 00:19:38.700 align:middle line:84% All right, so verbals, like infinitives, 00:19:38.700 --> 00:19:42.150 align:middle line:90% and participles, and-- 00:19:42.150 --> 00:19:49.320 align:middle line:84% actually, just infinitives and participles, 7.9.1, verbs 00:19:49.320 --> 00:19:51.720 align:middle line:84% of knowing, seeing, hearing, and commanding 00:19:51.720 --> 00:19:54.870 align:middle line:84% may be followed by an accusative object and an infinitive 00:19:54.870 --> 00:19:57.990 align:middle line:84% expressing what that object is doing or should do. 00:19:57.990 --> 00:20:01.620 align:middle line:84% We do this in modern English still with, 00:20:01.620 --> 00:20:04.050 align:middle line:90% like, "I saw him dance." 00:20:04.050 --> 00:20:07.560 align:middle line:84% But in Old English, that would be "I saw him to dance." 00:20:07.560 --> 00:20:11.160 align:middle line:84% It would use the infinitive form of the verb. 00:20:11.160 --> 00:20:17.050 align:middle line:84% It also uses this construction more frequently than we do. 00:20:17.050 --> 00:20:24.720 align:middle line:84% So for example-- well, actually, those 00:20:24.720 --> 00:20:29.610 align:middle line:84% are all examples that we would use in modern English. 00:20:29.610 --> 00:20:31.650 align:middle line:84% I guess the first one, "Depart from me, 00:20:31.650 --> 00:20:37.140 align:middle line:84% for I see you are persevering in abstinence," which 00:20:37.140 --> 00:20:39.750 align:middle line:84% sounds like we came in the middle of a very 00:20:39.750 --> 00:20:43.020 align:middle line:90% spicy conversation. 00:20:43.020 --> 00:20:50.340 align:middle line:84% There, in modern English, they translate it as a participle, 00:20:50.340 --> 00:20:53.710 align:middle line:84% whereas in Old English it's an infinitive. 00:20:53.710 --> 00:20:57.910 align:middle line:90% But it's pretty typical. 00:20:57.910 --> 00:20:59.650 align:middle line:84% Take a look at the bottom of the page, 00:20:59.650 --> 00:21:01.300 align:middle line:84% though, because this is effectively 00:21:01.300 --> 00:21:03.700 align:middle line:84% how Old English uses the passive infinitive. 00:21:03.700 --> 00:21:06.340 align:middle line:84% There is no passive infinitive form in Old English, 00:21:06.340 --> 00:21:08.750 align:middle line:84% like there is in Latin and some other languages. 00:21:08.750 --> 00:21:11.740 align:middle line:84% But the way they express it is simply 00:21:11.740 --> 00:21:16.570 align:middle line:90% with the only infinitive form. 00:21:16.570 --> 00:21:17.890 align:middle line:90% That is the active. 00:21:17.890 --> 00:21:19.540 align:middle line:84% And you see that down at the bottom. 00:21:19.540 --> 00:21:23.262 align:middle line:84% And se cyng þa hēt niman Siferþes lāfe and ġebringan hie 00:21:23.262 --> 00:21:24.220 align:middle line:90% binnan Maldelmesbyriġ-- 00:21:24.220 --> 00:21:27.010 align:middle line:90% 00:21:27.010 --> 00:21:29.140 align:middle line:84% which is a great way to say "Malmesbury." 00:21:29.140 --> 00:21:33.040 align:middle line:84% "And then the King commanded-- they have bracketed 'someone'-- 00:21:33.040 --> 00:21:35.290 align:middle line:90% to take Siferth's widow." 00:21:35.290 --> 00:21:37.120 align:middle line:84% You could functionally translate that-- 00:21:37.120 --> 00:21:39.280 align:middle line:84% and I would perfectly well accept-- 00:21:39.280 --> 00:21:42.790 align:middle line:84% "Then the king commanded Siferth's widow 00:21:42.790 --> 00:21:49.900 align:middle line:84% to be taken and brought into Malmesbury." 00:21:49.900 --> 00:21:51.910 align:middle line:84% And then at the bottom-- or sorry, at the top 00:21:51.910 --> 00:21:55.520 align:middle line:84% of the next page on 84, Baker makes that explicit. 00:21:55.520 --> 00:21:58.320 align:middle line:90% 00:21:58.320 --> 00:22:03.870 align:middle line:84% The inflected infinitive-- this is actually pretty important 00:22:03.870 --> 00:22:06.180 align:middle line:84% because it shows up surprisingly often. 00:22:06.180 --> 00:22:09.150 align:middle line:84% The inflected infinitive is where you put an -ne 00:22:09.150 --> 00:22:11.310 align:middle line:90% on the end of the infinitive. 00:22:11.310 --> 00:22:17.970 align:middle line:84% So āsmēaġeanne, from the verb āsmēaġan-- 00:22:17.970 --> 00:22:21.600 align:middle line:84% you see that double N, and then an E at the end. 00:22:21.600 --> 00:22:27.150 align:middle line:84% It's mostly used, as Baker says, with bēon, 00:22:27.150 --> 00:22:30.840 align:middle line:84% so a form of the verb "to be," to express obligation, 00:22:30.840 --> 00:22:34.350 align:middle line:84% necessity, necessity or propriety. 00:22:34.350 --> 00:22:41.250 align:middle line:84% So the example there, hyt ys ġȳt ġeornliċe tō āsmēaġeanne, 00:22:41.250 --> 00:22:44.352 align:middle line:84% "It should further be diligently investigated." 00:22:44.352 --> 00:22:48.660 align:middle line:90% 00:22:48.660 --> 00:22:51.390 align:middle line:84% The conjugated verb is simply ys. 00:22:51.390 --> 00:22:54.360 align:middle line:90% There is no "should" explicitly. 00:22:54.360 --> 00:22:57.130 align:middle line:84% The "should" functionality of that translation 00:22:57.130 --> 00:22:59.620 align:middle line:84% is expressed by the inflectedness 00:22:59.620 --> 00:23:02.500 align:middle line:90% of the infinitive, OK? 00:23:02.500 --> 00:23:08.770 align:middle line:84% So what this means is that yet another thing that -ne could be 00:23:08.770 --> 00:23:13.630 align:middle line:84% is an inflected infinitive if, of course, the preceding 00:23:13.630 --> 00:23:16.060 align:middle line:84% first part of the word is an infinitive, 00:23:16.060 --> 00:23:19.060 align:middle line:84% so just another thing to be on the lookout for. 00:23:19.060 --> 00:23:22.750 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Does that -ne form always take a to before it? 00:23:22.750 --> 00:23:24.310 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Yes. 00:23:24.310 --> 00:23:26.980 align:middle line:84% Yes, very good, very good question. 00:23:26.980 --> 00:23:28.990 align:middle line:90% Oh, always? 00:23:28.990 --> 00:23:32.210 align:middle line:90% I hesitate to say always. 00:23:32.210 --> 00:23:36.250 align:middle line:84% But for our purposes, which is to say on an exam 00:23:36.250 --> 00:23:39.700 align:middle line:84% that you take in this class, yes. 00:23:39.700 --> 00:23:41.680 align:middle line:84% And I think certainly if not always 00:23:41.680 --> 00:23:47.140 align:middle line:84% in all extant Old English, overwhelmingly so, yeah. 00:23:47.140 --> 00:23:50.920 align:middle line:84% And I think partly that's because -ne 00:23:50.920 --> 00:23:57.430 align:middle line:84% is such an otherwise ambiguous ending because, as Baker said 00:23:57.430 --> 00:23:59.500 align:middle line:84% earlier in some previous chapter, 00:23:59.500 --> 00:24:04.840 align:middle line:84% it's not as if Old English people designedly 00:24:04.840 --> 00:24:08.860 align:middle line:84% created sentences that are hard to parse. 00:24:08.860 --> 00:24:12.100 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I assume actual Old English speakers would 00:24:12.100 --> 00:24:18.700 align:middle line:84% look at the word and guess the meaning from the semantics, as 00:24:18.700 --> 00:24:23.290 align:middle line:84% opposed to thinking about the conjugations or explanations. 00:24:23.290 --> 00:24:26.440 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: Yeah, absolutely, absolutely. 00:24:26.440 --> 00:24:28.660 align:middle line:84% So yeah, no, but you don't need to worry about, 00:24:28.660 --> 00:24:33.460 align:middle line:84% just so tō plus the infinitive with an -ne on the end 00:24:33.460 --> 00:24:36.100 align:middle line:90% is the inflected infinitive. 00:24:36.100 --> 00:24:41.560 align:middle line:84% All right, so the present participle, 7.9.2, 00:24:41.560 --> 00:24:46.700 align:middle line:84% is often used as a noun denoting the performer of an action. 00:24:46.700 --> 00:24:51.520 align:middle line:84% So rodore Rædend, "ruler of the heavens"-- 00:24:51.520 --> 00:24:56.020 align:middle line:84% Rædend is the present participle of rǣdan, to rule. 00:24:56.020 --> 00:24:58.360 align:middle line:90% But it's used here as a noun. 00:24:58.360 --> 00:25:04.660 align:middle line:84% This is, I think, pretty common in lots of languages, including 00:25:04.660 --> 00:25:05.455 align:middle line:90% Latin and Greek. 00:25:05.455 --> 00:25:08.800 align:middle line:90% 00:25:08.800 --> 00:25:13.870 align:middle line:84% Take a look at the bottom of that page, though, 00:25:13.870 --> 00:25:15.190 align:middle line:90% or I guess just below that. 00:25:15.190 --> 00:25:19.150 align:middle line:84% A construction consisting of a noun or pronoun and participle 00:25:19.150 --> 00:25:22.480 align:middle line:84% both in the dative case is sometimes 00:25:22.480 --> 00:25:25.780 align:middle line:84% used where one would expect an adverb clause 00:25:25.780 --> 00:25:30.280 align:middle line:84% or another construction expressing time or cause. 00:25:30.280 --> 00:25:33.880 align:middle line:84% The noun phrase may sometimes be introduced by a preposition. 00:25:33.880 --> 00:25:37.600 align:middle line:84% This is a little bit like the ablative absolute in Latin 00:25:37.600 --> 00:25:40.240 align:middle line:84% or the genitive absolute in Greek. 00:25:40.240 --> 00:25:44.500 align:middle line:84% So hīs rēbus gestīs famously, "these things having 00:25:44.500 --> 00:25:48.130 align:middle line:84% been done," or "with these things having been done, 00:25:48.130 --> 00:25:51.880 align:middle line:84% Caesar did" whatever else happened in the sentence. 00:25:51.880 --> 00:26:00.540 align:middle line:84% Here, we have, let's see, the second of these-- 00:26:00.540 --> 00:26:02.490 align:middle line:84% actually, the first example with Offa. 00:26:02.490 --> 00:26:09.120 align:middle line:84% And Offa ġefēng Myrċene rīċe, ġeflȳmdum Beornrede, 00:26:09.120 --> 00:26:11.730 align:middle line:84% "And Offa seized the kingdom of the Mercians 00:26:11.730 --> 00:26:15.420 align:middle line:84% after Beornred had been driven out. 00:26:15.420 --> 00:26:18.660 align:middle line:84% That's functionally an ablative absolute, 00:26:18.660 --> 00:26:22.960 align:middle line:84% except here it's like a dative absolute or something. 00:26:22.960 --> 00:26:25.710 align:middle line:84% And in this case, there is no preposition. 00:26:25.710 --> 00:26:29.670 align:middle line:84% But in the next examples, bi him lifiġendum 00:26:29.670 --> 00:26:33.420 align:middle line:84% and then that does take a preposition. 00:26:33.420 --> 00:26:34.710 align:middle line:90% That does use a preposition. 00:26:34.710 --> 00:26:38.080 align:middle line:84% The next one does not-- him forðfērendum. 00:26:38.080 --> 00:26:40.290 align:middle line:90% So you may or may not get one. 00:26:40.290 --> 00:26:42.360 align:middle line:84% But you should add this mentally, 00:26:42.360 --> 00:26:47.610 align:middle line:84% or indeed scribally, to your list of the many things 00:26:47.610 --> 00:26:49.800 align:middle line:84% that the dative case can do in Old English. 00:26:49.800 --> 00:26:53.690 align:middle line:90% 00:26:53.690 --> 00:26:57.050 align:middle line:84% And there's a little note at the bottom saying what I just 00:26:57.050 --> 00:27:00.290 align:middle line:84% said about this looking like the ablative absolute in Latin. 00:27:00.290 --> 00:27:05.180 align:middle line:84% And it's often thought to be, in fact, an imitation. 00:27:05.180 --> 00:27:07.160 align:middle line:84% In fact, in Aelfric's translation 00:27:07.160 --> 00:27:10.730 align:middle line:84% of Genesis when he's dealing with ablative absolutes, 00:27:10.730 --> 00:27:14.990 align:middle line:90% he often uses this construction. 00:27:14.990 --> 00:27:18.290 align:middle line:84% All right, the subjunctive-- and here, 00:27:18.290 --> 00:27:21.170 align:middle line:84% I'm going to actually ask you to turn 00:27:21.170 --> 00:27:25.640 align:middle line:84% to page 1 of section 3 of the exam 00:27:25.640 --> 00:27:32.360 align:middle line:84% because this gives the very short summary of when 00:27:32.360 --> 00:27:36.350 align:middle line:84% the subjunctive gets used in Old English. 00:27:36.350 --> 00:27:40.130 align:middle line:84% And this is covered on pages 85 through 88, 00:27:40.130 --> 00:27:44.960 align:middle line:84% which is to say the rest of chapter 7 of Baker. 00:27:44.960 --> 00:27:47.720 align:middle line:84% These should look familiar to any of you who 00:27:47.720 --> 00:27:49.790 align:middle line:84% have studied languages with the subjunctive 00:27:49.790 --> 00:27:54.660 align:middle line:84% because they're pretty comparable, even in English, 00:27:54.660 --> 00:27:55.320 align:middle line:90% some of them. 00:27:55.320 --> 00:28:00.210 align:middle line:84% So contrary to fact clauses, like "if I were rich," 00:28:00.210 --> 00:28:05.760 align:middle line:84% which implies that I'm not, you see that contrary to fact 00:28:05.760 --> 00:28:10.740 align:middle line:84% explained at the bottom of page 85 of Baker. 00:28:10.740 --> 00:28:14.910 align:middle line:84% Also at the bottom of page 85 of Baker, following verbs 00:28:14.910 --> 00:28:16.560 align:middle line:90% of desiring and commanding-- 00:28:16.560 --> 00:28:20.400 align:middle line:84% I think we talked about that even a little bit last class. 00:28:20.400 --> 00:28:23.910 align:middle line:90% So "I insisted that he go home." 00:28:23.910 --> 00:28:26.760 align:middle line:84% We still use the subjunctive there in modern English. 00:28:26.760 --> 00:28:28.800 align:middle line:84% It sounds very strange, to my ears at least, 00:28:28.800 --> 00:28:31.908 align:middle line:84% to say "I insisted that he goes home." 00:28:31.908 --> 00:28:33.450 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Some people don't notice it 00:28:33.450 --> 00:28:35.190 align:middle line:84% because "I insist that he go home" 00:28:35.190 --> 00:28:36.510 align:middle line:90% is, in fact, the infinitive. 00:28:36.510 --> 00:28:39.435 align:middle line:84% And they don't realize that it's not the same verb form. 00:28:39.435 --> 00:28:40.560 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Yeah, exactly. 00:28:40.560 --> 00:28:44.430 align:middle line:84% I think the absence of the-- but it's not the infinitive, right? 00:28:44.430 --> 00:28:45.447 align:middle line:90% Because it's "he go." 00:28:45.447 --> 00:28:47.280 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Well, when you don't use a "that," 00:28:47.280 --> 00:28:49.935 align:middle line:84% it's then the accusative and the infinitive. 00:28:49.935 --> 00:28:51.060 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Yeah, exactly. 00:28:51.060 --> 00:28:53.370 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Because those are so similar in modern English, 00:28:53.370 --> 00:28:54.720 align:middle line:84% I think people don't realize that. 00:28:54.720 --> 00:28:55.200 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Exactly. 00:28:55.200 --> 00:28:56.575 align:middle line:84% No, I think I think you're right. 00:28:56.575 --> 00:28:57.630 align:middle line:90% I think you're right. 00:28:57.630 --> 00:29:02.820 align:middle line:84% The paucity of verb forms in modern English 00:29:02.820 --> 00:29:04.410 align:middle line:90% does create that ambiguity. 00:29:04.410 --> 00:29:08.880 align:middle line:84% But it is definitely the subjunctive. 00:29:08.880 --> 00:29:16.140 align:middle line:84% Number 3 is the one that is most unlike-- 00:29:16.140 --> 00:29:22.500 align:middle line:84% or maybe strangest, I guess, to modern English words-- 00:29:22.500 --> 00:29:25.180 align:middle line:90% or sorry, modern English sense. 00:29:25.180 --> 00:29:27.780 align:middle line:84% So to express doubt or ignorance: 00:29:27.780 --> 00:29:30.840 align:middle line:90% "He wondered if she were wise." 00:29:30.840 --> 00:29:34.410 align:middle line:84% That is something we would say in modern English, 00:29:34.410 --> 00:29:38.880 align:middle line:84% but also in reported action of which the speaker 00:29:38.880 --> 00:29:43.120 align:middle line:90% has no direct knowledge. 00:29:43.120 --> 00:29:47.560 align:middle line:90% So even if there is no doubt-- 00:29:47.560 --> 00:29:51.580 align:middle line:84% so the sentence in the middle of page 86 of Baker 00:29:51.580 --> 00:29:55.230 align:middle line:90% is a good example here. 00:29:55.230 --> 00:29:58.250 align:middle line:90% So þæt folc-- 00:29:58.250 --> 00:30:00.980 align:middle line:84% I'm looking right around the middle of the page-- 00:30:00.980 --> 00:30:09.470 align:middle line:84% þæt folc ðā ðe þis tācen ġeseah cwæð þǣt Crist wǣre sōð wītega, 00:30:09.470 --> 00:30:13.640 align:middle line:84% "so the people who saw this sign said that Christ 00:30:13.640 --> 00:30:15.350 align:middle line:90% was a true prophet." 00:30:15.350 --> 00:30:18.410 align:middle line:84% Now, in the view of the Christian writer 00:30:18.410 --> 00:30:20.450 align:middle line:84% of this sentence in the Old English period, 00:30:20.450 --> 00:30:22.970 align:middle line:84% there is absolutely no doubt in their mind about 00:30:22.970 --> 00:30:25.340 align:middle line:84% whether Christ was a true prophet or not. 00:30:25.340 --> 00:30:28.040 align:middle line:84% Yet, they still use the subjunctive 00:30:28.040 --> 00:30:33.620 align:middle line:84% because it is indirect or reported speech. 00:30:33.620 --> 00:30:37.040 align:middle line:84% That said, they will also sometimes 00:30:37.040 --> 00:30:41.210 align:middle line:84% use the indicative here, as in the following sentence. 00:30:41.210 --> 00:30:45.275 align:middle line:84% Be him āwrāt se wītega Isaias þǣt hē is stefn clipiendes 00:30:45.275 --> 00:30:49.250 align:middle line:84% on wēstene, when it could theoretically be wǣre-- 00:30:49.250 --> 00:30:55.680 align:middle line:84% is stefn clipiendes on wēstene, So "Concerning him, 00:30:55.680 --> 00:30:57.870 align:middle line:90% John the Baptist"-- 00:30:57.870 --> 00:30:59.970 align:middle line:84% oh sorry, "Concerning him [John the Baptist] 00:30:59.970 --> 00:31:03.570 align:middle line:84% the prophet Isaiah wrote that he is the voice of one 00:31:03.570 --> 00:31:06.030 align:middle line:90% crying in the wilderness." 00:31:06.030 --> 00:31:10.260 align:middle line:84% So just be aware of that usage and the fact 00:31:10.260 --> 00:31:14.280 align:middle line:84% that it can alternate with the indicative. 00:31:14.280 --> 00:31:21.660 align:middle line:84% Fourth is in concessive clauses introduced by þēah 00:31:21.660 --> 00:31:25.680 align:middle line:84% or þēah þe, words like "although," "despite," 00:31:25.680 --> 00:31:26.700 align:middle line:90% "even if." 00:31:26.700 --> 00:31:29.850 align:middle line:90% 00:31:29.850 --> 00:31:35.340 align:middle line:84% So "Nevertheless, no man must despair, though he be sinful." 00:31:35.340 --> 00:31:40.380 align:middle line:84% Baker says, here, þēah has a sense something like "even if," 00:31:40.380 --> 00:31:43.710 align:middle line:84% implying that the man may or may not be sinful. 00:31:43.710 --> 00:31:46.950 align:middle line:84% The subjunctive is appropriate, if a little archaic, even 00:31:46.950 --> 00:31:47.700 align:middle line:90% in modern English. 00:31:47.700 --> 00:31:51.580 align:middle line:84% I think it sounds a lot archaic, frankly, though he be sinful. 00:31:51.580 --> 00:31:56.010 align:middle line:90% I mean, that's ye olde. 00:31:56.010 --> 00:32:00.690 align:middle line:84% But compare God is mildheort, þēah þe ūre yfelenes 00:32:00.690 --> 00:32:01.800 align:middle line:90% him oft ābelge. 00:32:01.800 --> 00:32:04.710 align:middle line:90% 00:32:04.710 --> 00:32:07.110 align:middle line:84% Here, the writer can have no doubt 00:32:07.110 --> 00:32:08.970 align:middle line:90% that we do often anger God. 00:32:08.970 --> 00:32:14.670 align:middle line:84% But the verb ābelge is still in the subjunctive mood. 00:32:14.670 --> 00:32:18.900 align:middle line:84% So "although" clauses of concession 00:32:18.900 --> 00:32:22.860 align:middle line:84% takes the subjunctive, and then the so-called hortatory 00:32:22.860 --> 00:32:26.910 align:middle line:84% subjunctive, "let them eat cake," "may he be damned," 00:32:26.910 --> 00:32:32.310 align:middle line:84% "let us love our neighbors," all that. 00:32:32.310 --> 00:32:34.980 align:middle line:84% And you can see from number 5 here 00:32:34.980 --> 00:32:39.630 align:middle line:84% that you get 3 points for getting the three that I 00:32:39.630 --> 00:32:43.980 align:middle line:84% require on the exam and 2 extra credit points 00:32:43.980 --> 00:32:44.910 align:middle line:90% if you list them all. 00:32:44.910 --> 00:32:46.980 align:middle line:90% You can absolutely just say-- 00:32:46.980 --> 00:32:50.280 align:middle line:84% bullet point these-- contrary to fact clauses, 00:32:50.280 --> 00:32:53.010 align:middle line:84% following verbs of commanding and desiring, 00:32:53.010 --> 00:32:56.490 align:middle line:84% express doubt or ignorance, concessive clauses, 00:32:56.490 --> 00:32:57.630 align:middle line:90% hortatory subjunctive. 00:32:57.630 --> 00:33:00.540 align:middle line:84% That's all you have to write, OK? 00:33:00.540 --> 00:33:05.280 align:middle line:84% And that's true throughout on these sheets. 00:33:05.280 --> 00:33:09.660 align:middle line:84% I've tended to write things out more fully than you 00:33:09.660 --> 00:33:12.490 align:middle line:84% need to on the exam, just to help you. 00:33:12.490 --> 00:33:14.490 align:middle line:84% But as long as I know what you're talking about, 00:33:14.490 --> 00:33:15.330 align:middle line:90% that's fine. 00:33:15.330 --> 00:33:21.020 align:middle line:84% Like I say, I know this is a tightly timed exam, all right? 00:33:21.020 --> 00:33:23.570 align:middle line:90% That is it about verbs. 00:33:23.570 --> 00:33:26.870 align:middle line:84% Although, I will go briefly back to-- 00:33:26.870 --> 00:33:30.350 align:middle line:84% I'm actually going to take you through this list, this section 00:33:30.350 --> 00:33:33.200 align:middle line:84% 3 of grammatical principles, to reinforce some of the things 00:33:33.200 --> 00:33:34.410 align:middle line:90% we talked about earlier. 00:33:34.410 --> 00:33:36.950 align:middle line:84% So number 1, explain the semantic difference 00:33:36.950 --> 00:33:40.100 align:middle line:84% between the two forms of the verb bēon. 00:33:40.100 --> 00:33:42.710 align:middle line:84% The be forms of the verb are used 00:33:42.710 --> 00:33:47.690 align:middle line:84% to express either futurity or an always true state of affairs. 00:33:47.690 --> 00:33:51.720 align:middle line:84% The vowel forms do not carry those implications. 00:33:51.720 --> 00:33:53.540 align:middle line:90% That's all you have to say. 00:33:53.540 --> 00:33:57.410 align:middle line:84% Number 2, when would the A-thorn verb ending 00:33:57.410 --> 00:34:00.380 align:middle line:84% be third singular present instead of as you would expect, 00:34:00.380 --> 00:34:01.460 align:middle line:90% plural present? 00:34:01.460 --> 00:34:04.700 align:middle line:84% What would the plural present verb ending of such a verb be? 00:34:04.700 --> 00:34:07.850 align:middle line:84% This takes us back to class 2 weak verbs. 00:34:07.850 --> 00:34:12.650 align:middle line:84% So class 2 weak verbs, like lufian end in -að 00:34:12.650 --> 00:34:14.540 align:middle line:90% in the third singular present. 00:34:14.540 --> 00:34:16.850 align:middle line:90% And their third plural-- 00:34:16.850 --> 00:34:20.120 align:middle line:84% or actually, all of their plural present endings are -iaþ. 00:34:20.120 --> 00:34:23.010 align:middle line:90% 00:34:23.010 --> 00:34:24.960 align:middle line:84% "Briefly explain when you can expect 00:34:24.960 --> 00:34:28.260 align:middle line:84% to see the strong forms of the adjective and when the weak." 00:34:28.260 --> 00:34:31.340 align:middle line:84% That takes us very nicely to chapter 8. 00:34:31.340 --> 00:34:40.330 align:middle line:90% 00:34:40.330 --> 00:34:42.830 align:middle line:84% The most important thing to know about adjectives, 00:34:42.830 --> 00:34:46.000 align:middle line:84% which I think I emphasized last class as well, 00:34:46.000 --> 00:34:52.179 align:middle line:84% is that adjectives have strong and weak endings. 00:34:52.179 --> 00:34:55.150 align:middle line:84% But unlike verbs, which are always 00:34:55.150 --> 00:34:58.870 align:middle line:84% just strong or weak with the exception of those very few 00:34:58.870 --> 00:35:02.260 align:middle line:84% that have weak presents and strong pasts, 00:35:02.260 --> 00:35:06.610 align:middle line:84% all adjectives can be either strong or weak 00:35:06.610 --> 00:35:08.960 align:middle line:90% depending on the context. 00:35:08.960 --> 00:35:17.850 align:middle line:84% So section 3 puts it very punchily 00:35:17.850 --> 00:35:21.210 align:middle line:84% that adjectives take the weak form if they follow 00:35:21.210 --> 00:35:22.680 align:middle line:90% a demonstrative pronoun-- 00:35:22.680 --> 00:35:26.250 align:middle line:90% that is, a form of se/þæt/sēo-- 00:35:26.250 --> 00:35:31.310 align:middle line:84% a possessive adjective, like mīn or ēower, 00:35:31.310 --> 00:35:34.140 align:middle line:84% or a genitive noun or noun phrase. 00:35:34.140 --> 00:35:36.420 align:middle line:84% That's what that little bracket noun 00:35:36.420 --> 00:35:38.580 align:middle line:84% bracket phrase, either a genitive noun 00:35:38.580 --> 00:35:41.340 align:middle line:90% or a genitive noun phrase. 00:35:41.340 --> 00:35:43.620 align:middle line:84% Otherwise, they take the strong form. 00:35:43.620 --> 00:35:44.220 align:middle line:90% Yes? 00:35:44.220 --> 00:35:46.387 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It was really unclear to me from the text. 00:35:46.387 --> 00:35:48.420 align:middle line:84% Does this mean literally directly follow? 00:35:48.420 --> 00:35:53.400 align:middle line:84% Or as a part of the same overall noun phrase? 00:35:53.400 --> 00:35:55.350 align:middle line:84% Because obviously, you can separate things up 00:35:55.350 --> 00:35:56.580 align:middle line:90% in Old English. 00:35:56.580 --> 00:35:59.280 align:middle line:84% So follow is not like linearly follow 00:35:59.280 --> 00:36:04.350 align:middle line:84% or like follow if we reconstructed some nice tree? 00:36:04.350 --> 00:36:06.665 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: If the specifier is empty or not? 00:36:06.665 --> 00:36:07.290 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:36:07.290 --> 00:36:09.810 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: So it's a good question. 00:36:09.810 --> 00:36:13.620 align:middle line:84% And it's pretty much directly follow. 00:36:13.620 --> 00:36:16.780 align:middle line:90% Yeah, yeah, yeah. 00:36:16.780 --> 00:36:22.150 align:middle line:84% And the reason for that is that basically the reason that-- 00:36:22.150 --> 00:36:27.490 align:middle line:84% the reason that-- how do I back up and say this? 00:36:27.490 --> 00:36:29.050 align:middle line:90% So what's common to-- 00:36:29.050 --> 00:36:40.160 align:middle line:84% OK, so if I put up on the board here that if we have weak 00:36:40.160 --> 00:36:49.150 align:middle line:84% adjectival forms after se/þæt/sēo-- 00:36:49.150 --> 00:36:50.330 align:middle line:90% what was the other one? 00:36:50.330 --> 00:37:00.180 align:middle line:84% Genitive and genitive noun phrases, 00:37:00.180 --> 00:37:02.730 align:middle line:90% and then possessive adjectives. 00:37:02.730 --> 00:37:06.820 align:middle line:90% 00:37:06.820 --> 00:37:13.540 align:middle line:84% All of those forms tend to tell us quite a bit about the noun 00:37:13.540 --> 00:37:16.400 align:middle line:90% that they modify. 00:37:16.400 --> 00:37:19.900 align:middle line:84% So for example, se, we know that whatever 00:37:19.900 --> 00:37:22.330 align:middle line:84% noun it modifies is nominative singular 00:37:22.330 --> 00:37:25.570 align:middle line:84% masculine because that's the only thing that se can be, 00:37:25.570 --> 00:37:29.830 align:middle line:84% which means that the adjective itself doesn't have to give us 00:37:29.830 --> 00:37:32.830 align:middle line:84% as much information in order for us 00:37:32.830 --> 00:37:36.370 align:middle line:84% to be able to parse the sentence correctly, whereas if we lack 00:37:36.370 --> 00:37:40.900 align:middle line:84% any of that, then we need the strong adjective 00:37:40.900 --> 00:37:46.390 align:middle line:84% endings basically to help guide us as to what the correct-- 00:37:46.390 --> 00:37:49.880 align:middle line:84% what the case of the noun in question is. 00:37:49.880 --> 00:37:51.940 align:middle line:84% And the reason that this comes up-- 00:37:51.940 --> 00:37:55.040 align:middle line:84% we see this come up, for example-- 00:37:55.040 --> 00:38:02.050 align:middle line:84% so remember that-- let's take a strong, masculine noun 00:38:02.050 --> 00:38:03.140 align:middle line:90% as an example. 00:38:03.140 --> 00:38:08.108 align:middle line:84% Remember that if you go back to 6.1, 00:38:08.108 --> 00:38:09.800 align:middle line:90% there's no difference in ending. 00:38:09.800 --> 00:38:14.240 align:middle line:84% There is no ending for the accusative singular masculine, 00:38:14.240 --> 00:38:16.520 align:middle line:84% which means that it looks exactly 00:38:16.520 --> 00:38:18.860 align:middle line:84% like the nominative singular masculine 00:38:18.860 --> 00:38:21.800 align:middle line:84% and could be either the subject or the direct object 00:38:21.800 --> 00:38:22.910 align:middle line:90% of the sentence. 00:38:22.910 --> 00:38:25.820 align:middle line:84% The strong adjective endings basically 00:38:25.820 --> 00:38:29.910 align:middle line:84% help us out by indicating which of those it is. 00:38:29.910 --> 00:38:31.910 align:middle line:84% So if you take a look at the strong adjective 00:38:31.910 --> 00:38:39.080 align:middle line:84% endings on page 90, table 8.1, you 00:38:39.080 --> 00:38:43.190 align:middle line:84% see that the strong accusative singular masculine ending 00:38:43.190 --> 00:38:45.005 align:middle line:90% is -ne. 00:38:45.005 --> 00:38:47.390 align:middle line:84% And so that's going to help guide us 00:38:47.390 --> 00:38:52.550 align:middle line:84% as to what the noun itself is doing in the sentence. 00:38:52.550 --> 00:38:54.590 align:middle line:84% This is what I meant, by the way, 00:38:54.590 --> 00:39:00.260 align:middle line:84% in saying that tables 5.3 and 5.4, The demonstrative pronouns 00:39:00.260 --> 00:39:04.160 align:middle line:84% and the third singular personal pronouns help 00:39:04.160 --> 00:39:10.190 align:middle line:84% give us a guide to what else is going on in other paradigms 00:39:10.190 --> 00:39:14.240 align:middle line:84% because, remember, hine, þone, those accusative singular 00:39:14.240 --> 00:39:18.110 align:middle line:84% masculine forms, that -ne of hine and þone 00:39:18.110 --> 00:39:21.800 align:middle line:84% is reproduced or evoked by the -ne 00:39:21.800 --> 00:39:25.065 align:middle line:84% of the accusative singular masculine strong adjectival 00:39:25.065 --> 00:39:25.565 align:middle line:90% form. 00:39:25.565 --> 00:39:28.620 align:middle line:90% 00:39:28.620 --> 00:39:35.230 align:middle line:84% Similarly-- well, actually, the similarities 00:39:35.230 --> 00:39:42.250 align:middle line:84% are nicely highlighted on table 8.2, when they actually 00:39:42.250 --> 00:39:47.350 align:middle line:84% put the endings together with the adjective gōd. 00:39:47.350 --> 00:39:50.980 align:middle line:84% You can see gōdne is emphasized, is 00:39:50.980 --> 00:39:57.200 align:middle line:84% boldfaced because of that resemblance to hine and þone. 00:39:57.200 --> 00:40:02.060 align:middle line:90% And the others are as well. 00:40:02.060 --> 00:40:05.090 align:middle line:84% You don't need to memorize any of these paradigms 00:40:05.090 --> 00:40:06.050 align:middle line:90% in the adjectives. 00:40:06.050 --> 00:40:10.700 align:middle line:84% You just need to be able to parse them appropriately 00:40:10.700 --> 00:40:12.635 align:middle line:90% when you're faced with them. 00:40:12.635 --> 00:40:15.590 align:middle line:90% 00:40:15.590 --> 00:40:19.450 align:middle line:84% One thing to emphasize here is that -um ending in the dative. 00:40:19.450 --> 00:40:22.000 align:middle line:84% We're already familiar with -um as a dative. 00:40:22.000 --> 00:40:28.720 align:middle line:84% But in nouns, it's been dative plural. 00:40:28.720 --> 00:40:34.070 align:middle line:84% -um can also be the dative singular masculine or neuter. 00:40:34.070 --> 00:40:37.510 align:middle line:84% So that's boldfaced in table 8.2. 00:40:37.510 --> 00:40:39.380 align:middle line:90% Really pay attention to that. 00:40:39.380 --> 00:40:47.250 align:middle line:84% That's actually number-- yeah, number 7 00:40:47.250 --> 00:40:49.740 align:middle line:84% on the top of the third page of the handout. 00:40:49.740 --> 00:40:51.900 align:middle line:84% What are the three possibilities about a given 00:40:51.900 --> 00:40:54.900 align:middle line:84% word that should occur to you upon seeing the -um ending? 00:40:54.900 --> 00:40:59.580 align:middle line:84% Dative, plural, adjective, or noun, but also dative 00:40:59.580 --> 00:41:01.830 align:middle line:84% singular strong adjective, all right? 00:41:01.830 --> 00:41:05.960 align:middle line:90% 00:41:05.960 --> 00:41:08.210 align:middle line:84% The weak adjective endings, where you just 00:41:08.210 --> 00:41:11.180 align:middle line:84% have a ton of -an's, that should remind you 00:41:11.180 --> 00:41:12.770 align:middle line:90% of the weak noun endings. 00:41:12.770 --> 00:41:17.530 align:middle line:90% 00:41:17.530 --> 00:41:23.200 align:middle line:84% Top of page 92 just reinforces that you 00:41:23.200 --> 00:41:29.020 align:middle line:84% need to be alive to the fact of the dative singular masculine 00:41:29.020 --> 00:41:32.230 align:middle line:90% and neuter ending in -um. 00:41:32.230 --> 00:41:35.320 align:middle line:84% Remember it this way-- -um is always dative. 00:41:35.320 --> 00:41:37.780 align:middle line:84% And in nouns, it is always plural. 00:41:37.780 --> 00:41:40.180 align:middle line:84% In adjectives, it could be either, all right? 00:41:40.180 --> 00:41:43.700 align:middle line:90% 00:41:43.700 --> 00:41:49.940 align:middle line:84% Comparative adjectives, which we actually came across last time 00:41:49.940 --> 00:41:50.990 align:middle line:90% with the serpent-- 00:41:50.990 --> 00:41:54.620 align:middle line:90% the serpent was ġeapre. 00:41:54.620 --> 00:41:58.970 align:middle line:84% These are created by adding R between the root syllable 00:41:58.970 --> 00:42:00.770 align:middle line:90% and the inflectional ending. 00:42:00.770 --> 00:42:04.130 align:middle line:84% And comparative adjectives are always weak 00:42:04.130 --> 00:42:09.380 align:middle line:90% regardless of those rules there. 00:42:09.380 --> 00:42:12.940 align:middle line:90% 00:42:12.940 --> 00:42:15.130 align:middle line:90% Some have I-mutation. 00:42:15.130 --> 00:42:19.570 align:middle line:84% But you don't need to worry too much about that. 00:42:19.570 --> 00:42:22.300 align:middle line:84% Bottom of page-- or middle of page 94 00:42:22.300 --> 00:42:24.580 align:middle line:84% rather, comparative adjectives sometimes 00:42:24.580 --> 00:42:27.940 align:middle line:84% cause problems for students who are not on the lookout for them 00:42:27.940 --> 00:42:30.820 align:middle line:84% or who confuse comparative R with the R 00:42:30.820 --> 00:42:34.870 align:middle line:84% of the feminine genitive or dative singular ending, -re, 00:42:34.870 --> 00:42:37.810 align:middle line:90% or the genitive plural -ra. 00:42:37.810 --> 00:42:40.990 align:middle line:90% Again, context should help here. 00:42:40.990 --> 00:42:45.920 align:middle line:84% Just remember that it's a possibility that that it be. 00:42:45.920 --> 00:42:50.200 align:middle line:84% It is possible that it be, to use the subjunctive, 00:42:50.200 --> 00:42:52.600 align:middle line:90% a comparative adjective. 00:42:52.600 --> 00:43:04.130 align:middle line:90% 00:43:04.130 --> 00:43:12.230 align:middle line:84% The shift from -ra to -er, because this 00:43:12.230 --> 00:43:16.190 align:middle line:84% is how we typically indicate a comparative adjective, 00:43:16.190 --> 00:43:21.500 align:middle line:84% from weak, weaker, the way that these letters shift, 00:43:21.500 --> 00:43:23.780 align:middle line:90% this is called metathesis. 00:43:23.780 --> 00:43:26.270 align:middle line:84% And it happens actually a lot in Old English. 00:43:26.270 --> 00:43:29.780 align:middle line:84% I'll give other examples as we come across them. 00:43:29.780 --> 00:43:34.950 align:middle line:90% 00:43:34.950 --> 00:43:43.340 align:middle line:84% Sometimes, in fact, so brid is the middle English word 00:43:43.340 --> 00:43:46.220 align:middle line:90% for bird. 00:43:46.220 --> 00:43:51.290 align:middle line:84% Bird is the middle English word for woman. 00:43:51.290 --> 00:43:53.720 align:middle line:90% And that's going to shift, too. 00:43:53.720 --> 00:43:55.430 align:middle line:90% And those are going to shift. 00:43:55.430 --> 00:43:57.860 align:middle line:90% Bird-- this is middle English. 00:43:57.860 --> 00:44:01.130 align:middle line:90% 00:44:01.130 --> 00:44:04.670 align:middle line:90% Brid is going to become bird. 00:44:04.670 --> 00:44:07.220 align:middle line:84% And bird is going to become bride. 00:44:07.220 --> 00:44:13.250 align:middle line:90% 00:44:13.250 --> 00:44:14.630 align:middle line:90% Just a little tidbit. 00:44:14.630 --> 00:44:19.250 align:middle line:90% 00:44:19.250 --> 00:44:25.440 align:middle line:84% Finally, 8.5, the adjective in the noun phrase-- 00:44:25.440 --> 00:44:34.360 align:middle line:84% this is basically just reminding us that adjectival endings-- 00:44:34.360 --> 00:44:35.660 align:middle line:90% how do I put this? 00:44:35.660 --> 00:44:37.630 align:middle line:84% I think the most important thing to note 00:44:37.630 --> 00:44:43.480 align:middle line:84% here is just that strong adjectives are very, very, very 00:44:43.480 --> 00:44:47.740 align:middle line:84% helpful because they're much less ambiguous than almost 00:44:47.740 --> 00:44:52.270 align:middle line:84% any other form that you're going to run across in Old English. 00:44:52.270 --> 00:44:56.650 align:middle line:84% So just be on the lookout for them wherever you see them. 00:44:56.650 --> 00:45:00.720 align:middle line:90% 00:45:00.720 --> 00:45:01.380 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:45:01.380 --> 00:45:04.170 align:middle line:90% Any questions on all that? 00:45:04.170 --> 00:45:10.206 align:middle line:90% 00:45:10.206 --> 00:45:13.410 align:middle line:84% I'm taking a look at what else from section 3 00:45:13.410 --> 00:45:16.560 align:middle line:90% I should highlight. 00:45:16.560 --> 00:45:20.610 align:middle line:84% So we've already done numbers 1, 2, and 3. 00:45:20.610 --> 00:45:22.680 align:middle line:84% Number 4, "What two words can you 00:45:22.680 --> 00:45:24.960 align:middle line:84% expect to see serving as a relative pronoun? 00:45:24.960 --> 00:45:26.880 align:middle line:84% What is the difference between them?" 00:45:26.880 --> 00:45:33.030 align:middle line:84% The two possible words are þe and a form of se/seo/þæt. 00:45:33.030 --> 00:45:34.710 align:middle line:90% The former is indeclinable. 00:45:34.710 --> 00:45:37.410 align:middle line:84% The latter agrees in case and number with the role 00:45:37.410 --> 00:45:40.380 align:middle line:84% that it serves in the following clause. 00:45:40.380 --> 00:45:41.940 align:middle line:90% Number 5 we already did. 00:45:41.940 --> 00:45:43.200 align:middle line:90% That's the subjunctive. 00:45:43.200 --> 00:45:46.020 align:middle line:84% Number 6, what's unusual about the second and third person 00:45:46.020 --> 00:45:48.360 align:middle line:84% singular forms of Old English strong verbs? 00:45:48.360 --> 00:45:49.302 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. 00:45:49.302 --> 00:45:50.760 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: Is the distinctiveness 00:45:50.760 --> 00:45:53.430 align:middle line:84% of these forms related to the vowel gradations that 00:45:53.430 --> 00:45:54.960 align:middle line:90% govern the strong verb classes? 00:45:54.960 --> 00:45:56.010 align:middle line:90% Answer? 00:45:56.010 --> 00:45:57.000 align:middle line:90% Turn the page. 00:45:57.000 --> 00:45:59.040 align:middle line:84% They display I-mutation, those forms. 00:45:59.040 --> 00:46:00.900 align:middle line:84% But this vowel shift is not related 00:46:00.900 --> 00:46:02.070 align:middle line:90% to the vowel gradations. 00:46:02.070 --> 00:46:06.520 align:middle line:84% So you can just say, I-mutation, no is enough on the exam, 00:46:06.520 --> 00:46:07.545 align:middle line:90% all right? 00:46:07.545 --> 00:46:10.570 align:middle line:90% We talked about number 7. 00:46:10.570 --> 00:46:12.560 align:middle line:84% Oh, number 8, this is a good one. 00:46:12.560 --> 00:46:14.740 align:middle line:84% What are three possibilities about a given 00:46:14.740 --> 00:46:17.410 align:middle line:84% word that should occur to you upon seeing the -an ending? 00:46:17.410 --> 00:46:21.310 align:middle line:84% Infinitive, one of many weak noun forms, one 00:46:21.310 --> 00:46:24.910 align:middle line:90% of many weak adjective forms. 00:46:24.910 --> 00:46:29.110 align:middle line:84% And then number 9, -ra ending could be genitive plural, 00:46:29.110 --> 00:46:31.420 align:middle line:90% could be comparative adjective. 00:46:31.420 --> 00:46:34.570 align:middle line:84% These are not necessarily exclusive lists, by the way, 00:46:34.570 --> 00:46:41.710 align:middle line:84% but they are the most common and what I'm testing you on. 00:46:41.710 --> 00:46:43.690 align:middle line:84% Number 10, I don't actually know that we 00:46:43.690 --> 00:46:45.890 align:middle line:90% have talked about this much. 00:46:45.890 --> 00:46:48.940 align:middle line:84% So many Old English prepositions can take both the dative 00:46:48.940 --> 00:46:50.650 align:middle line:90% and the accusative case. 00:46:50.650 --> 00:46:52.660 align:middle line:84% What's the semantic suggestion of using 00:46:52.660 --> 00:46:54.550 align:middle line:90% one as opposed to the other? 00:46:54.550 --> 00:46:57.380 align:middle line:84% This is actually a holdover from Latin-- 00:46:57.380 --> 00:46:59.020 align:middle line:84% well, I shouldn't say a holdover, 00:46:59.020 --> 00:47:02.350 align:middle line:84% but it's parallel to what we see in Latin and Greek. 00:47:02.350 --> 00:47:04.870 align:middle line:84% The dative implies rest or stability. 00:47:04.870 --> 00:47:08.360 align:middle line:84% The accusative implies motion or purpose. 00:47:08.360 --> 00:47:12.520 align:middle line:84% So for example, if I say the word, 00:47:12.520 --> 00:47:15.310 align:middle line:84% in the very simple preposition prepositional phrase, 00:47:15.310 --> 00:47:20.620 align:middle line:84% in the room, if in the room, room is in the dative, 00:47:20.620 --> 00:47:25.480 align:middle line:84% it suggests that I'm just in the room, sitting put, staying put. 00:47:25.480 --> 00:47:30.670 align:middle line:84% If it's in the room and room is in the accusative, 00:47:30.670 --> 00:47:34.180 align:middle line:84% that would suggest "into the room," all right? 00:47:34.180 --> 00:47:36.760 align:middle line:84% You may want to change your translation depending 00:47:36.760 --> 00:47:42.030 align:middle line:84% on the case of the following noun. 00:47:42.030 --> 00:47:44.250 align:middle line:84% What is a preterite present verb? 00:47:44.250 --> 00:47:48.120 align:middle line:90% We've just gone over that. 00:47:48.120 --> 00:47:50.490 align:middle line:84% You should be able to list four common ones. 00:47:50.490 --> 00:47:52.890 align:middle line:84% And then compound subjects, we're 00:47:52.890 --> 00:47:55.120 align:middle line:84% actually going to talk about that a little bit later. 00:47:55.120 --> 00:47:57.870 align:middle line:84% So I think that's the only part of section 3 00:47:57.870 --> 00:48:01.190 align:middle line:84% that, at this point, we have not yet covered. 00:48:01.190 --> 00:48:05.000 align:middle line:90%