WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:00.499 align:middle line:90% [SQUEAKING] 00:00:00.499 --> 00:00:00.999 align:middle line:90% [RUSTLING] 00:00:00.999 --> 00:00:05.489 align:middle line:90% [CLICKING] 00:00:05.489 --> 00:00:10.480 align:middle line:90% 00:00:10.480 --> 00:00:12.640 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: Everybody, go ahead and open up 00:00:12.640 --> 00:00:19.120 align:middle line:90% to chapter 6 of Baker, Nouns. 00:00:19.120 --> 00:00:25.600 align:middle line:84% So the good news about nouns is that the strong noun endings 00:00:25.600 --> 00:00:30.850 align:middle line:84% should have looked familiar at least, some elements, 00:00:30.850 --> 00:00:36.850 align:middle line:84% from the pronoun paradigms that you memorized for Monday. 00:00:36.850 --> 00:00:39.380 align:middle line:90% 00:00:39.380 --> 00:00:44.650 align:middle line:84% If we take a look at the top of page 51, 00:00:44.650 --> 00:00:49.820 align:middle line:90% this boxed section is helpful. 00:00:49.820 --> 00:00:52.570 align:middle line:84% So patterns within the paradigms-- 00:00:52.570 --> 00:00:56.440 align:middle line:84% the neuter and masculine genitive singular forms 00:00:56.440 --> 00:00:58.780 align:middle line:90% are always going to be the same. 00:00:58.780 --> 00:01:01.480 align:middle line:84% All dative singular forms are the same 00:01:01.480 --> 00:01:03.670 align:middle line:90% within each major declension. 00:01:03.670 --> 00:01:06.460 align:middle line:84% And then these next two are very helpful. 00:01:06.460 --> 00:01:09.010 align:middle line:84% All genitive plural forms end in A. 00:01:09.010 --> 00:01:12.110 align:middle line:84% We started to see that just last time when we 00:01:12.110 --> 00:01:15.110 align:middle line:90% were doing our first mini-text. 00:01:15.110 --> 00:01:20.870 align:middle line:84% And all dative plural forms end in -um. 00:01:20.870 --> 00:01:24.110 align:middle line:84% And then as it says, there are resemblances between the noun 00:01:24.110 --> 00:01:27.240 align:middle line:90% and pronoun paradigms. 00:01:27.240 --> 00:01:35.330 align:middle line:84% Now, Old English is different from modern English, in that it 00:01:35.330 --> 00:01:37.820 align:middle line:84% has two different kinds of nouns-- strong nouns 00:01:37.820 --> 00:01:41.510 align:middle line:84% and weak nouns, as you discovered for today. 00:01:41.510 --> 00:01:45.020 align:middle line:84% The strong noun endings, on table 6.1, 00:01:45.020 --> 00:01:51.530 align:middle line:84% that is right up there with tables 5.3 and 5.4. 00:01:51.530 --> 00:01:54.200 align:middle line:84% 6.1 is going to be on every single exam, 00:01:54.200 --> 00:01:56.450 align:middle line:90% just like 5.3 and 5.4. 00:01:56.450 --> 00:01:58.880 align:middle line:90% So these are three of the four-- 00:01:58.880 --> 00:02:01.640 align:middle line:84% these are three of the four paradigms that are just-- 00:02:01.640 --> 00:02:04.730 align:middle line:84% it's just easy, easy money, easy points, 00:02:04.730 --> 00:02:06.230 align:middle line:90% however you want to think of it. 00:02:06.230 --> 00:02:08.810 align:middle line:84% Memorize this now and you will never 00:02:08.810 --> 00:02:11.365 align:middle line:90% have to think of it again. 00:02:11.365 --> 00:02:15.730 align:middle line:90% 00:02:15.730 --> 00:02:18.400 align:middle line:84% You do not need to memorize the weak verb-- 00:02:18.400 --> 00:02:19.960 align:middle line:90% sorry, the weak noun endings. 00:02:19.960 --> 00:02:22.420 align:middle line:84% But you will need to be able to recognize them. 00:02:22.420 --> 00:02:25.630 align:middle line:84% I'll get back to-- or deal with them, I suppose I should say. 00:02:25.630 --> 00:02:29.090 align:middle line:84% We'll get back to that in a moment. 00:02:29.090 --> 00:02:32.260 align:middle line:84% But for strong nouns, these are the endings 00:02:32.260 --> 00:02:34.150 align:middle line:90% that you need to know. 00:02:34.150 --> 00:02:39.940 align:middle line:84% And 6.2 and 6.3 put those nouns-- 00:02:39.940 --> 00:02:44.470 align:middle line:84% or rather, put those endings onto specific nouns 00:02:44.470 --> 00:02:47.770 align:middle line:84% so that you can see them in the flesh, 00:02:47.770 --> 00:02:53.510 align:middle line:84% as it were, as opposed to just disembodied case endings. 00:02:53.510 --> 00:02:59.480 align:middle line:84% Now, one thing to note is that neuter plural nouns 00:02:59.480 --> 00:03:04.010 align:middle line:84% very often look the same as neuter singular nouns. 00:03:04.010 --> 00:03:07.570 align:middle line:84% And as Baker points out at the bottom of 52, 00:03:07.570 --> 00:03:11.030 align:middle line:84% an endingless plural may seem like a great inconvenience 00:03:11.030 --> 00:03:11.930 align:middle line:90% at first. 00:03:11.930 --> 00:03:14.600 align:middle line:84% How will you be able to tell a plural if you see it? 00:03:14.600 --> 00:03:18.830 align:middle line:84% In practice, you'll find that one of three things 00:03:18.830 --> 00:03:21.800 align:middle line:84% will be true when you come across an endingless neuter-- 00:03:21.800 --> 00:03:25.230 align:middle line:84% either a nearby pronoun will tell you what you need to know, 00:03:25.230 --> 00:03:31.010 align:middle line:84% so þæt þing is singular, "that thing," þā þing is plural. 00:03:31.010 --> 00:03:32.570 align:middle line:84% And you know that because of the þā. 00:03:32.570 --> 00:03:34.400 align:middle line:84% Again, this is why the pronouns are 00:03:34.400 --> 00:03:37.820 align:middle line:84% so important because pronouns generally give you 00:03:37.820 --> 00:03:39.950 align:middle line:90% more information than nouns. 00:03:39.950 --> 00:03:43.310 align:middle line:84% So you're often going to have to be using the pronouns 00:03:43.310 --> 00:03:47.570 align:middle line:90% as your guide, all right? 00:03:47.570 --> 00:03:51.110 align:middle line:84% Or, Baker, goes on, "The context will make it clear 00:03:51.110 --> 00:03:55.320 align:middle line:84% whether the noun is singular, or plural; or 3) It won't matter." 00:03:55.320 --> 00:03:57.543 align:middle line:84% I'm not quite sure what that means. 00:03:57.543 --> 00:03:59.460 align:middle line:84% One might suppose that it would always matter. 00:03:59.460 --> 00:04:02.190 align:middle line:90% But whatever, it's fine. 00:04:02.190 --> 00:04:04.050 align:middle line:84% If you stay alert to the likelihood 00:04:04.050 --> 00:04:05.760 align:middle line:84% that some plural nouns will lack endings, 00:04:05.760 --> 00:04:08.940 align:middle line:90% you won't get into trouble. 00:04:08.940 --> 00:04:12.960 align:middle line:84% Also, because the masculine strong-- 00:04:12.960 --> 00:04:15.990 align:middle line:84% and indeed, the neuter strong noun-- 00:04:15.990 --> 00:04:19.560 align:middle line:84% look the same in the nominative and the accusative, 00:04:19.560 --> 00:04:20.910 align:middle line:90% you'll need to be flexible. 00:04:20.910 --> 00:04:23.160 align:middle line:84% You'll need to keep your mind flexible in terms 00:04:23.160 --> 00:04:28.440 align:middle line:84% of whether a given noun is accusative or nominative. 00:04:28.440 --> 00:04:32.250 align:middle line:84% And again, the pronoun is often going to help you. 00:04:32.250 --> 00:04:35.520 align:middle line:90% So se stān versus þone stān. 00:04:35.520 --> 00:04:38.100 align:middle line:84% And we're going to come back to some stones 00:04:38.100 --> 00:04:43.320 align:middle line:84% later on when we get to the mini-text. 00:04:43.320 --> 00:04:46.500 align:middle line:84% All right, so that's strong nouns. 00:04:46.500 --> 00:04:54.420 align:middle line:84% Take a look at weak nouns on page 54, table 6.4. 00:04:54.420 --> 00:04:59.130 align:middle line:84% So what do you notice, just off the top of your-- 00:04:59.130 --> 00:05:04.290 align:middle line:84% what do you notice immediately about the weak noun endings? 00:05:04.290 --> 00:05:05.672 align:middle line:90% Yeah, Alyssa. 00:05:05.672 --> 00:05:07.380 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: They do follow our rules about, 00:05:07.380 --> 00:05:09.420 align:middle line:84% oh, genitive plural always ends in -a, 00:05:09.420 --> 00:05:11.260 align:middle line:84% dative always ends in -um, like that. 00:05:11.260 --> 00:05:14.520 align:middle line:84% But other than that, there's very few unique endings. 00:05:14.520 --> 00:05:17.100 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: Very few unique endings, well put. 00:05:17.100 --> 00:05:21.420 align:middle line:90% So -an, all over the place. 00:05:21.420 --> 00:05:24.756 align:middle line:84% And -an is going to be one of your-- 00:05:24.756 --> 00:05:31.020 align:middle line:84% for that reason, -an is going to be one of your most 00:05:31.020 --> 00:05:35.670 align:middle line:84% challenging, frankly, endings when you see an Old English 00:05:35.670 --> 00:05:38.640 align:middle line:90% word because, in addition to-- 00:05:38.640 --> 00:05:42.020 align:middle line:90% 00:05:42.020 --> 00:05:50.250 align:middle line:90% it can be-- -an is-- 00:05:50.250 --> 00:05:52.590 align:middle line:84% I think we discussed last time, -an 00:05:52.590 --> 00:05:55.110 align:middle line:84% is the typical ending for an infinitive, 00:05:55.110 --> 00:05:58.380 align:middle line:84% that is to say a verb, your base verb form. 00:05:58.380 --> 00:06:01.680 align:middle line:84% But it is also accusative singular 00:06:01.680 --> 00:06:03.870 align:middle line:84% masculine, accusative singular feminine, 00:06:03.870 --> 00:06:07.380 align:middle line:84% genitive of any of them, dative singular of any of them, 00:06:07.380 --> 00:06:18.440 align:middle line:84% nominative or accusative plural of any of them, tons of things. 00:06:18.440 --> 00:06:23.110 align:middle line:84% So yeah, -an is often going to be the puzzle. 00:06:23.110 --> 00:06:26.470 align:middle line:84% -an words are often going to be the puzzle that you have 00:06:26.470 --> 00:06:30.820 align:middle line:84% to figure out, that you have to use other parts of the sentence 00:06:30.820 --> 00:06:35.590 align:middle line:84% in order to solve for, as it were, 00:06:35.590 --> 00:06:40.030 align:middle line:84% the confusing -an word in a sentence, all right? 00:06:40.030 --> 00:06:45.120 align:middle line:84% And Baker goes into this a little bit on pages 54 and 55. 00:06:45.120 --> 00:06:51.870 align:middle line:90% 00:06:51.870 --> 00:06:55.010 align:middle line:84% "Don't lose heart," he says at the top of 55. 00:06:55.010 --> 00:06:57.050 align:middle line:84% "Writers of Old English, when they 00:06:57.050 --> 00:06:59.090 align:middle line:84% wanted to be understood--" I like 00:06:59.090 --> 00:07:02.330 align:middle line:84% how he leaves open the possibility that they also 00:07:02.330 --> 00:07:05.000 align:middle line:84% perhaps did not sometimes want to be understood-- 00:07:05.000 --> 00:07:07.250 align:middle line:84% "did not write clauses containing 00:07:07.250 --> 00:07:09.410 align:middle line:90% unresolvable ambiguities. 00:07:09.410 --> 00:07:11.960 align:middle line:84% After you've puzzled out a few difficult instances 00:07:11.960 --> 00:07:14.780 align:middle line:84% of weak nouns, you should start to get the hang of them." 00:07:14.780 --> 00:07:19.550 align:middle line:84% I realize that sounds like perhaps unhelpful reassurance 00:07:19.550 --> 00:07:20.540 align:middle line:90% at the moment. 00:07:20.540 --> 00:07:23.000 align:middle line:84% But my experience teaching Old English over the years 00:07:23.000 --> 00:07:24.710 align:middle line:84% suggests that this is, indeed, the case 00:07:24.710 --> 00:07:27.110 align:middle line:84% and that as long as you know, as long as you're 00:07:27.110 --> 00:07:29.360 align:middle line:84% aware of the challenge going in, you 00:07:29.360 --> 00:07:34.710 align:middle line:84% should be able to figure it out as you get more practice, OK? 00:07:34.710 --> 00:07:36.750 align:middle line:90% All of these next-- 00:07:36.750 --> 00:07:40.740 align:middle line:84% the athematic nouns, 6.1.3, you do not 00:07:40.740 --> 00:07:43.015 align:middle line:90% have to memorize any of these. 00:07:43.015 --> 00:07:44.640 align:middle line:84% You don't have to memorize any of this. 00:07:44.640 --> 00:07:49.800 align:middle line:84% But you do need to be cognizant of the fact 00:07:49.800 --> 00:07:52.680 align:middle line:84% that some nouns are going to change 00:07:52.680 --> 00:08:00.070 align:middle line:84% their internal vowel as they get declined in various cases. 00:08:00.070 --> 00:08:02.910 align:middle line:84% So this means that if you're looking up 00:08:02.910 --> 00:08:10.470 align:middle line:84% the word hnyte, the genitive singular of hnutu-- 00:08:10.470 --> 00:08:13.950 align:middle line:84% I just think that's a super adorable word, hnutu, hnutu-- 00:08:13.950 --> 00:08:17.370 align:middle line:90% 00:08:17.370 --> 00:08:21.330 align:middle line:84% You may need to be flexible in and how you look it up. 00:08:21.330 --> 00:08:23.460 align:middle line:84% This is something that, if you've 00:08:23.460 --> 00:08:27.240 align:middle line:84% studied an ancient language, will not be unfamiliar to you. 00:08:27.240 --> 00:08:31.680 align:middle line:84% But if you haven't, it may be, that using the glossary, 00:08:31.680 --> 00:08:37.059 align:middle line:84% using the dictionary involves a little bit of trial and error, 00:08:37.059 --> 00:08:40.179 align:middle line:84% shall we say, in a way that is not true if you just look up 00:08:40.179 --> 00:08:42.159 align:middle line:84% a word in modern English and you can 00:08:42.159 --> 00:08:45.230 align:middle line:90% be confident of its spelling. 00:08:45.230 --> 00:08:49.750 align:middle line:84% So as we get into reading, you will definitely 00:08:49.750 --> 00:08:51.310 align:middle line:90% get more experience with this. 00:08:51.310 --> 00:08:54.830 align:middle line:90% 00:08:54.830 --> 00:09:00.145 align:middle line:84% Any questions about these first few pages of chapter 6? 00:09:00.145 --> 00:09:02.870 align:middle line:90% 00:09:02.870 --> 00:09:03.855 align:middle line:90% Yeah, [INAUDIBLE] 00:09:03.855 --> 00:09:05.480 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: How can we be sure that these 00:09:05.480 --> 00:09:10.587 align:middle line:84% are I-mutations that we see and not alternative spellings? 00:09:10.587 --> 00:09:13.260 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: Ah, that's a very good question. 00:09:13.260 --> 00:09:17.150 align:middle line:84% The short answer is that alternate spellings 00:09:17.150 --> 00:09:20.630 align:middle line:90% are most common with pronouns. 00:09:20.630 --> 00:09:22.160 align:middle line:90% And you don't have it-- 00:09:22.160 --> 00:09:24.600 align:middle line:84% it's less likely to be the case-- 00:09:24.600 --> 00:09:28.200 align:middle line:84% you're less likely to have that for just a random noun. 00:09:28.200 --> 00:09:32.660 align:middle line:84% So in general, I mean, the slightly longer answer 00:09:32.660 --> 00:09:34.130 align:middle line:90% is that miss-- 00:09:34.130 --> 00:09:35.973 align:middle line:84% not misspellings, alternate spellings 00:09:35.973 --> 00:09:38.390 align:middle line:84% aren't going to follow any particular-- aren't necessarily 00:09:38.390 --> 00:09:40.970 align:middle line:84% going to follow a particular rule, whereas I-mutation 00:09:40.970 --> 00:09:45.620 align:middle line:84% is a particular set of sound changes that always happen. 00:09:45.620 --> 00:09:53.820 align:middle line:84% And you can go back to table 2.2.2, which was back on page-- 00:09:53.820 --> 00:09:57.600 align:middle line:90% back on page 17, table 2.1. 00:09:57.600 --> 00:10:01.671 align:middle line:84% That gives you the rules for how I-mutation works. 00:10:01.671 --> 00:10:04.320 align:middle line:90% 00:10:04.320 --> 00:10:09.120 align:middle line:84% And if you say allowed those shifts from unmutated 00:10:09.120 --> 00:10:13.440 align:middle line:84% to mutated, you'll start to hear them in your-- 00:10:13.440 --> 00:10:15.060 align:middle line:90% well, you'll start to hear them. 00:10:15.060 --> 00:10:18.570 align:middle line:84% And that'll start to give you a sense 00:10:18.570 --> 00:10:21.300 align:middle line:84% of the difference between I-mutation and other forms 00:10:21.300 --> 00:10:23.730 align:middle line:90% of irregularity. 00:10:23.730 --> 00:10:26.730 align:middle line:84% But for the most part, I wouldn't worry about it 00:10:26.730 --> 00:10:28.020 align:middle line:90% too much. 00:10:28.020 --> 00:10:29.100 align:middle line:90% Yeah, Alyssa? 00:10:29.100 --> 00:10:31.260 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Just to be clear, despite the fact 00:10:31.260 --> 00:10:34.163 align:middle line:84% that I-mutation from [a] to [æ] is also 00:10:34.163 --> 00:10:35.580 align:middle line:84% like the connection between those, 00:10:35.580 --> 00:10:38.230 align:middle line:84% the stem changes and things like daga are distinct from that, 00:10:38.230 --> 00:10:38.730 align:middle line:90% right? 00:10:38.730 --> 00:10:40.290 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: That's correct, yes. 00:10:40.290 --> 00:10:42.248 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It was a separate linguistic process. 00:10:42.248 --> 00:10:44.130 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Yeah, yeah, yeah. 00:10:44.130 --> 00:10:46.380 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: That's why it's not the same places 00:10:46.380 --> 00:10:47.887 align:middle line:90% in the paradigm. 00:10:47.887 --> 00:10:49.470 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: Now, you're looking-- now 00:10:49.470 --> 00:10:51.215 align:middle line:90% you're looking further along. 00:10:51.215 --> 00:10:51.840 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:10:51.840 --> 00:10:52.650 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: 6.8. 00:10:52.650 --> 00:10:53.590 align:middle line:90% Yeah, exactly. 00:10:53.590 --> 00:10:55.798 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: There was also slightly different treatment 00:10:55.798 --> 00:10:59.572 align:middle line:84% of these different stem changes in Baker versus-- 00:10:59.572 --> 00:11:01.030 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: Mitchell and Robinson? 00:11:01.030 --> 00:11:02.530 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Mitchell and Robinson, how 00:11:02.530 --> 00:11:03.730 align:middle line:90% they group them or whatever. 00:11:03.730 --> 00:11:04.780 align:middle line:90% It was a little bit different. 00:11:04.780 --> 00:11:05.780 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Yeah, yeah. 00:11:05.780 --> 00:11:10.300 align:middle line:84% And since I'm not deeply invested in all of the ins 00:11:10.300 --> 00:11:21.700 align:middle line:84% and outs of these subsets of nouns, but yeah. 00:11:21.700 --> 00:11:26.980 align:middle line:84% I mean, the short answer is don't worry about it too much, 00:11:26.980 --> 00:11:27.480 align:middle line:90% frankly. 00:11:27.480 --> 00:11:31.520 align:middle line:90% 00:11:31.520 --> 00:11:34.305 align:middle line:84% Take the measure-- well, I'm actually just going to-- 00:11:34.305 --> 00:11:35.930 align:middle line:84% I'm actually just going to go in order. 00:11:35.930 --> 00:11:38.490 align:middle line:84% We'll get two more strong nouns in due course. 00:11:38.490 --> 00:11:44.460 align:middle line:84% So page 56 and 57, 6.1.4, the noun phrase-- 00:11:44.460 --> 00:11:49.370 align:middle line:84% so really, all this is trying to do here 00:11:49.370 --> 00:11:58.700 align:middle line:84% is encourage you to look at the noun in an Old English sentence 00:11:58.700 --> 00:12:00.230 align:middle line:90% in its fuller-- 00:12:00.230 --> 00:12:05.070 align:middle line:84% in its bigger picture, the bigger context. 00:12:05.070 --> 00:12:09.740 align:middle line:84% So that means looking for the adjectives and the pronouns 00:12:09.740 --> 00:12:12.140 align:middle line:84% that go with the noun because often the noun 00:12:12.140 --> 00:12:14.000 align:middle line:84% itself is not going to tell you as much. 00:12:14.000 --> 00:12:15.920 align:middle line:84% It's not going to give you as much information 00:12:15.920 --> 00:12:17.550 align:middle line:90% as the pronoun or the adjective. 00:12:17.550 --> 00:12:19.050 align:middle line:84% We haven't gotten to adjectives yet. 00:12:19.050 --> 00:12:21.140 align:middle line:90% But trust me, it's true. 00:12:21.140 --> 00:12:26.480 align:middle line:84% So for example, the demonstrative pronoun se 00:12:26.480 --> 00:12:31.370 align:middle line:84% resolves the ambiguity of who the subject of that sentence 00:12:31.370 --> 00:12:33.174 align:middle line:90% is toward the bottom of page 56. 00:12:33.174 --> 00:12:38.970 align:middle line:84% Þa sende se cyning et cetera, et cetera. 00:12:38.970 --> 00:12:42.765 align:middle line:90% We always know that se is what? 00:12:42.765 --> 00:12:44.150 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Nominative. 00:12:44.150 --> 00:12:45.150 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: Nominative? 00:12:45.150 --> 00:12:45.780 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Singular masculine. 00:12:45.780 --> 00:12:48.405 align:middle line:84% ARTHUR BAHR: Singular masculine, nominative singular masculine. 00:12:48.405 --> 00:12:50.100 align:middle line:90% Exactly, very good. 00:12:50.100 --> 00:12:53.310 align:middle line:84% Whereas þone is always going to be accusative 00:12:53.310 --> 00:12:54.660 align:middle line:90% singular masculine. 00:12:54.660 --> 00:12:59.760 align:middle line:84% So those unambiguous pronoun forms 00:12:59.760 --> 00:13:01.920 align:middle line:84% are some of your best friends in the language 00:13:01.920 --> 00:13:08.530 align:middle line:84% because they are going to help you parse the sentence pretty 00:13:08.530 --> 00:13:09.030 align:middle line:90% readily. 00:13:09.030 --> 00:13:14.500 align:middle line:90% 00:13:14.500 --> 00:13:19.195 align:middle line:84% Let's take a look at page 57, the bottom of the-- 00:13:19.195 --> 00:13:21.280 align:middle line:90% the bottom of that section. 00:13:21.280 --> 00:13:23.050 align:middle line:84% Careful attention to the noun phrase 00:13:23.050 --> 00:13:26.530 align:middle line:84% can help you resolve the ambiguities of the endless-- 00:13:26.530 --> 00:13:30.310 align:middle line:84% sorry, endingless neuter plural discussed above. 00:13:30.310 --> 00:13:33.565 align:middle line:84% þā ġeseah hē þā wīf and hira lȳtlingas 00:13:33.565 --> 00:13:35.050 align:middle line:90% and cwæð, hwæt synd þæs? 00:13:35.050 --> 00:13:39.100 align:middle line:90% 00:13:39.100 --> 00:13:43.190 align:middle line:84% So then he looked at the women and their children. 00:13:43.190 --> 00:13:46.090 align:middle line:84% So wīf because the Old English word for woman 00:13:46.090 --> 00:13:51.120 align:middle line:84% is grammatically neuter, wīf has no ending in the plural. 00:13:51.120 --> 00:13:53.740 align:middle line:90% 00:13:53.740 --> 00:13:56.800 align:middle line:84% But you know that it's plural because of the þā 00:13:56.800 --> 00:13:58.900 align:middle line:90% since þā is plural. 00:13:58.900 --> 00:14:02.590 align:middle line:84% So if it were, "Then he looked at the woman," in the singular, 00:14:02.590 --> 00:14:04.075 align:middle line:90% what would that þā be instead? 00:14:04.075 --> 00:14:05.244 align:middle line:90% 00:14:05.244 --> 00:14:06.040 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: þæt. 00:14:06.040 --> 00:14:07.570 align:middle line:90% ARTHUR BAHR: þæt, exactly. 00:14:07.570 --> 00:14:10.660 align:middle line:90% þā ġeseah hē þæt wīf. 00:14:10.660 --> 00:14:13.090 align:middle line:90% That would be singular. 00:14:13.090 --> 00:14:13.745 align:middle line:90% Very good. 00:14:13.745 --> 00:14:17.240 align:middle line:90% 00:14:17.240 --> 00:14:24.020 align:middle line:84% All right, so more about strong nouns on the following pages, 00:14:24.020 --> 00:14:28.260 align:middle line:90% 58 through 60. 00:14:28.260 --> 00:14:32.200 align:middle line:90% 00:14:32.200 --> 00:14:34.360 align:middle line:90% Again, these are not-- 00:14:34.360 --> 00:14:36.220 align:middle line:84% to I'm not actually going to really go 00:14:36.220 --> 00:14:38.620 align:middle line:84% into this because they all still-- you'll 00:14:38.620 --> 00:14:44.800 align:middle line:84% see that they all still have the strong noun endings. 00:14:44.800 --> 00:14:48.460 align:middle line:84% And that's the most important thing. 00:14:48.460 --> 00:14:52.780 align:middle line:84% The other slight shifts I'm not going 00:14:52.780 --> 00:14:55.720 align:middle line:90% to test you on, all right? 00:14:55.720 --> 00:14:58.840 align:middle line:90% A few minor declensions-- 00:14:58.840 --> 00:15:06.250 align:middle line:84% for whatever reason, the words for family relationships 00:15:06.250 --> 00:15:08.170 align:middle line:90% in Old English tend to be-- 00:15:08.170 --> 00:15:12.070 align:middle line:84% like brother and daughter, as you see on 612-- 00:15:12.070 --> 00:15:17.050 align:middle line:84% they seem to be-- they're unusual in various ways. 00:15:17.050 --> 00:15:22.600 align:middle line:84% But other than that, not much to see, not much to see there. 00:15:22.600 --> 00:15:25.240 align:middle line:90% 00:15:25.240 --> 00:15:33.250 align:middle line:84% This is really just in the interest of fullness. 00:15:33.250 --> 00:15:41.170 align:middle line:84% This is the completionist part of the chapter, all right? 00:15:41.170 --> 00:15:47.350 align:middle line:84% So the long story short of this is you must know-- 00:15:47.350 --> 00:15:51.190 align:middle line:84% you must memorize table 6.1 with the strong noun endings. 00:15:51.190 --> 00:15:54.070 align:middle line:84% And you must be comfortable enough 00:15:54.070 --> 00:15:57.160 align:middle line:84% with the weak noun endings of table 6.4 00:15:57.160 --> 00:16:01.690 align:middle line:84% that you are able to disambiguate them and work 00:16:01.690 --> 00:16:06.530 align:middle line:84% with them when it comes to sight translation on the exam, 00:16:06.530 --> 00:16:07.480 align:middle line:90% all right? 00:16:07.480 --> 00:16:11.120 align:middle line:84% So those are your main those are your main challenges. 00:16:11.120 --> 00:16:13.990 align:middle line:84% And we're going to put those skills 00:16:13.990 --> 00:16:18.160 align:middle line:84% to the test in the next part of class, 00:16:18.160 --> 00:16:20.170 align:middle line:90% at the bottom of page 62. 00:16:20.170 --> 00:16:23.620 align:middle line:84% We're going to read "A Miracle of Saint Benedict" 00:16:23.620 --> 00:16:28.000 align:middle line:84% from Bishop Waerforth of Worcester's Old 00:16:28.000 --> 00:16:31.400 align:middle line:84% English translation of the dialogues of Pope Gregory 00:16:31.400 --> 00:16:32.360 align:middle line:90% the Great. 00:16:32.360 --> 00:16:35.847 align:middle line:84% And what I love about Baker, the reason I use this text instead 00:16:35.847 --> 00:16:38.180 align:middle line:84% of Mitchell and Robinson, which is what I learned with-- 00:16:38.180 --> 00:16:41.120 align:middle line:84% what I love about Baker is that it starts us really working 00:16:41.120 --> 00:16:46.100 align:middle line:84% with Old English almost from the very beginning of our encounter 00:16:46.100 --> 00:16:48.470 align:middle line:84% with the language because that's really-- 00:16:48.470 --> 00:16:53.118 align:middle line:84% I mean, when I think back to how I learned Old English, 00:16:53.118 --> 00:16:55.160 align:middle line:84% and how I learned Latin, and how I learned Greek, 00:16:55.160 --> 00:16:56.952 align:middle line:84% and how I learned all of the dead languages 00:16:56.952 --> 00:17:00.200 align:middle line:84% that I've learned, the reason that I'm not 00:17:00.200 --> 00:17:05.869 align:middle line:84% as good at knowing them as I am at the modern languages 00:17:05.869 --> 00:17:09.650 align:middle line:84% that I've learned is that I never had to use them actively. 00:17:09.650 --> 00:17:11.270 align:middle line:90% It was always passive. 00:17:11.270 --> 00:17:12.950 align:middle line:84% It was always passive recognition 00:17:12.950 --> 00:17:16.819 align:middle line:84% of the forms for passive reading of the language. 00:17:16.819 --> 00:17:20.839 align:middle line:84% And it wasn't until I did this Living Latin course in Rome 00:17:20.839 --> 00:17:23.690 align:middle line:84% where we all had to speak Latin, and the class was in Latin, 00:17:23.690 --> 00:17:28.010 align:middle line:84% and it was super fun that I was like, oh yeah, 00:17:28.010 --> 00:17:30.440 align:middle line:84% Latin is not an unspeakable language. 00:17:30.440 --> 00:17:32.510 align:middle line:84% I mean, the professor was so great. 00:17:32.510 --> 00:17:35.120 align:middle line:84% He was like, people think Latin is hard. 00:17:35.120 --> 00:17:38.090 align:middle line:84% It's like stupid, stupid, stupid Romans 00:17:38.090 --> 00:17:40.040 align:middle line:90% spoke Latin totally fluently. 00:17:40.040 --> 00:17:43.100 align:middle line:84% It is not an impossible language to learn to speak. 00:17:43.100 --> 00:17:44.670 align:middle line:90% People did. 00:17:44.670 --> 00:17:49.430 align:middle line:84% It's just that we don't, and similarly with Old English. 00:17:49.430 --> 00:17:53.070 align:middle line:84% So although we're not learning to speak Old English-- 00:17:53.070 --> 00:17:56.580 align:middle line:84% that's not yet a bridge I've tried to cross-- 00:17:56.580 --> 00:17:59.010 align:middle line:84% we are going to be trying to learn it as actively as 00:17:59.010 --> 00:18:01.310 align:middle line:90% possible, all right? 00:18:01.310 --> 00:18:04.000 align:middle line:90%