WEBVTT

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[SQUEAKING]
[RUSTLING] [CLICKING]

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ARTHUR BAHR: If you didn't print
out a copy of the magic sheet,

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one is going down for you.

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This is also posted to Canvas.

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So I encourage you to have this
printed out and on your right

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hand, like metaphorically
and literally,

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as you're working because
it's-- oh, thanks--

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because this is going to be--

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this is going to be super
critical and super helpful

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going forward.

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And you're starting to-- now,
you don't have to-- obviously,

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you don't have to memorize
this all at the beginning

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of the semester.

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And in fact, much of this you
don't have to memorize at all.

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But some of it, you do.

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And specifically, tables 5.3 and
5.4 from chapter 5 of Baker you

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will recognize as the
personal pronouns--

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sorry, as the demonstrative
pronouns and the third person

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personal pronouns in the
upper left of the sheet.

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All right.

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So without further
ado, let's turn

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to chapter 5 of Baker, page 41.

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So the personal
pronouns, many of these--

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I mean, Baker says
optimistically,

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"You will find the
personal pronouns

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easy to learn because of
their resemblance in both form

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and usage to those
of modern English."

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This is not, of course,
universally true.

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But some of them are
easier than others.

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The first person pronouns
on table 5.1 are pretty

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recognizable-- wē, ūs--

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you can hear those--

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iċ, mē, mīn, mē--

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you can hear those
pretty readily.

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One thing to note, as
the lead-in to table 5.2,

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which is the second
person pronouns--

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Old English does
not use singular þū

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as a familiar form
the way that it

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will come to be in middle
and early modern English,

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where there's a
sharp distinction

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between the familiar thou
and the polite or formal you.

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That doesn't exist
in Old English.

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There's no tu-vous
distinction, as in French

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or in many other
Indo-European languages--

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þū is just singular, all right?

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Ġē-- you can hear
how that becomes ye.

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The plural ēow becomes you.

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Ēower, your.

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You can start to hear how
those words will evolve.

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Where it really gets
important is table 5.3,

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the third person
singular pronouns.

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Tables 5.3 and 5.4, as I said in
the announcement-- by the way,

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so when I put announcements
on Canvas and send messages

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to y'all, do you
actually get them?

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Because they just
go into the void.

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Like back with Stellar,
I would send an email.

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And I would get a
copy of the email.

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And then it would
be in my email.

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And everybody would reply.

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And I would know.

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OK, but you are
getting these things?

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All right, excellent,
because occasionally

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it feels like I'm just like
yelping out into the chasm.

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But if I'm not,
then that's great.

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5.3 is arguably the most--
at the bottom of page 42,

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this is arguably the
most important paradigm

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in the entirety of
Old English grammar.

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The reason for that
is because it offers--

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both because these words
show up all the time

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and also because the endings
of the words form the--

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well, they're not the basis.

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They offer a guide to many other
pronoun and noun declensions.

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And what I mean by that
is that-- so for example,

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when you see hine, the masculine
accusative singular, hine,

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which means him, that
-ne ending is also

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going to be the accusative
masculine singular

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ending of a lot of other
pronouns and nouns.

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So the labor that
you spend memorizing

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5.3 and 5.4, which we'll
get to in a moment, is labor

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saved when it
comes to memorizing

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basically everything else.

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And that's why these tables
are going to be drilled.

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You'll simply have to reproduce
them on every single exam.

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So just learn them now.

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And you'll be all set.

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Before we get to table 5-point--

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oh, and then there are some
helpful little repeated

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forms noted by Baker at the
bottom of 42 and top of 43.

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So the neuter nominative and
accusative singular forms

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are the same.

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Here, it's hit.

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Neuter and masculine genitive
singular forms are the same.

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Neuter and masculine dative
singular forms are the same.

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Feminine genitive and dative
singular forms are the same.

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And again, those
similarities tend to--

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you can't totally
take it to the bank.

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But they tend to replicate
across the other paradigms

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that you're going to learn.

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Notice that the plural--

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unlike in many other
languages, the plural

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is not differentiated by gender.

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So plural is just plural.

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And you don't have to
worry about it beyond that.

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Interesting little
etymological detail--

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so Baker says at the top of 43
that the third person plural

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pronouns may cause some
difficulty at first

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because they don't start
with þ or thorn the way

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that modern English
counterparts do.

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That's because our
modern English plural

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pronouns, like they,
actually come from Old Norse.

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So when the
Scandinavians settled--

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conquered, settled, whatever
we want to call it--

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parts of the north of
England, their forms

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got adopted into
English as the plurals.

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And that's why some of
these look less familiar

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than you might expect.

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Possessive adjectives
on page 43--

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a couple of important
points here.

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So on the bottom
of the page, we see

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that Baker says that the third
person genitive pronouns are

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used as possessive adjectives.

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And these work like modern
English possessives,

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in that they agree in gender and
number with their antecedents,

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not the nouns that they modify.

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So in the example here, his
hring, the gender of hring

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is immaterial.

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The his means that it's a
man, or at least a masculine--

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grammatically masculine
entity that owns the ring.

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So if it were her
ring, it would be what?

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What's the genitive
singular feminine?

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AUDIENCE: Hire.

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ARTHUR BAHR: Hire.

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Very good, hire hring.

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And that's the way it is
in modern English, right?

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Those rules are
reversed, however,

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when we get to the first
and second person possessive

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adjectives.

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So if you talk
about-- these words

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take their endings from
the nouns that they modify,

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not their antecedents.

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So what that means is
that if you're ever

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talking about "my
ship" in Old English,

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the form of the word "my"
is going to be neuter

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because "ship" is neuter.

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It does not matter
who owns the ship.

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It's going to be-- that
form will be neuter.

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And the same is true of
the second person as well.

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So mīnum scipe in the
dative, þīnne wæġn

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in the accusative,
ēowru hors, your horses.

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This is not going to be--

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this will come to be normalized
and naturalized the more you

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work with it.

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But it is important to
recognize that difference.

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So to make the first and
second person possessive

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adjectives strong
adjective endings, which

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we'll get to in a moment, are
added to the genitive pronoun

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forms.

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These strong adjective
endings are actually

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going to look very
similar to the forms

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on table 5.4, which are
the demonstrative pronouns.

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So turn to page 44 and take
a look here at se, þæt, sēo.

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These words can mean any of
the, that, and, in the plural,

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those.

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And when you see the
blank for instrumental

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forms under feminine
and plural, that's

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because there is no
instrumental form

00:09:20.480 --> 00:09:22.290 align:middle line:90%
in the feminine and the plural.

00:09:22.290 --> 00:09:26.130 align:middle line:84%
So when you reproduce this
paradigm on your exams,

00:09:26.130 --> 00:09:28.380 align:middle line:84%
which you will, make
sure-- even though they

00:09:28.380 --> 00:09:30.330 align:middle line:84%
don't have a little
slash through it,

00:09:30.330 --> 00:09:38.670 align:middle line:84%
make sure that you put some kind
of empty set sign, or slash,

00:09:38.670 --> 00:09:45.360 align:middle line:84%
or an NA, or something for
the feminine and plural

00:09:45.360 --> 00:09:47.610 align:middle line:84%
instrumental forms
so that I know

00:09:47.610 --> 00:09:49.170 align:middle line:90%
that you didn't just forget it.

00:09:49.170 --> 00:09:51.750 align:middle line:84%
If you just leave it blank
the way they do here,

00:09:51.750 --> 00:09:52.570 align:middle line:90%
I'll take off.

00:09:52.570 --> 00:09:55.320 align:middle line:84%
So make sure that you
indicate that there

00:09:55.320 --> 00:09:58.650 align:middle line:84%
is no feminine or plural
instrumental form.

00:09:58.650 --> 00:10:01.350 align:middle line:84%
Other than that, you
just have to reproduce

00:10:01.350 --> 00:10:04.245 align:middle line:90%
exactly what's in this table.

00:10:04.245 --> 00:10:07.255 align:middle line:90%


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These are free points
on every single exam.

00:10:09.970 --> 00:10:15.570 align:middle line:84%
So just make sure you know them
because they are so important

00:10:15.570 --> 00:10:17.500 align:middle line:90%
everywhere else.

00:10:17.500 --> 00:10:19.980 align:middle line:90%
Now, when I said that 5.3--

00:10:19.980 --> 00:10:26.580 align:middle line:84%
the endings of 5.3 offer a
guide to many other endings,

00:10:26.580 --> 00:10:31.250 align:middle line:84%
you can see how that works
if you compare 5.3 and 5.4.

00:10:31.250 --> 00:10:35.390 align:middle line:84%
And it may be easier to do
that on your magic sheet,

00:10:35.390 --> 00:10:37.260 align:middle line:84%
since they're right
next to each other--

00:10:37.260 --> 00:10:39.680 align:middle line:84%
the third person
personal pronouns

00:10:39.680 --> 00:10:41.200 align:middle line:90%
and the demonstrative pronouns.

00:10:41.200 --> 00:10:43.820 align:middle line:90%


00:10:43.820 --> 00:10:48.780 align:middle line:84%
You see that nominative hē
is kind of evoked by the se.

00:10:48.780 --> 00:10:54.425 align:middle line:84%
Similarly, hine, that -ne,
you see þone, that -ne.

00:10:54.425 --> 00:10:59.180 align:middle line:84%
So you know that is
accusative singular masculine.

00:10:59.180 --> 00:11:04.760 align:middle line:84%
Similarly, him in the
dative singular masculine,

00:11:04.760 --> 00:11:09.410 align:middle line:84%
þām in the dative singular
masculine, that -m ending.

00:11:09.410 --> 00:11:11.330 align:middle line:90%
So again, it's not precise.

00:11:11.330 --> 00:11:14.120 align:middle line:84%
But as you're memorizing,
start learning

00:11:14.120 --> 00:11:19.720 align:middle line:84%
to pick up on these analogies
between the paradigms.

00:11:19.720 --> 00:11:24.850 align:middle line:90%


00:11:24.850 --> 00:11:30.510 align:middle line:90%
Any questions on this so far?

00:11:30.510 --> 00:11:35.510 align:middle line:90%


00:11:35.510 --> 00:11:37.660 align:middle line:84%
So I've said it before,
I'll say it again.

00:11:37.660 --> 00:11:41.140 align:middle line:84%
Just keep that magic sheet
right at your either right

00:11:41.140 --> 00:11:42.370 align:middle line:90%
hand or left hand.

00:11:42.370 --> 00:11:45.640 align:middle line:84%
And just have it
there until these

00:11:45.640 --> 00:11:50.110 align:middle line:84%
are down cold and actually even
beyond when they're down cold.

00:11:50.110 --> 00:11:51.520 align:middle line:90%
You want this there.

00:11:51.520 --> 00:11:54.490 align:middle line:84%
You want that there in
every context basically,

00:11:54.490 --> 00:11:58.750 align:middle line:84%
except an exam when I
don't allow you to have it.

00:11:58.750 --> 00:12:00.590 align:middle line:90%
All right.

00:12:00.590 --> 00:12:03.410 align:middle line:90%
Bottom of page 44, the dual--

00:12:03.410 --> 00:12:07.340 align:middle line:84%
so like ancient Greek
and some other languages,

00:12:07.340 --> 00:12:11.060 align:middle line:84%
Old English has not just a
singular and a plural number,

00:12:11.060 --> 00:12:16.490 align:middle line:84%
but also a dual, which is
used specifically for--

00:12:16.490 --> 00:12:18.860 align:middle line:90%
to indicate two-ness.

00:12:18.860 --> 00:12:23.330 align:middle line:84%
So "we two," "you two," "the
two of us," that's how you

00:12:23.330 --> 00:12:25.520 align:middle line:90%
would translate that.

00:12:25.520 --> 00:12:28.820 align:middle line:84%
Most of these, the dual
pronouns have all--

00:12:28.820 --> 00:12:32.060 align:middle line:84%
they all fall out of
the language by the time

00:12:32.060 --> 00:12:33.620 align:middle line:90%
we get to middle English.

00:12:33.620 --> 00:12:36.710 align:middle line:84%
So you probably won't
recognize any of these.

00:12:36.710 --> 00:12:40.370 align:middle line:84%
And you don't need to
memorize them for exams.

00:12:40.370 --> 00:12:41.900 align:middle line:84%
But you do need to
be aware of them

00:12:41.900 --> 00:12:44.630 align:middle line:84%
because they get used
in poetry a fair bit

00:12:44.630 --> 00:12:47.435 align:middle line:84%
when the poet wants
to emphasize two-ness.

00:12:47.435 --> 00:12:50.620 align:middle line:90%


00:12:50.620 --> 00:12:55.480 align:middle line:84%
5.2.2, common
spelling variants--

00:12:55.480 --> 00:12:58.210 align:middle line:84%
the most important of
these and the only ones

00:12:58.210 --> 00:13:03.100 align:middle line:84%
that you really
need to remember--

00:13:03.100 --> 00:13:06.970 align:middle line:84%
well, the ones that will show
up the most often are hyne,

00:13:06.970 --> 00:13:17.740 align:middle line:84%
H-Y-N-E, for hine, H-I-N-E, and
hī, H-I, or hȳ, H-Y for hīe,

00:13:17.740 --> 00:13:19.930 align:middle line:90%
for the third person plural.

00:13:19.930 --> 00:13:24.670 align:middle line:84%
So just don't get thrown
off if you see a different--

00:13:24.670 --> 00:13:26.020 align:middle line:90%
if you see a spelling variant.

00:13:26.020 --> 00:13:27.970 align:middle line:84%
Because remember,
there's no such thing

00:13:27.970 --> 00:13:35.260 align:middle line:84%
as standardized spelling in
English until really the 1700s.

00:13:35.260 --> 00:13:38.020 align:middle line:84%
Interrogative
pronouns, again, you'll

00:13:38.020 --> 00:13:40.455 align:middle line:84%
want to be able to
recognize, and same

00:13:40.455 --> 00:13:41.830 align:middle line:84%
with indefinite
pronouns, but you

00:13:41.830 --> 00:13:43.960 align:middle line:90%
don't need to memorize them.

00:13:43.960 --> 00:13:48.710 align:middle line:84%
We'll come back to mini-text A,
which is Psalm 1, in a moment.

00:13:48.710 --> 00:13:50.920 align:middle line:90%
All right, relative pronouns--

00:13:50.920 --> 00:13:56.890 align:middle line:84%
5.5 is very, very
important because there

00:13:56.890 --> 00:14:02.250 align:middle line:84%
are three different ways
that Old English can indicate

00:14:02.250 --> 00:14:07.930 align:middle line:84%
the relative pronoun "that,"
or "which," or "who" really.

00:14:07.930 --> 00:14:22.150 align:middle line:84%
One is the indeclinable particle
þe, so relative pronoun.

00:14:22.150 --> 00:14:24.490 align:middle line:84%
That says pronoun,
even if it's not clear.

00:14:24.490 --> 00:14:27.010 align:middle line:90%


00:14:27.010 --> 00:14:29.740 align:middle line:84%
Three ways of indicating
the relative pronoun--

00:14:29.740 --> 00:14:36.270 align:middle line:84%
one is the indeclinable
particle þe.

00:14:36.270 --> 00:14:39.180 align:middle line:84%
This is the easiest
and nicest because it

00:14:39.180 --> 00:14:40.320 align:middle line:90%
doesn't get declined.

00:14:40.320 --> 00:14:42.690 align:middle line:90%
So it just means "which."

00:14:42.690 --> 00:14:51.920 align:middle line:84%
What is the difference, by
the way, between þe and þē?

00:14:51.920 --> 00:14:52.940 align:middle line:90%
We know what this is.

00:14:52.940 --> 00:14:53.692 align:middle line:90%
What's that?

00:14:53.692 --> 00:14:58.320 align:middle line:90%


00:14:58.320 --> 00:14:59.480 align:middle line:90%
Yeah?

00:14:59.480 --> 00:15:00.480 align:middle line:90%
AUDIENCE: I think it's--

00:15:00.480 --> 00:15:01.272 align:middle line:90%
ARTHUR BAHR: Right.

00:15:01.272 --> 00:15:02.527 align:middle line:90%
AUDIENCE: Yeah, yeah.

00:15:02.527 --> 00:15:04.950 align:middle line:90%
Second person singular dative.

00:15:04.950 --> 00:15:06.366 align:middle line:90%
ARTHUR BAHR: Or?

00:15:06.366 --> 00:15:07.740 align:middle line:90%
AUDIENCE: Or the accusative.

00:15:07.740 --> 00:15:09.573 align:middle line:84%
ARTHUR BAHR: Accusative,
excellent, exactly.

00:15:09.573 --> 00:15:12.570 align:middle line:84%
So this is "you,"
where we get thee from.

00:15:12.570 --> 00:15:15.810 align:middle line:84%
This is the indeclinable
relative pronoun, OK?

00:15:15.810 --> 00:15:17.790 align:middle line:84%
So again, this is
just one example

00:15:17.790 --> 00:15:20.920 align:middle line:84%
of many where the long
or the short mark--

00:15:20.920 --> 00:15:23.790 align:middle line:84%
well, the long mark or the
absence of the long mark

00:15:23.790 --> 00:15:26.860 align:middle line:84%
can make a huge difference
in the meaning of the word,

00:15:26.860 --> 00:15:28.890 align:middle line:90%
all right?

00:15:28.890 --> 00:15:33.750 align:middle line:84%
So one option for the relative
pronoun is the indeclinable þe.

00:15:33.750 --> 00:15:38.820 align:middle line:90%
Another is to use a form--

00:15:38.820 --> 00:15:43.530 align:middle line:90%
a form of se/þæt/sēo.

00:15:43.530 --> 00:15:47.130 align:middle line:84%
And I'm just using
se to indicate

00:15:47.130 --> 00:15:50.190 align:middle line:90%
that whole battery of words.

00:15:50.190 --> 00:15:54.930 align:middle line:84%
One is to use se and
þe, in which case--

00:15:54.930 --> 00:15:56.470 align:middle line:90%
well, we'll get back to that.

00:15:56.470 --> 00:16:01.270 align:middle line:84%
And then the other is
just se on its own.

00:16:01.270 --> 00:16:04.060 align:middle line:90%
This is most common in poetry.

00:16:04.060 --> 00:16:08.740 align:middle line:84%
But you'll see it
in prose as well.

00:16:08.740 --> 00:16:11.950 align:middle line:84%
The meaning of this
does not change at all

00:16:11.950 --> 00:16:16.150 align:middle line:84%
depending on which one of these
options the poet or the author

00:16:16.150 --> 00:16:17.020 align:middle line:90%
uses.

00:16:17.020 --> 00:16:20.590 align:middle line:84%
But grammatically, it makes
a pretty big difference

00:16:20.590 --> 00:16:24.160 align:middle line:84%
because, if you turn the
page to the top of 48,

00:16:24.160 --> 00:16:31.390 align:middle line:84%
when a demonstrative is used,
that se/þæt/sēo form of 5.4,

00:16:31.390 --> 00:16:33.340 align:middle line:90%
table 5.4--

00:16:33.340 --> 00:16:41.680 align:middle line:84%
when a demonstrative is
used, its case and number

00:16:41.680 --> 00:16:47.050 align:middle line:84%
will usually be appropriate to
the following adjective clause.

00:16:47.050 --> 00:16:54.770 align:middle line:84%
What that means in slightly
less oblique terms--

00:16:54.770 --> 00:16:57.790 align:middle line:84%
what that means
for our purposes is

00:16:57.790 --> 00:17:02.800 align:middle line:84%
that its form is going to be
determined by the function

00:17:02.800 --> 00:17:07.210 align:middle line:84%
that it serves in the
adjective clause itself, OK?

00:17:07.210 --> 00:17:13.550 align:middle line:84%
So if we go back to the
bottom of page 47, Hē lifode-

00:17:13.550 --> 00:17:15.589 align:middle line:84%
I'm looking at the
second example there--

00:17:15.589 --> 00:17:21.829 align:middle line:84%
Hē lifode mid þām gode,
þām þe hē ær þeowede,

00:17:21.829 --> 00:17:26.060 align:middle line:84%
"He lived with that God,
whom he had earlier served."

00:17:26.060 --> 00:17:30.584 align:middle line:90%
That þām is what case?

00:17:30.584 --> 00:17:31.762 align:middle line:90%
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

00:17:31.762 --> 00:17:32.470 align:middle line:90%
AUDIENCE: Dative.

00:17:32.470 --> 00:17:33.678 align:middle line:90%
ARTHUR BAHR: Dative, exactly.

00:17:33.678 --> 00:17:38.050 align:middle line:84%
That þām is dative because it's
the object of the verb þeowede

00:17:38.050 --> 00:17:40.360 align:middle line:90%
in the subsequent clause.

00:17:40.360 --> 00:17:43.600 align:middle line:84%
And þeowian, that
verb, takes the dative.

00:17:43.600 --> 00:17:47.470 align:middle line:84%
This is one of those
irregular or unusual verbs

00:17:47.470 --> 00:17:50.560 align:middle line:84%
that takes a dative
direct object rather than

00:17:50.560 --> 00:17:53.410 align:middle line:90%
an accusative direct object.

00:17:53.410 --> 00:17:58.020 align:middle line:84%
Similarly, the next
example, Danai þǣre ēa,

00:17:58.020 --> 00:18:03.310 align:middle line:84%
sēo is irnende of norþdæle,
"the River Don, which flows

00:18:03.310 --> 00:18:05.680 align:middle line:90%
from the north"--

00:18:05.680 --> 00:18:09.493 align:middle line:90%
sēo is what case?

00:18:09.493 --> 00:18:11.700 align:middle line:90%
AUDIENCE: Sēo is nominative.

00:18:11.700 --> 00:18:13.020 align:middle line:90%
ARTHUR BAHR: Nominative, good.

00:18:13.020 --> 00:18:14.430 align:middle line:90%
Sēo is nominative.

00:18:14.430 --> 00:18:18.750 align:middle line:84%
And the reason for that is
that that which is the subject

00:18:18.750 --> 00:18:20.160 align:middle line:90%
of that clause, right?

00:18:20.160 --> 00:18:22.110 align:middle line:90%
Which flows from the north.

00:18:22.110 --> 00:18:27.268 align:middle line:90%


00:18:27.268 --> 00:18:28.310 align:middle line:90%
Demonstrative will agree.

00:18:28.310 --> 00:18:30.710 align:middle line:84%
Now I'm back at
the top of page 48.

00:18:30.710 --> 00:18:33.290 align:middle line:84%
Sometimes, the demonstrative
will agree with the word

00:18:33.290 --> 00:18:36.410 align:middle line:84%
that the adjective
clause modifies.

00:18:36.410 --> 00:18:39.710 align:middle line:84%
So here, we have an example,
which I'll read out loud:

00:18:39.710 --> 00:18:44.150 align:middle line:84%
Uton wē hine ēac biddan þæt
hē ūs ġescylde wið grimnysse

00:18:44.150 --> 00:18:45.980 align:middle line:84%
myssenlicra yfela
and wīta þāra þe

00:18:45.980 --> 00:18:48.095 align:middle line:84%
hē on middanġeard
sendeð for manna synnum.

00:18:48.095 --> 00:18:54.200 align:middle line:90%


00:18:54.200 --> 00:18:56.450 align:middle line:84%
"Let us also entreat
him that he shield us

00:18:56.450 --> 00:18:59.990 align:middle line:84%
from the severity of various
evils and punishments

00:18:59.990 --> 00:19:05.000 align:middle line:84%
that he sends to the Earth
because of men's sins."

00:19:05.000 --> 00:19:08.690 align:middle line:84%
As Baker points out,
relative pronoun þāra þē

00:19:08.690 --> 00:19:14.990 align:middle line:84%
agrees with the genitive
plural that is its antecedent.

00:19:14.990 --> 00:19:18.740 align:middle line:90%
Technically, it should be--

00:19:18.740 --> 00:19:26.100 align:middle line:84%
because it's the object
of the verb sendeð, "which

00:19:26.100 --> 00:19:29.670 align:middle line:84%
he sends, that he sends to
the Earth," technically,

00:19:29.670 --> 00:19:35.331 align:middle line:84%
that should be what
case, that þāra?

00:19:35.331 --> 00:19:38.160 align:middle line:90%


00:19:38.160 --> 00:19:41.580 align:middle line:84%
Assuming that sendan
is an [INAUDIBLE] verb.

00:19:41.580 --> 00:19:42.815 align:middle line:90%
AUDIENCE: Accusative.

00:19:42.815 --> 00:19:44.190 align:middle line:84%
ARTHUR BAHR:
Accusative, exactly.

00:19:44.190 --> 00:19:48.060 align:middle line:84%
And what would the plural
accusative form be?

00:19:48.060 --> 00:19:51.515 align:middle line:90%


00:19:51.515 --> 00:19:52.430 align:middle line:90%
AUDIENCE: Þā?

00:19:52.430 --> 00:19:53.810 align:middle line:90%
ARTHUR BAHR: Þā, exactly.

00:19:53.810 --> 00:19:57.860 align:middle line:84%
So theoretically, this should
be þā þe instead of þāra þe.

00:19:57.860 --> 00:20:02.030 align:middle line:84%
But there were so many
accumulate genitive plurals

00:20:02.030 --> 00:20:06.890 align:middle line:84%
that the author got
caught up in [AUDIO OUT]

00:20:06.890 --> 00:20:08.780 align:middle line:84%
and did it, quote
unquote, "wrong."

00:20:08.780 --> 00:20:13.520 align:middle line:84%
So just [AUDIO OUT] sometimes
make grammar, quote unquote,

00:20:13.520 --> 00:20:19.940 align:middle line:84%
"mistakes," which what we say
or what we [INAUDIBLE] that have

00:20:19.940 --> 00:20:20.850 align:middle line:90%
been set out.

00:20:20.850 --> 00:20:25.190 align:middle line:84%
So too that was
true in Old English.

00:20:25.190 --> 00:20:26.375 align:middle line:90%
Just be aware of that.

00:20:26.375 --> 00:20:33.560 align:middle line:90%


00:20:33.560 --> 00:20:37.220 align:middle line:84%
[INAUDIBLE] uses
reflexives more than we do.

00:20:37.220 --> 00:20:40.690 align:middle line:84%
So we would never
say iċ ondrēd mē.

00:20:40.690 --> 00:20:44.440 align:middle line:84%
We would never say "I
was afraid myself."

00:20:44.440 --> 00:20:46.960 align:middle line:90%
Or probably we wouldn't.

00:20:46.960 --> 00:20:49.570 align:middle line:84%
But in Old English, they'll
sometimes use a reflexive

00:20:49.570 --> 00:20:51.220 align:middle line:90%
as an intensifier.

00:20:51.220 --> 00:20:52.900 align:middle line:90%
So if it doesn't seem--

00:20:52.900 --> 00:20:55.630 align:middle line:84%
if it doesn't seem to make
sense to translate it,

00:20:55.630 --> 00:20:58.120 align:middle line:84%
it may be that you
shouldn't translate it.

00:20:58.120 --> 00:21:02.530 align:middle line:84%
And it just represents an
intensifying effect, OK?

00:21:02.530 --> 00:21:07.570 align:middle line:84%
Reciprocal pronouns, like "each
other" in modern English--

00:21:07.570 --> 00:21:10.720 align:middle line:84%
the most common way to
do this in Old English

00:21:10.720 --> 00:21:17.660 align:middle line:84%
is the second of the two options
that is listed, ǣġðer and ōðer.

00:21:17.660 --> 00:21:22.300 align:middle line:84%
So ǣġðer hyra ōðrum yfeles
hogode, "each of them

00:21:22.300 --> 00:21:27.890 align:middle line:90%
intended harm to the other."

00:21:27.890 --> 00:21:30.460 align:middle line:84%
So ōðrum is in the
dative because they

00:21:30.460 --> 00:21:32.810 align:middle line:90%
intend the harm against--

00:21:32.810 --> 00:21:35.030 align:middle line:84%
so this would be a
dative of disadvantage.

00:21:35.030 --> 00:21:39.500 align:middle line:84%
They intend the harm
toward the other.

00:21:39.500 --> 00:21:43.718 align:middle line:84%
Yfeles, that -es
ending is a classic--

00:21:43.718 --> 00:21:44.510 align:middle line:90%
AUDIENCE: Genitive.

00:21:44.510 --> 00:21:46.190 align:middle line:90%
ARTHUR BAHR: Genitive, exactly.

00:21:46.190 --> 00:21:48.770 align:middle line:90%
So why on Earth is it genitive?

00:21:48.770 --> 00:21:53.300 align:middle line:84%
Well, because hogian is
an irregular verb that

00:21:53.300 --> 00:21:55.800 align:middle line:90%
takes a genitive direct object.

00:21:55.800 --> 00:21:58.050 align:middle line:84%
So just be on the
lookout for that.

00:21:58.050 --> 00:22:01.400 align:middle line:84%
If you see a form that
doesn't make sense in context,

00:22:01.400 --> 00:22:07.880 align:middle line:84%
check the verb to see what
case it takes for its object.

00:22:07.880 --> 00:22:12.800 align:middle line:84%
It's not that uncommon to have
a dative or a genitive instead

00:22:12.800 --> 00:22:15.980 align:middle line:90%
of accusative.

00:22:15.980 --> 00:22:20.290 align:middle line:84%
Any questions on
anything in chapter 5?

00:22:20.290 --> 00:22:25.420 align:middle line:90%


00:22:25.420 --> 00:22:27.940 align:middle line:84%
As I said in that
announcement email

00:22:27.940 --> 00:22:33.220 align:middle line:84%
that I'm reassured to know
did go out into the world,

00:22:33.220 --> 00:22:35.170 align:middle line:84%
it's a very small
amount of pages,

00:22:35.170 --> 00:22:37.090 align:middle line:90%
but they are super important.

00:22:37.090 --> 00:22:42.700 align:middle line:84%
And tables 5.3 and
5.4 in particular,

00:22:42.700 --> 00:22:45.840 align:middle line:90%
that's going to be about--

00:22:45.840 --> 00:22:49.080 align:middle line:84%
those tables alone
are probably about 10%

00:22:49.080 --> 00:22:50.850 align:middle line:90%
of every single exam you take.

00:22:50.850 --> 00:22:55.070 align:middle line:84%
So just get them
down cold, all right?

00:22:55.070 --> 00:22:58.000 align:middle line:90%