WEBVTT 00:00:10.978 --> 00:00:14.549 ARTHUR BAHR: Who wants to take us through this one? 00:00:16.551 --> 00:00:17.552 Lambert? 00:00:18.587 --> 00:00:19.354 AUDIENCE: OK. 00:00:19.421 --> 00:00:25.127 So we can have the þā which I figured after doing all the readings, but probably "then." 00:00:25.227 --> 00:00:26.963 ARTHUR BAHR: OK, yeah. 00:00:27.029 --> 00:00:32.435 AUDIENCE: When I first tried this without looking up anything, I vaguely remembered 00:00:32.502 --> 00:00:36.506 wigan being weak, a weak masculine noun, I think. 00:00:36.606 --> 00:00:40.110 And I saw the -on at the end of the sceoldon. 00:00:40.210 --> 00:00:40.611 ARTHUR BAHR: Good. 00:00:40.711 --> 00:00:46.751 AUDIENCE: So I figured it was like "they should" or "shall," like there's an obligation. 00:00:46.818 --> 00:00:47.886 ARTHUR BAHR: Good, good. 00:00:47.986 --> 00:00:48.887 Exactly. 00:00:48.987 --> 00:00:57.396 So sceoldon is the past tense of the preterite present verbs sculan, which is on your list 00:00:57.496 --> 00:01:01.734 of preterite present verbs that you need to know. 00:01:01.801 --> 00:01:04.804 Remember this all important list on page 81? 00:01:04.904 --> 00:01:13.781 So cunnan, magan, moton, sculan, and witan, plus dōn and gān. 00:01:13.848 --> 00:01:15.249 So yeah, very good. 00:01:15.349 --> 00:01:19.320 So you see the plural ending of -on. 00:01:19.420 --> 00:01:27.529 And then that plural ending helps you disambiguate this often ambiguous -an ending. 00:01:27.629 --> 00:01:28.731 Very good, keep going. 00:01:28.831 --> 00:01:34.237 AUDIENCE: Then I saw gān, which I figured might be the verb in that section because 00:01:34.303 --> 00:01:36.506 of the tō þām ealdre. 00:01:36.606 --> 00:01:39.476 So that was one thing on its own. 00:01:39.543 --> 00:01:41.778 ARTHUR BAHR: OK, yep. 00:01:41.845 --> 00:01:46.517 AUDIENCE: And then, and him hira hringas ġiefan. 00:01:46.584 --> 00:01:52.790 So the him I assumed was ealdre because the hira, I think it was genitive plural. 00:01:52.891 --> 00:01:53.291 ARTHUR BAHR: Good. 00:01:53.391 --> 00:01:54.092 AUDIENCE: [OLD ENGLISH]. 00:01:54.159 --> 00:01:57.796 So I figured that was like helmets. 00:01:57.896 --> 00:02:02.968 So that hira probably went on wigan because that's the only other plural thing in there. 00:02:03.068 --> 00:02:03.602 ARTHUR BAHR: Good. 00:02:03.669 --> 00:02:04.837 Excellent, excellent. 00:02:04.904 --> 00:02:08.474 Because this is singular. 00:02:08.541 --> 00:02:09.709 This is ambiguous. 00:02:09.776 --> 00:02:12.812 But if it refers back to ealdre, then it is also singular. 00:02:12.913 --> 00:02:14.681 Right, so whose helmets? 00:02:14.748 --> 00:02:17.951 Well, in all likelihood-- I mean, it's kind of got to be the wigan. 00:02:18.018 --> 00:02:19.954 Yeah, good. 00:02:20.054 --> 00:02:23.858 AUDIENCE: And then Yeah, so I just "and to him their helmets gave.". 00:02:23.958 --> 00:02:28.029 ARTHUR BAHR: Yeah. 00:02:28.096 --> 00:02:32.835 What's happening with the verbs in this sentence? 00:02:32.901 --> 00:02:39.142 Because we have actually three verbs in the sentence. 00:02:44.281 --> 00:02:46.483 What is governing what? 00:02:46.583 --> 00:02:48.585 What verbs are governing what? 00:02:48.685 --> 00:02:52.256 And how do they all piece together? 00:02:52.823 --> 00:02:53.824 Yeah, Joshua? 00:02:53.924 --> 00:02:56.661 AUDIENCE: Sceoldon is the conjugated one. 00:02:56.728 --> 00:02:58.930 And the other two are infinitives. 00:02:59.030 --> 00:03:00.632 ARTHUR BAHR: Exactly. 00:03:00.699 --> 00:03:07.640 Both of which are governed by the conjugated form of the verb, exactly. 00:03:07.740 --> 00:03:11.944 So either "then" or "the." 00:03:12.011 --> 00:03:13.246 It's technically ambiguous. 00:03:13.312 --> 00:03:16.015 But I intended it to be "the." 00:03:16.082 --> 00:03:29.197 So "The warriors had to"-- because it's the past tense-- so "had to go to the lord and 00:03:29.263 --> 00:03:35.604 give him their helmets," all right? 00:03:35.670 --> 00:03:41.477 And this is very typical, this construction whereby a single conjugated verb can govern 00:03:41.577 --> 00:03:46.683 multiple infinitives, just like in modern English, where we could say something very 00:03:46.783 --> 00:03:52.856 comparable to that and have it be basically idiomatic. 00:03:52.923 --> 00:03:53.357 Yeah? 00:03:53.423 --> 00:03:56.126 AUDIENCE: Meaning-wise is that something that usually happened? 00:03:56.226 --> 00:03:58.395 After a battle, you just return-- 00:03:58.496 --> 00:03:59.964 ARTHUR BAHR: After what, sorry? 00:04:00.031 --> 00:04:03.868 AUDIENCE: When I was reading the sentence, I was just thinking in my mind, is that something 00:04:03.968 --> 00:04:04.903 common that warriors did? 00:04:04.969 --> 00:04:08.673 They just returned everything they brought into battle to the lord? 00:04:08.774 --> 00:04:09.841 Or is that just-- 00:04:09.908 --> 00:04:13.946 ARTHUR BAHR: Oh, yeah, that's a good question. 00:04:14.046 --> 00:04:20.420 I think that is actually, honestly-- really, it would be much more likely to be the other 00:04:20.520 --> 00:04:27.661 way around, that the lord would give rings to the warriors rather than the warriors giving 00:04:27.728 --> 00:04:32.400 rings to the lord because a "ring-giver" is in fact a very typical kenning. 00:04:32.500 --> 00:04:40.308 Or sorry, a, well, helmet-- "distributor of treasure" is a common kenning for a lord. 00:04:40.375 --> 00:04:41.309 Yeah, Alyssa? 00:04:41.376 --> 00:04:44.947 AUDIENCE: Is there any possibility to read this with a more metaphorical meaning, like 00:04:45.014 --> 00:04:48.584 sense of the warriors had to go to the lord and give them their protection, as in their 00:04:48.684 --> 00:04:49.585 fealty? 00:04:49.685 --> 00:04:51.621 ARTHUR BAHR: Oh, yeah. 00:04:51.721 --> 00:04:56.726 AUDIENCE: They're giving a symbolic-- they're giving him their protection, the other reading 00:04:56.793 --> 00:04:57.728 of helmas. 00:04:57.794 --> 00:04:59.029 ARTHUR BAHR: Yes, the other reading of helmas. 00:04:59.129 --> 00:05:01.899 AUDIENCE: Pledging that they will protect the lord, which seemed like a reasonable reading. 00:05:01.999 --> 00:05:03.667 ARTHUR BAHR: I would totally accept that. 00:05:03.768 --> 00:05:04.835 I would totally accept that. 00:05:04.935 --> 00:05:14.179 I think in the plural, as a kind of-- I'm not sure how idiomatic that would be as a 00:05:14.279 --> 00:05:17.082 plural presentation. 00:05:17.149 --> 00:05:18.918 But it's totally grammatically possible. 00:05:18.984 --> 00:05:22.555 And I would accept that and give full points on the exam. 00:05:22.655 --> 00:05:23.556 Good question. 00:05:23.656 --> 00:05:30.464 And I love, by the way, that you all are reading actively for the sense of the sentences and 00:05:30.564 --> 00:05:35.870 also for metaphorical possibilities because this will all serve you in very good stead 00:05:35.970 --> 00:05:38.506 when we get to the poetry.