21L.715 | Fall 2007 | Undergraduate

Media in Cultural Context: Popular Readerships

Pages

2 Oral Reports

(20% of final grade)

These are brief (5-7 minutes), informal, and designed to introduce materials and ideas that will complement our readings. Since you will not be able to tell us everything about your topic, inform us about a “nugget” you find particularly compelling, and tell us why you think it is something worth caring about. Build into your work ideas and questions for discussion, and keep in mind that one report will be written up and handed in.

You will be assigned 2 of the following topics:

  1. Oprah’s book club choices. Identify a book that Oprah has selected for her club. It should not be one that is discussed at length in the readings. You might (but don’t have to) answer one or a few of the following questions: How does this book fit into the general Oprah “project,” such as it is? How was the book treated on the show? How was it presented to the audience and discussed, whether on television or online? Why does Oprah say she chose the book, and do you have any other ideas about why she did? Etc.
  2. Reading and social location. Describe the relationship between your own social location and your reading patterns and behaviors. You might (but don’t have to) answer one or a few of the following questions: Can you identify a correlation between some aspect of your social position (ie. class, gender, race, ethnicity, etc.) and what—or even HOW—you read? Or not? How much do your own experiences jive with what we’ve read on this question? Do they complicate some of the claims we’ve encountered?
  3. Niche romance audiences, and/or your own romance reading. You have a few options for this report.
    • Keeping in mind our readings on the subject of romance audiences, look around on the internet and identify some of the newer niche forms of mass-market romance. What non-traditional romance audiences are being appealed to by Harlequin and Mills & Boon, for example? How are these niches being appealed to? Why? You are not restricted to the major multinational firms—there are plenty of smaller publishers producing romance lines. Tell us about ONE of these niche lines and describe how its existence might complicate earlier ethnographic work on romance reading.
    • Or, read a mass-market romance novel yourself, and tell us about the experience. The challenge here will be finding something interesting and complicated to say about your reading: you should not just summarize the plot, and we all want to avoid being overly dismissive of or condescending toward readers of romance. If you like you can combine this option with the first one: make the novel you choose to read one that is marketed toward a specific niche audience.
  4. Bestsellers: Choose a bestseller from any period and attribute its success to something (or some set of factors). The burden is on you to prove that the work was in fact a bestseller, which may entail defining and redefining the term “bestseller” itself. Always consider cultural context.

Formal Write-Up of 1 Oral Report

(15% of final grade)

Transform one of your reports into a 4-5 pg. paper that has a clear argumentative thread, thesis, or narrative arc that develops, perhaps, from your original “nugget” of insight. This is due two weeks after the presentation that it grows out of and extends. Late papers lose 1% (of the course total) per working day. Papers can be brought to class on the due date, or, during working hours, left in my mailbox across from Literature headquarters.

Participation

(25% of final grade)

Success in this class requires creative thinking, independent initiative, and active engagement with the material and with your peers. Effective participation requires (beyond being present!): arriving on time; having a copy of the readings with you for their date on the schedule (and having read them and thought about them, along with any other materials designated for consideration that class); and listening to your classmates and engaging them in respectful, considered conversation. I will monitor your adherence to each of these requirements through observation, pop quizzes, and a few substantial in-class writing assignments.

Research Paper Prospectus and Research Paper

(5% and 35% of final grade, respectively)

Find a group of readers (physical or virtual) whose behavior you can analyze using the ethnographic (and quasi-ethnographic) methods of observation we encounter throughout the course. Create a set of research questions for yourself (and/or for them) and a methodology for understanding the way these readers operate. Be sure to pay attention to questions of social location: how do your readers’ social context and individual situations explain what, why, and how they read? Write a report, of at least 12 pages, making an argument that can be justified by the data you gather and by what you have learned about reading patterns and behavior. Your prospectus, in which you lay out your intentions for the paper and explain your research goals and methods, is due in Ses #19. The final paper is due on the last day of class, Ses #25, when you’ll share your findings. It can be brought to class on the due date, or, during working hours, left in my mailbox across from Literature headquarters. Late papers lose 1% (of the course total) per working day.

SES # TOPICS READINGS
1 Introductions: You, Me, Oprah (no readings)
2 Oprah’s Book Club I

Max, D. T. “The Oprah Effect.” The New York Times, December 26, 1999.

Young, John. “Toni Morrison, Oprah Winfrey, and Postmodern Popular Audiences.” African American Review 35, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 181-204.

Video: Oprah remembers Book Club History

3 Oprah’s Book Club II

Illouz, Eva. “Pain and Circuses.” Chapter 4 in Oprah Winfrey and the Glamour of Misery. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2003. ISBN: 9780231118125.

Barnard, Rita. “Oprah’s Paton, or South Africa and the Globalization of Suffering.” Safundi 7, no. 3 (July 2006): 1-21.

Oprah’s Archive of her Book Club choices

Suggested

McHenry, Elizabeth. Forgotten Readers: Recovering the Lost History of African American Literary Societies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002, pp. 298-315, 384-386. ISBN: 9780822329954.

Oprah vs. Franzen

Rejecting the Oprah Sticker: This is a brief piece about the tiff between Oprah and Jonathan Franzen, who is arguably one of those white male modernist writers that John Young talks about in his article. Their dispute developed after Franzen was less than enthusiastic about The Corrections being chosen for Oprah’s Book Club. It still won a National Book Award. [Miller, Laura. “Book Lovers’ Quarrel.” Salon.com, October 26, 2001.

4 Theories of reading I

Poulet, Georges. “Phenomenology of Reading.” New Literary History 1 (1969): 53-68.

Iser, Wolfgang. “Interaction Between Text and Reader.” In Prospecting: From Reader Response to Literary Anthropology. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993 [1989], pp. 31-41. ISBN: 9780801845932.

Wikipedia: Phenomenology

5 Oprah’s Book Club III (no readings)
6 Theories of reading II

Fish, Stanley. “Literature in the Reader: Affective Stylistics.” New Literary History 2, no. 1, A Symposium on Literary History (Autumn 1970): 123-162.

———. “Interpreting the Variorum.” Critical Inquiry 3, no. 1 (Autumn 1976): 191-196.

7 The sociology and history of reading I

de Certeau, Michel. “Reading as Poaching.” In The Practice of Everyday Life. Translated by Steven Rendall. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002 [1984], pp. 165-176. ISBN: 9780520236998.

Chartier, Roger. “Labourers and Voyagers: From the Text to the Reader.” In The Book History Reader. Edited by David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York, NY: Routledge, 2001, pp. 47-58. ISBN: 9780415226585.

Suggested

Darnton, Robert. “First Steps Towards a History of Reading.” In The Kiss of Lamourette: Reflections in Cultural History. New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 1990, pp. 154-187, 364-369. ISBN: 9780393027532.

8 The sociology and history of reading II

Zboray, Robert. “Gender and Boundlessness in Reading Patterns.” In A Fictive People: Antebellum Economic Development and the American Reading Public. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1992, pp. 163-179, 251-258. ISBN: 9780195075823.

Davis, Natalie Zemon. “Printing and the People.” In Society and Culture in Early Modern France: Eight Essays. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1975, pp. 189-226, 326-336. ISBN: 9780804709729.

9 The sociology and history of reading III

Henkin, David M. “Print in Public.” In City Reading: Written Words and Public Spaces in Antebellum. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1998, pp. 101-135, 197-203. ISBN: 9780231107457.

Denning, Michael. “Fiction Factories: The Production of Dime Novels.” In Mechanic Accents: Dime Novels and Working-Class Culture in America. Revised edition. London, UK: Verso, 1998, pp. 17-26, 214-216. ISBN: 9781859842508.

———. “The Uses of Literacy: Class, Culture and Dime Novel Controversies.” In Mechanic Accents: Dime Novels and Working-Class Culture in America. Revised edition. London, UK: Verso, 1998, pp. 47-61, 221-222. ISBN: 9781859842508.

10 Reading and social identity I

Altick, Richard. “The Social Background.” In The English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public 1800-1900. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1957, pp. 81-98.

Rose, Jonathan. “Rereading the English Common Reader.” In The Book History Reader. Edited by David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York, NY: Routledge, 2001, pp. 324-339. ISBN: 9780415226585.

11 Reading and social identity II

Radway, Janice. “A Feeling for Books: The Book-of-the-Month Club, Literary Taste and Middle-Class Drive.” In The Book History Reader. Edited by David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York, NY: Routledge, 2001, pp. 359-371. ISBN: 9780415226585.

Tompkins, Jane. “Masterpiece Theatre: The Politics of Hawthorne’s Literary Reputation.” In The Book History Reader. Edited by David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. New York, NY: Routledge, 2001, pp. 250-258. ISBN: 9780415226585.

12 Reading and social identity III (no readings)
13 Reading as resistance I

Cornelius, Janet Duitsman. “Slaves, Religion and Reading.” In When I Can Read My Title Clear: Literacy, Slavery, and Religion in the Antebellum South. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1992, pp. 11-36, 154-159. ISBN: 9780872498716.

Douglass, Frederick. Chapter VI in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Edited by William L. Andrews and William S. McFeely. New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 1997, pp. 28-35. ISBN: 9780393969665. (The e-text is available via of Project Gutenberg.)

Suggested

Henson, Josiah. In The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada (1849). Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2007. ISBN: 9780548593233.

14 Reading as resistance II Class guest: Professor Alisa Braithwaite
15 Romance readers I

Radway, Janice. “The Readers and their Romances.” In Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature. 2nd ed. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1991, pp. 46-85. ISBN: 9780807843499.

Parameswaran, Radhika. “Western Romance Fiction as English-Language Media in Postcolonial India.” Journal of Communication 49, no. 3 (Summer 1999): 84-105.

In addition to reading these two articles, you must also go to a bookstore and buy a mass market romance novel (a REAL mass market romance novel, in a major romance series). And read it. In a public place.

Out of class: Go visit a comics shop
16 Romance readers II Radway, Janice. “Introduction: Writing Reading the Romance.” In Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature. 2nd ed. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1991, pp. 46-85. ISBN: 9780807843499.
17 Fandom I

Brown, Jeffrey. “Comic Book Fandom.” Black Superheroes, Milestone Comics, and Their Fans. Jackson, MI: University of Mississippi Press, 2001, pp. 58-92, 205. ISBN: 9781578062829.
This is a wonderful piece. One of my favorite studies of fan behavior. The material about comics fans at their annual convention is priceless.

Class Guest: Jeet Heer

Discussion of comics shop visit

The following blogs feature debates that arise as the comic book industry deals with the state of comic book shops. Your task in reading these sites is threefold: follow this controversy and see what it says about fandom and about blogs as a medium; pay attention to gender, which is featured especially in the entry from Jennifer De Guzman (SLG-news); follow the discussion BEYOND these four links, and see where else the debate goes through links and comments. Come to class prepared to comment.

The righteous anger of Eric Reynolds by Heidi MacDonald in The Beat: The News Blog of Comics Culture (September 1, 2007)

On being a grown-up in the comic-book industry by Christopher Butcher in Comics212 (September 3, 2007)

Why Comic Shops Still Matter, Or At Least Why They Should by Tom Spurgeon in The Comics Report (September 10, 2007)

The State of Comic Shops by Jennider De Guzman in SLG: Better Comics Through Superior Firepower by SLG Publishing News (September 12, 2007)

18 Fandom II

Jenkins, Henry. “Scribbling in the Margins: Fan Readers / Fan Writers.” Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture. New York, NY: Routledge, 1992, pp. 152-184. ISBN: 9780415905725.

Penley, Constance. “Feminism, Psychoanalysis, and the Study of Popular Culture.” Cultural Studies. Edited by Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula A. Treichler. New York, NY: Routledge, 1991, pp. 479-494. ISBN: 9780415903455.

In addition to reading these two articles, you must also browse the internet for fan fiction sites (and/or anti fan fiction sites) to familiarize yourself with what the internet has meant for the field of fan behavior that Jenkins and Penley scrutinize so closely and so intelligently in their work.

19 A visit to the Rare Books Department at the Boston Public Library (no readings)
20 The bestseller

Miller, Laura. “The Best-Seller List as Marketing Tool and Historical Fiction.” Book History 3 (2000): 286-304.

Twitchell, James B. “Paperbacked Culture.” Carnival Culture: The Trashing of Taste in America. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1992, pp. 67-81, 98-130. ISBN: 9780231078306.

Suggested

Squaires, Claire. Marketing Literature: The Making of Contemporary Writing in Britain. London, UK: Palgrave, 2007, chapter 1. ISBN: 9781403997739.
This reading covers a lot of ground, charting changes that happened throughout the 1990s in the book trades. Her focus is London, but what she says certain applies just as well to a US context. It will help you think about how certain books become bestsellers (especially certain literary books).

Brouillette, Sarah. “The Paperback.” In The Oxford Companion to the Book. Forthcoming.

Out of class: Go visit a mega-chain bookstore, and watch You’ve Got Mail.
21 Bookstores, online and off-line

Class Guest: Laura J. Miller

Miller, Laura J. “Serving the Entertained Consumer: The Multifunction Bookstore.” In Reluctant Capitalists: Bookselling and the Culture of Consumption. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2006, pp. 104-139, 258-263. ISBN: 9780226525907.

Gardiner, Juliet. “Reformulating the Reader: Internet Bookselling and its Impact on the Construction of Reading Practices.” Changing English 9, no. 2 (October 2002): 161-168.

Suggested

Miller, Laura J. Reluctant Capitalists: Bookselling and the Culture of Consumption. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2006, pp. 104-139, 258-263. ISBN: 9780226525907.

22 FADS: reading as social engineering

Fuller, Danielle, and DeNel Rehberg Sedo. “A Reading Spectacle for the Nation: The CBC and ‘Canada Reads’.” Journal of Canadian Studies 40, no. 1 (Winter 2006): 5-36.

After reading this article, visit the Library of Congress Web site “One Book” Reading Promotion Projects or find another way to learn about a citywide, regional, or national “mass reading” event that interests you. Learn something about it and come to class prepared to talk about it. See if you can find out who funds the program and who “benefits” from it.

23 FADS: Harry Potter mania

Nel, Philip. “Is There a Text in this Advertising Campaign?: Literature, Marketing, and Harry Potter.” The Lion and the Unicorn 29, no. 2 (2005): 236-267.

Waetjen, Jarrod, and Timothy Gibson. “Harry Potter and the Commodity Fetish: Activating Corporate Readings in the Journey from Text to Commercial Intertext.” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 4, no. 1 (March 2007): 3-26.

Suggested

Bérubé, Michael. “Harry Potter and the Power of Narrative.” The Common Review 6, no. 1 (Summer 2007): 15-20.

24 Research presentations (no readings)
25 Wrapping up (no readings)

Course Meeting Times

Lectures: 2 sessions / week, 1.5 hours / session

Course Description

This course is listed in Literature, Comparative Media Studies, and Women’s and Gender Studies.

What is the history of popular reading in the Western world? How does widespread access to print relate to distinctions between highbrow and lowbrow culture, between good taste and bad judgment, and between men and women readers? This course will introduce students to the broad history of popular reading and to controversies about taste and gender that have characterized its development. Our grounding in historical material will help make sense of our main focus: recent developments in the theory and practice of reading, including fan-fiction, Oprah’s book club, comics, hypertext, mass-market romance fiction, mega-chain bookstores, and reader response theory.

Grading

REQUIREMENTS PERCENTAGES
Two oral reports 20%
Formal write-up of one oral report 15%
Participation 25%
Research paper prospectus 5%
Research paper 35%

General Expectations

  • Attendance is mandatory. If you are going to be absent you must alert me in advance. Two absences are allowed. As the third is reached your grade will suffer. Consistent lateness is a form of absence.
  • Plagiarism will be penalized with due severity. Literature’s policy states: “students who plagiarize will receive an F in the subject, and that the instructor will forward the case to the Committee on Discipline. Full acknowledgement for all information obtained from sources outside the classroom must be clearly stated in all written work submitted. All ideas, arguments, and direct phrasings taken from someone else’s work must be identified and properly footnoted. Quotations from other sources must be clearly marked as distinct from the student’s own work.” For more, find the style guides at the MIT Online Writing and Communication Center.
  • Never bring food, mobile phones, or laptops to class. I will make an exception for your laptop if its use is class related.

Calendar

SES # TOPICS KEY DATES
1 Introductions: You, Me, Oprah  
2 Oprah’s Book Club I  
3 Oprah’s Book Club II  
4 Theories of reading I  
5 Oprah’s Book Club III Your reports: Oprah’s book club choices
6 Theories of reading II  
7 The sociology and history of reading I  
8 The sociology and history of reading II  
9 The sociology and history of reading III Short paper on Oprah’s book club choices due
10 Reading and social identity I  
11 Reading and social identity II  
12 Reading and social identity III Your reports: social identity and your reading behavior
13 Reading as resistance I  
14 Reading as resistance II  
15 Romance readers I  
Out of class: Go visit a comics shop
16 Romance readers II

Your reports: niche romance audiences, and/or your own romance reading

Short paper on reading and social identity due

17 Fandom I  
18 Fandom II  
19 A visit to the Rare Books Department at the Boston Public Library Research prospectus due
20 The bestseller

Your reports: What makes a bestseller?

Short paper on romance readers due

Out of class: Go visit a mega-chain bookstore, and watch You’ve Got Mail
21 Bookstores, online and off-line  
22 FADS: reading as social engineering  
23 FADS: Harry Potter mania Short paper on bestsellers due
24 Research presentations  
25 Wrapping up Research paper due

Course Info

As Taught In
Fall 2007
Learning Resource Types
Presentation Assignments
Written Assignments