WEBVTT

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[SQUEAKING]

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[RUSTLING]

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[CLICKING]

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MICHAEL SCOTT ASATO CUTHBERT:
So go ahead and open up

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Jupyter Notebook, and we'll get
started working with streams.

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What's very different
from this topic

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and many other
topics we'll have is

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that the introduction
to the topic

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will also be the unlocking
video for the topic.

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You've certainly done
enough with representation

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in topic two--

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representation--
that you deserve

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to have some way of
representing music to start.

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So we can go ahead and, from
music21, import stream--

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the stream module.

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You're also going to
get a second unlock now,

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and that is from
music21, import corpus.

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And corpus is a
collection of pieces

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that you've either
created yourself

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or what we'll be using--

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a collection of pieces
that come with music21.

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So the corpus module has one
method that we'll use a lot,

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and that's parse.

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And so you load
something from the disk.

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You can look online in
the music21 user's guide

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to see the list of pieces
that come together--

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come with music21 corpus.

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But we happen to know one
pretty well from our last look,

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and that's Bach, "BWV 66.6."

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And we'll call that bach_score--

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second.

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No, we'll just call it Bach.

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bach.

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Bach equals "BWV 66.6."

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And we see what Bach is.

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We see, hey, it's a type
of stream called a score.

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What we'll find out is
that the music21 basic way

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of representing music starts,
usually, with a score.

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There are some things bigger
than the score called, opus,

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and stuff like that.

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But usually, you're going
to start with a score.

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And like any music21
object, you can show it.

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And so we can show
the entire score.

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It usually takes a little
bit longer the first time.

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But then it comes
up, and we can see

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it has four parts-soprano,
alto, tenor, bass.

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It's in 4/4, abbreviated
as common time.

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It begins with a pickup.

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That's always going to be hard.

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And one of the
things we'll see--

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though music21 will call this
measure zero, one, two, and so

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on, your notation software,
such as MuseScore,

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which is what I'm using to
automatically generate this,

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might not know how to
work with pickup measures

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as generated from music21.

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We're generating,
automatically, to MusicXML,

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and then loading
that into MuseScore

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and then generating a PNG
file and putting it back

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into Jupyter Notebook.

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Lots happening on the fly
when we say bach.show().

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In any case, for some
reason the measure numbers

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don't translate, so
watch out for this.

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music21 thinks of
this as measure three,

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and MuseScore thinks
it is measure four.

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So anyhow, we have four parts.

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Pretty short score--
all fits over here.

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And I've already
asked you to think

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about what the key is, what are
some interesting weird moments

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in various parts and so on.

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We can also show
this as a MIDI file,

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though that sounds not nearly
as good as the recording

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you listened to.

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[BACH, "BWV 66.6"]

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So that's useful.

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If I made my screen bigger, then
the thing looks pretty right.

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So we have a score, and a
score is a type of stream,

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and a stream is a
type of container.

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And so it works like a list.

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You can see exactly
what is in the score.

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And we can see that there's
a metadata object and then

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four part objects and
something called a staff group.

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And that makes it so that all
the parts look right together.

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So within this, we can
get the soprano part

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by getting the second
element from it, which--

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we can call that p0
for the first part

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because we can get that
as the first thing.

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And we can see that p0
is another type of stream

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called a part.

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So parts are contained
within scores.

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Think about whether this
is time-wise or part-wise.

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Well, it had part,
so it's part-wise.

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So we can also take this and
show this particular part.

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And I reset for a second, so
it takes a little bit longer.

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There we go.

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Just one part going there.

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And we can see everything
that is in part 0.

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Since I've said that this
is a part-wise format,

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think about what you
would expect to see next.

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OK, have you thought about it?

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That's right.

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It's mostly a bunch of measures.

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There's an instrument
object that

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says it's a soprano
instrument, but then there's

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just 10 measures.

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Measure 0 is numbered
that way because it's

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a pickup measure, and so on.

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So we can get the
pickup measure.

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We'll call it, pickup.

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And what do we want to do?

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It's the second element
in there, so we get 1.

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And we can just show the pickup.

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That's not too exciting.

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Let's get the
first real measure.

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Yep, great.

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And we can see that
m1 is also a string.

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It's a measure object.

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And it reports that
its number is 1.

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Yep.

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And we can see-- and it has
something called an offset.

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And as we said, in
music21, we measure

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things in quarter lengths,
for the most part.

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And so measure 1
begins one quarter

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note from the beginning
of the piece itself.

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And if you look
again at this part,

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yeah, you can see
there's quarter note 0,

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quarter note 0.5,
quarter note 1.

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So measure 2 begins where?

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At offset 5.

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And then 9, 13.

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In this particular score,
they're all off by four.

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Great.

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So let's see what's
inside measure 1.

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And here, we have
the notes, finally.

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There could be-- if there were
multiple voices in the stream,

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there could be voices at
this point, but there aren't.

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This is just a single part.

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So now that you can see these
elements of a stream, let

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me show one other important
thing that you can do.

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You've done the show, which
by default, puts it out

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as MusicXML.

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When you're putting
it in a script

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or in the Jupyter Notebook,
it puts it out as MusicXML,

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opens up MuseScore if you
have it, turns it into a PNG,

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and puts it right back.

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But there's another
thing you can do.

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You can show it as a text file.

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And that shows you not only what
elements are inside the measure,

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but also what their offsets are.

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So every element, every music21
object, every note, every clef

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has an offset within
its current stream--

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within its current container,
and it also has a duration.

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And in this case, each
of them is quarter notes,

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so their durations are 1.0.

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I forgot when I was
making this video,

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first, there's something
really important here.

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Notice that this first
note has an offset of 0,

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but it's not the first
note in the piece,

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it's the second or
third note in the piece

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but at the second quarter note.

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So why is its offset not 1?

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Well, it turns out
all of the offsets

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are measured from the
start of the container.

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So this is a measure
that begins at offset 1.

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And therefore, its
first note is at

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offset 0 within the container.

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So if you're going
to figure out what

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the offset of a
particular element

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is within the piece
as a whole, you're

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going to need to add
up all of the offsets

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of previous containers back
to previous [INAUDIBLE].

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So this is how you can load
up a score that already exists

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and get to particular notes.

00:08:57.400 --> 00:08:59.550 align:middle line:90%
So in fact, let's get that a--

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say, 0.

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And we can see that
a is a note, and we

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can get its full name
and all the other things

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that we worked with before--

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pitch, duration,
duration.type, and so on.

00:09:16.480 --> 00:09:20.820 align:middle line:84%
So this is how you can load
a preexisting stream from

00:09:20.820 --> 00:09:25.540 align:middle line:84%
a MusicXML file, like "BWV
66.6" or from a MIDI file,

00:09:25.540 --> 00:09:29.520 align:middle line:84%
or from an ABC file, or
any of the number of music

00:09:29.520 --> 00:09:32.740 align:middle line:84%
representation formats
that music21 supports.

00:09:32.740 --> 00:09:34.810 align:middle line:84%
But now, let's go
the opposite way.

00:09:34.810 --> 00:09:38.100 align:middle line:84%
Let's create and build
up our own stream.

00:09:38.100 --> 00:09:41.533 align:middle line:84%
So we'll build it
up from scratch.

00:09:41.533 --> 00:09:46.530 align:middle line:90%


00:09:46.530 --> 00:09:51.930 align:middle line:84%
Let's import notes which
have already been unlocked,

00:09:51.930 --> 00:09:53.330 align:middle line:90%
and let's create a note.

00:09:53.330 --> 00:09:59.850 align:middle line:90%


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When we show this note,
music21 is actually

00:10:02.910 --> 00:10:04.330 align:middle line:90%
doing something for us.

00:10:04.330 --> 00:10:08.380 align:middle line:84%
It's creating a whole set
of streams around it for us.

00:10:08.380 --> 00:10:11.410 align:middle line:90%
But we can do it our own way.

00:10:11.410 --> 00:10:15.665 align:middle line:84%
So let's create a voice,
which is the type of stream.

00:10:15.665 --> 00:10:18.630 align:middle line:90%


00:10:18.630 --> 00:10:25.500 align:middle line:84%
And we will insert that
note at position 0.

00:10:25.500 --> 00:10:27.390 align:middle line:90%
Oops.

00:10:27.390 --> 00:10:30.880 align:middle line:84%
We will insert that note at
position 0 into the stream.

00:10:30.880 --> 00:10:34.530 align:middle line:84%
You'd only think that working
with music21 for 15 years

00:10:34.530 --> 00:10:36.240 align:middle line:84%
and having created
it, I'd remember

00:10:36.240 --> 00:10:38.710 align:middle line:84%
what goes first the
offset or the element,

00:10:38.710 --> 00:10:39.820 align:middle line:90%
but I sometimes forget.

00:10:39.820 --> 00:10:41.700 align:middle line:90%
Great.

00:10:41.700 --> 00:10:49.090 align:middle line:84%
We'll unlock another
module for you right now.

00:10:49.090 --> 00:10:51.310 align:middle line:90%
We'll unlock the meter module.

00:10:51.310 --> 00:10:52.030 align:middle line:90%
Yay.

00:10:52.030 --> 00:10:52.910 align:middle line:90%
Unlocking.

00:10:52.910 --> 00:10:57.880 align:middle line:84%
And we'll create a meter
and a time signature of 1/4.

00:10:57.880 --> 00:11:00.610 align:middle line:84%
And we can see that
something like this.

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Yes.

00:11:02.080 --> 00:11:02.960 align:middle line:90%
Things like that.

00:11:02.960 --> 00:11:05.670 align:middle line:84%
Now, let's create
a measure for it.

00:11:05.670 --> 00:11:09.190 align:middle line:90%


00:11:09.190 --> 00:11:11.290 align:middle line:84%
And we will insert,
at the beginning

00:11:11.290 --> 00:11:14.980 align:middle line:84%
of the measure, the time
signature, and also insert,

00:11:14.980 --> 00:11:18.250 align:middle line:84%
at the beginning of the
measure, the voice that

00:11:18.250 --> 00:11:20.950 align:middle line:90%
contains the note.

00:11:20.950 --> 00:11:23.320 align:middle line:84%
We can put more than one
thing at the beginning

00:11:23.320 --> 00:11:27.160 align:middle line:84%
because time signatures
don't have any duration.

00:11:27.160 --> 00:11:29.100 align:middle line:90%
Now, we can create a part.

00:11:29.100 --> 00:11:32.260 align:middle line:90%


00:11:32.260 --> 00:11:36.940 align:middle line:84%
And we can insert the
part at the beginning

00:11:36.940 --> 00:11:39.340 align:middle line:84%
of the measure at the
beginning of the part,

00:11:39.340 --> 00:11:44.570 align:middle line:84%
or we can put the measure
at the end of the part.

00:11:44.570 --> 00:11:47.030 align:middle line:84%
And since there's nothing
in the part right now,

00:11:47.030 --> 00:11:49.873 align:middle line:84%
append will be the
same as inserting a 0.

00:11:49.873 --> 00:11:51.790 align:middle line:84%
But you don't have to
remember how many things

00:11:51.790 --> 00:11:53.710 align:middle line:90%
are in there yet.

00:11:53.710 --> 00:11:58.330 align:middle line:84%
Now, we'll create a score,
and we'll put the part

00:11:58.330 --> 00:11:59.900 align:middle line:90%
at the beginning of the score.

00:11:59.900 --> 00:12:02.740 align:middle line:84%
One of the mistakes that
people make with music21,

00:12:02.740 --> 00:12:06.310 align:middle line:84%
quite often, is that they get
so used to appending things

00:12:06.310 --> 00:12:08.800 align:middle line:84%
that they'll append the
part to the score, which--

00:12:08.800 --> 00:12:10.220 align:middle line:90%
the first part-- that's fine.

00:12:10.220 --> 00:12:12.500 align:middle line:84%
But then they'll append the
second part to the score.

00:12:12.500 --> 00:12:15.320 align:middle line:84%
And if you think about it,
parts don't follow each other.

00:12:15.320 --> 00:12:17.270 align:middle line:90%
They're all at position 0.

00:12:17.270 --> 00:12:20.050 align:middle line:84%
So you want to make sure
to always insert parts

00:12:20.050 --> 00:12:21.380 align:middle line:90%
at position 0.

00:12:21.380 --> 00:12:27.730 align:middle line:84%
Now, we have a score that looks
basically the same as when

00:12:27.730 --> 00:12:30.610 align:middle line:90%
we created the n note.

00:12:30.610 --> 00:12:36.520 align:middle line:90%
If we modify some parts of the--

00:12:36.520 --> 00:12:41.960 align:middle line:84%
of the original note objects,
something we can see--

00:12:41.960 --> 00:12:48.170 align:middle line:84%
that the score will
be updated as we do.

00:12:48.170 --> 00:12:53.307 align:middle line:84%
Now, that doesn't match the time
signature because we explicitly

00:12:53.307 --> 00:12:55.890 align:middle line:84%
put a time signature in there
so it doesn't create one for us.

00:12:55.890 --> 00:12:58.660 align:middle line:90%
So let's create a rest.

00:12:58.660 --> 00:13:01.460 align:middle line:90%


00:13:01.460 --> 00:13:05.790 align:middle line:84%
And then in that voice,
let's insert, at 0.5--

00:13:05.790 --> 00:13:09.770 align:middle line:84%
now, let's make it
easier to append the rest

00:13:09.770 --> 00:13:16.820 align:middle line:90%
to there and now show all this.

00:13:16.820 --> 00:13:21.240 align:middle line:84%
If we do a show of
text on the score,

00:13:21.240 --> 00:13:25.370 align:middle line:84%
we can see that it includes
the part, the measure, the time

00:13:25.370 --> 00:13:29.940 align:middle line:84%
signature, the voice, and
then the note and the rest.

00:13:29.940 --> 00:13:32.070 align:middle line:84%
Well, that's enough
for streams for today.

00:13:32.070 --> 00:13:34.840 align:middle line:90%
Thanks for paying attention.

00:13:34.840 --> 00:13:40.000 align:middle line:90%