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24.901 | Spring 2026 | Undergraduate

# Introduction to Phonology

### General

Hayes, Bruce (2009). Introductory Phonology. Blackwell. ISBN: 9781405184113.

Gaskell, M. Gareth, and William D. Marslen Wilson (2001). “Lexical Ambiguity Resolution and Spoken Word Recognition: Bridging the Gap." Journal of Memory and Language 44, 325–349.

Vitevich, Michael S., and Paul A. Luce (2016). “Phonological Neighborhood Effects in Spoken Word Perception and Production." Annual Review of Linguistics 2016. 2:75–94.

Dupoux, Emmanuel, Kazuhiko Kakehi, et al. (1999). “Epenthetic Vowels in Japanese: a Perceptual Illusion?" Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 25(6): 1568–1578.

Marslen-Wilson, William (1984). “Function and Process in Spoken Word Recognition: A Tutorial Review.” In Herman Bouma and Don G. Bouwhuis (eds.), Attention and Performance X: Control of Language Processes (pp. 125–150). Erlbaum. ISBN: 9780863770050.

### Articulatory Phonetics

Ladefoged, Peter (1990). “What Do We Symbolize? Thoughts Prompted by Bilabial and Labiodental Fricatives." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20(2): 33–36.

Ladefoged, Peter, and Keith Johnson (2008). A Course in Phonetics, sixth edition, chapters 1–3 and 6–7. Wadsworth/Cengage. ISBN: 9781428231269.

Ladefoged, Peter, and Ian Maddieson (1990). “Vowels of the World’s Languages." Journal of Phonetics 18(2): 93–122.

### Features, Processes, Contrast

Hayes, Bruce (2009). Introductory Phonology, chapters 1–4, 6–8, and 15. Blackwell. ISBN: 9781405184113.

Spencer, Andrew (1996). Phonology: Theory and Description, chapter 2. Blackwell. ISBN: 9780631192336.

Mielke, Jeff (2009). “Segment Inventories." Language and Linguistics Compass 3/2 (2009): 700–718.

Hyman, Larry M. (2011). “The Representation of Tone." In The Blackwell Companion to Phonology (Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth Hume, and Keren Rice, eds.) Blackwell. ISBN: 9781444335262.

Goldsmith, John (1975). “Tone Melodies and the Autosegment." In Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on African Linguistics (Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics 20), pp. 135–147.

Leben, William R. (2019). “Autosegmental Phonology." In Mark Aronoff (ed.), Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford Academic (online publication).

Mascaró, Joan (2011). “Rule Ordering." In The Blackwell Companion to Phonology (Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth Hume, and Keren Rice, eds.) Blackwell. ISBN: 9781444335262.

Harrison, K. David, and Abigail Kaun (2001). “Patterns, Pervasive Patterns and Feature Specification” (PDF). In T. Alan Hall (ed.), Distinctive Feature Theory (pp. 211–236). De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN: 9783110886672.

Zhang, Jie (2007). “Contour Tone Distribution Is Not an Artifact of Tonal Melody Mapping” (PDF). Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 33(1).

Yip, Moira (2007). “Tone." In P. de Lacy (ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology (Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics), pp. 229–252. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9781107404892.

Wilkinson, Karina (1988). “Prosodic Structure and Lardil Phonology." Linguistic Inquiry 19(2): 325–334.

Rose, Sharon, and Rachel Walker (2011). “Harmony Systems.” In John Goldsmith, Jason Riggle, and Alan C. L. Yu (eds.), The Handbook of Phonological Theory, second edition. Blackwell. ISBN: 9781405157681.

### Optimality Theory Basics

Kisseberth, Charles W. (2011). “Conspiracies." In The Blackwell Companion to Phonology (Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth Hume, and Keren Rice, eds.) Blackwell. ISBN: 9781444335262.

McCarthy, John J. (2008). Doing Optimality Theory: Applying Theory to Data, chapters 1 and 2. Blackwell. ISBN: 9781405151351.

Kager, René (1999). Optimality Theory (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics), chapters 1 and 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780511812408.

Prince, Alan, and Paul Smolensky (1993). “Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar." Privately circulated technical report.

Baković, Eric (2005). “Antigemination, Assimilation, and the Determination of Identity." Phonology 22(3): 279–315.

Hayes, Bruce, and Donca Steriade (2004). “Introduction: The Phonetic Bases of Phonological Markedness” (PDF). Chapter 1 in Bruce Hayes, Robert Kirchner, and Donca Steriade (eds.), Phonetically Based Phonology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780511486401.

McCarthy, John J. (2002). A Thematic Guide to Optimality Theory, chapter 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521791946.

Sommerstein, Alan H. (1974). “On Phonotactically Motivated Rules." Journal of Linguistics 10: 71–94.

Riggle, Jason (2009). “Generating Contenders” (PDF). Privately circulated technical report.

### Syllables and Segment Structure

Hayes, Bruce (2009). Introductory Phonology, chapters 13 and 14. Blackwell. ISBN: 9781405184113.

Kager, René (1999). Optimality Theory (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics), chapter 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780511812408.

Berent, Iris, Donca Steriade, et al. (2006). “What We Know About What We Have Never Heard: Evidence from Perceptual Illusions." Cognition 104(3): 591–630.

Lombardi, Linda (1999). “Positional Faithfulness and Voicing Assimilation in Optimality Theory." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 17(2): 267–302.

Ridouane, Rachid (2008). “Syllables Without Vowels: Phonetic and Phonological Evidence from Tashlhiyt Berber." Phonology 25(2): 321–359.

Steriade, Donca (2002). “The Syllable.” In William J. Frawley (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, second edition. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780195139778.

Wright, Richard (2004). “A Review of Perceptual Cues and Cue Robustness." Chapter 2 in Bruce Hayes, Robert Kirchner, and Donca Steriade (eds.), Phonetically Based Phonology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780511486401.

Jun, Jongho (2004). “Place Assimilation." Chapter 3 in Bruce Hayes, Robert Kirchner, and Donca Steriade (eds.), Phonetically Based Phonology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780511486401.

### Grammars for Stress

Gordon, Matthew (2011). “Stress Systems.” In John Goldsmith, Jason Riggle, and Alan C. L. Yu (eds.), The Handbook of Phonological Theory, second edition. Blackwell. ISBN: 9781405157681.

Hyman, Larry M. (2012). “Do All Languages Have Word Accent?" UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report.

Kager, René (1999). Optimality Theory (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics), chapter 4. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780511812408.

Gordon, Matthew (2002). “A Factorial Typology of Quantity-Insensitive Stress.” Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 20: 491–552.

Hayes, Bruce (1995). Metrical Stress Theory, chapters 2 and 3. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 9780226321035.

Ladefoged, Peter (2001). A Course in Phonetics, fourth edition, chapters 1, 5 and 10. Harcourt. ISBN: 9780155073197.

Larkey, Leah S. (1983). “Reiterant Speech: An Acoustic and Perceptual Validation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 73: 1337–1345.

### Word Formation in Optimality Theory

Benua, Laura (1995). “Identity Effects in Morphological Truncation” (PDF). In J.N. Beckman, L.W. Dickey, and S. Urbanczyk (eds.) Papers in Optimality Theory (pp. 77–136). Graduate Linguistic Student Association, Dept. of Linguistics, University of Massachusetts.

Kager, René (1999). Optimality Theory (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics), chapters 5 and 6. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780511812408.

Yu, Alan Chi Lun (2003). “The Morphology and Phonology of Infixation” (PDF). PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.

McCarthy, John J., and Alan Prince (1993). “Prosodic Morphology: Constraint Interaction and Satisfaction." Technical report, Rutgers University.

McCarthy, John J., and Alan Prince (1995). “Faithfulness and Reduplicative Identity." Graduate Linguistic Student Association, Dept. of Linguistics, University of Massachusetts.

## Course Info

### Instructor

- Prof. Donca Steriade

### Departments

- Linguistics and Philosophy

### As Taught In

Spring 2026

### Level

Undergraduate

### Topics

- Humanities
  - Linguistics
    - Phonology

### Learning Resource Types

notes Lecture Notes
assignment Problem Sets
auto_stories Readings

Browse Resources

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