WEBVTT 00:00:00.030 --> 00:00:02.400 The following content is provided under a Creative 00:00:02.400 --> 00:00:03.840 Commons License. 00:00:03.840 --> 00:00:06.860 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to 00:00:06.860 --> 00:00:10.510 offer high-quality educational resources for free. 00:00:10.510 --> 00:00:13.390 To make a donation or view additional materials from 00:00:13.390 --> 00:00:17.490 hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at 00:00:17.490 --> 00:00:18.740 ocw.mit.edu. 00:00:21.160 --> 00:00:22.840 PROFESSOR: Let's get started. 00:00:22.840 --> 00:00:24.500 Settle down. 00:00:24.500 --> 00:00:25.970 Settle down. 00:00:25.970 --> 00:00:27.550 Welcome to 3.091. 00:00:27.550 --> 00:00:29.980 I'm Donald Sadoway and I'm going to be your instructor 00:00:29.980 --> 00:00:31.720 this semester. 00:00:31.720 --> 00:00:37.030 So what I want to do today is to introduce my plans. 00:00:37.030 --> 00:00:39.270 I've got plans for you. 00:00:39.270 --> 00:00:41.570 Plans for learning. 00:00:41.570 --> 00:00:44.860 I want to talk a little bit today about those plans, 00:00:44.860 --> 00:00:50.630 introduce myself, introduce my class curriculum-- 00:00:50.630 --> 00:00:52.900 the path forward. 00:00:52.900 --> 00:00:58.280 So let me begin by saying that 3.091 is the most important 00:00:58.280 --> 00:00:59.720 class you will take at MIT. 00:01:02.930 --> 00:01:04.800 It's true. 00:01:04.800 --> 00:01:07.470 But, you know, anybody who stands in front of you to 00:01:07.470 --> 00:01:11.195 lecture should say the same thing about his or her class. 00:01:11.195 --> 00:01:14.180 If they don't believe that they shouldn't be standing in 00:01:14.180 --> 00:01:15.830 front of you lecturing. 00:01:15.830 --> 00:01:18.651 The difference is when I say it, I'm right. 00:01:18.651 --> 00:01:20.860 [LAUGHTER] 00:01:20.860 --> 00:01:23.650 PROFESSOR: And it's not just an opinion, it's because of 00:01:23.650 --> 00:01:26.330 the content of 3.091. 00:01:26.330 --> 00:01:29.130 3.091 is about chemistry. 00:01:29.130 --> 00:01:31.900 It's about the central science, but it's not just 00:01:31.900 --> 00:01:33.220 about any old chemistry. 00:01:33.220 --> 00:01:35.640 This isn't a class that you could take anywhere else in 00:01:35.640 --> 00:01:36.710 this country. 00:01:36.710 --> 00:01:40.320 This is the only place that you can take 3.091. 00:01:40.320 --> 00:01:43.830 3.091 is solid state chemistry. 00:01:43.830 --> 00:01:46.420 Now why do we talk about solid state chemistry? 00:01:46.420 --> 00:01:49.730 Because engineering systems are made of solids. 00:01:49.730 --> 00:01:52.030 Now I know what you're thinking-- oh, he said solid 00:01:52.030 --> 00:01:54.520 state, he's going to talk about the chemistry that 00:01:54.520 --> 00:01:57.900 constitutes his laptop computer or the chemistry that 00:01:57.900 --> 00:02:00.130 constitutes this laser pointer. 00:02:00.130 --> 00:02:00.870 And that's true. 00:02:00.870 --> 00:02:02.930 We will talk about that chemistry. 00:02:02.930 --> 00:02:06.210 But we will also talk about soft matter. 00:02:06.210 --> 00:02:10.930 We as human beings are chemical machines. 00:02:10.930 --> 00:02:15.160 When this hand changes shape, it is a polymer that is 00:02:15.160 --> 00:02:16.410 changing conformality. 00:02:18.700 --> 00:02:24.830 These eyes are photodetectors, band gap of about 00:02:24.830 --> 00:02:26.720 two electron volts. 00:02:26.720 --> 00:02:28.495 They're not made of gallium nitride. 00:02:28.495 --> 00:02:32.760 They're made of organic compounds. 00:02:32.760 --> 00:02:38.360 Inside, what supports us, it's a ceramic skeleton. 00:02:38.360 --> 00:02:41.650 So solid state chemistry describes 00:02:41.650 --> 00:02:44.590 life science as well. 00:02:44.590 --> 00:02:45.740 Well, what we're going to learn in 00:02:45.740 --> 00:02:48.260 3.091 is the rudiments. 00:02:48.260 --> 00:02:50.550 We're going to learn the rudiments. 00:02:50.550 --> 00:02:53.860 So what I'm going to do today is now go through some of the 00:02:53.860 --> 00:02:55.760 basic organization. 00:02:55.760 --> 00:02:57.860 So tomorrow you're going to meet your recitation 00:02:57.860 --> 00:03:00.000 instructors and get to know each other and get to know the 00:03:00.000 --> 00:03:00.960 recitation instructor. 00:03:00.960 --> 00:03:03.990 Today I'll say a few words about myself so you know who's 00:03:03.990 --> 00:03:06.590 standing in front of you. 00:03:06.590 --> 00:03:09.300 I graduated from the University of Toronto in 00:03:09.300 --> 00:03:15.830 chemical metallurgy, came down here in 1977 to spend a year 00:03:15.830 --> 00:03:22.320 as a postdoctoral fellow and, I guess, I lost track of time. 00:03:22.320 --> 00:03:23.300 Now what's my research? 00:03:23.300 --> 00:03:26.090 My research is in electrochemistry. 00:03:26.090 --> 00:03:31.510 Electrochemistry is the most important branch of chemistry. 00:03:31.510 --> 00:03:35.180 Do you notice some theme in my professional life? 00:03:35.180 --> 00:03:36.640 See, I have tenure. 00:03:36.640 --> 00:03:37.560 So what does that mean? 00:03:37.560 --> 00:03:40.120 It means you find your passion and pursue it. 00:03:40.120 --> 00:03:43.190 You don't waste time on trivia, all right? 00:03:43.190 --> 00:03:46.090 And that's what I urge you to do: Find your 00:03:46.090 --> 00:03:48.972 passion and pursue it. 00:03:48.972 --> 00:03:50.400 So what's my passion? 00:03:50.400 --> 00:03:53.640 My passion is electrochemistry in nonaqueous media. 00:03:53.640 --> 00:03:54.920 Anything but water. 00:03:54.920 --> 00:03:57.002 Let the rest of the world work on water. 00:03:57.002 --> 00:03:59.610 I work on molten salts, ionic liquids, and polymers. 00:03:59.610 --> 00:04:00.920 And what's the reason for this? 00:04:00.920 --> 00:04:01.950 There's an application. 00:04:01.950 --> 00:04:04.230 I'm in the School of Engineering. 00:04:04.230 --> 00:04:06.300 So I'm interested in environmentally sound 00:04:06.300 --> 00:04:09.430 technologies for metal production, all right? 00:04:09.430 --> 00:04:13.630 Right now looking at titanium, iron recycling as well. 00:04:13.630 --> 00:04:16.280 I'm also interested in electrochemistry as it applies 00:04:16.280 --> 00:04:20.010 to energy storage, energy storage for mobile power. 00:04:20.010 --> 00:04:20.870 See this gal here? 00:04:20.870 --> 00:04:21.980 She's got the cell phone. 00:04:21.980 --> 00:04:24.230 She's not even looking where she's driving. 00:04:24.230 --> 00:04:26.790 [LAUGHTER] 00:04:26.790 --> 00:04:30.100 PROFESSOR: So making safe batteries out of 00:04:30.100 --> 00:04:35.220 earth-abundant, accessible materials for portable power, 00:04:35.220 --> 00:04:39.930 ultimately to drive the car with electrons, electric fuel, 00:04:39.930 --> 00:04:42.110 to eliminate this country's 00:04:42.110 --> 00:04:44.710 dependence on imported petroleum. 00:04:44.710 --> 00:04:46.220 We can do it. 00:04:46.220 --> 00:04:46.970 How? 00:04:46.970 --> 00:04:48.610 By inventing. 00:04:48.610 --> 00:04:49.890 By inventing. 00:04:49.890 --> 00:04:52.690 And the way we're going to invent is to learn the lessons 00:04:52.690 --> 00:04:56.160 in 3.091 that will give us the chemistry we need to invent a 00:04:56.160 --> 00:05:00.380 battery that can send that car 250 miles on a single charge, 00:05:00.380 --> 00:05:03.340 and put it in a show room for the same price as a car with 00:05:03.340 --> 00:05:05.660 an internal combustion engine. 00:05:05.660 --> 00:05:08.170 The only thing that stands between that image and where 00:05:08.170 --> 00:05:12.930 we are today is invention, and the requisite material is 00:05:12.930 --> 00:05:14.550 right here in this class. 00:05:14.550 --> 00:05:17.380 We're also looking at colossal batteries. 00:05:17.380 --> 00:05:18.850 Store the grid. 00:05:18.850 --> 00:05:22.600 Enable renewables, wind, solar. 00:05:22.600 --> 00:05:26.130 And then, lastly, let's never forget about dreaming. 00:05:26.130 --> 00:05:30.050 So if we want to dream and imagine that man will return 00:05:30.050 --> 00:05:32.100 to the moon or maybe even go to Mars, we're going to have 00:05:32.100 --> 00:05:33.642 to be able to produce oxygen. 00:05:33.642 --> 00:05:36.790 We'll live like the pioneers, produce oxygen from local 00:05:36.790 --> 00:05:40.540 resources, produce structural metals, and even produce 00:05:40.540 --> 00:05:43.190 photovoltaic silicon so they can generate their own energy 00:05:43.190 --> 00:05:45.240 from local resources. 00:05:45.240 --> 00:05:53.580 And so electrochemistry is the key enabler for that as well. 00:05:53.580 --> 00:05:58.860 So now let's turn to the whole underpinning of 3.091. 00:05:58.860 --> 00:06:02.010 If we take a look at the performance of any engineering 00:06:02.010 --> 00:06:04.990 system it's a combination of the design and the 00:06:04.990 --> 00:06:06.480 construction. 00:06:06.480 --> 00:06:09.270 Now the construction is both the workmanship and the choice 00:06:09.270 --> 00:06:10.060 of materials. 00:06:10.060 --> 00:06:11.630 Now how do we choose materials? 00:06:11.630 --> 00:06:14.350 We choose them on the basis of their properties. 00:06:14.350 --> 00:06:16.040 So, for example, here's an 00:06:16.040 --> 00:06:18.030 application: a beverage container. 00:06:18.030 --> 00:06:21.520 This one I'm holding is made out of an aluminum alloy. 00:06:21.520 --> 00:06:22.910 It's a metal. 00:06:22.910 --> 00:06:25.540 When I was your age, they had steel beverage cans. 00:06:25.540 --> 00:06:28.340 You can take this same beverage and contain it in a 00:06:28.340 --> 00:06:30.190 glass bottle. 00:06:30.190 --> 00:06:35.790 You can contain it in a polymer bottle. 00:06:35.790 --> 00:06:37.530 Why do we make those various choices? 00:06:37.530 --> 00:06:40.040 Because they have the right mix of properties. 00:06:40.040 --> 00:06:42.040 Now how do you determine the properties? 00:06:42.040 --> 00:06:45.582 Properties obviously are determined by the composition. 00:06:45.582 --> 00:06:50.050 We wouldn't make this thing out of sodium chloride. 00:06:50.050 --> 00:06:52.080 It would dissolve. 00:06:52.080 --> 00:06:54.580 So composition is important, but atomic arrangement is 00:06:54.580 --> 00:06:56.090 important as well. 00:06:56.090 --> 00:07:02.350 Example is 1/2-inch-thick pine board compared to a 00:07:02.350 --> 00:07:05.210 1/2-inch-thick piece of plywood. 00:07:05.210 --> 00:07:08.280 Both pine, but the 1/2-inch-thick pine board is 00:07:08.280 --> 00:07:10.250 one solid pine board. 00:07:10.250 --> 00:07:13.720 I can take that pine board and I can fracture it if I strike 00:07:13.720 --> 00:07:15.150 it along the grain. 00:07:15.150 --> 00:07:17.510 But the 1/2-inch-thick plywood, I can't do that 00:07:17.510 --> 00:07:22.610 because it's 1/8-inch sheet pine cross-laminated. 00:07:22.610 --> 00:07:32.820 1/8 inch north-south, 1/8 inch east-west. If I try to cut 00:07:32.820 --> 00:07:37.260 through that board, I can't advance the fracture. 00:07:37.260 --> 00:07:40.350 Same composition, different atomic arrangement. 00:07:40.350 --> 00:07:44.475 So the thesis of 3.091 is that the electronic structure of 00:07:44.475 --> 00:07:47.590 the elements holds the key to understanding that 00:07:47.590 --> 00:07:50.510 relationship between composition, atomic 00:07:50.510 --> 00:07:51.730 arrangement, and properties. 00:07:51.730 --> 00:07:53.000 And once you have properties that's how 00:07:53.000 --> 00:07:54.210 you make your selection. 00:07:54.210 --> 00:07:54.910 And away we go. 00:07:54.910 --> 00:07:57.310 And that's how we got the syllabus of 3.091. 00:07:57.310 --> 00:07:59.180 So the syllabus has two major blocks. 00:07:59.180 --> 00:08:01.730 The first block is general principles of chemistry-- it's 00:08:01.730 --> 00:08:03.660 going to be about the first five weeks-- 00:08:03.660 --> 00:08:07.520 and that's the same stuff that you get here, 5.111, 5.112, 00:08:07.520 --> 00:08:10.030 the basics of electronic structure and bonding. 00:08:10.030 --> 00:08:14.680 And then we part company and in 3.091 we dig down into 00:08:14.680 --> 00:08:16.240 solid state chemistry. 00:08:16.240 --> 00:08:17.210 You don't have to take notes. 00:08:17.210 --> 00:08:18.040 You can relax. 00:08:18.040 --> 00:08:20.920 All this is going to be burned to PDF and 00:08:20.920 --> 00:08:22.280 posted at the website. 00:08:22.280 --> 00:08:25.240 So everything that you see in this class that goes up on the 00:08:25.240 --> 00:08:28.280 screen is archived for you. 00:08:28.280 --> 00:08:31.830 This lecture is being video recorded right now and within 00:08:31.830 --> 00:08:34.330 an hour will be posted at the website. 00:08:34.330 --> 00:08:38.490 So in the unlikely event that you can't quite come to class, 00:08:38.490 --> 00:08:39.650 it is available. 00:08:39.650 --> 00:08:40.900 [LAUGHTER] 00:08:43.850 --> 00:08:48.000 PROFESSOR: So now what I want to do is introduce some of the 00:08:48.000 --> 00:08:49.840 operational aspects of the class. 00:08:49.840 --> 00:08:52.040 And we had some handouts going around. 00:08:52.040 --> 00:08:53.930 If you didn't get them we can get you extras. 00:08:53.930 --> 00:08:56.010 But again, this is all posted at the website. 00:08:56.010 --> 00:08:58.720 So you know who I am. 00:08:58.720 --> 00:09:03.180 The key person in this operation is my administrative 00:09:03.180 --> 00:09:05.580 assistant, Hilary Sheldon, and she's just down the hall. 00:09:05.580 --> 00:09:07.280 You can roll a penny down the hall from here 00:09:07.280 --> 00:09:08.240 and get to my office. 00:09:08.240 --> 00:09:10.300 So if you tell me you tried looking for me, you couldn't 00:09:10.300 --> 00:09:14.060 find me, I know you couldn't have been trying very hard. 00:09:14.060 --> 00:09:19.660 The text is a two-volume set consisting of the text 00:09:19.660 --> 00:09:22.390 Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications by 00:09:22.390 --> 00:09:26.310 Averill and Eldredge, and then a second volume that consists 00:09:26.310 --> 00:09:29.460 of miscellaneous readings taken from other 00:09:29.460 --> 00:09:31.300 Prentice Hall texts. 00:09:31.300 --> 00:09:35.640 And it's identical in content to the blue book that was used 00:09:35.640 --> 00:09:37.170 last year and the year before. 00:09:37.170 --> 00:09:39.330 So if you get a copy of that blue book, you 00:09:39.330 --> 00:09:40.730 don't have to buy these. 00:09:40.730 --> 00:09:43.450 I don't work for Prentice Hall, I'm not trying to sell 00:09:43.450 --> 00:09:48.110 books, but we will take the homeworks out of the books to 00:09:48.110 --> 00:09:49.230 a great extent. 00:09:49.230 --> 00:09:53.860 And the page numbering is the same, so anything this year or 00:09:53.860 --> 00:09:55.740 the last two years will be fine. 00:09:55.740 --> 00:09:57.310 If you have to buy something, you'll have this. 00:09:57.310 --> 00:10:01.050 This one will come with a CD that will get you into a 00:10:01.050 --> 00:10:04.850 mastering chemistry, which is a sort of a tutorial, 00:10:04.850 --> 00:10:09.080 computerized system to help you with certain homework 00:10:09.080 --> 00:10:10.740 problems. 00:10:10.740 --> 00:10:13.370 The lectures, Monday, Wednesday, Friday, here in 00:10:13.370 --> 00:10:15.850 this room at 11 o'clock. 00:10:15.850 --> 00:10:18.430 The lecture starts at five minutes after the hour-- 00:10:18.430 --> 00:10:20.320 gives you five minutes to get in-- 00:10:20.320 --> 00:10:22.240 and then the lecture stops at five 00:10:22.240 --> 00:10:24.580 minutes to the next hour-- 00:10:24.580 --> 00:10:27.790 time for you to leave and then for the next class to arrive. 00:10:27.790 --> 00:10:30.700 And what I'm going to try to do is establish 00:10:30.700 --> 00:10:32.220 some plug flow here. 00:10:32.220 --> 00:10:35.150 So what I'm going to try is to have everybody leave by the 00:10:35.150 --> 00:10:38.870 exit to the north here to my right, and there's also an 00:10:38.870 --> 00:10:41.520 exit over the top back. 00:10:41.520 --> 00:10:46.560 So leave to your left and that way it'll be easier for the 00:10:46.560 --> 00:10:47.650 next class to come in. 00:10:47.650 --> 00:10:50.100 And maybe we can persuade the people here before us to do 00:10:50.100 --> 00:10:51.990 the same and then it'll be easy to change. 00:10:51.990 --> 00:10:54.260 I don't know why but there's this sort of-- everybody has 00:10:54.260 --> 00:10:55.440 to charge to this door. 00:10:55.440 --> 00:10:57.380 And I just stand here and watch people collide. 00:10:57.380 --> 00:10:59.200 And I don't know. 00:10:59.200 --> 00:11:00.990 Just interesting social experiment. 00:11:00.990 --> 00:11:02.040 And there are two doors. 00:11:02.040 --> 00:11:06.010 I don't understand why people do this, but I'm not in the 00:11:06.010 --> 00:11:08.390 social sciences. 00:11:08.390 --> 00:11:09.210 Recitations. 00:11:09.210 --> 00:11:12.430 Recitations will meet Tuesdays and Thursdays. 00:11:12.430 --> 00:11:16.130 So you'll go to the same hour on Tuesday and Thursday. 00:11:16.130 --> 00:11:19.580 The section should be roughly 20 students. 00:11:19.580 --> 00:11:22.000 And that's where the question and answer occurs. 00:11:22.000 --> 00:11:25.020 Here it's largely I talk, you listen. 00:11:25.020 --> 00:11:27.900 I've got time for a question like, hey, shouldn't that be a 00:11:27.900 --> 00:11:28.600 minus sign? 00:11:28.600 --> 00:11:29.990 I can take something really quick. 00:11:29.990 --> 00:11:34.360 But where you get to really interact with the instructor 00:11:34.360 --> 00:11:36.410 is in recitation. 00:11:36.410 --> 00:11:41.200 And I've given a direction to my recitation instructors not 00:11:41.200 --> 00:11:43.310 to give you a fourth and fifth lecture. 00:11:43.310 --> 00:11:46.160 You control the content of the recitation. 00:11:46.160 --> 00:11:47.870 So you have to come to the recitation 00:11:47.870 --> 00:11:49.520 prepared with questions. 00:11:49.520 --> 00:11:51.470 So they're supposed to walk in and say, good morning, good 00:11:51.470 --> 00:11:53.810 afternoon, what are your questions? 00:11:53.810 --> 00:11:55.950 And you can say, I didn't understand the last five 00:11:55.950 --> 00:11:58.230 minutes of the lecture yesterday. 00:11:58.230 --> 00:12:01.020 Would you do number five on the homework? 00:12:01.020 --> 00:12:03.600 Would you go over secondary bonding? 00:12:03.600 --> 00:12:04.940 That's the sort of thing that's supposed 00:12:04.940 --> 00:12:08.030 to happen in section. 00:12:08.030 --> 00:12:10.660 You've been assigned by the Registrar. 00:12:10.660 --> 00:12:14.850 You are forbidden to change your section on your own. 00:12:14.850 --> 00:12:17.140 You can't just squat in another section. 00:12:17.140 --> 00:12:19.740 We do this with the intention of trying to keep the 00:12:19.740 --> 00:12:21.790 enrollment roughly uniform. 00:12:21.790 --> 00:12:25.600 We don't want sections growing to 35 because then that limits 00:12:25.600 --> 00:12:27.460 your ability to interact. 00:12:27.460 --> 00:12:31.370 If you've changed classes or you've picked up a UROP, or 00:12:31.370 --> 00:12:34.810 what have you, and your situation has changed, please 00:12:34.810 --> 00:12:38.860 go down the hall and meet with my assistant Hilary, who will 00:12:38.860 --> 00:12:40.780 then arrange to move you. 00:12:40.780 --> 00:12:44.120 And that way we can keep some control over the section size. 00:12:44.120 --> 00:12:47.500 Again, you may not change simply on your own. 00:12:47.500 --> 00:12:49.830 And it has to be with cause, academic cause. 00:12:49.830 --> 00:12:52.820 You can't go in and say, I was assigned to the 9:00 am 00:12:52.820 --> 00:12:54.810 section and I don't do mornings. 00:12:54.810 --> 00:12:58.150 That's not going to work. 00:12:58.150 --> 00:12:59.360 Homework. 00:12:59.360 --> 00:13:00.930 Homework is very important here. 00:13:00.930 --> 00:13:04.290 Homework is a little bit different, though, in 3.091. 00:13:04.290 --> 00:13:07.410 You're not going to be asked to turn in 00:13:07.410 --> 00:13:09.710 homework for grading. 00:13:09.710 --> 00:13:13.420 Instead, at the beginning of each unit, you will be given 00:13:13.420 --> 00:13:15.780 homework with the model solutions 00:13:15.780 --> 00:13:17.900 right at the beginning. 00:13:17.900 --> 00:13:21.660 This is a study aid, and you can use the model solutions to 00:13:21.660 --> 00:13:25.140 help you understand the homework material. 00:13:25.140 --> 00:13:28.730 Now since we're not asking you to turn anything in and we do 00:13:28.730 --> 00:13:32.340 want to stimulate interest in the homework, we found a way 00:13:32.340 --> 00:13:35.560 to stimulate interest. And that is that once a week in 00:13:35.560 --> 00:13:38.000 section you will have a 10-minute quiz 00:13:38.000 --> 00:13:39.500 based on the homework. 00:13:39.500 --> 00:13:40.810 That will ensure that you've at least 00:13:40.810 --> 00:13:42.370 looked at the homework. 00:13:42.370 --> 00:13:47.350 And those weekly quizzes will be graded, and the aggregate 00:13:47.350 --> 00:13:51.820 of all of those quiz scores will constitute your homework 00:13:51.820 --> 00:13:53.970 grade in the subject. 00:13:53.970 --> 00:13:56.010 And you must take those quizzes. 00:13:56.010 --> 00:13:57.350 If you don't take the quiz-- 00:13:57.350 --> 00:14:00.675 you got sick or some personal emergency came up-- contact 00:14:00.675 --> 00:14:04.260 your recitation instructor and within a week of the date of 00:14:04.260 --> 00:14:08.250 the original quiz arrange to take a makeup. 00:14:08.250 --> 00:14:09.740 If you don't take the makeup, we're going 00:14:09.740 --> 00:14:11.150 to give you a zero. 00:14:11.150 --> 00:14:13.720 And there's no dropping of lowest score. 00:14:13.720 --> 00:14:17.070 Somewhere there's this in the lore here that, oh, you can 00:14:17.070 --> 00:14:19.370 drop the lowest score, the lowest two scores. 00:14:19.370 --> 00:14:23.105 People come to me with this proposal and I say no. 00:14:23.105 --> 00:14:24.355 [LAUGHTER] 00:14:28.220 --> 00:14:30.600 PROFESSOR: So let's get started. 00:14:30.600 --> 00:14:31.850 This is homework number one. 00:14:31.850 --> 00:14:33.160 It's assigned today. 00:14:33.160 --> 00:14:35.800 We're going to save paper-- just go to the website-- 00:14:35.800 --> 00:14:39.270 and you'll be tested on Tuesday, next Tuesday, 00:14:39.270 --> 00:14:42.460 September 15, at the beginning of section. 00:14:42.460 --> 00:14:44.710 At the beginning of section there'll be a 10-minute quiz 00:14:44.710 --> 00:14:47.520 based on that homework, and you can get the 00:14:47.520 --> 00:14:48.380 homework and so on. 00:14:48.380 --> 00:14:51.760 By the way, here's what the homework looks like. 00:14:51.760 --> 00:14:55.130 Chapter 1, Chapter 3 of Averill. 00:14:55.130 --> 00:14:57.440 Averill is the major text. 00:14:57.440 --> 00:15:01.230 We just refer to it by the author's last name. 00:15:01.230 --> 00:15:04.320 So taken from Averill. 00:15:04.320 --> 00:15:08.730 By the way, I don't like to use this unpleasant term 00:15:08.730 --> 00:15:12.120 "test." I like to refer to it as a celebration of learning. 00:15:12.120 --> 00:15:13.520 [LAUGHTER] 00:15:13.520 --> 00:15:15.290 PROFESSOR: So it's a celebration. 00:15:15.290 --> 00:15:18.960 We're going to start celebrating on Tuesday. 00:15:18.960 --> 00:15:20.310 There's the website by the way. 00:15:20.310 --> 00:15:21.790 You probably want to bookmark that. 00:15:21.790 --> 00:15:24.180 You're probably going to go to that a lot. 00:15:27.380 --> 00:15:31.070 We're going to keep celebrating, and so we will 00:15:31.070 --> 00:15:34.500 have some monthly celebrations, monthly tests, 00:15:34.500 --> 00:15:35.920 and they've already been scheduled. 00:15:35.920 --> 00:15:40.990 And you will write those tests during the normal class time. 00:15:40.990 --> 00:15:43.430 But on those days we will spread you out a bit. 00:15:43.430 --> 00:15:45.220 I like to see some vacancies. 00:15:45.220 --> 00:15:48.580 So you will not be sitting one next to another. 00:15:48.580 --> 00:15:51.830 There'll be at least one human vacancy next to every human, 00:15:51.830 --> 00:15:55.110 and that way you've got room to spread out, keep your eyes 00:15:55.110 --> 00:15:55.740 on your own work. 00:15:55.740 --> 00:15:57.920 So those are the dates and there'll be 00:15:57.920 --> 00:16:00.360 more of that in time. 00:16:00.360 --> 00:16:05.040 Now when you take the monthly test, I allow you to use aids. 00:16:05.040 --> 00:16:09.280 So everyone will be given in recitation tomorrow a Periodic 00:16:09.280 --> 00:16:12.900 Table of the Elements, very nice one, laminated one. 00:16:12.900 --> 00:16:16.250 So you take that with you to the test. In fact, you should 00:16:16.250 --> 00:16:17.490 take this with you everywhere. 00:16:17.490 --> 00:16:18.840 [LAUGHTER] 00:16:18.840 --> 00:16:20.800 PROFESSOR: If I run into you at Harvard Square, I want to 00:16:20.800 --> 00:16:24.910 see the Periodic Table, because every educated person 00:16:24.910 --> 00:16:27.360 has the Periodic Table. 00:16:27.360 --> 00:16:28.700 You get a table of constants. 00:16:28.700 --> 00:16:29.700 So you'll have one of these. 00:16:29.700 --> 00:16:31.060 You'll get that tomorrow as well. 00:16:31.060 --> 00:16:33.400 Paper copy, and on there are all the constants so you don't 00:16:33.400 --> 00:16:37.020 have to remember that the permittivity of vacuum is 8.85 00:16:37.020 --> 00:16:38.970 times 10 to the minus 12 farads per meter. 00:16:38.970 --> 00:16:40.160 It's on there. 00:16:40.160 --> 00:16:42.470 I urge you to use that when you do your homework. 00:16:42.470 --> 00:16:45.240 So it's always amusing to me during the time of the first 00:16:45.240 --> 00:16:48.780 monthly celebration, somebody's looking at this as 00:16:48.780 --> 00:16:51.690 though it's today's newspaper and they're 00:16:51.690 --> 00:16:54.910 looking, where is that? 00:16:54.910 --> 00:16:57.650 Sort of revealing about the intensity with which the 00:16:57.650 --> 00:17:00.070 homework has been embraced. 00:17:00.070 --> 00:17:02.440 Calculator, something to calculate with, and I don't 00:17:02.440 --> 00:17:04.370 care if you bring in a graphing 00:17:04.370 --> 00:17:06.770 calculator or a mainframe. 00:17:06.770 --> 00:17:07.650 I don't care. 00:17:07.650 --> 00:17:08.550 [LAUGHTER] 00:17:08.550 --> 00:17:11.370 PROFESSOR: And you're allowed an aid sheet, an 8 1/2-by-11 00:17:11.370 --> 00:17:12.020 sheet of paper. 00:17:12.020 --> 00:17:13.260 And you can write on the front, you can 00:17:13.260 --> 00:17:14.560 write on the back. 00:17:14.560 --> 00:17:20.090 You can photoreduce previous exams down to micro-dot size. 00:17:20.090 --> 00:17:24.420 I don't care what you put on it, but with this, you have 00:17:24.420 --> 00:17:27.130 then no excuse to say I really understood this stuff, but I 00:17:27.130 --> 00:17:28.500 couldn't remember a formula. 00:17:28.500 --> 00:17:31.640 Actually, many students tell me that the act of preparing 00:17:31.640 --> 00:17:35.730 the aid sheet organizes the subject matter in their minds. 00:17:35.730 --> 00:17:38.530 They bring this with them to the exam, and they never 00:17:38.530 --> 00:17:40.950 consult it, but it just soothes the nerves and makes 00:17:40.950 --> 00:17:47.200 sure that everybody does well on the monthly test. 00:17:47.200 --> 00:17:48.460 The weekly test, no. 00:17:48.460 --> 00:17:51.380 The weekly test you bring your Periodic Table and table of 00:17:51.380 --> 00:17:52.970 constants, but no aid sheet. 00:17:52.970 --> 00:17:55.490 For the weekly test, it's a very 00:17:55.490 --> 00:17:57.990 concentrated amount of material. 00:17:57.990 --> 00:18:01.530 And I'm not going to test your memories, because that doesn't 00:18:01.530 --> 00:18:04.850 prove anything to me. 00:18:04.850 --> 00:18:07.020 And then, of course, the celebration of celebrations is 00:18:07.020 --> 00:18:07.750 the final exam. 00:18:07.750 --> 00:18:08.730 [LAUGHTER] 00:18:08.730 --> 00:18:09.860 PROFESSOR: That's huge. 00:18:09.860 --> 00:18:11.700 That's a huge celebration. 00:18:11.700 --> 00:18:13.660 It's three hours. 00:18:13.660 --> 00:18:15.510 See, these are really 50 minutes. 00:18:15.510 --> 00:18:18.080 This is three full hours. 00:18:18.080 --> 00:18:20.470 The time and location will be set by the Registrar. 00:18:20.470 --> 00:18:22.530 We should know by October 1. 00:18:22.530 --> 00:18:25.780 The final exam period is December 14 to 18. 00:18:25.780 --> 00:18:30.660 And so what I urge you to do is as soon as that schedule 00:18:30.660 --> 00:18:34.270 comes out and we know when all the final exams are going to 00:18:34.270 --> 00:18:38.650 be held, then you book your passage for the holidays. 00:18:38.650 --> 00:18:40.820 Do not get that order reversed. 00:18:40.820 --> 00:18:43.400 You cannot come to me and say, I got a really 00:18:43.400 --> 00:18:44.690 good price on a ticket. 00:18:44.690 --> 00:18:48.430 I'm going Acapulco on the 15th of December, and your exam is 00:18:48.430 --> 00:18:49.670 on the 16th of December. 00:18:49.670 --> 00:18:52.760 I'll say, you just got a zero on the final. 00:18:52.760 --> 00:18:54.380 You have to be here for that. 00:18:54.380 --> 00:18:55.030 You know why? 00:18:55.030 --> 00:18:59.740 I have to be here for that, you can be here for that, too. 00:18:59.740 --> 00:19:02.130 There are about a quarter of a million students in Boston. 00:19:02.130 --> 00:19:05.030 It's a great college town, but at Christmas time, it's 00:19:05.030 --> 00:19:06.740 pandemonium at Logan Airport. 00:19:06.740 --> 00:19:09.690 So you want to book your passage early, but you can't 00:19:09.690 --> 00:19:14.060 do it until you know what your final exam obligations are. 00:19:14.060 --> 00:19:14.750 Grading. 00:19:14.750 --> 00:19:17.700 Freshman, you know, it's pass/no record. 00:19:17.700 --> 00:19:19.320 Pass/no record. 00:19:19.320 --> 00:19:22.710 And so that means that if you struggle and things don't go 00:19:22.710 --> 00:19:25.300 well, you don't have any blemishes on your record. 00:19:25.300 --> 00:19:28.450 Unfortunately, some of the upperclassmen will tell you as 00:19:28.450 --> 00:19:30.630 pass/no record, you now, barest pass 00:19:30.630 --> 00:19:32.570 imaginable/ no record. 00:19:32.570 --> 00:19:36.270 Well, I hate to let you know this, but increasingly I am 00:19:36.270 --> 00:19:41.730 being asked by medical schools, law schools, 00:19:41.730 --> 00:19:45.760 scholarship providers to reveal the scores on the 00:19:45.760 --> 00:19:47.590 freshman year. 00:19:47.590 --> 00:19:52.240 So think about that before you call Hilary in late November 00:19:52.240 --> 00:19:54.910 saying, what do I need to get a 50? 00:19:54.910 --> 00:19:59.250 I need a 32 on the final? 00:19:59.250 --> 00:20:00.480 OK. 00:20:00.480 --> 00:20:04.628 But Lord help you, you get a 31 you go down. 00:20:04.628 --> 00:20:06.970 [LAUGHTER] 00:20:06.970 --> 00:20:09.470 PROFESSOR: Upperclassmen get the luxury of the entire 00:20:09.470 --> 00:20:13.320 alphabet: A, B, C, D, F. 00:20:13.320 --> 00:20:15.420 The final grade composition. 00:20:15.420 --> 00:20:16.730 1/6 for homework-- 00:20:16.730 --> 00:20:20.140 that's the aggregates of the weekly test scores-- and 1/6 00:20:20.140 --> 00:20:22.140 for each of the three tests. 00:20:22.140 --> 00:20:25.590 And then the final is 2/6, or 1/3. 00:20:25.590 --> 00:20:27.670 I didn't want to get into transcendental numbers, so I 00:20:27.670 --> 00:20:31.630 made it 33 exact, 16.75 exact. 00:20:31.630 --> 00:20:35.650 I could have made it 16.77, I could have made it 16.81, I 00:20:35.650 --> 00:20:36.740 could have made it anything I want. 00:20:36.740 --> 00:20:39.040 I'm the professor. 00:20:39.040 --> 00:20:42.520 But I chose 16.75. 00:20:42.520 --> 00:20:48.040 Bottom line here is it's really dumb to fail the final. 00:20:48.040 --> 00:20:51.600 If you passed the final, you're pretty much assured 00:20:51.600 --> 00:20:53.630 that we're going to be favorably 00:20:53.630 --> 00:20:55.610 disposed to passing you. 00:20:55.610 --> 00:20:58.830 But you fail the final that says two things. 00:20:58.830 --> 00:21:02.980 It says, number one, you don't have a grasp of the overall 00:21:02.980 --> 00:21:05.610 year, but it also sort of indicates that you ran out of 00:21:05.610 --> 00:21:08.780 steam partway through the semester and stopped working. 00:21:08.780 --> 00:21:11.590 It's very bad. 00:21:11.590 --> 00:21:13.830 You get a lot of good advice from upperclassmen, but 00:21:13.830 --> 00:21:15.590 sometimes-- 00:21:15.590 --> 00:21:17.810 I'd ignore that one that says, hey, you don't have to do that 00:21:17.810 --> 00:21:19.980 well on the final. 00:21:19.980 --> 00:21:22.460 Anyway, so you have to get a C level as 00:21:22.460 --> 00:21:23.640 a freshmen or greater. 00:21:23.640 --> 00:21:27.080 And, by the way, we do not grade on a curve. 00:21:27.080 --> 00:21:30.110 I've seen it in magazines this last year that 00:21:30.110 --> 00:21:31.910 MIT grades on a curve. 00:21:31.910 --> 00:21:32.970 I don't where they get that from. 00:21:32.970 --> 00:21:34.320 I don't grade on a curve. 00:21:34.320 --> 00:21:39.200 Your success does not come at the expense of your neighbor. 00:21:39.200 --> 00:21:41.040 As far as I'm concerned everybody in this 00:21:41.040 --> 00:21:42.420 class can get an A. 00:21:42.420 --> 00:21:46.550 Again, I'm the professor, all right? 00:21:46.550 --> 00:21:49.600 So you say, well, how do you know that 50 00:21:49.600 --> 00:21:50.420 is the right number? 00:21:50.420 --> 00:21:51.720 Why isn't it 55? 00:21:51.720 --> 00:21:53.470 Why isn't it 75? 00:21:53.470 --> 00:21:54.710 Well, I know. 00:21:54.710 --> 00:21:54.960 I know. 00:21:54.960 --> 00:21:55.940 How do I know? 00:21:55.940 --> 00:22:01.610 Because when we grade, we set up the point scheme so that if 00:22:01.610 --> 00:22:07.720 the student has the mastery of the barest level of competency 00:22:07.720 --> 00:22:10.140 of the key concept the point scheme must 00:22:10.140 --> 00:22:11.340 reflect a passing grade-- 00:22:11.340 --> 00:22:14.090 5 out of 10, 5 out of 9-- 00:22:14.090 --> 00:22:16.380 and you propagate that through. 00:22:16.380 --> 00:22:18.800 I don't care how much is written, if it doesn't 00:22:18.800 --> 00:22:22.440 demonstrate basic mastery of the key concept the point 00:22:22.440 --> 00:22:28.310 scheme must give 4, 3, 2, 0. 00:22:28.310 --> 00:22:29.610 Maybe a 1. 00:22:29.610 --> 00:22:33.440 And so that, if you propagate it through the whole semester, 00:22:33.440 --> 00:22:34.770 means 50 is a pass. 00:22:34.770 --> 00:22:35.950 There's some wiggle room there. 00:22:35.950 --> 00:22:40.180 How do I know 49.7 is a fail and 50 is a pass? 00:22:40.180 --> 00:22:43.070 That's when I call your recitation instructor. 00:22:43.070 --> 00:22:44.320 [CELL PHONE RINGING] 00:22:44.320 --> 00:22:45.190 PROFESSOR: Let's kill that. 00:22:45.190 --> 00:22:47.150 We're going to get to that in a second. 00:22:47.150 --> 00:22:49.036 Let's call the recitation instructor. 00:22:49.036 --> 00:22:51.360 And what happens? 00:22:51.360 --> 00:22:53.500 I ask the recitation instructor, well, what can you 00:22:53.500 --> 00:22:55.540 tell me about this young lady? 00:22:55.540 --> 00:22:58.090 And, oh, she came to all my classes, she tried really 00:22:58.090 --> 00:22:59.990 hard, she came to office hours. 00:22:59.990 --> 00:23:02.690 I don't think the exam is a proper reflection of her 00:23:02.690 --> 00:23:04.270 understanding. 00:23:04.270 --> 00:23:08.170 I'll listen to that and maybe we'll promote. 00:23:08.170 --> 00:23:11.710 If, on the other hand, I get the response, I never saw her, 00:23:11.710 --> 00:23:13.390 didn't come to class. 00:23:13.390 --> 00:23:18.220 I repeatedly reached out to her, ignored my entreaties, 00:23:18.220 --> 00:23:19.586 she's going down. 00:23:19.586 --> 00:23:20.836 [LAUGHTER] 00:23:24.720 --> 00:23:26.010 PROFESSOR: OK. 00:23:26.010 --> 00:23:26.970 Website. 00:23:26.970 --> 00:23:28.795 This is what the website looks like. 00:23:28.795 --> 00:23:30.980 There's a number of tabs here. 00:23:30.980 --> 00:23:35.140 The readings are there, the videos are there archived. 00:23:35.140 --> 00:23:36.310 The schedule-- 00:23:36.310 --> 00:23:38.150 what's going to be coming up. 00:23:38.150 --> 00:23:40.220 So, for example, this is what's going on today. 00:23:40.220 --> 00:23:44.460 It says what the topic is, roughly what the readings are. 00:23:44.460 --> 00:23:46.580 I know today you didn't come to class having read. 00:23:46.580 --> 00:23:47.880 And it's OK, we'll get through it. 00:23:47.880 --> 00:23:52.970 But from now on I urge you to do the readings. 00:23:52.970 --> 00:23:56.640 A couple of topics I'm required to talk about. 00:23:56.640 --> 00:23:58.620 My management requires me to do so. 00:23:58.620 --> 00:24:00.220 Academic honesty. 00:24:00.220 --> 00:24:03.290 There's a lot of texts here, but in plain English, this 00:24:03.290 --> 00:24:05.300 says don't cheat! 00:24:05.300 --> 00:24:06.995 You know what this means! 00:24:06.995 --> 00:24:09.270 Now I don't want to hear, well, in my country, the 00:24:09.270 --> 00:24:09.680 custom is-- 00:24:09.680 --> 00:24:11.690 I don't care what they do in your country! 00:24:11.690 --> 00:24:15.780 You're in my class, and if you cheat in my class you 00:24:15.780 --> 00:24:19.000 will pay for it. 00:24:19.000 --> 00:24:20.620 Very simple. 00:24:20.620 --> 00:24:23.140 Accept information of any kind from others-- 00:24:23.140 --> 00:24:24.630 wrong. 00:24:24.630 --> 00:24:27.940 Represent somebody else's work as your own-- wrong. 00:24:27.940 --> 00:24:29.100 You know this. 00:24:29.100 --> 00:24:33.350 It was Juvenal, the Roman politician, said men need not 00:24:33.350 --> 00:24:37.020 so much be instructed as reminded. 00:24:37.020 --> 00:24:40.230 I'm not telling you anything you don't already know, but 00:24:40.230 --> 00:24:43.150 I'm going to say it so no one can say, well, nobody told us 00:24:43.150 --> 00:24:47.000 it wasn't OK to erase our answers and hand them back in 00:24:47.000 --> 00:24:48.440 for more points. 00:24:48.440 --> 00:24:50.020 I just did. 00:24:50.020 --> 00:24:51.270 All right? 00:24:53.760 --> 00:24:57.630 So if in the unlikely-- but it happens every so often. 00:24:57.630 --> 00:25:00.050 Maybe every two, three years. 00:25:00.050 --> 00:25:00.980 And people get caught. 00:25:00.980 --> 00:25:02.180 You know why they get caught? 00:25:02.180 --> 00:25:04.470 Because for the first time in your life you're being taught 00:25:04.470 --> 00:25:06.545 by people who are as smart as you are. 00:25:06.545 --> 00:25:07.795 [LAUGHTER] 00:25:12.590 --> 00:25:15.280 PROFESSOR: My TAs are really smart. 00:25:15.280 --> 00:25:18.700 And it never ceases to amaze me-- somebody succumbs and 00:25:18.700 --> 00:25:21.630 does something dishonest, and they get caught! 00:25:21.630 --> 00:25:23.080 They get busted! 00:25:23.080 --> 00:25:24.370 And what happens then? 00:25:24.370 --> 00:25:25.210 Then I get angry. 00:25:25.210 --> 00:25:25.900 You know why? 00:25:25.900 --> 00:25:29.150 Because we can't settle that in my office. 00:25:29.150 --> 00:25:32.930 You can't come and cry in my office. 00:25:32.930 --> 00:25:39.310 I have to take this episode to a committee here at MIT called 00:25:39.310 --> 00:25:40.610 the Committee on Discipline. 00:25:40.610 --> 00:25:42.760 It is staffed by faculty, by 00:25:42.760 --> 00:25:45.500 administrators, and by students. 00:25:45.500 --> 00:25:49.490 And the case is brought before the COD at a hearing and a 00:25:49.490 --> 00:25:51.370 punishment is decided. 00:25:51.370 --> 00:25:55.540 And it can be anything from suspension to expulsion. 00:25:55.540 --> 00:25:59.350 And of the three categories, faculty, administrators, 00:25:59.350 --> 00:26:04.700 students, which category do you think is most severe on 00:26:04.700 --> 00:26:05.910 infringers? 00:26:05.910 --> 00:26:06.670 AUDIENCE: Students. 00:26:06.670 --> 00:26:07.870 PROFESSOR: Your peers. 00:26:07.870 --> 00:26:09.050 You got it. 00:26:09.050 --> 00:26:12.002 You know, because people my age, old faculty, they'll be 00:26:12.002 --> 00:26:14.520 like, oh, they're just kids, whatever. 00:26:14.520 --> 00:26:16.710 The students say, no! 00:26:16.710 --> 00:26:18.005 Throw them out! 00:26:18.005 --> 00:26:19.255 [LAUGHTER] 00:26:22.190 --> 00:26:24.090 PROFESSOR: So it's not going to be me that's going to expel 00:26:24.090 --> 00:26:26.490 you, it's going to be your peers. 00:26:26.490 --> 00:26:27.260 So don't do it. 00:26:27.260 --> 00:26:29.890 And if you're ever in an exam and somebody's pressuring you, 00:26:29.890 --> 00:26:33.190 just raise your hand and ask to be reseated. 00:26:33.190 --> 00:26:35.980 For all I know, the guy next to you has got a bad case of 00:26:35.980 --> 00:26:37.830 B.O., you just want to move. 00:26:37.830 --> 00:26:39.810 We will not ask any questions, so take 00:26:39.810 --> 00:26:41.530 yourself out of the situation. 00:26:41.530 --> 00:26:45.580 Conduct yourself appropriately. 00:26:45.580 --> 00:26:46.870 Classroom behavior. 00:26:46.870 --> 00:26:48.440 Now this is the first lecture, there's a whole bunch of 00:26:48.440 --> 00:26:49.880 violations in here right now. 00:26:49.880 --> 00:26:52.540 So I'm going to say it now and we'll fix it for next time. 00:26:52.540 --> 00:26:57.980 We've got 425 seats here, we've probably got 475 people, 00:26:57.980 --> 00:27:00.210 and there's only one way we can make this system work and 00:27:00.210 --> 00:27:04.210 we have to observe certain rules of decorum. 00:27:04.210 --> 00:27:06.280 And I make the rules. 00:27:06.280 --> 00:27:09.930 So if I want to maintain a fertile learning environment 00:27:09.930 --> 00:27:13.080 I'm going to ask for these rules to be observed. 00:27:13.080 --> 00:27:15.610 No talking at all. 00:27:15.610 --> 00:27:16.500 No talking. 00:27:16.500 --> 00:27:19.120 Little conversation here, little conversation here-- 00:27:19.120 --> 00:27:21.480 it disturbs people. 00:27:21.480 --> 00:27:23.640 I don't want any food or drink. 00:27:23.640 --> 00:27:25.750 No food, no drink. 00:27:25.750 --> 00:27:27.914 One exception is the professor. 00:27:27.914 --> 00:27:30.520 [LAUGHTER] 00:27:30.520 --> 00:27:34.070 PROFESSOR: Because I do not want to have my throat get so 00:27:34.070 --> 00:27:37.460 dry that I can't finish talking my way through the end 00:27:37.460 --> 00:27:38.680 of the class. 00:27:38.680 --> 00:27:42.350 Otherwise, no food or drink and no disruptive behavior. 00:27:42.350 --> 00:27:44.540 No horseplay or anything like that. 00:27:44.540 --> 00:27:49.040 And wireless communication devices must be silenced. 00:27:49.040 --> 00:27:52.890 Cell phone goes off, you get up, you leave the room. 00:27:52.890 --> 00:27:54.751 That's it. 00:27:54.751 --> 00:27:56.620 AUDIENCE: Is water OK? 00:27:56.620 --> 00:27:58.600 PROFESSOR: If you need water because it's some kind of a 00:27:58.600 --> 00:27:59.440 health thing, fine. 00:27:59.440 --> 00:28:01.630 But I do not want to see a whole bunch of people drawing 00:28:01.630 --> 00:28:03.470 on water bottles. 00:28:03.470 --> 00:28:04.910 Don't need it. 00:28:04.910 --> 00:28:06.560 Don't need it. 00:28:06.560 --> 00:28:10.230 You can go 50 minutes without your little-- 00:28:10.230 --> 00:28:11.157 whatever. 00:28:11.157 --> 00:28:13.780 [LAUGHTER] 00:28:13.780 --> 00:28:15.270 PROFESSOR: You know why? 00:28:15.270 --> 00:28:16.200 I'll tell you why. 00:28:16.200 --> 00:28:19.270 It's not because I'm trying to be a control freak. 00:28:19.270 --> 00:28:22.730 This is a chemistry class, but it's chemistry-centered. 00:28:22.730 --> 00:28:26.470 You didn't just come to MIT to learn some geeky techno stuff. 00:28:26.470 --> 00:28:29.180 You're preparing for a professional career, and part 00:28:29.180 --> 00:28:34.450 of that is how you behave, how to act as a professional. 00:28:34.450 --> 00:28:37.880 And you cannot learn behavior by doing problem sets. 00:28:37.880 --> 00:28:39.320 How do you learn behavior? 00:28:39.320 --> 00:28:41.980 You learn behavior by observation. 00:28:41.980 --> 00:28:43.710 And how does one teach behavior? 00:28:43.710 --> 00:28:45.270 By modeling. 00:28:45.270 --> 00:28:47.570 If you're in some high-level committee meeting and all of a 00:28:47.570 --> 00:28:49.377 sudden your cell phone goes off and you're scrambling and 00:28:49.377 --> 00:28:52.220 you can't find the damn thing, it's in the bottom of your 00:28:52.220 --> 00:28:53.700 briefcase, right? 00:28:58.930 --> 00:29:03.070 I can't tell you how vulgar that is. 00:29:03.070 --> 00:29:05.190 You're in a professional setting, you commit 00:29:05.190 --> 00:29:07.090 professional suicide. 00:29:07.090 --> 00:29:08.640 And I need to tell you that. 00:29:08.640 --> 00:29:13.170 If you think it's OK you're wrong. 00:29:13.170 --> 00:29:15.310 So let's get in the habit. 00:29:15.310 --> 00:29:17.180 Disable the damn thing. 00:29:17.180 --> 00:29:17.720 What do you need? 00:29:17.720 --> 00:29:19.110 You're going to call your stockbroker? 00:29:19.110 --> 00:29:22.760 What's so important right now? 00:29:22.760 --> 00:29:27.220 And on an exam, that thing goes off I take the exam in 00:29:27.220 --> 00:29:28.050 front of everybody and-- 00:29:28.050 --> 00:29:29.330 [MAKING RIPPING NOISE] 00:29:29.330 --> 00:29:33.277 PROFESSOR: --we introduce a defect, it's called a tear. 00:29:33.277 --> 00:29:34.710 [LAUGHTER] 00:29:34.710 --> 00:29:37.060 PROFESSOR: And then I put a zero on it like this, with a 00:29:37.060 --> 00:29:37.972 circle around it. 00:29:37.972 --> 00:29:39.405 It's called a donut. 00:29:39.405 --> 00:29:40.655 [LAUGHTER] 00:29:45.520 --> 00:29:45.900 PROFESSOR: All right. 00:29:45.900 --> 00:29:48.120 Now let's talk about some lighter 00:29:48.120 --> 00:29:50.040 things, more upbeat things. 00:29:50.040 --> 00:29:53.130 Look, I want you to succeed in this class. 00:29:53.130 --> 00:29:56.670 Now how are we going to succeed? 00:29:56.670 --> 00:29:59.700 You go to the listing in the bulletin 00:29:59.700 --> 00:30:01.750 you'll see this, right? 00:30:01.750 --> 00:30:04.090 And you zoom in here it says 5-0-7. 00:30:04.090 --> 00:30:04.840 What's this mean? 00:30:04.840 --> 00:30:06.800 Well the 5 is 5 contact hours. 00:30:06.800 --> 00:30:09.990 3 here and 2 with your recitation. 00:30:09.990 --> 00:30:11.290 The 0 is lab. 00:30:11.290 --> 00:30:12.920 There's no lab with this class. 00:30:12.920 --> 00:30:14.720 So what's the 7? 00:30:14.720 --> 00:30:17.780 The 7 is the reading, the homework, 00:30:17.780 --> 00:30:19.500 preparation, et cetera. 00:30:19.500 --> 00:30:23.430 I pledge to you, you give me 7 hours-- you go to the 5 hours 00:30:23.430 --> 00:30:24.950 contact and 7 hours-- 00:30:24.950 --> 00:30:27.900 you will not just pass this class, you will flourish in 00:30:27.900 --> 00:30:29.970 this class. 00:30:29.970 --> 00:30:31.350 How do I know this? 00:30:31.350 --> 00:30:35.610 Because I used to chair the committee on admissions and 00:30:35.610 --> 00:30:36.860 I've read applications. 00:30:36.860 --> 00:30:40.180 I know the quality of individual in this room. 00:30:40.180 --> 00:30:42.930 You should have seen, there were 11,000 applications piled 00:30:42.930 --> 00:30:44.930 up like this, each dossier like this, and they just get 00:30:44.930 --> 00:30:47.290 copied down on a four-by-six card. 00:30:47.290 --> 00:30:50.650 We get here on a Presidents' Day weekend and we got stacks 00:30:50.650 --> 00:30:51.570 and stacks of the cards. 00:30:51.570 --> 00:30:54.210 We're looking at your whole academic life is on a 00:30:54.210 --> 00:30:55.290 four-by-six card. 00:30:55.290 --> 00:30:57.480 And I pick that up and I go, yes. 00:31:00.890 --> 00:31:02.700 Literally at this speed. 00:31:02.700 --> 00:31:04.750 About 45 seconds. 00:31:04.750 --> 00:31:06.074 No. 00:31:06.074 --> 00:31:08.240 [LAUGHTER] 00:31:08.240 --> 00:31:09.212 PROFESSOR: Hell no! 00:31:09.212 --> 00:31:09.700 [LAUGHTER] 00:31:09.700 --> 00:31:13.680 PROFESSOR: That's how I spent Presidents' Day weekend. 00:31:13.680 --> 00:31:20.730 And so you got through a very grueling selection process. 00:31:20.730 --> 00:31:23.220 What's the corollary of that? 00:31:23.220 --> 00:31:25.910 Listen carefully to this: Everybody in this room has the 00:31:25.910 --> 00:31:28.980 intellectual apparatus to pass 3.091. 00:31:28.980 --> 00:31:32.430 The only people who fail 3.091 are people who 00:31:32.430 --> 00:31:34.650 choose to fail 3.091. 00:31:34.650 --> 00:31:37.430 They choose not to come to class, they chose not to go to 00:31:37.430 --> 00:31:40.930 recitation, they chose not to work the homework. 00:31:40.930 --> 00:31:42.830 I don't know why they make those choices. 00:31:42.830 --> 00:31:45.740 But I guarantee you if you give me this amount of time, 00:31:45.740 --> 00:31:46.450 you'll do well. 00:31:46.450 --> 00:31:47.690 It's straightforward. 00:31:47.690 --> 00:31:52.110 Number one problem you are going to face this fall is not 00:31:52.110 --> 00:31:54.400 secondary bonding, it's time management. 00:31:57.980 --> 00:32:04.620 So I used to call this strategies for-- 00:32:04.620 --> 00:32:06.810 what did I used to call it? 00:32:06.810 --> 00:32:07.706 I forgot. 00:32:07.706 --> 00:32:11.130 I used to have it something like, survival strategies. 00:32:11.130 --> 00:32:12.310 But I don't want you to survive, 00:32:12.310 --> 00:32:13.480 I want you to flourish. 00:32:13.480 --> 00:32:15.470 So I call it recipe for success. 00:32:15.470 --> 00:32:17.770 There are different venues for learning. 00:32:17.770 --> 00:32:19.050 OK? 00:32:19.050 --> 00:32:20.850 So lecture, that's here. 00:32:20.850 --> 00:32:22.890 That's my responsibility. 00:32:22.890 --> 00:32:25.400 Recitation, that's Tuesdays and Thursdays. 00:32:25.400 --> 00:32:27.140 That's my staff. 00:32:27.140 --> 00:32:28.500 Now reading, that's you. 00:32:28.500 --> 00:32:30.380 Homework, that'd be you. 00:32:30.380 --> 00:32:32.590 Weekly quizzes is you, monthly tests is you, 00:32:32.590 --> 00:32:34.113 final exam is you. 00:32:34.113 --> 00:32:34.860 [LAUGHTER] 00:32:34.860 --> 00:32:38.280 PROFESSOR: What we have here is a partnership. 00:32:38.280 --> 00:32:39.181 See? 00:32:39.181 --> 00:32:41.830 [LAUGHTER] 00:32:41.830 --> 00:32:44.220 PROFESSOR: So I'll do my part, you do your part. 00:32:44.220 --> 00:32:47.880 You know, one of the things beyond the basic learning of 00:32:47.880 --> 00:32:50.750 the chemistry that we're going to attempt here is a 00:32:50.750 --> 00:32:51.490 transition. 00:32:51.490 --> 00:32:54.890 You are going to change in ways you can't imagine. 00:32:54.890 --> 00:32:58.120 I want you to think about the way you are right now, and I'm 00:32:58.120 --> 00:33:00.580 going to ask you to think about how you feel about 00:33:00.580 --> 00:33:02.510 yourself on the last day of class. 00:33:02.510 --> 00:33:04.860 You will be amazed, and it's not because you know a few 00:33:04.860 --> 00:33:06.500 more chemical equations. 00:33:06.500 --> 00:33:09.120 And what one of the things that I want to see happen and 00:33:09.120 --> 00:33:13.150 to help facilitate is the transition from student, which 00:33:13.150 --> 00:33:17.020 you are as a high school graduate, to scholar. 00:33:17.020 --> 00:33:19.750 And the difference between a student and a scholar is a 00:33:19.750 --> 00:33:24.100 scholar takes ownership of his or her learning. 00:33:24.100 --> 00:33:25.620 So you're going to take ownership of it. 00:33:25.620 --> 00:33:27.370 You know, is this going to be on? 00:33:27.370 --> 00:33:29.640 Are we responsible for this? 00:33:29.640 --> 00:33:31.340 Go back to high school. 00:33:31.340 --> 00:33:32.750 Here you're a scholar. 00:33:32.750 --> 00:33:35.700 You say, how can I learn more about this? 00:33:35.700 --> 00:33:38.800 That's the difference. 00:33:38.800 --> 00:33:41.900 So I think we've covered enough. 00:33:41.900 --> 00:33:44.730 I think we don't want to just have the whole day, welcome to 00:33:44.730 --> 00:33:45.910 MIT, welcome to MIT. 00:33:45.910 --> 00:33:48.230 So what we're going to do is we'll get into the lecture, 00:33:48.230 --> 00:33:51.885 and in the very brief amount of time we have left I'm going 00:33:51.885 --> 00:33:54.455 to talk about the beginnings of chemistry. 00:33:54.455 --> 00:33:58.490 We're going to talk about taxonomy, classification, 00:33:58.490 --> 00:34:00.090 nomenclature. 00:34:00.090 --> 00:34:04.770 And to help introduce this I'm going to refer to the writings 00:34:04.770 --> 00:34:05.930 of William Shakespeare. 00:34:05.930 --> 00:34:08.430 We're going to integrate some humanities here. 00:34:08.430 --> 00:34:10.660 We're going to read from Romeo and Juliet. 00:34:10.660 --> 00:34:13.250 Maybe there are people here who were admitted on the 00:34:13.250 --> 00:34:15.870 strength of the performance in Romeo and Juliet. 00:34:15.870 --> 00:34:18.520 Maybe one of you was Romeo, one of you was Juliet. 00:34:18.520 --> 00:34:20.190 Maybe one of you did the lighting. 00:34:20.190 --> 00:34:21.850 Maybe one of you did the set design. 00:34:21.850 --> 00:34:23.910 Maybe one of you took the tickets. 00:34:23.910 --> 00:34:25.320 Somehow you were involved, right? 00:34:25.320 --> 00:34:27.200 Because we're all involved. 00:34:27.200 --> 00:34:28.270 So let's take a look. 00:34:28.270 --> 00:34:29.550 Act 2, Scene 2. 00:34:29.550 --> 00:34:33.580 Romeo: "But soft, what light through yonder window breaks? 00:34:33.580 --> 00:34:35.030 It is the east"-- 00:34:35.030 --> 00:34:37.330 that's the east. East Campus is that way, right? 00:34:37.330 --> 00:34:38.230 [LAUGHTER] 00:34:38.230 --> 00:34:41.790 PROFESSOR: "It is the east, and Juliet is the sun." That 00:34:41.790 --> 00:34:43.920 has nothing to do with nomenclature. 00:34:43.920 --> 00:34:47.350 Maybe photon emission, but-- 00:34:47.350 --> 00:34:47.920 that's a joke. 00:34:47.920 --> 00:34:49.970 We'll get to it. 00:34:49.970 --> 00:34:51.910 Now Juliet: "O Romeo, Romeo! 00:34:51.910 --> 00:34:53.720 Wherefore art thou Romeo? 00:34:53.720 --> 00:34:56.720 Deny thy father and refuse thy name. 00:34:56.720 --> 00:35:00.540 Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, and I'll no 00:35:00.540 --> 00:35:02.420 longer be a Capulet." See she's a 00:35:02.420 --> 00:35:04.470 Capulet, he's a Montague. 00:35:04.470 --> 00:35:06.370 You know, the Hatfields and the McCoys. 00:35:06.370 --> 00:35:07.090 And this is a metaphor. 00:35:07.090 --> 00:35:08.230 It's as old as literature. 00:35:08.230 --> 00:35:12.870 It's about warring factions, two communities that can't 00:35:12.870 --> 00:35:14.890 stand each other based on prejudice. 00:35:14.890 --> 00:35:17.940 And then these two youngsters fall in love, and how love 00:35:17.940 --> 00:35:20.080 triumphs over hatred, and so on. 00:35:20.080 --> 00:35:23.900 It's powerful stuff and it's written here. 00:35:23.900 --> 00:35:27.460 Romeo: "Shall I hear more, or shall I speak at this?" 00:35:27.460 --> 00:35:29.240 Remember, she's up high, he's doing "Shall I hear more, 00:35:29.240 --> 00:35:31.110 shall I speak at this?" Fellows, the answer to that 00:35:31.110 --> 00:35:34.570 question is don't speak. 00:35:34.570 --> 00:35:36.680 Don't interrupt her. 00:35:36.680 --> 00:35:36.920 All right. 00:35:36.920 --> 00:35:41.210 So now she goes, "'Tis but thy name that is my enemy. 00:35:41.210 --> 00:35:44.100 Thou art thyself, though not a Montague. 00:35:44.100 --> 00:35:45.900 What's Montague? 00:35:45.900 --> 00:35:48.490 It is nor hand, nor foot, nor arm, nor face, nor any other 00:35:48.490 --> 00:35:49.900 part belonging to a man. 00:35:49.900 --> 00:35:51.870 O, be some other name! 00:35:51.870 --> 00:35:54.040 What's in a name? 00:35:54.040 --> 00:35:57.440 That which we call a rose by any other word would smell as 00:35:57.440 --> 00:36:00.620 sweet." That's properties, right? 00:36:00.620 --> 00:36:05.060 "So Romeo would, were he not Romeo called, retain that dear 00:36:05.060 --> 00:36:08.390 perfection which he owes without that title. 00:36:08.390 --> 00:36:12.650 Romeo, doff thy name, and for that name which is no part of 00:36:12.650 --> 00:36:15.360 thee take all myself." 00:36:15.360 --> 00:36:16.340 Beautiful writing. 00:36:16.340 --> 00:36:19.810 400 years ago and it's just fantastic. 00:36:19.810 --> 00:36:22.250 Well, that's no good. 00:36:22.250 --> 00:36:24.310 That's not the way it works in science. 00:36:24.310 --> 00:36:26.150 In science we have to agree-- 00:36:26.150 --> 00:36:27.860 [LAUGHTER] 00:36:27.860 --> 00:36:31.150 PROFESSOR: We have to agree on the name. 00:36:31.150 --> 00:36:34.190 And so this is taken from Chapter 1 of the text, and 00:36:34.190 --> 00:36:37.520 this is the classification of matter. 00:36:37.520 --> 00:36:40.760 This is about stuff and the different forms of stuff. 00:36:40.760 --> 00:36:43.290 Over here we have the simplest form of stuff, 00:36:43.290 --> 00:36:44.210 which is the element. 00:36:44.210 --> 00:36:46.670 And we're going to start here in 3.091 and we're going to 00:36:46.670 --> 00:36:49.850 work our way all the way through this table, starting 00:36:49.850 --> 00:36:53.290 with electronic structure and how electronic structure 00:36:53.290 --> 00:36:54.540 governs stuff. 00:36:58.520 --> 00:37:01.376 So let's start with a history lesson. 00:37:01.376 --> 00:37:03.530 We'll start with a history lesson. 00:37:03.530 --> 00:37:05.540 And the history lesson goes like this. 00:37:05.540 --> 00:37:07.520 What are the origins of chemistry? 00:37:07.520 --> 00:37:10.910 The ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs refer to khemeia, 00:37:10.910 --> 00:37:13.450 which was a chemical process for embalming the dead. 00:37:13.450 --> 00:37:17.500 You know the Egyptians were very fixated on the afterlife. 00:37:17.500 --> 00:37:21.310 And the chemists, the chemists were revered in that society-- 00:37:21.310 --> 00:37:22.160 not like here. 00:37:22.160 --> 00:37:24.750 They were revered in that society because they knew how 00:37:24.750 --> 00:37:26.960 to prepare the body for the afterlife. 00:37:26.960 --> 00:37:29.580 Embalming is a chemical process. 00:37:29.580 --> 00:37:31.400 A few years ago I was in London. 00:37:31.400 --> 00:37:34.150 I toured the British Museum and came upon this. 00:37:34.150 --> 00:37:36.450 This is 18 inches tall. 00:37:36.450 --> 00:37:37.830 It's the mummified cat. 00:37:37.830 --> 00:37:40.630 It's a fantastic example of mummification. 00:37:40.630 --> 00:37:42.750 It's a beautiful-- most people go zooming right past it. 00:37:42.750 --> 00:37:45.090 They're looking at the big dinosaurs and 00:37:45.090 --> 00:37:46.060 all that other nonsense. 00:37:46.060 --> 00:37:48.700 But this, this is beautiful. 00:37:48.700 --> 00:37:51.120 Mummified cat. 00:37:51.120 --> 00:37:54.100 And then khemeia expanded to other chemical processes: 00:37:54.100 --> 00:37:58.780 dying of cloth, glassmaking, and metals extraction. 00:37:58.780 --> 00:38:02.680 The chemist could take dirt and turn it into metal. 00:38:02.680 --> 00:38:03.930 Sorcery. 00:38:05.820 --> 00:38:08.930 Some things haven't changed. 00:38:08.930 --> 00:38:12.730 I'm in that tradition: producing metal from dirt. 00:38:15.670 --> 00:38:19.060 And they were always looking for an overarching theme, to 00:38:19.060 --> 00:38:23.850 unite the heavens with the simple elements. 00:38:23.850 --> 00:38:27.690 So the seven known, naked-to-the-eye, astronomical 00:38:27.690 --> 00:38:30.510 bodies were associated with the seven 00:38:30.510 --> 00:38:32.650 known chemical elements. 00:38:32.650 --> 00:38:35.540 And you could even talk in this priestly language. 00:38:35.540 --> 00:38:38.240 So if you wanted to make a bronze, which is an alloy of 00:38:38.240 --> 00:38:40.910 tin and copper, you could say, well let's have the confluence 00:38:40.910 --> 00:38:43.680 of Jupiter and Venus. 00:38:43.680 --> 00:38:44.300 It's all there. 00:38:44.300 --> 00:38:44.850 Mercury. 00:38:44.850 --> 00:38:45.860 Why do we call it Mercury? 00:38:45.860 --> 00:38:49.160 Mercury's a metal that's liquid at room temperature. 00:38:49.160 --> 00:38:54.210 It's fast. Because Mercury is the planet that moves quickest 00:38:54.210 --> 00:38:56.030 around the sun. 00:38:56.030 --> 00:38:58.170 Very nice. 00:38:58.170 --> 00:39:01.250 So this is what we knew 2,400 years ago. 00:39:01.250 --> 00:39:05.410 We had the seven metals, carbon, and silicon. 00:39:05.410 --> 00:39:11.440 And the beginning of the shift from practice to theory, or 00:39:11.440 --> 00:39:15.950 from craft to science, is with the work of Democritus. 00:39:19.740 --> 00:39:24.770 Democritus, who lived around 400 BCE. 00:39:24.770 --> 00:39:27.010 Democritus, who was Greek. 00:39:27.010 --> 00:39:31.190 He described the physical world as consisting of a 00:39:31.190 --> 00:39:35.310 combination of void plus being. 00:39:35.310 --> 00:39:37.200 Void plus being. 00:39:37.200 --> 00:39:38.340 These are lofty words. 00:39:38.340 --> 00:39:39.910 Listen to this. 00:39:39.910 --> 00:39:43.410 Void, being not some little equation. 00:39:43.410 --> 00:39:45.040 It's big, big ideas. 00:39:45.040 --> 00:39:47.140 And how did he describe void? 00:39:47.140 --> 00:39:50.320 Void is something that we would recognize, in his 00:39:50.320 --> 00:39:53.670 language, as akin to what we recognize to be vacuum. 00:39:53.670 --> 00:39:59.820 And being, he said, was comprised of an infinity of 00:39:59.820 --> 00:40:01.110 atoms. 00:40:01.110 --> 00:40:05.500 He coined the term "atom." "Atom" comes from the Greek 00:40:05.500 --> 00:40:08.750 tomoi, which is to slice. 00:40:08.750 --> 00:40:11.640 And then if you put "a" in front of it as in apolitical 00:40:11.640 --> 00:40:15.610 or amoral, cannot be sliced: indivisible. 00:40:15.610 --> 00:40:19.120 The atom cannot be sliced, and so to these atoms he 00:40:19.120 --> 00:40:21.110 attributed these properties. 00:40:21.110 --> 00:40:27.180 They're indivisible and eternal. 00:40:27.180 --> 00:40:31.650 I mean, this takes you all the way to E equals m c squared. 00:40:31.650 --> 00:40:36.080 From 400 BCE, and that's all he had to work with. 00:40:36.080 --> 00:40:38.100 This is brilliant. 00:40:38.100 --> 00:40:40.670 Absolutely brilliant. 00:40:40.670 --> 00:40:43.530 But to show you that things don't always go in a linear 00:40:43.530 --> 00:40:46.110 fashion for the better, along comes Aristotle. 00:40:49.150 --> 00:40:53.490 Aristotle, another Greek, and he decided, nah, we don't need 00:40:53.490 --> 00:40:55.330 all this carbon, sulfur, and so on. 00:40:55.330 --> 00:41:01.460 He said, we will have four essences that will describe 00:41:01.460 --> 00:41:03.380 the earthly world. 00:41:03.380 --> 00:41:05.010 Four essences. 00:41:05.010 --> 00:41:06.260 And here are the four essences. 00:41:08.820 --> 00:41:12.120 Earth, water, air, fire. 00:41:12.120 --> 00:41:14.020 So those are the Aristotelian essences. 00:41:14.020 --> 00:41:16.030 And there's actually a fifth essence that 00:41:16.030 --> 00:41:17.930 describes the heavens. 00:41:17.930 --> 00:41:19.910 That's why we say something is quintessential. 00:41:19.910 --> 00:41:22.720 It's heavenly, it's et cetera. 00:41:22.720 --> 00:41:24.420 So these are the four essences. 00:41:24.420 --> 00:41:24.740 All right? 00:41:24.740 --> 00:41:29.970 And then it gets even worse because he has compounds, a 00:41:29.970 --> 00:41:33.510 combination, so you can take fire plus earth and make dry, 00:41:33.510 --> 00:41:37.550 earth plus water make cold, air plus water make wet, air 00:41:37.550 --> 00:41:38.590 plus fire make hot. 00:41:38.590 --> 00:41:40.616 This is nuts. 00:41:40.616 --> 00:41:41.930 [LAUGHTER] 00:41:41.930 --> 00:41:46.520 PROFESSOR: And it dominated science for a long, long time. 00:41:46.520 --> 00:41:48.550 Because we know really earth is an aggregate. 00:41:48.550 --> 00:41:51.520 It's an aggregate of different minerals which are compounds. 00:41:51.520 --> 00:41:55.110 Water, as you know, is a compound H2O. 00:41:55.110 --> 00:41:57.570 Fire is the product of combustion. 00:41:57.570 --> 00:42:00.310 It doesn't even belong in this set. 00:42:00.310 --> 00:42:01.600 And air is a solution. 00:42:01.600 --> 00:42:05.250 It's a homogeneous mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, 00:42:05.250 --> 00:42:07.930 rising levels of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide. 00:42:07.930 --> 00:42:09.910 And if you're next to an aluminum smelter, 00:42:09.910 --> 00:42:11.020 tetrafluoromethane. 00:42:11.020 --> 00:42:13.760 And so on and so forth. 00:42:13.760 --> 00:42:17.210 And finally this thing was knocked down. 00:42:17.210 --> 00:42:21.000 So we can look at this chart and go back to this one and 00:42:21.000 --> 00:42:23.460 say, now we can make the connections. 00:42:23.460 --> 00:42:24.090 All right. 00:42:24.090 --> 00:42:28.120 Here's the way the elements looked at the time of the 00:42:28.120 --> 00:42:29.930 American Revolution. 00:42:29.930 --> 00:42:33.710 The alchemists gave us arsenic, antimony, and bismuth 00:42:33.710 --> 00:42:36.260 in the 12th, 13th, 14th centuries. 00:42:36.260 --> 00:42:39.430 In 13th century India, there was zinc isolated. 00:42:39.430 --> 00:42:42.280 There's a tall zinc pillar still standing there. 00:42:42.280 --> 00:42:43.680 Platinum is an American metal. 00:42:43.680 --> 00:42:45.540 It was unknown to the Europeans. 00:42:45.540 --> 00:42:50.360 It was discovered when the Spanish came to the Americas. 00:42:50.360 --> 00:42:53.550 Actually, it's kind of ironic because plata is silver, so 00:42:53.550 --> 00:42:55.930 platina is sort of like a diminutive of silver, which in 00:42:55.930 --> 00:42:59.700 point of fact is backwards because silver melts at 962 00:42:59.700 --> 00:43:02.840 degrees Celsius, platinum melts at 1768. 00:43:02.840 --> 00:43:04.680 It is nobler than silver. 00:43:04.680 --> 00:43:06.820 It has catalytic properties. 00:43:06.820 --> 00:43:10.700 It is even fashionable in jewelry now if you know how to 00:43:10.700 --> 00:43:13.940 work with it, because gold melts at 1063 and platinum 00:43:13.940 --> 00:43:15.540 melts at 1762. 00:43:15.540 --> 00:43:17.510 A lot of jewelers can't work with platinum. 00:43:17.510 --> 00:43:18.390 It's too high-melting. 00:43:18.390 --> 00:43:20.210 It's a fantastic metal. 00:43:20.210 --> 00:43:21.778 It's an American metal. 00:43:21.778 --> 00:43:23.770 [LAUGHTER] 00:43:23.770 --> 00:43:24.610 PROFESSOR: It really is. 00:43:24.610 --> 00:43:25.830 I mean it's an American metal. 00:43:25.830 --> 00:43:27.250 I didn't make this up. 00:43:27.250 --> 00:43:28.810 It's true. 00:43:28.810 --> 00:43:30.890 And then we see these other elements. 00:43:30.890 --> 00:43:32.790 Discovered, discovered, discovered, discovered. 00:43:32.790 --> 00:43:34.690 Now we see modern science. 00:43:34.690 --> 00:43:37.390 So what does it mean, discovered 1766? 00:43:37.390 --> 00:43:39.750 There was no hydrogen before 1766? 00:43:39.750 --> 00:43:40.980 They found it? 00:43:40.980 --> 00:43:41.250 No. 00:43:41.250 --> 00:43:45.760 It means that Cavendish isolated it and documented its 00:43:45.760 --> 00:43:47.140 properties. 00:43:47.140 --> 00:43:48.390 Hence, it was discovered. 00:43:52.980 --> 00:43:54.240 Now I've been cheating here. 00:43:54.240 --> 00:43:57.190 This is actually lined up in a way that we already know, 00:43:57.190 --> 00:44:01.420 where the story is going to end with this, with the 00:44:01.420 --> 00:44:02.330 Periodic Table. 00:44:02.330 --> 00:44:05.870 I'm just lying them on the table in a way that makes it 00:44:05.870 --> 00:44:07.140 possible to anticipate. 00:44:07.140 --> 00:44:11.560 But this was the first table of elements that is of record, 00:44:11.560 --> 00:44:15.720 and this was by John Dalton, the English chemist, who put 00:44:15.720 --> 00:44:18.220 these in order of atomic mass. 00:44:18.220 --> 00:44:20.960 They're organized in ascending order of atomic mass. 00:44:20.960 --> 00:44:24.870 And he also started a system of chemical symbols. 00:44:24.870 --> 00:44:28.560 And you can see that iron has an "I" with a circle around 00:44:28.560 --> 00:44:30.400 it, and zinc has a "Z" with a circle around it. 00:44:30.400 --> 00:44:32.970 And the Swedish chemist Berzelius said, you know I 00:44:32.970 --> 00:44:35.950 don't think the French are going to like to use "I" with 00:44:35.950 --> 00:44:38.240 a circle around it for iron, or Germans aren't 00:44:38.240 --> 00:44:38.820 going to like that. 00:44:38.820 --> 00:44:42.380 We better choose something a little bit neutral. 00:44:42.380 --> 00:44:43.530 So they chose Latin. 00:44:43.530 --> 00:44:46.620 And that's why iron is "Fe" for ferrum, and gold is "Au" 00:44:46.620 --> 00:44:47.960 for arum, and so on. 00:44:47.960 --> 00:44:49.470 But this was the first attempt. 00:44:49.470 --> 00:44:51.220 John Dalton actually was a polymath. 00:44:51.220 --> 00:44:55.980 He was also working on vision, human vision, and he suffered 00:44:55.980 --> 00:45:01.250 from an affliction that is present in about 10% of men, 00:45:01.250 --> 00:45:03.010 which is red-green color blindness. 00:45:03.010 --> 00:45:05.510 And he did the original work on red-green color blindness. 00:45:05.510 --> 00:45:08.490 In fact, in some circles it is known as Daltonism. 00:45:08.490 --> 00:45:11.540 It's the same man, John Dalton. 00:45:11.540 --> 00:45:13.280 Other classifications. 00:45:13.280 --> 00:45:16.200 Dobereiner in Jena talked about triads. 00:45:16.200 --> 00:45:18.900 And if you took the atomic mass of chlorine, added it to 00:45:18.900 --> 00:45:21.090 the atomic massive of iodine divided by two, you get 00:45:21.090 --> 00:45:22.580 something that's not too far off the 00:45:22.580 --> 00:45:25.330 atomic mass of bromine. 00:45:25.330 --> 00:45:28.120 Newlands was a musician and he talked about octaves. 00:45:28.120 --> 00:45:31.700 So if you start here, if this is a diatonic scale, so this 00:45:31.700 --> 00:45:35.500 is C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C. 00:45:35.500 --> 00:45:39.290 So potassium lies an octave away from sodium. 00:45:39.290 --> 00:45:40.360 He was ridiculed. 00:45:40.360 --> 00:45:42.790 They said, have you considered perhaps putting the elements 00:45:42.790 --> 00:45:44.610 in alphabetical order? 00:45:44.610 --> 00:45:45.340 They were cruel. 00:45:45.340 --> 00:45:48.020 Scientists can be very cruel to new ideas. 00:45:48.020 --> 00:45:50.690 And, in fact, in your book this is some of Newlands work, 00:45:50.690 --> 00:45:55.030 and you can see to what extent it helps understand things. 00:45:55.030 --> 00:45:58.640 But the first proper organization came in 1869 with 00:45:58.640 --> 00:46:05.500 Mendeleyev, and also 1870 with Lothar Meyer in Tuebingen, the 00:46:05.500 --> 00:46:07.540 Periodic table as we know it. 00:46:07.540 --> 00:46:09.510 And this is the set of elements that were 00:46:09.510 --> 00:46:10.920 known at the time. 00:46:10.920 --> 00:46:14.520 And this is a page from the paper in which Mendeleyev 00:46:14.520 --> 00:46:17.060 published the Periodic Table. 00:46:17.060 --> 00:46:19.730 And here's the smoking gun right here. 00:46:19.730 --> 00:46:24.380 It's right here where he says, in this new system, in this 00:46:24.380 --> 00:46:29.690 proposed system, there are very many missing elements. 00:46:29.690 --> 00:46:31.720 Very many missing elements-- 00:46:31.720 --> 00:46:33.450 that was the key. 00:46:33.450 --> 00:46:37.700 Because he knew that even though arsenic has the atomic 00:46:37.700 --> 00:46:42.490 mass next highest to that of zinc not to put arsenic under 00:46:42.490 --> 00:46:44.880 aluminum, not to put it under silicon. 00:46:44.880 --> 00:46:47.210 It had more in common with phosphorus. 00:46:47.210 --> 00:46:50.940 So he put it under phosphorus, and so did Meyer. 00:46:50.940 --> 00:46:55.890 But what Mendeleyev did, which was a first, he said, there 00:46:55.890 --> 00:46:57.430 are missing elements here. 00:46:57.430 --> 00:47:00.930 There is an element that lies between silicon and tin, and I 00:47:00.930 --> 00:47:03.090 predict what it's mass will be. 00:47:03.090 --> 00:47:06.950 I predict what it's chemical formulation will be, how it 00:47:06.950 --> 00:47:08.390 will react with oxygen. 00:47:08.390 --> 00:47:09.750 The predictions. 00:47:09.750 --> 00:47:11.920 And how did he get this? 00:47:11.920 --> 00:47:14.990 Because he used to travel by train and he would sit in the 00:47:14.990 --> 00:47:18.780 train station on his trunk playing solitaire. 00:47:18.780 --> 00:47:20.910 And he'd be going down one suit, and then 00:47:20.910 --> 00:47:22.870 there'd be a gap. 00:47:22.870 --> 00:47:25.800 And he'd go down the other suit and he could go farther. 00:47:25.800 --> 00:47:28.790 And so the concept of, I know there should be an eight of 00:47:28.790 --> 00:47:31.750 spades here, but I have to stop at the nine. 00:47:31.750 --> 00:47:34.710 I've got a seven but there's something in there-- 00:47:34.710 --> 00:47:38.950 triggered his imagination and led him to have the courage to 00:47:38.950 --> 00:47:42.730 say, there are elements there and I will predict their 00:47:42.730 --> 00:47:43.600 properties. 00:47:43.600 --> 00:47:47.740 And when they were discovered how close he was is shocking. 00:47:47.740 --> 00:47:50.100 Absolutely shocking. 00:47:50.100 --> 00:47:51.420 So we'll get to that next day. 00:47:51.420 --> 00:47:55.020 But before you go I want to leave you with this. 00:47:55.020 --> 00:47:56.910 This is the portrait of Mendeleyev that 00:47:56.910 --> 00:47:57.710 you typically see. 00:47:57.710 --> 00:48:02.520 This man on in years, disheveled, sort of mad 00:48:02.520 --> 00:48:03.730 scientist look. 00:48:03.730 --> 00:48:04.550 Don't remember that. 00:48:04.550 --> 00:48:05.330 Look at this. 00:48:05.330 --> 00:48:09.530 This is Mendeleyev, age 35, when he proposed the Periodic 00:48:09.530 --> 00:48:13.000 Table of the Elements. 00:48:13.000 --> 00:48:13.350 OK. 00:48:13.350 --> 00:48:14.110 We'll adjourn. 00:48:14.110 --> 00:48:16.090 We'll see you on Friday.