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JULIAN BEINART: I'm going to
go through a number of cases

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with you today.

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00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:40,400
So we'll have to rely on,
sometimes, on this hand

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00:00:40,400 --> 00:00:42,890
out, sometimes on the slides.

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00:00:42,890 --> 00:00:46,680
Let me first tell you
what handout contains.

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00:00:46,680 --> 00:00:56,230
The first is an example
from Philippe Boudon's book,

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Lived-in Architecture.

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This is his housing for
steel workers at Pessac,

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00:01:02,490 --> 00:01:12,720
near Bordeaux, which Boudon
studied after a period of time

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and made these
drawings of the changes

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that people have made to
the original plan, which

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is the top left.

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The elevations indicate
a couple of things,

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because I'm not going to go into
any detail about this example.

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00:01:38,940 --> 00:01:46,470
People enclosed the open porch
of Corbusier's to make garages.

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00:01:46,470 --> 00:01:49,940
They replaced long,
linear windows

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00:01:49,940 --> 00:01:56,360
by rectangular windows of
a much more oblong nature,

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arguing that Corbusier's
windows were not modern enough

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00:02:03,080 --> 00:02:05,590
and so on and so on.

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00:02:05,590 --> 00:02:11,140
When Corbusier was asked by
Boudon about these changes,

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he said, to be grammatically
as possible, life

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is more important than art.

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00:02:27,400 --> 00:02:32,200
There was no indication that
he expected or made provisions

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for changes to take place.

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00:02:36,140 --> 00:02:41,740
He was central to
modernism, that time

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00:02:41,740 --> 00:02:46,870
was captured within the
space of the project.

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00:02:46,870 --> 00:02:52,480
He neither looked forward to
changes that could be made

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00:02:52,480 --> 00:02:56,350
nor did he look back to
the possibility of history

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or memory affecting your work.

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00:03:00,890 --> 00:03:06,280
So one ism, as I tried
to indicate on Tuesday,

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00:03:06,280 --> 00:03:12,350
was the notion of
fixed culture, which

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00:03:12,350 --> 00:03:18,520
operated with the production of
objects which had no reference

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00:03:18,520 --> 00:03:21,820
backwards of any value.

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00:03:21,820 --> 00:03:26,230
Corbusier is a classic
example of a man who

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00:03:26,230 --> 00:03:36,730
denies the 19th century street
forever and then proceeded

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00:03:36,730 --> 00:03:42,900
to make projects like this
one, in which the steel

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00:03:42,900 --> 00:03:47,880
workers themselves find
the capacity to change

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00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:51,630
without the change
being premeditated.

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00:03:51,630 --> 00:03:58,020
We're going to be looking today
at the issue of looking forward

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and what unpredictability means.

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00:04:05,650 --> 00:04:09,480
I will use the case of MIT
on the second and third page.

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00:04:12,570 --> 00:04:28,360
You will see the plan of MIT
from 1920, 1916, to 1994, 2004.

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00:04:28,360 --> 00:04:34,390
I will discuss
[? Maria Zepharado's ?] thesis

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and what she found.

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Next

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00:04:41,820 --> 00:04:51,300
Two pages from Rodrigo Perez
de Arce's work, arguing that--

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it says, demanding adding
on to existing buildings

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is an opportunity
for good change.

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AUDIENCE: Who is this?

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It's not at the top.

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JULIAN BEINART: Isn't it?

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AUDIENCE: Rodrigo Perez de Arce.

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JULIAN BEINART: Rodrigo
Perez de Arce, A-R-C-E.

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He's from Colombia.

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Do you know him?

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AUDIENCE: No, professor.

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JULIAN BEINART: He's
a quiet man, who

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draws very beautiful drawings.

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His urban-- in the larger
reading list for this class,

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you'll find the reference.

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It's published in
Architectural Design

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and also in a little handbook
by the Architectural Association

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in London.

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00:06:03,630 --> 00:06:06,120
I will show some
examples of his work.

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The next two pages are drawings
by Louis Kahn and Alison

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00:06:16,230 --> 00:06:21,250
and Peter Smithson of the Team
10 group dealing with flows.

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The next few pages are plans of
European universities from 1961

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onward all the way through to
the Free University of Berlin

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00:06:40,710 --> 00:06:46,410
in 1963, all slowly dealing
with the architecture of change.

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OK.

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Reaction after
the end of CIM was

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in the hands of a small
group of architects

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called Team 10, who put forward
the possibility that time

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could be escaped from.

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That's my words.

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They didn't write it.

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00:07:32,780 --> 00:07:36,190
Alison and Peter Smithson,
Team 10 primaries,

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00:07:36,190 --> 00:07:43,930
the doctrine of their
work and theories,

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they were interested in
notions of unpredictability,

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circumstance, probability.

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They were interested in
the notion of the temporary

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00:08:04,160 --> 00:08:07,190
and the ephemeral
versus the permanent.

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00:08:15,730 --> 00:08:18,280
Secondly, they were
interested in the flow,

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00:08:18,280 --> 00:08:25,390
in the idea that movement
systems, particularly

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00:08:25,390 --> 00:08:28,780
those that create
interaction and connection

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were fundamental to their work.

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00:08:33,309 --> 00:08:44,020
And thirdly, they tried to
argue for social reality, which

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00:08:44,020 --> 00:08:50,080
involved the
complexity of occasion,

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00:08:50,080 --> 00:08:56,060
as it occurred in most
situations at the time.

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00:08:56,060 --> 00:08:59,830
They invented words,
like most architects do.

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00:08:59,830 --> 00:09:04,750
Socioplastics is
their invention.

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00:09:04,750 --> 00:09:09,160
Socioplastics use
that word which

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00:09:09,160 --> 00:09:14,260
embraces what the painters like
Richard Hamilton and Eduardo

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00:09:14,260 --> 00:09:19,060
Paolozzi were trying to
do in their painting.

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00:09:19,060 --> 00:09:21,400
It's interesting
how few architects

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00:09:21,400 --> 00:09:24,520
of the modern movement or
the post-modern movement

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00:09:24,520 --> 00:09:27,850
have had much association
with painting.

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00:09:27,850 --> 00:09:31,130
Frank Gehry is,
perhaps, the only one.

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00:09:31,130 --> 00:09:36,100
Steven Holl, to some extent,
connect the interpretation

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00:09:36,100 --> 00:09:42,880
of architecture in light to
certain ideas about painting,

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00:09:42,880 --> 00:09:48,620
whereas the Modernists were
very much in the mood of all

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00:09:48,620 --> 00:09:54,220
the painting revolutions,
which occurred largely

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00:09:54,220 --> 00:09:56,315
in Paris and in Europe.

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00:09:59,960 --> 00:10:12,600
So we have the notion of
change, the notion of flow,

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00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:18,450
and the notion of socioplastics
as central to Team 10's work.

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00:10:18,450 --> 00:10:20,910
We will look a little
bit at Team 10's work.

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00:10:20,910 --> 00:10:24,630
But I haven't got the
time in this class

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00:10:24,630 --> 00:10:29,370
to deliberate fully on Team
10 and their architecture

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00:10:29,370 --> 00:10:30,885
and their urbanistic work.

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00:10:35,150 --> 00:10:38,045
We have to accept that you
cannot predict the future.

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00:10:42,160 --> 00:10:45,760
There's a book by Paul
Ormerod, an Englishman,

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00:10:45,760 --> 00:10:51,710
called Why Most Things
Fail, which sets out

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00:10:51,710 --> 00:10:57,890
that we maintain to achieve
a particular outcome

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00:10:57,890 --> 00:11:01,100
but the complexity of the
world, even in apparently

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00:11:01,100 --> 00:11:04,400
simple situations,
appears to be so great

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00:11:04,400 --> 00:11:08,220
that it's not within our
power to ordain the future.

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00:11:08,220 --> 00:11:17,660
He gives the example of the
world's 100 largest companies

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00:11:17,660 --> 00:11:22,220
in the period from 1912 to 1995.

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00:11:22,220 --> 00:11:27,140
Out of the 100 largest
industrial companies in 1912,

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00:11:27,140 --> 00:11:30,420
how many have survived in 1995?

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00:11:30,420 --> 00:11:30,920
Guess.

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00:11:35,250 --> 00:11:36,750
AUDIENCE: There's
a good book called

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00:11:36,750 --> 00:11:40,970
The Living Company, written
by Arie de Geus in which they

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00:11:40,970 --> 00:11:45,660
studied companies over 200
years old to understand what

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00:11:45,660 --> 00:11:49,080
would make them last over time.

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00:11:49,080 --> 00:11:52,260
JULIAN BEINART: Well,
48% of the companies

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00:11:52,260 --> 00:11:58,410
which were in the world's
largest 100 disappeared.

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00:11:58,410 --> 00:12:01,140
52% survived.

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00:12:01,140 --> 00:12:07,570
So that means over 80 years, you
have a 50% chance of survival.

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00:12:11,000 --> 00:12:12,940
It's more than human beings.

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00:12:12,940 --> 00:12:15,050
AUDIENCE: Yeah.

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00:12:15,050 --> 00:12:16,430
JULIAN BEINART:
It's pretty good.

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00:12:16,430 --> 00:12:21,050
He refers to the difference
between risk and uncertainty,

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00:12:21,050 --> 00:12:28,040
risk being where the options
are within a span of certainty,

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00:12:28,040 --> 00:12:30,080
such as flipping a coin.

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00:12:30,080 --> 00:12:36,020
And uncertainty is where the
options are very unclear,

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00:12:36,020 --> 00:12:39,680
such as a man or a couple
of men from the moon

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00:12:39,680 --> 00:12:42,980
landing on the Earth, which
some people believe in.

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00:12:46,040 --> 00:12:48,320
The difference between
risk and uncertainty

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00:12:48,320 --> 00:12:52,160
isn't easily discussed
in the work of the people

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00:12:52,160 --> 00:12:58,835
that I'm going to be arguing
for, this notion somehow that--

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00:13:05,720 --> 00:13:08,690
how much do you
know of this work?

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00:13:08,690 --> 00:13:10,965
Who knows about the Free
University in Berlin?

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00:13:14,560 --> 00:13:15,610
One person.

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00:13:15,610 --> 00:13:20,610
You all are very ignorant,
if I might say so.

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00:13:24,070 --> 00:13:27,280
We don't teach history properly.

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00:13:27,280 --> 00:13:30,900
We don't teach urban
history at all.

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00:13:30,900 --> 00:13:34,120
I have complained about
this for most of my career.

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00:13:34,120 --> 00:13:36,940
And seeing this is the last
time I have to complain--

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00:13:36,940 --> 00:13:39,750
[LAUGHTER]

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00:13:39,750 --> 00:13:44,440
--I'll complain
finally, for the record.

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00:13:47,480 --> 00:13:47,980
All right.

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00:13:47,980 --> 00:13:50,680
We'll talk about the Free
University in Berlin project

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00:13:50,680 --> 00:13:51,655
by shared records.

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00:13:54,250 --> 00:14:00,640
Let's just list, if we can,
some of the conventional methods

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00:14:00,640 --> 00:14:04,720
of achieving
flexibility in cities.

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00:14:04,720 --> 00:14:12,890
Number one, land banking,
you can endow land

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00:14:12,890 --> 00:14:18,730
with cheap uses, farming,
parking lots, and so on,

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00:14:18,730 --> 00:14:23,390
on the grounds that, in future
when land becomes more scarce,

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00:14:23,390 --> 00:14:29,060
they will be able to be reused
without much demolition.

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00:14:29,060 --> 00:14:33,530
Farming is not an option which
has been used in urbanism very

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00:14:33,530 --> 00:14:37,270
much if at all.

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00:14:37,270 --> 00:14:43,300
Farming in New York is on
terraces and high 100-feet

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00:14:43,300 --> 00:14:46,790
above the ground, or 1,000
feet above the ground.

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00:14:50,680 --> 00:14:56,070
Secondly, easements--
easements are

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00:14:56,070 --> 00:15:07,890
rights of way which can be
endowed with limited use,

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00:15:07,890 --> 00:15:11,880
such as on the
sides of highways.

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00:15:11,880 --> 00:15:13,950
When we spoke
about Robert Moses,

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00:15:13,950 --> 00:15:21,150
I spoke about the lack of
his provision of easements

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00:15:21,150 --> 00:15:23,250
on his freeways.

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00:15:23,250 --> 00:15:27,180
The cost of providing
the easement

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00:15:27,180 --> 00:15:32,880
would have allowed the addition
of public transportation

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00:15:32,880 --> 00:15:36,990
next to these roads at
a cost, which is now

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00:15:36,990 --> 00:15:39,450
estimated to be a
fraction of what it now

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00:15:39,450 --> 00:15:42,000
would cost to do them.

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00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:52,780
So you allow the possibility
of an event taking place

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on land which is easily
available and costs very little

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00:15:57,670 --> 00:16:01,255
initially, but increases
in value as time passes.

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00:16:04,340 --> 00:16:06,590
The problem with
prediction is that there's

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00:16:06,590 --> 00:16:09,440
a difference between
the right prediction

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00:16:09,440 --> 00:16:11,930
and the excessive prediction.

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00:16:11,930 --> 00:16:19,250
Now, it's between too little
response and too much response.

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00:16:19,250 --> 00:16:29,020
Prediction costs money
under most circumstances.

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00:16:29,020 --> 00:16:33,010
You can also do
excessive prediction.

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00:16:33,010 --> 00:16:36,430
I think I showed you a diagram
of a South African mining

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00:16:36,430 --> 00:16:40,420
town, a classic case
where the town was

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00:16:40,420 --> 00:16:45,820
designed so that the central
businesses could expand.

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00:16:45,820 --> 00:16:49,240
The expansion area around
the center of the city

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00:16:49,240 --> 00:16:54,700
was so poorly treated, so badly
landscaped, not landscaped

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00:16:54,700 --> 00:16:55,860
at all.

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00:16:55,860 --> 00:16:58,150
It was just dirt.

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00:16:58,150 --> 00:17:00,460
It, in fact, caused the
center business area

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00:17:00,460 --> 00:17:07,630
not only to grow, but to decline
in size instead of to expand.

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00:17:07,630 --> 00:17:14,260
Leaving land for expansion
is one of the ideas

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00:17:14,260 --> 00:17:16,240
that we'll look at a
bit more carefully.

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00:17:23,950 --> 00:17:28,650
You can leave open
space for consumption,

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00:17:28,650 --> 00:17:33,360
assuming a coarse
grain in your town.

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00:17:33,360 --> 00:17:39,730
I will show you the example of
the Seoul the Olympics in 1988,

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00:17:39,730 --> 00:17:45,270
which built its Olympic Games
on the basis of a fairly

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00:17:45,270 --> 00:17:48,850
large open space system.

208
00:17:48,850 --> 00:17:53,100
Who knows the 1988
Olympic Games?

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00:17:53,100 --> 00:17:54,240
Were you there?

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00:17:54,240 --> 00:17:56,250
AUDIENCE: Not at the
Games, I know the site.

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00:17:56,250 --> 00:17:57,667
JULIAN BEINART:
You know the site.

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00:17:57,667 --> 00:17:58,620
Yeah.

213
00:17:58,620 --> 00:17:59,820
Yeah.

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00:17:59,820 --> 00:18:06,660
It's a classic example of the
cannibalization of easy access

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00:18:06,660 --> 00:18:07,830
space.

216
00:18:07,830 --> 00:18:09,880
Open space is easy access.

217
00:18:09,880 --> 00:18:13,200
It's cheap-- not cheap
in the public's mind,

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00:18:13,200 --> 00:18:18,030
but cheap in the
promoter's mind.

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00:18:18,030 --> 00:18:21,750
And most of the facilities,
including the Olympic Village

220
00:18:21,750 --> 00:18:26,430
by Kyu Sung Woo, who
lives here in Cambridge,

221
00:18:26,430 --> 00:18:29,310
was built on this
available land.

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00:18:29,310 --> 00:18:33,600
We'll come to
Seoul '88 later on.

223
00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:35,500
I'm just running
through some of these.

224
00:18:39,180 --> 00:18:45,390
There's infrastructure
for flexibility.

225
00:18:45,390 --> 00:18:49,200
When we designed the MIT
Brain and Cognitive Sciences

226
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:53,280
building, we had to allow
for the C86 railroad

227
00:18:53,280 --> 00:18:57,030
to run through underneath
the building that

228
00:18:57,030 --> 00:19:01,710
made an extraordinary difference
in the kind of building

229
00:19:01,710 --> 00:19:03,690
which you could design

230
00:19:03,690 --> 00:19:11,100
but we calculated that if
the air Rights Committee

231
00:19:11,100 --> 00:19:15,030
owned the air right
over the C86 railroad,

232
00:19:15,030 --> 00:19:19,020
about 22 feet or 15 meters.

233
00:19:19,020 --> 00:19:20,010
I'm not sure which.

234
00:19:20,010 --> 00:19:22,340
I think it's 22 feet.

235
00:19:22,340 --> 00:19:27,330
MIT can build 22 feet above
the plane of the railroad.

236
00:19:27,330 --> 00:19:29,735
We calculated when
working on this that,

237
00:19:29,735 --> 00:19:36,630
if MIT exercised this option and
built on the maximum air rights

238
00:19:36,630 --> 00:19:37,500
that the--

239
00:19:37,500 --> 00:19:40,950
well, they have the air rights.

240
00:19:40,950 --> 00:19:43,880
The degree to which they
can build vertically

241
00:19:43,880 --> 00:19:46,680
will have to be
sanctioned by the city.

242
00:19:46,680 --> 00:19:50,400
But we calculated
that, if MIT wished

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00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:57,570
to expand its campus
vertically over the air rights,

244
00:19:57,570 --> 00:20:01,980
the development would be
worth billions of dollars

245
00:20:01,980 --> 00:20:05,985
in Cambridge in terms
of square footage.

246
00:20:05,985 --> 00:20:11,220
So imagine the possibility of
a future in which MIT could

247
00:20:11,220 --> 00:20:15,210
build above a railway line.

248
00:20:19,240 --> 00:20:22,850
The fact is that we
only built to the height

249
00:20:22,850 --> 00:20:26,450
that Cambridge allows in
our building, which was

250
00:20:26,450 --> 00:20:28,190
large enough for our program.

251
00:20:31,050 --> 00:20:37,770
But this friction caused
by a movement system.

252
00:20:37,770 --> 00:20:40,320
Corbusier's
proposition of building

253
00:20:40,320 --> 00:20:46,320
under the freeways in Algiers
is not feasible anymore.

254
00:20:46,320 --> 00:20:49,470
The noise and pollution
caused by the automobiles

255
00:20:49,470 --> 00:20:53,160
would make it
virtually impossible

256
00:20:53,160 --> 00:20:56,700
to build under the freeways.

257
00:20:56,700 --> 00:21:02,040
One of the dramatic futures
in the next 50 years

258
00:21:02,040 --> 00:21:05,010
is going to be to how
to capture the space

259
00:21:05,010 --> 00:21:08,820
under elevated freeways
all over the world.

260
00:21:08,820 --> 00:21:15,120
They're elevated to
a considerable height

261
00:21:15,120 --> 00:21:16,920
because you have to be
able to pass through

262
00:21:16,920 --> 00:21:22,500
with a truck, which means
that you have to have ramps

263
00:21:22,500 --> 00:21:25,920
at 1 in 10 or 1 in 5.

264
00:21:25,920 --> 00:21:28,050
Depending on how
steep you are, you

265
00:21:28,050 --> 00:21:31,540
can take a large
amount of space.

266
00:21:31,540 --> 00:21:38,430
So I haven't seen a
proposition in recent times

267
00:21:38,430 --> 00:21:42,420
anywhere in the world
for capturing the space

268
00:21:42,420 --> 00:21:48,340
under a freeway in
a positive sense.

269
00:21:48,340 --> 00:21:52,740
We have one SMR
student project thesis,

270
00:21:52,740 --> 00:21:55,680
which you'll see in
three weeks time,

271
00:21:55,680 --> 00:22:00,210
which tries to do this in
Boston with great difficulty.

272
00:22:02,740 --> 00:22:08,680
But the air rights mean
that the development

273
00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:11,410
above a plane,
which for the moment

274
00:22:11,410 --> 00:22:15,370
is used by a railroad or
freeway, and the development

275
00:22:15,370 --> 00:22:22,770
below that plane even
penetrating into the ground

276
00:22:22,770 --> 00:22:26,770
are options which
utopianists have examined

277
00:22:26,770 --> 00:22:30,370
and wondered about.

278
00:22:30,370 --> 00:22:32,155
So we have to include
them on our list.

279
00:22:36,670 --> 00:22:39,910
Lastly, is the
question of geometry.

280
00:22:39,910 --> 00:22:42,550
And most of the
rest of my talk is

281
00:22:42,550 --> 00:22:47,320
going to deal with people who
have used the idea of geometry

282
00:22:47,320 --> 00:22:49,855
to allow for future change.

283
00:22:53,640 --> 00:22:56,340
OK.

284
00:22:56,340 --> 00:23:01,605
One of the people who argued
for the impact of geometry

285
00:23:01,605 --> 00:23:03,785
is [? Maria Zepharado's ?]
thesis.

286
00:23:06,540 --> 00:23:11,280
Maria was in this class
and became interested

287
00:23:11,280 --> 00:23:14,160
in the idea of change.

288
00:23:14,160 --> 00:23:21,660
She wanted to study a city
and make some speculation

289
00:23:21,660 --> 00:23:27,075
about how urban
transformation took place.

290
00:23:31,420 --> 00:23:39,700
She decided after being
forced to limit her thesis

291
00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:41,365
to take a MIT.

292
00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:49,930
MIT, Shadrach Woods, the
architect of the firm, Josic--

293
00:23:54,770 --> 00:23:58,220
oh, I forget the name
of the French firm,

294
00:23:58,220 --> 00:24:03,380
was an American architect
who developed the word ground

295
00:24:03,380 --> 00:24:06,760
scraper as a model
of MIT and used

296
00:24:06,760 --> 00:24:11,445
as the basis for the design
of the Free University campus

297
00:24:11,445 --> 00:24:11,945
in Berlin.

298
00:24:15,750 --> 00:24:22,650
Maria worked with the
drawings in the MIT archives,

299
00:24:22,650 --> 00:24:25,920
which had never been
looked at before,

300
00:24:25,920 --> 00:24:28,590
and made an assessment
of the number

301
00:24:28,590 --> 00:24:33,330
of geometric configurations
that allowed the campus

302
00:24:33,330 --> 00:24:36,750
to grow in the way that it did.

303
00:24:36,750 --> 00:24:40,515
I haven't got time to go
into this detail, as always.

304
00:24:43,500 --> 00:24:44,970
Why are we so short of time?

305
00:24:47,500 --> 00:24:49,830
Is it because we
try to do too much?

306
00:24:52,370 --> 00:24:55,675
But if you don't do too much,
who says what is enough?

307
00:24:59,580 --> 00:25:02,700
Should one take one
project like this

308
00:25:02,700 --> 00:25:07,920
and spend a semester
studying it in detail?

309
00:25:07,920 --> 00:25:11,310
Would you gain more
from doing that

310
00:25:11,310 --> 00:25:15,180
versus attending a class which
tries to cover everything

311
00:25:15,180 --> 00:25:16,305
in the world?

312
00:25:16,305 --> 00:25:17,275
[LAUGHTER]

313
00:25:20,185 --> 00:25:23,100
Well, you made your choice.

314
00:25:28,680 --> 00:25:33,810
Among our findings,
six stand out,

315
00:25:33,810 --> 00:25:39,030
the existence of an
underlying circulation system.

316
00:25:39,030 --> 00:25:46,590
MIT has a block size
of 65 feet in width

317
00:25:46,590 --> 00:25:49,380
in the central corridor
most of the time.

318
00:25:52,820 --> 00:25:56,310
There are three
kinds of stems used.

319
00:25:56,310 --> 00:25:58,760
Number three, the quality
of the knuckles-- whenever

320
00:25:58,760 --> 00:26:01,890
a building changed directions.

321
00:26:01,890 --> 00:26:06,500
Almost always when
there's an opportunity

322
00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:11,090
to change direction, the
vertical circulation system

323
00:26:11,090 --> 00:26:21,610
of elevators and staircases
are contained in the knuckle.

324
00:26:21,610 --> 00:26:23,920
So she shows that
every time a building

325
00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:28,330
changes direction
it is free of having

326
00:26:28,330 --> 00:26:33,700
to replace the vertical
circulation system.

327
00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:39,100
It means that the
circulation system

328
00:26:39,100 --> 00:26:42,400
becomes more intense as it
is joined to other systems.

329
00:26:45,260 --> 00:26:48,160
The fully equipped
unit section--

330
00:26:48,160 --> 00:26:51,610
from the [INAUDIBLE] system.

331
00:26:51,610 --> 00:26:55,550
The courtyard is future space.

332
00:26:55,550 --> 00:27:01,030
I never realized that MIT
intended the courtyard system

333
00:27:01,030 --> 00:27:04,480
as an opportunity for
building expansion.

334
00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:05,790
Thank god they haven't.

335
00:27:09,250 --> 00:27:15,220
The facades-- where facades
were considered to be permanent,

336
00:27:15,220 --> 00:27:17,890
they were built of
granite or limestone.

337
00:27:17,890 --> 00:27:22,150
Where the facades were
considered to be temporary,

338
00:27:22,150 --> 00:27:24,760
they were built of brick,
yellow brick facade.

339
00:27:27,820 --> 00:27:35,500
So she argues very
systematically with a lot

340
00:27:35,500 --> 00:27:44,560
of data that there was a
kind of DNA in the system not

341
00:27:44,560 --> 00:27:48,970
a very profound DNA, but
a very simple DNA, which

342
00:27:48,970 --> 00:28:00,230
allowed MIT to grow until
2004 on its own land.

343
00:28:00,230 --> 00:28:03,350
Our building, the Brain
and Cognitive Center,

344
00:28:03,350 --> 00:28:06,330
is on the other side
of Vassar Street.

345
00:28:06,330 --> 00:28:10,490
It was the first
time a building--

346
00:28:10,490 --> 00:28:14,240
not the first time, but
one of the first times

347
00:28:14,240 --> 00:28:19,460
the major building was built
outside of the limited campus.

348
00:28:19,460 --> 00:28:27,470
We proposed an aerial connection
from building whatever-it-is

349
00:28:27,470 --> 00:28:34,860
across Vassar Street to a
place on the second floor

350
00:28:34,860 --> 00:28:37,100
of the Brain and
Cognitive Center.

351
00:28:37,100 --> 00:28:40,070
MIT wouldn't build it.

352
00:28:40,070 --> 00:28:42,590
We tried very hard
to get it built.

353
00:28:42,590 --> 00:28:46,160
In fact, the German
engineer [? George Sly ?]

354
00:28:46,160 --> 00:28:52,130
who worked on the
Freedom Tower in New York

355
00:28:52,130 --> 00:28:56,287
is probably the best structural
engineer in the world, designed

356
00:28:56,287 --> 00:28:56,870
the connector.

357
00:28:56,870 --> 00:29:00,800
But MIT didn't.

358
00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:03,870
MIT now faces an
expansion possibility

359
00:29:03,870 --> 00:29:09,470
which is not as simple as
expanding on your own land.

360
00:29:09,470 --> 00:29:12,860
It has to deal with urban
infrastructure of much more

361
00:29:12,860 --> 00:29:13,730
complex nature.

362
00:29:19,430 --> 00:29:24,610
Another use of geometry,
which we mentioned before

363
00:29:24,610 --> 00:29:31,140
is in the Llewelyn-Davies plan
for Milton Keynes in London one

364
00:29:31,140 --> 00:29:36,250
of the Mark 3 New Towns.

365
00:29:36,250 --> 00:29:40,610
You'll remember that
the grid is used.

366
00:29:40,610 --> 00:29:44,830
And the grid is spaced at
1 kilometer by 1 kilometer,

367
00:29:44,830 --> 00:29:51,670
not 1 mile by 1 mile,
so that the consequence

368
00:29:51,670 --> 00:29:57,730
of the generation of volume
within this enclosed grid space

369
00:29:57,730 --> 00:30:00,670
would not be too
large and require

370
00:30:00,670 --> 00:30:03,266
great separated interaction.

371
00:30:06,640 --> 00:30:11,520
Some other ideas--
the whole premise

372
00:30:11,520 --> 00:30:16,980
of Milton Keynes' his plan
he summarized as follows.

373
00:30:16,980 --> 00:30:19,440
"The central aim of
the plan is to arrange

374
00:30:19,440 --> 00:30:23,640
the necessary fixed
elements, transport drainage

375
00:30:23,640 --> 00:30:27,000
water supply in
a new city, so as

376
00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:30,705
to allow the greatest possible
scope for freedom and change.

377
00:30:36,630 --> 00:30:39,180
It has been planned
as far as possible

378
00:30:39,180 --> 00:30:42,510
to allow wide varieties
in patterns of life

379
00:30:42,510 --> 00:30:47,400
and the greatest possible
choice for the future."

380
00:30:47,400 --> 00:30:51,780
There are two things in
the geometry of the--

381
00:30:51,780 --> 00:30:56,790
well, in the application
of the geometry.

382
00:30:56,790 --> 00:31:00,540
Number one is the
idea, as I drew

383
00:31:00,540 --> 00:31:03,480
on the blackboard, of
recognizing the possibility

384
00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:05,820
of a space frame system.

385
00:31:05,820 --> 00:31:08,790
A space frame system
in architecture

386
00:31:08,790 --> 00:31:14,400
is a system which spans distance
and allows you to put points

387
00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:18,870
on the load system at
any point as opposed

388
00:31:18,870 --> 00:31:22,740
to point and beam system,
where you can only

389
00:31:22,740 --> 00:31:29,320
load the system where there is
a column beneath your point.

390
00:31:29,320 --> 00:31:33,960
So it's kind of pointless
system or freedom of pointing,

391
00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:38,010
which allows almost any
kind of change to exist.

392
00:31:38,010 --> 00:31:42,150
The notion of deciding what
the maximum amount that you

393
00:31:42,150 --> 00:31:48,210
can allow before the system
cripples itself is interesting.

394
00:31:48,210 --> 00:31:54,840
You have to use mathematical
prediction systems

395
00:31:54,840 --> 00:31:57,000
like the Poisson distribution.

396
00:31:57,000 --> 00:31:59,490
Who knows what the
Poisson distribution is?

397
00:32:02,190 --> 00:32:03,120
You should know.

398
00:32:05,810 --> 00:32:07,520
If you're going to
design a university

399
00:32:07,520 --> 00:32:11,600
campus or a
schoolroom, how do you

400
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:17,000
decide on the distribution
of the sizes of classrooms?

401
00:32:20,630 --> 00:32:22,520
You're architects.

402
00:32:22,520 --> 00:32:25,910
You're in advanced
standing at MIT.

403
00:32:25,910 --> 00:32:27,230
You're doing doctorates.

404
00:32:27,230 --> 00:32:30,450
You're doing all kinds
of advanced degrees.

405
00:32:30,450 --> 00:32:32,630
And if I ask you the
simple proposition

406
00:32:32,630 --> 00:32:34,640
that, if you had
to walk out of here

407
00:32:34,640 --> 00:32:39,440
and you were in Burma
somewhere and they decided

408
00:32:39,440 --> 00:32:45,410
to build a new university, how
would you decide on its program

409
00:32:45,410 --> 00:32:47,620
without knowing the
Poisson distribution?

410
00:32:50,420 --> 00:32:53,630
The Department of Mathematics
at Cambridge University,

411
00:32:53,630 --> 00:32:56,660
a new building, is
designed on the basis

412
00:32:56,660 --> 00:32:59,780
of Poisson distribution.

413
00:32:59,780 --> 00:33:02,480
It allocates
probability of sizes

414
00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:05,720
given certain average rates.

415
00:33:05,720 --> 00:33:08,390
I'm not trying to be clever.

416
00:33:08,390 --> 00:33:11,960
I'm just trying
to say that there

417
00:33:11,960 --> 00:33:16,850
are statistical measures
which give one a better

418
00:33:16,850 --> 00:33:18,455
prediction about the future.

419
00:33:21,430 --> 00:33:24,540
One of the best subjects I
ever studied in graduate school

420
00:33:24,540 --> 00:33:25,800
was statistics.

421
00:33:25,800 --> 00:33:31,350
I hated it, but it made me
aware of the fact that you

422
00:33:31,350 --> 00:33:34,200
can generate knowledge
through sampling

423
00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:36,930
systems of great capacity.

424
00:33:39,450 --> 00:33:42,990
I was staggered when
my professor said,

425
00:33:42,990 --> 00:33:46,080
the only reason we
have live matches

426
00:33:46,080 --> 00:33:52,290
is because we know statistically
how many matches fail.

427
00:33:52,290 --> 00:33:56,310
And we can predict the
production of boxes of matches

428
00:33:56,310 --> 00:34:02,460
without any of them
failing or 99% succeeding--

429
00:34:02,460 --> 00:34:08,010
staggering, but a
simple observation.

430
00:34:08,010 --> 00:34:14,170
The Poisson distribution is
one of the features of a--

431
00:34:16,969 --> 00:34:21,020
so the second feature
Milton Keynes,

432
00:34:21,020 --> 00:34:26,000
in trying to predict
the possibility of,

433
00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:30,290
first of all, diversity
and, secondly, of change

434
00:34:30,290 --> 00:34:34,010
is to introduce
zoning systems based

435
00:34:34,010 --> 00:34:35,719
on performance dimensions.

436
00:34:38,270 --> 00:34:42,679
The reason why German
zoning started out

437
00:34:42,679 --> 00:34:44,929
was because of the
industrial city

438
00:34:44,929 --> 00:34:49,880
causing noise and dirt and
fumes and traffic as opposed

439
00:34:49,880 --> 00:34:54,889
to the quiet notions that are
required in a residential area.

440
00:34:54,889 --> 00:35:00,560
If today a high tech
company produces

441
00:35:00,560 --> 00:35:06,080
no noise, no smoke,
no sound, can it not

442
00:35:06,080 --> 00:35:08,540
be adjacent to a
residential building?

443
00:35:15,370 --> 00:35:19,990
Of course, I don't know how this
has worked in Milton Keynes.

444
00:35:19,990 --> 00:35:24,160
If I buy a piece of land and
I make a wonderful garden

445
00:35:24,160 --> 00:35:27,520
next to it, it has value.

446
00:35:27,520 --> 00:35:32,230
If the city decides to
build a factory next to it,

447
00:35:32,230 --> 00:35:35,050
I lose value.

448
00:35:35,050 --> 00:35:37,810
How do you account
for that change?

449
00:35:37,810 --> 00:35:40,450
Do you repay me?

450
00:35:40,450 --> 00:35:44,020
I take you to court
and say I have rights.

451
00:35:44,020 --> 00:35:49,150
They say, you don't have rights
to predict, to confiscate,

452
00:35:49,150 --> 00:35:55,370
the rights of development
and so around you.

453
00:35:55,370 --> 00:35:56,770
It's a fundamental problem.

454
00:35:56,770 --> 00:36:00,700
If you wish to
design for diversity,

455
00:36:00,700 --> 00:36:05,050
you can, of course, write a rule
saying that a factory will not

456
00:36:05,050 --> 00:36:08,500
be within 100 feet.

457
00:36:08,500 --> 00:36:13,180
But performance dimensions
measure sound, noise,

458
00:36:13,180 --> 00:36:15,850
frequency of traffic.

459
00:36:15,850 --> 00:36:20,260
If trucks start working, as they
do in New York, at 5 o'clock

460
00:36:20,260 --> 00:36:23,690
in the morning and
I want to sleep,

461
00:36:23,690 --> 00:36:27,940
what right do I have to stop
the trucks from off-loading

462
00:36:27,940 --> 00:36:29,390
at 5 o'clock in the morning?

463
00:36:31,960 --> 00:36:34,240
These are tough questions.

464
00:36:34,240 --> 00:36:40,390
And flexibility simply runs up
against some of these questions

465
00:36:40,390 --> 00:36:43,260
in a very real sense.

466
00:36:43,260 --> 00:36:44,980
It will be
interesting to check--

467
00:36:44,980 --> 00:36:48,730
I need to talk to
John de Monchaux who

468
00:36:48,730 --> 00:36:51,460
is one of the designers
of Milton Keynes,

469
00:36:51,460 --> 00:36:53,065
about how this has been handled.

470
00:36:56,860 --> 00:37:02,680
Rodrigo Pérez de Arce, who
argues in favor of keeping

471
00:37:02,680 --> 00:37:07,670
existing stock and building
an architecture of addition,

472
00:37:07,670 --> 00:37:11,590
he says, urbanistically,
it has three advantages.

473
00:37:16,810 --> 00:37:21,670
"By being a gradual organized
incorporation of parity

474
00:37:21,670 --> 00:37:25,420
into an existing core,
it implies the use

475
00:37:25,420 --> 00:37:27,730
of a pre-existing structure.

476
00:37:27,730 --> 00:37:29,950
And by doing so, it
extends the likelihood

477
00:37:29,950 --> 00:37:32,285
that it's being useful
for a long time.

478
00:37:35,780 --> 00:37:42,100
Secondly, it allows for a form
of development characterized

479
00:37:42,100 --> 00:37:46,660
by its low cost in both
social and material terms."

480
00:37:46,660 --> 00:37:48,910
I'm not sure that he's right.

481
00:37:48,910 --> 00:37:55,430
Maybe it's true in Colombia, but
the cost of renewing buildings,

482
00:37:55,430 --> 00:37:58,700
such as the buildings
around here,

483
00:37:58,700 --> 00:38:03,100
which have been renewed for
high technology purposes,

484
00:38:03,100 --> 00:38:06,340
is extensive.

485
00:38:06,340 --> 00:38:11,710
It's not automatic that, if you
extend a building, all you do

486
00:38:11,710 --> 00:38:17,020
is put a bedroom, an
addition to a house.

487
00:38:20,290 --> 00:38:27,730
And thirdly, he says
that this process,

488
00:38:27,730 --> 00:38:32,890
"this additive transformation
ensures a sense of continuity

489
00:38:32,890 --> 00:38:36,100
in the construction of
the town and a sense

490
00:38:36,100 --> 00:38:39,020
of place in both historical
and spatial terms."

491
00:38:42,090 --> 00:38:44,080
He goes on and on.

492
00:38:44,080 --> 00:38:48,960
This is the piece from
Architectural Design

493
00:38:48,960 --> 00:38:52,650
if you can't find the
AA, the little book.

494
00:38:55,560 --> 00:38:56,480
Let's look.

495
00:38:56,480 --> 00:39:03,260
And I need you to look
at your transcript.

496
00:39:03,260 --> 00:39:09,740
Let's look at the development
of a systematic campus

497
00:39:09,740 --> 00:39:12,365
plan starting in--

498
00:39:16,180 --> 00:39:18,040
the British were
very intelligent

499
00:39:18,040 --> 00:39:24,370
after they won the
war, the '39, '45 war.

500
00:39:24,370 --> 00:39:26,770
They decided under
the Labor government,

501
00:39:26,770 --> 00:39:31,720
which replaced Churchill--

502
00:39:31,720 --> 00:39:35,230
Churchill was interestingly
successful as a war leader,

503
00:39:35,230 --> 00:39:39,895
but helpless as a peace leader.

504
00:39:42,820 --> 00:39:44,560
Maggie Thatcher was
equally hopeless.

505
00:39:48,090 --> 00:39:52,620
She was a big war success
with the Falkland Islands,

506
00:39:52,620 --> 00:39:53,550
big victory indeed.

507
00:39:56,700 --> 00:39:58,110
Yeah.

508
00:39:58,110 --> 00:40:02,460
Anyway, we start
with the 1961 plan

509
00:40:02,460 --> 00:40:05,190
for the University of Sussex.

510
00:40:05,190 --> 00:40:10,560
This is post-war,
post '45, rebuilding

511
00:40:10,560 --> 00:40:13,800
of educational
institutions in Europe.

512
00:40:13,800 --> 00:40:21,200
And I use this data just to make
an argument about the change.

513
00:40:21,200 --> 00:40:24,620
61 Sussex is a campus plan.

514
00:40:24,620 --> 00:40:26,900
They are separate schools.

515
00:40:26,900 --> 00:40:32,060
They are individual categories,
individual enterprises,

516
00:40:32,060 --> 00:40:38,040
School of Mathematics, School
of Humanities, and so on.

517
00:40:38,040 --> 00:40:42,480
By the University of
Lancaster in 1964,

518
00:40:42,480 --> 00:40:48,290
the tension starts being paid
to the connecting of places.

519
00:40:48,290 --> 00:40:52,880
And the system is one in
which modular space is

520
00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:56,915
connected in a complex network.

521
00:41:02,310 --> 00:41:07,230
Number four, the University of
East Anglia in 1961, the plan

522
00:41:07,230 --> 00:41:12,210
is now a solid
linear configuration

523
00:41:12,210 --> 00:41:16,680
with three small outgrowths.

524
00:41:16,680 --> 00:41:18,840
But the whole
system is very much

525
00:41:18,840 --> 00:41:21,585
based on the linearity of--

526
00:41:24,950 --> 00:41:29,180
number five, the University
of Essex in 1961,

527
00:41:29,180 --> 00:41:35,480
tries to take that linearity
and bend it up and down.

528
00:41:35,480 --> 00:41:38,240
By now, people are
asking questions

529
00:41:38,240 --> 00:41:43,400
of whether interdisciplinary
knowledge systems are not

530
00:41:43,400 --> 00:41:52,530
taking hold, biology and science
or physics and chemistry.

531
00:41:55,210 --> 00:41:59,190
So the breakdown of
conventional disciplines

532
00:41:59,190 --> 00:42:06,540
suggests the kind of grouping of
and even a future in which this

533
00:42:06,540 --> 00:42:13,950
might continue, allowing for
a switch to the next page,

534
00:42:13,950 --> 00:42:17,400
University of Surrey,
where you start

535
00:42:17,400 --> 00:42:23,884
getting some inclination of the
idea of building modular space

536
00:42:23,884 --> 00:42:27,180
of various dimensions.

537
00:42:27,180 --> 00:42:32,760
University of Dublin,
[? John Carver's ?] project

538
00:42:32,760 --> 00:42:37,110
starts trying to articulate
the linearity by having

539
00:42:37,110 --> 00:42:43,920
a central public spine, much
like the main corridor at MIT,

540
00:42:43,920 --> 00:42:49,350
and outgrowths from it
depending on the need

541
00:42:49,350 --> 00:42:56,100
to be close to the
public versus space which

542
00:42:56,100 --> 00:42:58,965
requires research privacy.

543
00:43:02,980 --> 00:43:09,230
We go down to the University
of Loughborough in 1965,

544
00:43:09,230 --> 00:43:13,930
which is a major,
major departure.

545
00:43:13,930 --> 00:43:19,750
Now, a 50 by 50
cube by 15 feet high

546
00:43:19,750 --> 00:43:22,180
is the only element
to be designed

547
00:43:22,180 --> 00:43:29,440
in the university space it will
account for 70% of the campus.

548
00:43:34,010 --> 00:43:35,540
What does this imply?

549
00:43:35,540 --> 00:43:39,840
It implies that we maximize
the possibility of change

550
00:43:39,840 --> 00:43:44,550
every space is endowed
with a service structure.

551
00:43:44,550 --> 00:43:52,400
So that my office can become a
space for a research scientist

552
00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:56,900
who needs specialized
heating, specialized air,

553
00:43:56,900 --> 00:44:02,390
specialized steam,
specialized power.

554
00:44:02,390 --> 00:44:07,230
If I produce all of
this for everybody,

555
00:44:07,230 --> 00:44:12,400
we can change with
maximum flexibility.

556
00:44:17,060 --> 00:44:19,490
Do you understand the idea?

557
00:44:19,490 --> 00:44:26,570
This is the ultimate measure
of flexibility, an item which

558
00:44:26,570 --> 00:44:32,070
has infinite flexibility.

559
00:44:32,070 --> 00:44:35,210
In a competition for the
university, new university

560
00:44:35,210 --> 00:44:37,790
of Bremen, one of
the competitors

561
00:44:37,790 --> 00:44:41,360
had a railway line right
through the middle of the campus

562
00:44:41,360 --> 00:44:44,540
with the train
with a crane on it.

563
00:44:44,540 --> 00:44:50,760
And it kept on moving the parts,
modules, all over the place.

564
00:44:50,760 --> 00:44:56,780
So if my department
grew, some modules

565
00:44:56,780 --> 00:45:00,570
could be added to the top
of our existing department.

566
00:45:00,570 --> 00:45:05,120
If we fired half of the
Department of Architecture,

567
00:45:05,120 --> 00:45:08,610
the modules could be replaced.

568
00:45:08,610 --> 00:45:12,590
If you speed that
up, you can imagine

569
00:45:12,590 --> 00:45:16,580
coming to your office on
Monday and needing an algorithm

570
00:45:16,580 --> 00:45:21,290
to explain where you should be
or where you're going to be.

571
00:45:23,970 --> 00:45:29,250
MIT's central corridor, despite
the changes, has remained.

572
00:45:29,250 --> 00:45:34,830
And it has a low rate of change.

573
00:45:34,830 --> 00:45:38,430
It should have changed
much more than it has,

574
00:45:38,430 --> 00:45:41,850
but it's become embedded
into the system,

575
00:45:41,850 --> 00:45:45,060
so that whilst almost every
other space at MIT has

576
00:45:45,060 --> 00:45:48,480
undergone change, it hasn't.

577
00:45:48,480 --> 00:45:53,250
It has the same old
dull administrative--

578
00:45:53,250 --> 00:45:56,860
instead of building a
cafeteria across the street,

579
00:45:56,860 --> 00:46:01,350
MIT should have jettisoned
its administrative facilities

580
00:46:01,350 --> 00:46:05,970
and used this major
corridor as a place

581
00:46:05,970 --> 00:46:10,260
for real public
exhibitions, for eating,

582
00:46:10,260 --> 00:46:12,930
for people coming together.

583
00:46:12,930 --> 00:46:13,455
It didn't.

584
00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:20,930
It lacked the
intelligence or the--

585
00:46:20,930 --> 00:46:24,500
but so excessive
flexibility is very costly.

586
00:46:27,360 --> 00:46:30,660
One of the reasons you
can't do advanced science

587
00:46:30,660 --> 00:46:35,070
in the old part of
MIT is because is

588
00:46:35,070 --> 00:46:36,870
the infrastructure is too weak.

589
00:46:40,630 --> 00:46:42,610
The sixth floor
of our building--

590
00:46:46,600 --> 00:46:51,400
our building has six floors.

591
00:46:51,400 --> 00:46:58,180
Well, the sixth
floor is for animals.

592
00:46:58,180 --> 00:47:04,120
All of animals are
generally in basement.

593
00:47:04,120 --> 00:47:09,760
One of the future for building
university research facilities

594
00:47:09,760 --> 00:47:13,780
given climate change--

595
00:47:13,780 --> 00:47:20,920
New York University, the animal
laboratories in the basement

596
00:47:20,920 --> 00:47:22,840
all flooded.

597
00:47:22,840 --> 00:47:26,200
All the research was lost.

598
00:47:26,200 --> 00:47:31,870
We put ours up in the
sky for no clear reasons.

599
00:47:31,870 --> 00:47:36,070
We thought the animals would be
better off in there than down

600
00:47:36,070 --> 00:47:37,420
in the basement.

601
00:47:37,420 --> 00:47:40,570
And nobody disagreed.

602
00:47:40,570 --> 00:47:46,000
On top of that floor is a floor
of machines, machines which

603
00:47:46,000 --> 00:47:48,700
look like airplane systems.

604
00:47:48,700 --> 00:47:58,960
Because the building is a
laboratory which has to account

605
00:47:58,960 --> 00:48:04,930
for research which requires
highly specialized vectors

606
00:48:04,930 --> 00:48:14,470
of steam, light, all kinds
of elements which the ceiling

607
00:48:14,470 --> 00:48:18,340
depths of about 18
inches, or 2 feet,

608
00:48:18,340 --> 00:48:23,200
in places is so dense that you
cannot get another pipe through

609
00:48:23,200 --> 00:48:23,700
there.

610
00:48:27,490 --> 00:48:32,020
If MIT would have allowed us to
account for future flexibility,

611
00:48:32,020 --> 00:48:36,820
we would have made the depth
greater than the 18 inches

612
00:48:36,820 --> 00:48:37,600
tube.

613
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:41,100
It costs money.

614
00:48:41,100 --> 00:48:44,220
We weren't allowed
to plan the building

615
00:48:44,220 --> 00:48:50,245
with any space on the building
called TBA, To Be Added.

616
00:48:55,710 --> 00:48:59,700
It's like packing
an aircraft carrier.

617
00:48:59,700 --> 00:49:02,610
An aircraft carrier probably
can change internally.

618
00:49:02,610 --> 00:49:08,800
But anyway, let's move
on with these diagrams.

619
00:49:08,800 --> 00:49:10,860
We're got a few minutes left.

620
00:49:13,430 --> 00:49:19,250
The Potteries Thinkbelt
in 1966, was Cedric Price,

621
00:49:19,250 --> 00:49:24,020
the British architect's, attempt
to do a couple of things--

622
00:49:24,020 --> 00:49:26,480
to eliminate the
idea of a campus

623
00:49:26,480 --> 00:49:31,160
from having separateness
from the rest of urbanism.

624
00:49:34,350 --> 00:49:42,270
He decided to place
this British university

625
00:49:42,270 --> 00:49:48,830
in an area of suffering economic
decline in Staffordshire.

626
00:49:48,830 --> 00:49:55,970
He argued that this
embedding of the University

627
00:49:55,970 --> 00:50:01,130
into the society's needs
would spontaneously

628
00:50:01,130 --> 00:50:07,960
produce another kind
of university, such

629
00:50:07,960 --> 00:50:11,560
as it would stimulate the
economy, for instance,

630
00:50:11,560 --> 00:50:19,030
through promoting a
landlady industry and so on.

631
00:50:19,030 --> 00:50:23,460
Instead of building
university dormitories,

632
00:50:23,460 --> 00:50:40,130
I showed you a project in New
York by the Ford Foundation,

633
00:50:40,130 --> 00:50:45,620
which attempted to do the same
thing that, instead of building

634
00:50:45,620 --> 00:50:49,280
university dormitories,
create a market

635
00:50:49,280 --> 00:50:53,180
for the supply of housing
by the poor people

636
00:50:53,180 --> 00:50:54,710
around the university.

637
00:50:59,470 --> 00:51:03,370
The last of these plans is
the most famous of them.

638
00:51:03,370 --> 00:51:05,200
It's the Free
University in Berlin.

639
00:51:10,350 --> 00:51:19,996
Shadrach Woods writes
about this plan.

640
00:51:19,996 --> 00:51:22,240
"We have not begun
by trying to give

641
00:51:22,240 --> 00:51:24,820
fixed points within the system.

642
00:51:24,820 --> 00:51:26,980
I know they will have this.

643
00:51:26,980 --> 00:51:30,520
People make the identifiable
features, not the architect.

644
00:51:30,520 --> 00:51:33,670
I do not want to make any
symbols to begin with.

645
00:51:33,670 --> 00:51:35,410
I think that the
use of the building

646
00:51:35,410 --> 00:51:38,050
create centers of activity.

647
00:51:38,050 --> 00:51:40,730
The plan is really an
attempt not to make sense--"

648
00:51:40,730 --> 00:51:41,950
and so on to begin with.

649
00:51:44,840 --> 00:51:50,700
It's interesting
that the implication

650
00:51:50,700 --> 00:51:57,240
is that, if you give an
opportunity for people

651
00:51:57,240 --> 00:52:00,840
to arrange themselves,
they will have the capacity

652
00:52:00,840 --> 00:52:05,010
to do so in a correct
manner or in a manner that

653
00:52:05,010 --> 00:52:07,920
is correct for them.

654
00:52:07,920 --> 00:52:13,110
This is a time when Noam
Chomsky was lecturing

655
00:52:13,110 --> 00:52:17,700
about the innate
ability of a child

656
00:52:17,700 --> 00:52:21,030
to construct a specific
system of interconnection

657
00:52:21,030 --> 00:52:25,740
amongst concepts and
conditions of use and reference

658
00:52:25,740 --> 00:52:29,370
on the basis of scanty
and scattered evidence.

659
00:52:32,470 --> 00:52:37,960
Is there DNA in human
beings which automatically

660
00:52:37,960 --> 00:52:44,590
will be able to create better
space than a specialist guiding

661
00:52:44,590 --> 00:52:45,220
them?

662
00:52:45,220 --> 00:52:49,210
Or what combination of the two?

663
00:52:49,210 --> 00:52:52,353
Classical anarchism is--

664
00:52:52,353 --> 00:52:53,770
AUDIENCE: That
would be the wisdom

665
00:52:53,770 --> 00:52:57,122
of the crowd in that sense.

666
00:52:57,122 --> 00:52:58,580
JULIAN BEINART:
Well, as I can only

667
00:52:58,580 --> 00:53:04,760
judge from Shadrach Woods,
who was a very good architect,

668
00:53:04,760 --> 00:53:07,220
this is absolutely
anti-classical.

669
00:53:09,840 --> 00:53:15,330
The crowd will organize itself
as it goes along and works

670
00:53:15,330 --> 00:53:17,640
and studies.

671
00:53:17,640 --> 00:53:22,230
There will be a
generation of space

672
00:53:22,230 --> 00:53:27,330
which will be more the result of
the participation of the people

673
00:53:27,330 --> 00:53:28,830
than imposed on them.

674
00:53:28,830 --> 00:53:32,250
I'm putting it rather
crudely, the notion that there

675
00:53:32,250 --> 00:53:38,430
is a DNA in all human beings,
according to Chomsky, which

676
00:53:38,430 --> 00:53:44,610
allows a child to
construct complex sentences

677
00:53:44,610 --> 00:53:48,720
without having been
told how to do it,

678
00:53:48,720 --> 00:53:52,140
admittedly with the parents
and society around them

679
00:53:52,140 --> 00:53:55,920
to guide them.

680
00:53:55,920 --> 00:53:59,726
But Chomsky is fairly
well-established

681
00:53:59,726 --> 00:54:02,550
as an authority now.

682
00:54:02,550 --> 00:54:07,170
There's still controversy
around whether the DNA of people

683
00:54:07,170 --> 00:54:09,795
have this capacity
without much learning.

684
00:54:14,770 --> 00:54:17,170
My own position about--

685
00:54:17,170 --> 00:54:20,830
the Free University
has had a bad history.

686
00:54:20,830 --> 00:54:22,180
It's been vandalized.

687
00:54:22,180 --> 00:54:23,910
It's been destroyed.

688
00:54:23,910 --> 00:54:30,400
It's had to be rebuilt. It
never fulfilled the promise

689
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:34,420
that Woods had for it.

690
00:54:34,420 --> 00:54:37,870
So what we see through
all of these cases,

691
00:54:37,870 --> 00:54:45,010
from Sussex in '61 where the
armature of separated items

692
00:54:45,010 --> 00:54:54,460
in a campus are dismantled
into a system, which

693
00:54:54,460 --> 00:55:02,680
is almost cybernetic in a sense,
free associations of networks

694
00:55:02,680 --> 00:55:07,510
created freely over time
suggesting new relationships.

695
00:55:11,390 --> 00:55:14,265
The trouble with architecture
is that it's not easy.

696
00:55:17,930 --> 00:55:22,460
You just can't take a piece of
paper and stick it on a wall.

697
00:55:22,460 --> 00:55:26,330
The wall has to have bearing.

698
00:55:26,330 --> 00:55:29,270
Acoustics unfortunately
means that the only way

699
00:55:29,270 --> 00:55:31,955
to separate sound is with mass.

700
00:55:35,920 --> 00:55:38,250
The university is the
last place in the world

701
00:55:38,250 --> 00:55:44,580
to flitter around with stud
walls or prefabricated metal

702
00:55:44,580 --> 00:55:46,410
panels.

703
00:55:46,410 --> 00:55:51,600
If we had a prefabricated
metal panel uninsulated,

704
00:55:51,600 --> 00:55:53,880
we wouldn't be able to
teach in this class.

705
00:55:56,530 --> 00:56:00,570
So again, the
Poisson distribution

706
00:56:00,570 --> 00:56:05,340
might guide one into knowing
the frequency of places which

707
00:56:05,340 --> 00:56:09,130
need acoustic separation
versus those that

708
00:56:09,130 --> 00:56:13,230
don't in the same way that
the Loughborough possibility

709
00:56:13,230 --> 00:56:16,430
of making everything possible--

710
00:56:16,430 --> 00:56:19,500
a Poisson distribution would
say that the likelihood

711
00:56:19,500 --> 00:56:24,870
of wet laboratories occurring
in your campus are this.

712
00:56:24,870 --> 00:56:28,080
And, therefore, you should
only spend the money

713
00:56:28,080 --> 00:56:35,520
on a feasible solution, which
requires 70% of your buildings

714
00:56:35,520 --> 00:56:37,890
to have this flexibility.

715
00:56:37,890 --> 00:56:42,930
The Stata building has no
wet laboratories in it.

716
00:56:42,930 --> 00:56:46,140
Therefore, it has nothing--

717
00:56:46,140 --> 00:56:48,330
I mean, if you knew
architecture well enough,

718
00:56:48,330 --> 00:56:51,150
you could look at the Stata
building and our building

719
00:56:51,150 --> 00:56:53,910
and compare them
fundamentally and say,

720
00:56:53,910 --> 00:56:56,040
the one has wet
laboratories, the one

721
00:56:56,040 --> 00:57:00,660
doesn't have any, by looking
at the amount of chimneys

722
00:57:00,660 --> 00:57:03,280
on the roof.

723
00:57:03,280 --> 00:57:10,690
We have every kind of chimney
emanating smoke or gas,

724
00:57:10,690 --> 00:57:12,970
whatever comes from MIT.

725
00:57:15,960 --> 00:57:18,630
The Stata building has nothing.

726
00:57:18,630 --> 00:57:20,940
There's a flat ceiling roof.

727
00:57:20,940 --> 00:57:25,170
It's the only flat
plane in the building.

728
00:57:25,170 --> 00:57:27,100
OK.

729
00:57:27,100 --> 00:57:35,580
I want to look briefly
at two other cases.

730
00:57:35,580 --> 00:57:37,725
The one is the--

731
00:57:37,725 --> 00:57:44,880
by the way, there's a
piece by William Fawcett

732
00:57:44,880 --> 00:57:51,810
in the MIT Planning Journal,
one or two volumes ago,

733
00:57:51,810 --> 00:57:56,940
on flexible life, flexibility.

734
00:57:56,940 --> 00:58:01,650
It's called "Investment in
Flexibility, the Life Cycle

735
00:58:01,650 --> 00:58:05,700
Options Synthesis."

736
00:58:05,700 --> 00:58:10,620
He gives examples
of prediction which

737
00:58:10,620 --> 00:58:14,610
is based on estimates of
outcome and the costing

738
00:58:14,610 --> 00:58:17,430
of the estimates of outcome
and the decision which

739
00:58:17,430 --> 00:58:20,810
is based on the system.

740
00:58:23,460 --> 00:58:27,930
I'd also recommend that you read
something in Kevin Lynch's book

741
00:58:27,930 --> 00:58:30,990
What Time Is This Place?

742
00:58:30,990 --> 00:58:35,430
for an attempt, in the
space-time continuum,

743
00:58:35,430 --> 00:58:38,930
to play around with
the idea of time.

744
00:58:38,930 --> 00:58:41,610
There's a page in which he
goes through a whole number

745
00:58:41,610 --> 00:58:46,080
of possibilities
of changing time.

746
00:58:46,080 --> 00:58:50,820
And he doesn't speculate about
his implications on space.

747
00:58:55,990 --> 00:58:59,680
I'm going to skip a bunch of
stuff and end with the last two

748
00:58:59,680 --> 00:59:01,120
because we won't have time.

749
00:59:05,287 --> 00:59:09,290
I'll deal with this
mainly through the slides.

750
00:59:12,910 --> 00:59:16,360
I can't find the right place.

751
00:59:16,360 --> 00:59:23,950
The two cases are the use
of temporary environment

752
00:59:23,950 --> 00:59:26,860
of a fairly large
scale in cities.

753
00:59:26,860 --> 00:59:37,120
The one is the story of
Paris between 1855 and 1900.

754
00:59:37,120 --> 00:59:39,520
After the success of
the Crystal Palace

755
00:59:39,520 --> 00:59:43,510
Exhibition in 1851
in London, the French

756
00:59:43,510 --> 00:59:47,215
built an exhibition in 1855.

757
00:59:47,215 --> 00:59:57,220
And almost every 11 years
afterwards, 1855, 1867, 1878,

758
00:59:57,220 --> 01:00:03,400
1889, and 1900, it
had an exhibition,

759
01:00:03,400 --> 01:00:06,880
a temporary exhibition, a
major temporary exhibition

760
01:00:06,880 --> 01:00:10,780
in the center of Paris
just north of the Seine

761
01:00:10,780 --> 01:00:12,563
and largely south of the Seine.

762
01:00:16,922 --> 01:00:20,630
I'll go through some of the
material with the slides,

763
01:00:20,630 --> 01:00:31,370
but let me read you a quote
from the French novelist

764
01:00:31,370 --> 01:00:36,230
Jean Giraudoux
about the existence

765
01:00:36,230 --> 01:00:40,220
of a temporary
city in conjunction

766
01:00:40,220 --> 01:00:43,570
with a permanent city.

767
01:00:43,570 --> 01:00:45,970
He's talking about
the citizens of Paris.

768
01:00:45,970 --> 01:00:47,830
"They are delighted
by the thought

769
01:00:47,830 --> 01:00:50,470
of reaching this
cardboard or plaster

770
01:00:50,470 --> 01:00:55,790
city, which is a permanent
stone site of Paris."

771
01:00:55,790 --> 01:01:02,325
What an extraordinary idea,
that part of your city

772
01:01:02,325 --> 01:01:06,740
is rotating at a faster
speed than the other parts.

773
01:01:10,380 --> 01:01:14,280
The Free University of
Berlin has no stone site.

774
01:01:14,280 --> 01:01:17,670
It only has transparency.

775
01:01:17,670 --> 01:01:22,590
Maybe you need a balance between
stone site and cardboard.

776
01:01:26,470 --> 01:01:27,370
He goes on.

777
01:01:30,080 --> 01:01:35,020
"They do not come to see it
disguised and transvestized

778
01:01:35,020 --> 01:01:35,520
Paris."

779
01:01:39,770 --> 01:01:44,230
The exhibitions are
not transvestized

780
01:01:44,230 --> 01:01:48,140
Paris, not changed Paris.

781
01:01:48,140 --> 01:01:49,250
But they are unique.

782
01:01:49,250 --> 01:01:51,110
They are on their own.

783
01:01:51,110 --> 01:01:54,980
"They come attracted
by the temporary union

784
01:01:54,980 --> 01:02:00,560
of an ephemeral city with a
millennial one, the association

785
01:02:00,560 --> 01:02:02,780
of the most eccentric
city with the most

786
01:02:02,780 --> 01:02:04,970
real and tangible one."

787
01:02:04,970 --> 01:02:07,340
It's an extraordinary
idea that you

788
01:02:07,340 --> 01:02:13,325
keep the center of your city
to change at a more rapid rate.

789
01:02:13,325 --> 01:02:23,780
I'll show you slides of 1867
being the first structure

790
01:02:23,780 --> 01:02:25,400
and the demolition.

791
01:02:25,400 --> 01:02:28,650
That takes place within
a period of 11 years.

792
01:02:28,650 --> 01:02:33,470
So every child in the city
is seeing construction

793
01:02:33,470 --> 01:02:40,260
and destruction until 1900.

794
01:02:40,260 --> 01:02:46,040
Of course, the most significant
event takes place in 1889

795
01:02:46,040 --> 01:02:53,630
and considered a
temporary phenomenon.

796
01:02:53,630 --> 01:02:55,880
The Eiffel Tower is
the most permanent

797
01:02:55,880 --> 01:02:58,940
of all phenomena in Paris.

798
01:02:58,940 --> 01:03:04,940
So again, out of this
temporary sea of change,

799
01:03:04,940 --> 01:03:10,100
there are a couple of
items which remain and log

800
01:03:10,100 --> 01:03:13,280
into a system of permanence.

801
01:03:13,280 --> 01:03:15,920
Although the Eiffel
Tower was regarded

802
01:03:15,920 --> 01:03:22,190
as an American structure, easily
taken apart and assembled,

803
01:03:22,190 --> 01:03:27,740
a fabricated structure unlike
the solid neoclassical form

804
01:03:27,740 --> 01:03:31,220
of a Parisian facade.

805
01:03:31,220 --> 01:03:35,420
The Trocadéro, which was on
the other side of the Seine

806
01:03:35,420 --> 01:03:37,220
in the 1878--

807
01:03:37,220 --> 01:03:41,450
the 1889 exhibition,
was demolished.

808
01:03:41,450 --> 01:03:46,670
Although it had a plaster
facade and looked as

809
01:03:46,670 --> 01:03:49,320
if it had been there forever.

810
01:03:49,320 --> 01:03:54,740
So these juxtapositions are
interesting in themselves.

811
01:03:54,740 --> 01:04:00,590
The last and the most permanent
of temporary phenomena

812
01:04:00,590 --> 01:04:01,700
are the Olympic Games.

813
01:04:04,980 --> 01:04:14,280
In 1896, the Olympic
Games was an attempt

814
01:04:14,280 --> 01:04:24,000
to recapitulate one of
Greece's ongoing traditions.

815
01:04:24,000 --> 01:04:30,240
That is the ancient site
of Olympia 776 BC, which

816
01:04:30,240 --> 01:04:35,280
consisted of two components, a
permanent religious component

817
01:04:35,280 --> 01:04:41,850
with priests dealing with flames
and an outdoor camp series

818
01:04:41,850 --> 01:04:49,140
of components, gymnasia,
stadia, palestra, health spa,

819
01:04:49,140 --> 01:04:55,290
and so on dealing with
a cultural attribute

820
01:04:55,290 --> 01:05:01,320
of the body being performed in
competition every four years.

821
01:05:01,320 --> 01:05:10,140
In 1896, [INAUDIBLE] decided
to make some mileage out

822
01:05:10,140 --> 01:05:14,520
of reclaiming this idea.

823
01:05:14,520 --> 01:05:18,510
1900, the Olympic Games
were held in Paris

824
01:05:18,510 --> 01:05:23,420
at the time of the
1900 Exposition.

825
01:05:23,420 --> 01:05:25,050
The Olympic Games was nothing.

826
01:05:25,050 --> 01:05:26,565
It was a joke.

827
01:05:26,565 --> 01:05:29,400
The Exposition was everything.

828
01:05:29,400 --> 01:05:35,580
The swimmers swam the
races in the Seine.

829
01:05:35,580 --> 01:05:40,050
The discus throwers had to throw
the discus in the [INAUDIBLE]

830
01:05:40,050 --> 01:05:41,130
in amongst the trees.

831
01:05:44,000 --> 01:05:47,090
But it was a single
event because you

832
01:05:47,090 --> 01:05:51,740
do two vectors, the
growth of the exhibition

833
01:05:51,740 --> 01:05:55,670
movement from 1855
to 1900 and then

834
01:05:55,670 --> 01:05:58,490
the decline of the
exhibition movement

835
01:05:58,490 --> 01:06:01,790
and then the advent
of the Olympic Games

836
01:06:01,790 --> 01:06:05,330
transplacing the exhibitions.

837
01:06:08,300 --> 01:06:10,310
The Games didn't succeed.

838
01:06:10,310 --> 01:06:14,630
1904, it came to the
United States in St. Louis.

839
01:06:14,630 --> 01:06:17,180
Maybe you don't realize
that the United States

840
01:06:17,180 --> 01:06:22,100
has had the Games four times.

841
01:06:22,100 --> 01:06:22,600
Where?

842
01:06:25,426 --> 01:06:28,260
AUDIENCE: New York,
LA, and Atlanta.

843
01:06:28,260 --> 01:06:30,780
JULIAN BEINART: New York
has never had the Games.

844
01:06:30,780 --> 01:06:31,710
AUDIENCE: It's the--

845
01:06:31,710 --> 01:06:35,100
JULIAN BEINART: Los Angeles has
had it twice, in '32 and '84.

846
01:06:35,100 --> 01:06:38,100
AUDIENCE: Wasn't there a
Winter Games in New York?

847
01:06:40,598 --> 01:06:42,390
JULIAN BEINART: That's
the Winter Olympics.

848
01:06:42,390 --> 01:06:43,820
I'm talking about
the Summer Games.

849
01:06:43,820 --> 01:06:44,362
AUDIENCE: OK.

850
01:06:44,362 --> 01:06:46,500
JULIAN BEINART: Lake
Placid was the Winter Games

851
01:06:46,500 --> 01:06:49,650
where American Hockey
team beat the Russians

852
01:06:49,650 --> 01:06:52,830
and caused enormous
xenophobia in this country.

853
01:06:56,490 --> 01:07:00,180
The Olympic Games really
only took off in '32

854
01:07:00,180 --> 01:07:04,105
in Los Angeles, the
modern games that is.

855
01:07:04,105 --> 01:07:11,840
It's one of the
remarkable events.

856
01:07:11,840 --> 01:07:13,685
It was during the
Depression years.

857
01:07:16,580 --> 01:07:18,690
Only the French were
allowed to drink alcohol.

858
01:07:22,648 --> 01:07:25,270
Oh, it was remarkable.

859
01:07:25,270 --> 01:07:28,990
It made $1 million
profit despite the fact

860
01:07:28,990 --> 01:07:34,210
that not many people
could afford to come.

861
01:07:34,210 --> 01:07:41,620
'36 was the acme of Hitler's
performance in Berlin.

862
01:07:41,620 --> 01:07:44,980
AUDIENCE: How do
you think the films

863
01:07:44,980 --> 01:07:49,400
of Leni Riefenstahl sort of
played a role in the Olympics?

864
01:07:49,400 --> 01:07:52,870
JULIAN BEINART: Well,
Leni Riefenstahl's film--

865
01:07:52,870 --> 01:08:00,520
at the 1988 Games in Seoul, I
was asked to do a presentation.

866
01:08:00,520 --> 01:08:04,510
And I showed the introduction
to Leni Riefenstahl's film

867
01:08:04,510 --> 01:08:09,250
as opposed to the '84
Olympic Games in Los Angeles.

868
01:08:09,250 --> 01:08:13,810
Riefenstahl, in case you
don't know Leni Riefenstahl,

869
01:08:13,810 --> 01:08:15,250
she was the German.

870
01:08:15,250 --> 01:08:23,529
She was the very cryptic and
all over the place German

871
01:08:23,529 --> 01:08:26,170
filmmaker who made Olympia.

872
01:08:26,170 --> 01:08:32,229
She convinced Goebbels
and Hitler to record.

873
01:08:32,229 --> 01:08:35,109
They were very proud of the
fact that Hollywood couldn't

874
01:08:35,109 --> 01:08:38,710
make a film of the '32 Games.

875
01:08:38,710 --> 01:08:41,090
I will show you
some of the still

876
01:08:41,090 --> 01:08:44,529
photographs from the '32 Games.

877
01:08:44,529 --> 01:08:48,550
But Hitler said, we are
going to make a film.

878
01:08:48,550 --> 01:08:51,729
And I could go into some
detail about the film,

879
01:08:51,729 --> 01:08:56,200
but you can still find
Olympia in the 7-Eleven--

880
01:08:56,200 --> 01:08:58,120
not 7-Eleven.

881
01:08:58,120 --> 01:09:01,689
What are the
sophisticated local video

882
01:09:01,689 --> 01:09:05,560
outlets here in Cambridge?

883
01:09:05,560 --> 01:09:06,340
I don't know.

884
01:09:06,340 --> 01:09:09,100
AUDIENCE: It's all
on your computer now.

885
01:09:09,100 --> 01:09:11,950
JULIAN BEINART: Well,
Michael, if you can find it

886
01:09:11,950 --> 01:09:14,972
on your computer, find it.

887
01:09:14,972 --> 01:09:15,954
AUDIENCE: Oh, yeah.

888
01:09:21,527 --> 01:09:23,319
JULIAN BEINART: Let's
look at these images.

889
01:09:23,319 --> 01:09:23,859
I'm sorry.

890
01:09:23,859 --> 01:09:25,359
I have to show--

891
01:09:25,359 --> 01:09:27,630
I've written about
the Olympic Games.

892
01:09:27,630 --> 01:09:29,019
It's in the reading for today.

893
01:09:33,910 --> 01:09:36,490
I've been to two Olympic Games.

894
01:09:36,490 --> 01:09:39,770
This is the last
meeting of CIAM.

895
01:09:39,770 --> 01:09:45,285
And the arguments had all to
do between the closed aesthetic

896
01:09:45,285 --> 01:09:51,970
of BBPR's building in Milan and
Giancarlos' building in Matera

897
01:09:51,970 --> 01:09:54,010
in the south of Italy.

898
01:09:54,010 --> 01:09:56,030
I haven't got time to go into.

899
01:09:56,030 --> 01:09:56,530
Next.

900
01:09:59,460 --> 01:10:01,980
Some of the projects
of Team 10, this

901
01:10:01,980 --> 01:10:06,060
is Alison and Peter Smithson's
project for the Golden Lane

902
01:10:06,060 --> 01:10:07,320
competition.

903
01:10:07,320 --> 01:10:10,950
You'll see the drawing
indicates an enormous attempt

904
01:10:10,950 --> 01:10:15,870
to create maximized
communication.

905
01:10:15,870 --> 01:10:20,620
Almost every level has people
on it doing something or other.

906
01:10:20,620 --> 01:10:23,970
Here is a building
which takes linear form.

907
01:10:23,970 --> 01:10:30,950
And people are supposed
to socially condense,

908
01:10:30,950 --> 01:10:32,450
to use the Russian term.

909
01:10:35,060 --> 01:10:36,455
It's absolute nonsense.

910
01:10:43,090 --> 01:10:46,045
When I came to America, I
lived in 100 Memorial Drive.

911
01:10:49,540 --> 01:10:52,250
It's a skip-stop
elevator building,

912
01:10:52,250 --> 01:10:56,590
which means that you have
three times the volume going

913
01:10:56,590 --> 01:10:58,990
into the elevator.

914
01:10:58,990 --> 01:11:02,170
I picked up the
newspaper every morning

915
01:11:02,170 --> 01:11:05,420
quite early in the morning
outside the front of my door.

916
01:11:05,420 --> 01:11:09,810
I never, in 10 years, ever saw
another person in the corridor.

917
01:11:12,560 --> 01:11:13,060
Next.

918
01:11:15,770 --> 01:11:19,580
Park Hill Sheffield, one of
the outgrowths of this system.

919
01:11:19,580 --> 01:11:22,730
It's now being
rehabilitated and changed.

920
01:11:22,730 --> 01:11:26,240
You can see, again,
the whole idea

921
01:11:26,240 --> 01:11:31,430
of the pedestrian
sidewalk, which

922
01:11:31,430 --> 01:11:40,310
is a sidewalk elevated in space,
is that people will use it to--

923
01:11:40,310 --> 01:11:43,800
there are just too few people
in a building of this kind,

924
01:11:43,800 --> 01:11:50,040
in most residential buildings,
to generate enough--

925
01:11:50,040 --> 01:11:53,940
as if communicating with
everybody who lives next to you

926
01:11:53,940 --> 01:11:54,710
is a good idea.

927
01:12:00,710 --> 01:12:09,260
I mean, it's a strange notion
in our thinking about urbanism

928
01:12:09,260 --> 01:12:14,860
that we all Greeks
meeting in the area

929
01:12:14,860 --> 01:12:16,850
to discuss our local politics.

930
01:12:21,510 --> 01:12:23,780
We'll come back to
this when talking

931
01:12:23,780 --> 01:12:26,120
about the contemporary
American city.

932
01:12:26,120 --> 01:12:28,910
But there's a mistaken
notion, I think sometimes

933
01:12:28,910 --> 01:12:32,960
argued by Richard
Sennett mistakenly,

934
01:12:32,960 --> 01:12:40,220
that density of
population provides

935
01:12:40,220 --> 01:12:44,570
intercourse between people
in a very spontaneous way.

936
01:12:44,570 --> 01:12:53,355
Yes, you can only get married
to somebody you meet in Philly.

937
01:12:53,355 --> 01:12:53,855
Next.

938
01:12:57,430 --> 01:13:02,050
Another notion by Candilis,
Josic, and Shadrach Woods'

939
01:13:02,050 --> 01:13:06,100
firm, the town of the
extension of Toulouse,

940
01:13:06,100 --> 01:13:10,480
Toulouse-le-Mirail,
the notion of the web.

941
01:13:10,480 --> 01:13:14,470
A web, again, is an
architect geometric form

942
01:13:14,470 --> 01:13:20,215
which is meant to produce
important intersections.

943
01:13:20,215 --> 01:13:20,715
Next.

944
01:13:24,290 --> 01:13:28,610
Pérez de Arce, this
is in your hand.

945
01:13:28,610 --> 01:13:34,520
This is the story of
reurbanizing Chandigarh.

946
01:13:37,130 --> 01:13:41,990
You start off by
building a few things.

947
01:13:41,990 --> 01:13:46,190
Over time, these get added
to and added to and added to

948
01:13:46,190 --> 01:13:47,600
and added to.

949
01:13:47,600 --> 01:13:53,660
And the plan of the central
part of Corbusier changes

950
01:13:53,660 --> 01:14:06,230
over time as the growth
is consistent all along.

951
01:14:06,230 --> 01:14:07,730
So you start with very--

952
01:14:10,670 --> 01:14:16,130
as, I think, Louis Khan said,
I'd like to build a town--

953
01:14:16,130 --> 01:14:21,710
when he was working in Dhaka,
first out of mud and bricks.

954
01:14:21,710 --> 01:14:25,040
And in the end, it
will become a city

955
01:14:25,040 --> 01:14:28,785
of gold, something like that.

956
01:14:28,785 --> 01:14:29,285
Next.

957
01:14:34,000 --> 01:14:36,400
Pérez de Arce's project.

958
01:14:36,400 --> 01:14:41,710
The ultimate goal
would be to exhaust

959
01:14:41,710 --> 01:14:47,170
the center of Chandigarh by
new construction, additions.

960
01:14:47,170 --> 01:14:50,470
That's the Secretariat
building in the distance

961
01:14:50,470 --> 01:14:55,840
and in the case of Louis Khan's
central complex in Dhaka.

962
01:14:59,240 --> 01:15:05,120
De Arce says that, through
a selective additive

963
01:15:05,120 --> 01:15:08,930
transformation, you
can change the city

964
01:15:08,930 --> 01:15:13,910
and build on existing systems
rather than create something

965
01:15:13,910 --> 01:15:17,085
from scratch every
time in a finished way.

966
01:15:17,085 --> 01:15:17,585
Next.

967
01:15:21,330 --> 01:15:24,840
The MIT campus, which
you all know well,

968
01:15:24,840 --> 01:15:32,420
that's a diagram
from Maria's thesis.

969
01:15:32,420 --> 01:15:36,770
The project for the New
University of Bochum

970
01:15:36,770 --> 01:15:43,610
in Germany by Candilis,
Josic, and Woods,

971
01:15:43,610 --> 01:15:49,700
it has no elevations
on the outskirts.

972
01:15:49,700 --> 01:15:52,790
There are just points
of growth and expansion.

973
01:15:52,790 --> 01:15:56,690
They stopped expanding where
the topography curtails

974
01:15:56,690 --> 01:15:58,190
the expansion.

975
01:15:58,190 --> 01:16:01,610
There's a central line
through the system,

976
01:16:01,610 --> 01:16:06,800
but the whole idea is that this
is a space-time configuration

977
01:16:06,800 --> 01:16:12,090
that can change at a speed
which is not yet determined.

978
01:16:12,090 --> 01:16:12,590
Next.

979
01:16:15,500 --> 01:16:19,580
The University of
Zurich competition--

980
01:16:19,580 --> 01:16:24,290
the university is a set of
spaces covered in red and blue

981
01:16:24,290 --> 01:16:26,750
with different rates of change.

982
01:16:26,750 --> 01:16:28,220
Forget about the
one on the right.

983
01:16:28,220 --> 01:16:32,300
That's the University of
Pavia by Giancarlo de Carlo.

984
01:16:32,300 --> 01:16:35,030
Next.

985
01:16:35,030 --> 01:16:40,130
Loughborough-- the 50 foot by
50 foot module fully serviced.

986
01:16:44,480 --> 01:16:50,150
Next-- the French Paris
story and the Olympic games.

987
01:16:55,180 --> 01:17:00,340
The white space is the
transformed white space

988
01:17:00,340 --> 01:17:07,240
of the center of Paris
from 1855 to 1900.

989
01:17:07,240 --> 01:17:14,710
On the right are the various
exposition artifacts.

990
01:17:14,710 --> 01:17:21,520
On the middle at the top
is the first 1855 pavilions

991
01:17:21,520 --> 01:17:24,010
on the Champs-Élysées.

992
01:17:24,010 --> 01:17:28,540
1900, they rebuilt,
as they are today,

993
01:17:28,540 --> 01:17:32,890
and linked to a system across
the Seine on the south.

994
01:17:32,890 --> 01:17:41,200
1867, on the left, is the
perfect around the world form.

995
01:17:41,200 --> 01:17:47,980
1868, it crosses the Seine.

996
01:17:47,980 --> 01:17:53,863
And they build the
[INAUDIBLE] on the left bank--

997
01:17:53,863 --> 01:17:59,630
no, it's on the right
bank in French and so on.

998
01:17:59,630 --> 01:18:09,150
You get the advent of the
Eiffel Tower here, 1889.

999
01:18:09,150 --> 01:18:12,930
You have the contrast between
the apparent temporariness

1000
01:18:12,930 --> 01:18:15,660
of this building and the
apparent permanence of this.

1001
01:18:18,480 --> 01:18:25,600
1937, this one goes, but
the Eiffel Tower stays.

1002
01:18:25,600 --> 01:18:26,100
Next.

1003
01:18:32,170 --> 01:18:40,270
1855-- the two buildings
just west of the blue,

1004
01:18:40,270 --> 01:18:44,140
the Champs-Élysées.

1005
01:18:44,140 --> 01:18:49,150
Continuing here-- the
Champs-Élysées and the two

1006
01:18:49,150 --> 01:18:53,980
replacement buildings
for the 1900 Exposition.

1007
01:18:53,980 --> 01:18:57,020
I can't reach with my hand.

1008
01:18:57,020 --> 01:18:57,520
Next.

1009
01:19:00,120 --> 01:19:13,460
In 1867-- 1878, next.

1010
01:19:13,460 --> 01:19:22,580
1867, every 11 years you
see this cycle every time

1011
01:19:22,580 --> 01:19:26,780
in the construction of
something which is ephemeral.

1012
01:19:26,780 --> 01:19:30,200
Then it is-- this is 1867--

1013
01:19:30,200 --> 01:19:31,340
being removed.

1014
01:19:31,340 --> 01:19:33,860
Next.

1015
01:19:33,860 --> 01:19:38,510
Delaunay's painting,
this painting

1016
01:19:38,510 --> 01:19:46,550
is a number of features about
the existential condition

1017
01:19:46,550 --> 01:19:52,100
of the Eiffel Tower as
a symbol in the city.

1018
01:19:52,100 --> 01:19:56,930
And here is an example
of a neoclassical system,

1019
01:19:56,930 --> 01:20:01,490
which has much apparent
meaning embedded in it.

1020
01:20:01,490 --> 01:20:05,000
But is easily removable
as opposed to that.

1021
01:20:05,000 --> 01:20:09,020
You can contrast the
meaning of these two items

1022
01:20:09,020 --> 01:20:10,070
in the urban system.

1023
01:20:13,210 --> 01:20:15,000
Why is the Eiffel
Tower still there?

1024
01:20:18,180 --> 01:20:22,680
It produces more income than any
other public feature in Paris.

1025
01:20:26,380 --> 01:20:29,730
Paris is the largest
tourist city in the world.

1026
01:20:29,730 --> 01:20:34,770
It spends more money per
capita on cleaning the city

1027
01:20:34,770 --> 01:20:39,325
than any other city in
the world, city comment.

1028
01:20:39,325 --> 01:20:39,825
Next.

1029
01:20:44,090 --> 01:20:47,400
And the final
resolution in 1937--

1030
01:20:47,400 --> 01:20:50,940
where the two winners
are the Russian pavilion

1031
01:20:50,940 --> 01:20:52,125
and the German pavilion.

1032
01:20:55,300 --> 01:20:59,410
Our friend Melnikov's design
for the '37 Exposition

1033
01:20:59,410 --> 01:21:01,465
was never built. Next.

1034
01:21:04,570 --> 01:21:07,300
The plan of the
original Olympic Games--

1035
01:21:07,300 --> 01:21:11,710
the inner core of the
temple of Zeus and Hera.

1036
01:21:11,710 --> 01:21:16,960
And outside-- the palestra,
the wrestling, the gymnasium,

1037
01:21:16,960 --> 01:21:22,120
the bathhouses, the
guesthouse, the Hippodrome,

1038
01:21:22,120 --> 01:21:23,530
and the stadium.

1039
01:21:23,530 --> 01:21:29,350
So there's the plan for the
Olympic Games in Munich--

1040
01:21:29,350 --> 01:21:33,370
when was Munich, '72?

1041
01:21:33,370 --> 01:21:35,260
I think '72.

1042
01:21:35,260 --> 01:21:38,140
'68 was Mexico City.

1043
01:21:38,140 --> 01:21:43,320
I used to know the dates
all, but I'm sorry.

1044
01:21:43,320 --> 01:21:43,820
Next.

1045
01:21:46,870 --> 01:21:55,300
1896 in Athens, 1900 in Paris--

1046
01:21:55,300 --> 01:21:57,930
next.

1047
01:21:57,930 --> 01:22:03,840
1904 in the United States, which
is part of an international--

1048
01:22:03,840 --> 01:22:07,680
much like Paris in
1900, 1904 is part

1049
01:22:07,680 --> 01:22:10,130
of an international festival.

1050
01:22:10,130 --> 01:22:21,110
Here-- bushmen from South
Africa produced to dance.

1051
01:22:21,110 --> 01:22:24,860
Bushmen started running
in the marathon,

1052
01:22:24,860 --> 01:22:30,980
were chased off the course
by dogs and didn't finish.

1053
01:22:30,980 --> 01:22:32,330
The whole system is--

1054
01:22:40,280 --> 01:22:42,860
the wonderful
museum of St. Louis,

1055
01:22:42,860 --> 01:22:44,750
the art museum the
St. Louis, is still

1056
01:22:44,750 --> 01:22:51,300
based on the site of the
original exposition in 1904.

1057
01:22:51,300 --> 01:22:51,800
Next.

1058
01:22:54,310 --> 01:22:59,560
1932, this is one
of the wonderful set

1059
01:22:59,560 --> 01:23:04,390
of still photographs
taken of the games in '32.

1060
01:23:07,230 --> 01:23:07,730
Next.

1061
01:23:11,350 --> 01:23:15,640
Interesting, here we have,
for the first time, the reuse

1062
01:23:15,640 --> 01:23:18,040
of a stadium.

1063
01:23:18,040 --> 01:23:21,670
On the left is the vice
president of the United States

1064
01:23:21,670 --> 01:23:22,540
in person.

1065
01:23:22,540 --> 01:23:27,160
Mr. Garner-- I think
his name was Garner--

1066
01:23:27,160 --> 01:23:28,900
opening an exhibition.

1067
01:23:28,900 --> 01:23:33,610
In 1984, security is so tight
that the President Ronald

1068
01:23:33,610 --> 01:23:37,540
Reagan appears only
electronically,

1069
01:23:37,540 --> 01:23:39,205
but the building
remains the same.

1070
01:23:42,490 --> 01:23:43,930
One of the
extraordinary things--

1071
01:23:43,930 --> 01:23:45,620
well, we'll see it
in the next slide.

1072
01:23:45,620 --> 01:23:46,120
Next.

1073
01:23:48,640 --> 01:23:55,540
Berlin in '36-- the flame from
the connection to original area

1074
01:23:55,540 --> 01:24:01,810
in Greece and arriving in Berlin
with Hitler on the stadium

1075
01:24:01,810 --> 01:24:03,125
podium.

1076
01:24:03,125 --> 01:24:03,625
Next.

1077
01:24:12,820 --> 01:24:15,020
Sorry, I think that's the
wrong slide I believe.

1078
01:24:18,540 --> 01:24:20,630
The slide that's supposed
to be on the left

1079
01:24:20,630 --> 01:24:27,260
shows the network of the Los
Angeles '32 and '84 stadium.

1080
01:24:27,260 --> 01:24:31,190
Transportation wise, it
has worked remarkably well

1081
01:24:31,190 --> 01:24:40,130
because it allows distribution
of traffic in every 360 degree

1082
01:24:40,130 --> 01:24:43,250
directions.

1083
01:24:43,250 --> 01:24:46,850
This is Speer's
project for Hitler

1084
01:24:46,850 --> 01:24:51,680
for 400,000 people, which would
eliminate the Olympic Games

1085
01:24:51,680 --> 01:24:56,895
configuration and hardly
be able to anybody to see.

1086
01:24:56,895 --> 01:24:57,395
Next.

1087
01:25:00,870 --> 01:25:02,040
Some of the plans--

1088
01:25:02,040 --> 01:25:04,440
this is Seoul.

1089
01:25:04,440 --> 01:25:10,200
Most of the stadia are
built on park land.

1090
01:25:10,200 --> 01:25:15,425
The wonderful Olympic Village
by Kyu Sung Woo-- at the top.

1091
01:25:15,425 --> 01:25:15,925
Next.

1092
01:25:21,590 --> 01:25:26,810
I just have cut out most
of the other slides.

1093
01:25:26,810 --> 01:25:35,810
This is two aspects
to the American--

1094
01:25:35,810 --> 01:25:39,150
a couple aspects of
the Olympic Games.

1095
01:25:39,150 --> 01:25:42,090
The Olympic Games are
temporary events in cities.

1096
01:25:42,090 --> 01:25:45,210
They've been used,
for cities like Tokyo,

1097
01:25:45,210 --> 01:25:49,590
to argue for building a freeway
system or building new housing.

1098
01:25:52,110 --> 01:25:57,450
They've been used by countries
like contemporary China,

1099
01:25:57,450 --> 01:26:04,560
Tokyo in 1960, Melbourne in
'56, to introduce the city

1100
01:26:04,560 --> 01:26:11,400
as an internationally
important place for trade,

1101
01:26:11,400 --> 01:26:18,000
for psychological
satisfaction, and so on.

1102
01:26:18,000 --> 01:26:24,520
Los Angeles and the
American Olympic Games

1103
01:26:24,520 --> 01:26:27,780
at Atlanta and Los
Angeles have argued

1104
01:26:27,780 --> 01:26:33,960
that you can reuse
existing infrastructure,

1105
01:26:33,960 --> 01:26:38,700
that you can capitalize
on the existing resources

1106
01:26:38,700 --> 01:26:40,500
already in the city.

1107
01:26:40,500 --> 01:26:44,460
The '84 games builds
no new housing.

1108
01:26:44,460 --> 01:26:49,510
The Olympic Village is
based on campus housing

1109
01:26:49,510 --> 01:26:55,060
in the University of
Southern California.

1110
01:26:55,060 --> 01:27:00,030
The only new facility built in
'84 is the swimming pool paid

1111
01:27:00,030 --> 01:27:03,150
for by McDonald's.

1112
01:27:03,150 --> 01:27:07,080
So there is not only a
notion of the private sector

1113
01:27:07,080 --> 01:27:09,060
playing a role, which--

1114
01:27:09,060 --> 01:27:15,360
the IOC, which is a
semi-fascist organization,

1115
01:27:15,360 --> 01:27:22,010
corrupt as hell,
controlling the franchise.

1116
01:27:26,880 --> 01:27:30,000
The Los Angeles
Games is widespread,

1117
01:27:30,000 --> 01:27:34,230
distributed according
to the plan of the town.

1118
01:27:34,230 --> 01:27:41,940
The Games in Barcelona are
also very tightly associated

1119
01:27:41,940 --> 01:27:45,600
with the major form of
the city, the [INAUDIBLE]..

1120
01:27:45,600 --> 01:27:47,510
Next.

1121
01:27:47,510 --> 01:27:54,410
Just the Olympic 1928 on
the right, the American team

1122
01:27:54,410 --> 01:28:02,720
is housed in a boat, the
ultimate ephemeral item.

1123
01:28:02,720 --> 01:28:03,800
This is Cape Town.

1124
01:28:03,800 --> 01:28:07,190
I was going to talk
about Cape Town's attempt

1125
01:28:07,190 --> 01:28:13,430
to use racial integration as
a social basis for the plan

1126
01:28:13,430 --> 01:28:15,590
of the Olympic Games.

1127
01:28:15,590 --> 01:28:16,550
They never entered.

1128
01:28:16,550 --> 01:28:18,860
Next.

1129
01:28:18,860 --> 01:28:23,780
And the project for the
Olympic Games in Boston,

1130
01:28:23,780 --> 01:28:27,290
reusing the river and
the university facilities

1131
01:28:27,290 --> 01:28:29,450
along the river as the core.

1132
01:28:29,450 --> 01:28:34,340
And here is an indication
of how much the Games cost

1133
01:28:34,340 --> 01:28:39,370
and the division between the
private and public sector.