1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,520 The following content is provided under a Creative 2 00:00:02,520 --> 00:00:03,970 Commons license. 3 00:00:03,970 --> 00:00:06,360 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 4 00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:10,660 continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,660 --> 00:00:13,350 To make a donation or view additional materials 6 00:00:13,350 --> 00:00:17,190 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 7 00:00:17,190 --> 00:00:18,326 at ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:30,698 --> 00:00:31,490 JULIAN BEINART: OK. 9 00:00:31,490 --> 00:00:41,010 Before we start, I've spoken to a quite number of you 10 00:00:41,010 --> 00:00:42,090 about your papers. 11 00:00:47,550 --> 00:00:52,140 I'm a little surprised that you have so much intelligence 12 00:00:52,140 --> 00:00:54,150 and so show little in this class. 13 00:00:58,430 --> 00:01:02,510 It often fascinates me. 14 00:01:02,510 --> 00:01:04,910 I have various theories to explain it, 15 00:01:04,910 --> 00:01:06,410 but they're not important. 16 00:01:10,360 --> 00:01:12,280 Let me start off by asking you what 17 00:01:12,280 --> 00:01:14,830 you thought about the story of Johannesburg. 18 00:01:19,210 --> 00:01:20,200 What struck you? 19 00:01:25,652 --> 00:01:26,152 [INAUDIBLE] 20 00:01:26,152 --> 00:01:30,790 AUDIENCE: What was the story you told of the additions 21 00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:31,475 to the houses? 22 00:01:31,475 --> 00:01:32,350 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 23 00:01:32,350 --> 00:01:33,190 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 24 00:01:33,190 --> 00:01:38,440 I guess what struck me with that is that, you know, 25 00:01:38,440 --> 00:01:41,770 on the one hand, there's this constant appreciation 26 00:01:41,770 --> 00:01:48,670 of sort of individuals' efforts and vernacular practices 27 00:01:48,670 --> 00:01:49,420 that come about. 28 00:01:49,420 --> 00:01:54,350 But then those so rarely are institutionalized 29 00:01:54,350 --> 00:01:57,820 and are often restricted. 30 00:01:57,820 --> 00:02:01,200 So that was one thing that struck me. 31 00:02:01,200 --> 00:02:03,200 JULIAN BEINART: Well, these were not restricted, 32 00:02:03,200 --> 00:02:04,755 nor institutionalized. 33 00:02:04,755 --> 00:02:05,880 AUDIENCE: No, they weren't. 34 00:02:05,880 --> 00:02:06,930 Yeah. 35 00:02:06,930 --> 00:02:10,259 But I guess in common in practice-- 36 00:02:10,259 --> 00:02:14,920 but here in the States, if you're zoning through so many 37 00:02:14,920 --> 00:02:17,530 things, you know that that is-- 38 00:02:17,530 --> 00:02:20,380 even if that's appreciated, there's 39 00:02:20,380 --> 00:02:23,080 never much thought into how to encourage that. 40 00:02:27,700 --> 00:02:35,760 JULIAN BEINART: Well, we presume that we 41 00:02:35,760 --> 00:02:41,650 passed the stage of needing to externalize our importance. 42 00:02:44,210 --> 00:02:46,280 We haven't got the motive for doing it. 43 00:02:46,280 --> 00:02:52,430 If we have, we do it in tyranny and not externally, 44 00:02:52,430 --> 00:02:54,260 so the theory would go. 45 00:03:02,250 --> 00:03:07,860 We still believe, probably, that we've 46 00:03:07,860 --> 00:03:12,090 reached a level of civilization that 47 00:03:12,090 --> 00:03:17,725 doesn't require idiosyncratic or highly personal expressions 48 00:03:17,725 --> 00:03:18,225 in public. 49 00:03:23,080 --> 00:03:26,770 We look at popular art all over Africa 50 00:03:26,770 --> 00:03:32,080 and say that this is a culture which has properties, but is 51 00:03:32,080 --> 00:03:35,590 still moving towards a climax. 52 00:03:35,590 --> 00:03:37,330 Its climax will be-- 53 00:03:37,330 --> 00:03:42,235 much, though, the world of Manhattan would be a climax. 54 00:03:44,840 --> 00:03:47,600 That's one theory. 55 00:03:47,600 --> 00:04:02,800 Another theory is that, in people in the developing world, 56 00:04:02,800 --> 00:04:06,670 there are not many resources available to them. 57 00:04:06,670 --> 00:04:11,920 So they have to develop their own resources. 58 00:04:11,920 --> 00:04:14,770 Later in this class, when I talk about Slum Dwellers 59 00:04:14,770 --> 00:04:18,579 International and the latest configurations 60 00:04:18,579 --> 00:04:23,740 of self-help organization, you will 61 00:04:23,740 --> 00:04:29,740 see that the strength of people to organize themselves, 62 00:04:29,740 --> 00:04:32,920 a fundamental premise of anarchism, 63 00:04:32,920 --> 00:04:38,080 is now rearing its head as the only resource 64 00:04:38,080 --> 00:04:44,800 that poor people have against enormous bureaucratic odds. 65 00:04:44,800 --> 00:04:48,155 So you can see it is a very optimistic idea. 66 00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:56,370 The successes of SDI and its equivalent on three continents 67 00:04:56,370 --> 00:04:59,640 so far would suggest that there is something 68 00:04:59,640 --> 00:05:10,380 to be gained from not exploiting but using or collectivizing 69 00:05:10,380 --> 00:05:15,000 the resources of people in poverty 70 00:05:15,000 --> 00:05:18,410 towards organizing a better situation for them. 71 00:05:24,180 --> 00:05:30,210 John Turner in Latin America, John Aubrachen in Holland, 72 00:05:30,210 --> 00:05:34,410 were both at MIT at the time I arrived here. 73 00:05:34,410 --> 00:05:40,770 And we shared stories about what this kind of thing meant. 74 00:05:45,720 --> 00:05:47,310 Any other reactions? 75 00:05:47,310 --> 00:05:53,380 What about the imposition of racial classification? 76 00:05:56,160 --> 00:06:00,990 Does the market impose similar strictures 77 00:06:00,990 --> 00:06:04,680 on the location of people? 78 00:06:04,680 --> 00:06:08,630 Was the South African situation just another version, 79 00:06:08,630 --> 00:06:15,450 an extreme version, of what the market does anyway? 80 00:06:15,450 --> 00:06:20,280 Remember Western Native Township was located next to a dump. 81 00:06:20,280 --> 00:06:29,010 Soweto was located next to very obnoxious land. 82 00:06:29,010 --> 00:06:31,920 I think sewage farms and so on. 83 00:06:34,830 --> 00:06:36,810 Isn't this what happens? 84 00:06:36,810 --> 00:06:39,300 Look, I'm looking at extreme situations 85 00:06:39,300 --> 00:06:42,990 in order to do the difficult thing of generalizing back 86 00:06:42,990 --> 00:06:44,850 to normality. 87 00:06:44,850 --> 00:06:46,755 I'm not taking Boston as a case. 88 00:06:50,840 --> 00:06:52,570 I'm not taking [INAUDIBLE]---- well, 89 00:06:52,570 --> 00:06:54,430 I am taking [INAUDIBLE] as a case. 90 00:06:58,780 --> 00:07:05,920 And what I'm trying to do is what perhaps medical professors 91 00:07:05,920 --> 00:07:10,150 do when looking at teaching about cancer. 92 00:07:10,150 --> 00:07:13,150 They look at the worst case, the most extreme case 93 00:07:13,150 --> 00:07:16,600 of the disease, in order to make the point 94 00:07:16,600 --> 00:07:19,450 as clearly as possible. 95 00:07:19,450 --> 00:07:25,190 I think there is a sense in my using Johannesburg. 96 00:07:25,190 --> 00:07:28,960 South Africa would not have been marginalized had it not put 97 00:07:28,960 --> 00:07:31,090 race classification into law. 98 00:07:34,240 --> 00:07:40,300 Nobody boycotted America in the early years of the century, 99 00:07:40,300 --> 00:07:46,510 of the last century, by having local conditions 100 00:07:46,510 --> 00:07:47,650 against Black people. 101 00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:55,030 Many of the countries who voted against South Africa 102 00:07:55,030 --> 00:07:57,130 in the United Nations were imposing 103 00:07:57,130 --> 00:08:04,810 harsher, but not legalized national constitutional devices 104 00:08:04,810 --> 00:08:08,860 in favor of the separation of white and Black 105 00:08:08,860 --> 00:08:10,030 or poor and rich. 106 00:08:14,620 --> 00:08:16,520 Does that make any sense? 107 00:08:23,600 --> 00:08:29,625 What about rejoicing on the products of poor people? 108 00:08:32,330 --> 00:08:36,980 When poor people struggle to maintain some decent life 109 00:08:36,980 --> 00:08:39,215 beyond poverty, we rejoice. 110 00:08:43,610 --> 00:08:46,000 AUDIENCE: Are you saying this from a schadenfreude 111 00:08:46,000 --> 00:08:47,658 perspective or from a-- 112 00:08:47,658 --> 00:08:48,700 JULIAN BEINART: Probably. 113 00:08:48,700 --> 00:08:51,065 AUDIENCE: --or from a-- we just enjoy what they produce 114 00:08:51,065 --> 00:08:51,690 and enjoy the-- 115 00:08:54,500 --> 00:08:59,300 JULIAN BEINART: It's difficult. I'm judging from the response 116 00:08:59,300 --> 00:09:02,780 that I have had in many parts of the world when 117 00:09:02,780 --> 00:09:07,940 showing this material over a number of years on the BBC 118 00:09:07,940 --> 00:09:09,700 and all over the place. 119 00:09:13,980 --> 00:09:16,700 It was on the cover of three architectural magazines 120 00:09:16,700 --> 00:09:21,810 in the same month in 1966. 121 00:09:21,810 --> 00:09:26,190 It's a long time ago, but there was something. 122 00:09:26,190 --> 00:09:28,200 Whenever I went somewhere, architects 123 00:09:28,200 --> 00:09:34,470 were saying, gosh, if only we, our clients in social housing, 124 00:09:34,470 --> 00:09:37,920 had that capacity to individuate the buildings. 125 00:09:43,310 --> 00:09:45,590 And John Aubrachen, amongst others, 126 00:09:45,590 --> 00:09:49,130 made big theory in his book supports and others 127 00:09:49,130 --> 00:09:56,650 of the process of indwelling as being something 128 00:09:56,650 --> 00:09:59,410 that we should cultivate. 129 00:09:59,410 --> 00:10:03,730 Architects should only build if it required support systems 130 00:10:03,730 --> 00:10:06,716 to let people finish the work themselves. 131 00:10:10,390 --> 00:10:13,360 In the three cases which I want to deal 132 00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:17,770 with very briefly this afternoon, 133 00:10:17,770 --> 00:10:20,440 we find a number of different things operating. 134 00:10:23,170 --> 00:10:29,260 The Mexican-American border is 1,952 miles long. 135 00:10:29,260 --> 00:10:33,190 It's the longest border in the world, the least defended 136 00:10:33,190 --> 00:10:34,570 and the most patrolled. 137 00:10:40,480 --> 00:10:43,690 It's the largest tourist crossing in anywhere 138 00:10:43,690 --> 00:10:44,350 in the world. 139 00:10:49,240 --> 00:10:54,930 Yet it has 11 binational cities along the border. 140 00:10:57,580 --> 00:11:05,560 They vary from Tijuana, San Ysidro, San Diego, 141 00:11:05,560 --> 00:11:17,020 to Ciudad Juarez, and El Paso to the wonderful mix Californian 142 00:11:17,020 --> 00:11:19,960 pair of Calexico and Mexicali, which 143 00:11:19,960 --> 00:11:25,090 is a wonderful anagram of the linguistics. 144 00:11:25,090 --> 00:11:31,570 Nogales, Nogales, Brownsville, Matamoros on the Gulf. 145 00:11:31,570 --> 00:11:33,220 How should we regard the cities? 146 00:11:36,980 --> 00:11:39,830 I will show evidence to show that they operate 147 00:11:39,830 --> 00:11:46,340 in some ways as unified metropolitan areas, which 148 00:11:46,340 --> 00:11:52,370 would mean that this subregion along the border 149 00:11:52,370 --> 00:11:55,910 could be justified as a separate identity 150 00:11:55,910 --> 00:11:59,632 from either Mexico and the United States. 151 00:11:59,632 --> 00:12:01,590 AUDIENCE: When I was in the Mexican government, 152 00:12:01,590 --> 00:12:06,080 we used to study the thesis a lot. 153 00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:09,390 And I remember talking to people especially, 154 00:12:09,390 --> 00:12:13,010 in Tijuana San Diego, on both sides of the border. 155 00:12:13,010 --> 00:12:16,610 They actually refer to the city as the Metropolitan area 156 00:12:16,610 --> 00:12:18,530 Tijuana San Diego. 157 00:12:18,530 --> 00:12:22,490 And their perspective on the crossing point, 158 00:12:22,490 --> 00:12:24,770 on the checkpoint right at the border, 159 00:12:24,770 --> 00:12:28,340 is [INAUDIBLE] sort of a permanent nuisance 160 00:12:28,340 --> 00:12:30,600 that they have to deal with in their daily lives. 161 00:12:30,600 --> 00:12:36,015 Because people work and commute daily to the city. 162 00:12:36,015 --> 00:12:36,890 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 163 00:12:39,920 --> 00:12:46,970 In all of these cases, there's an important friction system 164 00:12:46,970 --> 00:12:48,380 operating. 165 00:12:48,380 --> 00:12:52,520 In this case, it's between white people and non-white people, 166 00:12:52,520 --> 00:12:57,870 between people of Hispanic heritage or an Indian heritage 167 00:12:57,870 --> 00:12:58,370 and-- 168 00:13:03,870 --> 00:13:08,120 El Paso is amongst the poorest parts of the United States. 169 00:13:08,120 --> 00:13:10,820 When I was on the border in-- 170 00:13:13,430 --> 00:13:16,430 after Jimmy Carter became president, 171 00:13:16,430 --> 00:13:18,920 I attended some of the meetings which 172 00:13:18,920 --> 00:13:21,440 he and the Mexican president set up 173 00:13:21,440 --> 00:13:24,350 on some of these border towns. 174 00:13:32,810 --> 00:13:37,520 Octavio Paz says that Mexico, crossing the border, 175 00:13:37,520 --> 00:13:40,430 is one of the ways in which Americans 176 00:13:40,430 --> 00:13:42,140 satisfy their obsessions. 177 00:13:46,350 --> 00:13:48,630 It refers to a larger idea. 178 00:13:48,630 --> 00:13:53,940 And that is the uses of slums in metropolitan areas. 179 00:13:53,940 --> 00:13:57,180 In Sherlock Holmes, the Prince Royal 180 00:13:57,180 --> 00:14:03,480 goes off to smoke or take cocaine in the East Indian 181 00:14:03,480 --> 00:14:05,190 London. 182 00:14:05,190 --> 00:14:09,510 Sherlock Holmes himself smokes something or other. 183 00:14:13,430 --> 00:14:15,770 The poorest part of the population 184 00:14:15,770 --> 00:14:21,380 provides a setting for the doing of semi-legal or illegal 185 00:14:21,380 --> 00:14:24,300 things, prostitution and so on. 186 00:14:24,300 --> 00:14:30,530 So if you enlarge that and you see Tijuana and San 187 00:14:30,530 --> 00:14:34,460 Diego as a pair-- 188 00:14:34,460 --> 00:14:40,100 in Kevin Lynch and [INAUDIBLE] study of San Diego of Tijuana, 189 00:14:40,100 --> 00:14:42,590 which is in the reading, it's one 190 00:14:42,590 --> 00:14:46,790 of the best pieces of small scale difficult planning 191 00:14:46,790 --> 00:14:48,860 that I know. 192 00:14:48,860 --> 00:14:51,020 It's in the reading for today's class. 193 00:14:56,460 --> 00:15:06,570 You get a sense of this idea that-- 194 00:15:06,570 --> 00:15:09,960 remember Steve McQueen? 195 00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:12,860 He's a famous American male actor 196 00:15:12,860 --> 00:15:17,670 who got cancer and a lot of publicity associated with him 197 00:15:17,670 --> 00:15:21,460 crossing the border to the South to get the illegal drug 198 00:15:21,460 --> 00:15:25,740 laetrile, which is not available in the United States. 199 00:15:25,740 --> 00:15:28,410 Of course, it didn't kill his cancer. 200 00:15:28,410 --> 00:15:31,110 But the phenomenon of there being 201 00:15:31,110 --> 00:15:34,530 a haven, a special environment which 202 00:15:34,530 --> 00:15:38,940 provides the majority or the superior, 203 00:15:38,940 --> 00:15:45,000 quote "superior" class, with satisfactions 204 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:49,420 which are elicit in their own surroundings. 205 00:15:49,420 --> 00:15:52,130 AUDIENCE: The phenomenon still stands today. 206 00:15:52,130 --> 00:15:55,557 Close to the border, there's a huge amount of pharmacies. 207 00:15:55,557 --> 00:15:56,390 JULIAN BEINART: Yes. 208 00:15:56,390 --> 00:15:59,320 AUDIENCE: They sell medicines that here, in the States, 209 00:15:59,320 --> 00:16:03,440 would be either restricted by a prescription or not available. 210 00:16:03,440 --> 00:16:05,970 JULIAN BEINART: Well, two reactions to that-- 211 00:16:05,970 --> 00:16:11,540 the border between East Germany and West Germany-- 212 00:16:11,540 --> 00:16:18,560 also, borders attract a kind of marginal population. 213 00:16:18,560 --> 00:16:22,520 There's a wonderful little book in your reading called 214 00:16:22,520 --> 00:16:26,840 On The Border by Tom Miller-- 215 00:16:26,840 --> 00:16:29,330 he's a New York Times journalist-- 216 00:16:29,330 --> 00:16:32,630 which records a trip from Brownsville, Matamoros 217 00:16:32,630 --> 00:16:37,130 all the way to Tijuana and the extraordinary things he find. 218 00:16:37,130 --> 00:16:40,460 He finds a town which specializes 219 00:16:40,460 --> 00:16:46,880 in the smuggling of peacocks to Chicago in the back of trucks. 220 00:16:46,880 --> 00:16:52,280 He finds the most powerful AM station in the United States, 221 00:16:52,280 --> 00:16:55,850 a right-wing propaganda radio station 222 00:16:55,850 --> 00:16:58,430 which the government of China asked the United 223 00:16:58,430 --> 00:17:01,850 States to intervene with. 224 00:17:01,850 --> 00:17:06,710 So there's a kind of erotic condition 225 00:17:06,710 --> 00:17:09,035 where you bring two notions together. 226 00:17:13,260 --> 00:17:18,180 I don't know what the theory behind that is. 227 00:17:18,180 --> 00:17:22,510 But it seems to be the case that the behavior 228 00:17:22,510 --> 00:17:27,540 of a lot of activities on this border 229 00:17:27,540 --> 00:17:30,167 are different from the internet. 230 00:17:30,167 --> 00:17:32,250 AUDIENCE: There is a book by the editor of Foreign 231 00:17:32,250 --> 00:17:34,470 Revue [INAUDIBLE] Moises Naim. 232 00:17:34,470 --> 00:17:38,460 The book is called Illicit, where 233 00:17:38,460 --> 00:17:43,620 he studies borders in details as constructs that, 234 00:17:43,620 --> 00:17:46,650 because of their-- 235 00:17:46,650 --> 00:17:50,190 artificial blockage of goods, services, and people's 236 00:17:50,190 --> 00:17:54,540 daily activities, it brings out a particular kind 237 00:17:54,540 --> 00:17:57,960 of inhabitant of these places. 238 00:17:57,960 --> 00:18:01,440 JULIAN BEINART: This Mexican-American border 239 00:18:01,440 --> 00:18:04,230 serves a number of other functions. 240 00:18:04,230 --> 00:18:08,910 It serves as the major avenue of illegal immigration 241 00:18:08,910 --> 00:18:10,950 into the United States. 242 00:18:10,950 --> 00:18:13,470 I don't know if there's illegal immigration south 243 00:18:13,470 --> 00:18:17,820 from the United States into Mexico, but-- 244 00:18:17,820 --> 00:18:20,070 AUDIENCE: There are a lot of people that go to Mexico. 245 00:18:20,070 --> 00:18:22,020 We don't ask Americans for a visa. 246 00:18:22,020 --> 00:18:25,920 They enter, and then they stay in Mexico and live there. 247 00:18:25,920 --> 00:18:26,970 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 248 00:18:26,970 --> 00:18:29,850 There are, according to government sources, 249 00:18:29,850 --> 00:18:34,230 12 million illegal immigrants in the United States. 250 00:18:34,230 --> 00:18:38,580 The census or one of the government agencies 251 00:18:38,580 --> 00:18:45,060 claims it only arrests one out of four people who 252 00:18:45,060 --> 00:18:48,580 try to take their bodies. 253 00:18:48,580 --> 00:18:52,665 56% of illegal immigrants in this country are Mexican. 254 00:18:55,210 --> 00:19:01,030 So this border serves as an avenue for the movement 255 00:19:01,030 --> 00:19:03,880 of people from-- 256 00:19:03,880 --> 00:19:05,230 what would you call Mexico? 257 00:19:07,840 --> 00:19:09,550 What would you call the United States? 258 00:19:09,550 --> 00:19:14,890 The United States offers more, presumably more, opportunities 259 00:19:14,890 --> 00:19:16,840 for increasing wealth. 260 00:19:19,990 --> 00:19:23,770 There are many stories that are humorous 261 00:19:23,770 --> 00:19:27,790 surrounding that there are people who live in Mexico 262 00:19:27,790 --> 00:19:31,460 and work in the United States illegally every day. 263 00:19:31,460 --> 00:19:33,730 One of the stories in our meeting 264 00:19:33,730 --> 00:19:38,620 was told by a young man who dresses up in jogging clothes 265 00:19:38,620 --> 00:19:42,310 like an American, crosses the border every morning at 5 266 00:19:42,310 --> 00:19:47,440 o'clock, starts jogging on the American side 267 00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:55,610 and works as a gardener, returns home at night. 268 00:19:55,610 --> 00:19:57,550 These are funny stories. 269 00:19:57,550 --> 00:19:59,700 Immigration into the United States 270 00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:06,280 is politically and spatially still very unresolved. 271 00:20:06,280 --> 00:20:09,890 America was built by immigrants. 272 00:20:09,890 --> 00:20:12,700 I'm an immigrant. 273 00:20:12,700 --> 00:20:16,105 And I've taught here for 34 years. 274 00:20:16,105 --> 00:20:20,730 It shows how poor the local population is. 275 00:20:20,730 --> 00:20:22,230 [LAUGHTER] 276 00:20:29,270 --> 00:20:31,040 I'm jumping all over the place. 277 00:20:31,040 --> 00:20:35,360 I just want to cite you statistic about immigration. 278 00:20:46,250 --> 00:20:50,800 "United States remains a magnet for immigrants. 279 00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:55,120 The US is among the best at assimilating them. 280 00:20:55,120 --> 00:20:57,970 As a result, half the world's skilled immigrants 281 00:20:57,970 --> 00:21:00,010 come to the US. 282 00:21:00,010 --> 00:21:03,970 Between 1990 and 2005, immigrants 283 00:21:03,970 --> 00:21:07,103 started a quarter of the new venture-backed public companies 284 00:21:07,103 --> 00:21:08,020 in the United States." 285 00:21:12,020 --> 00:21:15,620 So again, we are at the crossroads theory. 286 00:21:15,620 --> 00:21:20,180 On the one hand there's the conservative position 287 00:21:20,180 --> 00:21:24,590 that a nation should take care of its own people 288 00:21:24,590 --> 00:21:26,990 and selectively choose people who 289 00:21:26,990 --> 00:21:30,020 wish to get into that country, not 290 00:21:30,020 --> 00:21:36,860 have a random system of entry. 291 00:21:36,860 --> 00:21:42,830 The US Congress is likely to take up immigration following 292 00:21:42,830 --> 00:21:50,230 the failure of the previous President Bush 293 00:21:50,230 --> 00:21:57,220 who comes from Texas and was under a lot of pressure, set 294 00:21:57,220 --> 00:22:04,810 about building a $60 billion fence over the 2,000 miles. 295 00:22:04,810 --> 00:22:11,590 He reduced it to 700 miles, ran into enormous problems 296 00:22:11,590 --> 00:22:20,450 of land rights in Texas and was sued and abandoned 297 00:22:20,450 --> 00:22:21,200 the whole project. 298 00:22:28,040 --> 00:22:30,500 What else about the Mexican-American border? 299 00:22:33,464 --> 00:22:35,100 AUDIENCE: Right now in Mexico, there 300 00:22:35,100 --> 00:22:37,715 is a huge [INAUDIBLE] immigration 301 00:22:37,715 --> 00:22:41,750 reform because of what happened on [INAUDIBLE].. 302 00:22:41,750 --> 00:22:44,150 But they were talking about immigration reform 303 00:22:44,150 --> 00:22:47,437 in the early Bush days in 2001. 304 00:22:47,437 --> 00:22:49,770 Actually, President Fox came as well to the conference-- 305 00:22:49,770 --> 00:22:50,645 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 306 00:22:50,645 --> 00:22:52,850 AUDIENCE: --one week before 9/11. 307 00:22:52,850 --> 00:22:57,520 As soon as 9/11 happened, that whole discussion got derailed. 308 00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:01,900 And the priorities of US policy shifted. 309 00:23:01,900 --> 00:23:05,270 So it moved from an idea of having an immigration 310 00:23:05,270 --> 00:23:08,210 reform to an idea of security. 311 00:23:08,210 --> 00:23:11,363 And we've been talking about immigration. 312 00:23:11,363 --> 00:23:13,280 There's a lot of talk about immigration reform 313 00:23:13,280 --> 00:23:17,330 again or getting back into the political agenda. 314 00:23:17,330 --> 00:23:20,780 And now that the marathon bombings happened again, 315 00:23:20,780 --> 00:23:23,660 you can follow it up in Mexican media. 316 00:23:23,660 --> 00:23:25,850 There's another notion of, oh my god, it's 317 00:23:25,850 --> 00:23:27,110 this story all over again. 318 00:23:27,110 --> 00:23:28,360 It's happening all over again. 319 00:23:28,360 --> 00:23:33,950 It's going to be the security concerns are going to take over 320 00:23:33,950 --> 00:23:36,310 the political discussion. 321 00:23:36,310 --> 00:23:37,185 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 322 00:23:44,490 --> 00:23:49,880 Cheap labor is important in a capitalist industrial economy. 323 00:23:49,880 --> 00:23:53,070 So immigration will be supported by capitalists-- 324 00:23:53,070 --> 00:23:53,910 AUDIENCE: Yes. 325 00:23:53,910 --> 00:23:55,290 JULIAN BEINART: --i.e. 326 00:23:55,290 --> 00:23:59,610 people who politically are normally conservative. 327 00:23:59,610 --> 00:24:03,750 So there's an ambiguity about this position. 328 00:24:03,750 --> 00:24:06,660 The strength of cheap labor-- 329 00:24:06,660 --> 00:24:12,240 Mitt Romney was accused of using Mexican workers 330 00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:16,055 to fix his garden without paying them legally. 331 00:24:16,055 --> 00:24:16,680 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 332 00:24:20,900 --> 00:24:23,960 JULIAN BEINART: Anyway, what do you-- 333 00:24:23,960 --> 00:24:28,340 you have a population in this belt 334 00:24:28,340 --> 00:24:30,710 on either side of the border where 335 00:24:30,710 --> 00:24:37,820 people speak two languages, share telephone services. 336 00:24:37,820 --> 00:24:40,910 Industries in one country are located across the border 337 00:24:40,910 --> 00:24:42,770 into another-- 338 00:24:42,770 --> 00:24:50,240 there's 3,000 American industries which pay no taxes. 339 00:24:50,240 --> 00:24:51,980 They move south across the border, 340 00:24:51,980 --> 00:24:55,790 but pay tax only when the finished products are 341 00:24:55,790 --> 00:24:58,490 returned to the United States. 342 00:24:58,490 --> 00:25:03,350 This is the second largest labor source in Mexico 343 00:25:03,350 --> 00:25:07,550 according to a recent item that I read. 344 00:25:07,550 --> 00:25:13,160 So we have the United States exporting its industries 345 00:25:13,160 --> 00:25:18,090 around the world to pools of cheap labor. 346 00:25:18,090 --> 00:25:21,800 One of the closest and, therefore, reducing the costs 347 00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:25,530 of transportation is Mexico. 348 00:25:25,530 --> 00:25:28,610 So you have another version of the relationship 349 00:25:28,610 --> 00:25:30,160 between these two countries. 350 00:25:34,520 --> 00:25:37,340 Pro this kind of effort are people 351 00:25:37,340 --> 00:25:41,300 who believe that it stimulates jobs in a poor country. 352 00:25:41,300 --> 00:25:44,110 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 353 00:25:44,110 --> 00:25:49,570 And then there is a backward relationship of strong-- 354 00:25:49,570 --> 00:25:52,930 actually, a relevant part of the Mexican population 355 00:25:52,930 --> 00:25:58,280 that feels that it's a highly unjust situation 356 00:25:58,280 --> 00:26:02,290 because the territory of most of the western [INAUDIBLE] states 357 00:26:02,290 --> 00:26:06,310 in the US used to belong to them. 358 00:26:06,310 --> 00:26:07,990 So there's a social resentment that 359 00:26:07,990 --> 00:26:12,220 has grown in parts of the population that 360 00:26:12,220 --> 00:26:13,990 has been instigated. 361 00:26:13,990 --> 00:26:15,910 JULIAN BEINART: Yes, I should have mentioned. 362 00:26:15,910 --> 00:26:20,560 For so many of you not Americans or Mexicans 363 00:26:20,560 --> 00:26:26,255 that the present status of the border is the result of war. 364 00:26:29,480 --> 00:26:34,700 Much of Texas, California, Arizona, a number of states 365 00:26:34,700 --> 00:26:36,185 even going as far as Wyoming-- 366 00:26:36,185 --> 00:26:40,790 AUDIENCE: Yeah, it's California, Nevada, Colorado, part 367 00:26:40,790 --> 00:26:44,273 of Wyoming, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas. 368 00:26:44,273 --> 00:26:45,565 JULIAN BEINART: And California. 369 00:26:45,565 --> 00:26:46,710 AUDIENCE: And California. 370 00:26:46,710 --> 00:26:47,680 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 371 00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:48,180 Yeah. 372 00:26:52,970 --> 00:26:56,030 There's a long history to all of this. 373 00:26:56,030 --> 00:27:01,940 Between 1846 and 1854, the United States 374 00:27:01,940 --> 00:27:09,860 won a war against Mexico in which the United States 375 00:27:09,860 --> 00:27:13,910 took possession of a large part of the Southwest 376 00:27:13,910 --> 00:27:18,870 of the current United States and paid Mexico $18 million. 377 00:27:22,070 --> 00:27:25,460 That includes the Gadsden Purchase, which 378 00:27:25,460 --> 00:27:30,300 was an additional operation. 379 00:27:30,300 --> 00:27:39,170 So this border dates back to the same date 380 00:27:39,170 --> 00:27:44,430 that Haussmann took power in Paris, 381 00:27:44,430 --> 00:27:49,940 a number of European conflagrations in 1848. 382 00:27:49,940 --> 00:27:57,470 1848, there were 137,000 British troops in India. 383 00:27:57,470 --> 00:28:02,540 It's a signal date, 1850, 1848. 384 00:28:02,540 --> 00:28:08,880 1850-- London, the largest city in the world, 385 00:28:08,880 --> 00:28:14,450 the first European city to be the largest since Rome. 386 00:28:14,450 --> 00:28:18,780 So many things have a [INAUDIBLE].. 387 00:28:18,780 --> 00:28:21,140 But I think it's important to point out 388 00:28:21,140 --> 00:28:25,010 that this heritage, which you point to, 389 00:28:25,010 --> 00:28:33,640 is probably more likely to be absorbed now except for people 390 00:28:33,640 --> 00:28:37,030 who wish to maintain their political enemies 391 00:28:37,030 --> 00:28:38,580 against the United States. 392 00:28:42,680 --> 00:28:46,190 The future for all of these situations-- and I'm 393 00:28:46,190 --> 00:28:52,190 going to try to cut these stories short 394 00:28:52,190 --> 00:28:57,590 and ask you to ponder as to what the urban mystic response 395 00:28:57,590 --> 00:29:00,450 should be to these places. 396 00:29:00,450 --> 00:29:03,980 You are likely to be asked, like I 397 00:29:03,980 --> 00:29:13,750 was, to venture an opinion about one of the days on the border 398 00:29:13,750 --> 00:29:20,980 the chief planner of Juarez, who is Mexican, 399 00:29:20,980 --> 00:29:25,060 and the chief planner of El Paso, who's Mexican-American, 400 00:29:25,060 --> 00:29:28,630 met for the first time in these discussions. 401 00:29:28,630 --> 00:29:29,950 They discussed water. 402 00:29:29,950 --> 00:29:32,470 They discussed illegal settlement. 403 00:29:32,470 --> 00:29:37,230 They discussed fumes that were coming from the Asarco lead 404 00:29:37,230 --> 00:29:42,220 plant into Mexico. 405 00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:46,120 That night there was a dinner. 406 00:29:46,120 --> 00:29:48,250 And I was sitting next to the woman who 407 00:29:48,250 --> 00:29:53,470 was the representative of the US government Foreign Service. 408 00:29:53,470 --> 00:29:56,620 And she asked me how I was enjoying the day. 409 00:29:56,620 --> 00:29:58,940 And I said, it was remarkable. 410 00:29:58,940 --> 00:30:03,610 It felt so positive about this interaction and the promises 411 00:30:03,610 --> 00:30:06,340 that the people made to each other. 412 00:30:06,340 --> 00:30:09,610 She said to me, remember, we fought a war 413 00:30:09,610 --> 00:30:11,050 against these people once. 414 00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:20,110 So my naive academicism was piloted off 415 00:30:20,110 --> 00:30:22,450 in a very bad direction. 416 00:30:26,850 --> 00:30:28,505 What else can I say about-- 417 00:30:32,710 --> 00:30:35,890 read Tom Miller's book if you want to know 418 00:30:35,890 --> 00:30:37,300 what the border is like. 419 00:30:40,610 --> 00:30:45,415 I think we'll leave the Mexican-American bipolar 420 00:30:45,415 --> 00:30:45,915 series. 421 00:30:52,650 --> 00:30:58,910 The piece I gave you in the handout 422 00:30:58,910 --> 00:31:09,430 today from 1981 US News and World Report-- 423 00:31:09,430 --> 00:31:12,970 "Where Yanks and Mexicans Live Together and Like It." 424 00:31:12,970 --> 00:31:15,490 "Linked by twin industries, two-way trade, 425 00:31:15,490 --> 00:31:19,090 and now by trolley line, San Diego and Tijuana 426 00:31:19,090 --> 00:31:23,550 offer an object lesson in international cooperation." 427 00:31:26,860 --> 00:31:29,320 I don't know if that is justified, 428 00:31:29,320 --> 00:31:35,874 but I leave it to you to make a judgment about that. 429 00:31:35,874 --> 00:31:47,770 The fact is that there are not many conditions 430 00:31:47,770 --> 00:31:55,690 in the world where two nations, one presumably belonging 431 00:31:55,690 --> 00:31:58,540 to the First World, another belonging presumably 432 00:31:58,540 --> 00:32:03,590 to the Second World, go inside. 433 00:32:03,590 --> 00:32:10,390 European cities extend their labor relationships 434 00:32:10,390 --> 00:32:17,680 across to North Africa to Turkey as migrant labor. 435 00:32:17,680 --> 00:32:22,120 South Africa built its gold mines on migrant labor 436 00:32:22,120 --> 00:32:27,100 from as far north as Malawi and Tanzania. 437 00:32:27,100 --> 00:32:31,210 But here we have a conjunction of two systems 438 00:32:31,210 --> 00:32:38,080 around urban areas, which are just a fence away 439 00:32:38,080 --> 00:32:38,880 from each other. 440 00:32:42,050 --> 00:32:46,090 One of the models for the future of Jerusalem 441 00:32:46,090 --> 00:32:51,940 was, in fact, a kind of city which 442 00:32:51,940 --> 00:32:56,350 had no border running through the city. 443 00:32:56,350 --> 00:33:00,100 It wasn't a divided city at all, but the city 444 00:33:00,100 --> 00:33:04,960 which mediated issues such as customs and security 445 00:33:04,960 --> 00:33:07,450 in other ways. 446 00:33:07,450 --> 00:33:10,090 Maybe with electronic technology we'll 447 00:33:10,090 --> 00:33:14,080 be able to introduce ways of assessing 448 00:33:14,080 --> 00:33:21,040 personal movement and personal behavior more adequately. 449 00:33:21,040 --> 00:33:26,890 One is always fascinated by what happened on Monday afternoon 450 00:33:26,890 --> 00:33:29,630 here in Boston. 451 00:33:29,630 --> 00:33:36,470 This lecture is being recorded, so I have to add the date. 452 00:33:36,470 --> 00:33:41,090 This is the Monday after the marathon bombing. 453 00:33:41,090 --> 00:33:44,450 How much evidence seems to be available 454 00:33:44,450 --> 00:33:48,980 simply through the common practice of people, teenagers 455 00:33:48,980 --> 00:33:52,850 having telephones which record material? 456 00:33:56,950 --> 00:34:02,410 So one maybe in future be able to see enormous diversity 457 00:34:02,410 --> 00:34:10,015 to cities, given an environment of relative peace. 458 00:34:13,340 --> 00:34:20,770 If you look back historically at Europe, the wars between Spain 459 00:34:20,770 --> 00:34:24,820 and Holland, between Spain and England, 460 00:34:24,820 --> 00:34:30,250 between France and Germany, between Germany and Poland 461 00:34:30,250 --> 00:34:35,500 and Russia, between Napoleon and northern Italy, 462 00:34:35,500 --> 00:34:45,120 between the Muslim city of Istanbul and Budapest 463 00:34:45,120 --> 00:34:46,800 and Vienna. 464 00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:50,820 I mean, I'm not even going very far back. 465 00:34:50,820 --> 00:34:56,520 I'm going back to the 18th century, 17th century. 466 00:34:56,520 --> 00:34:58,830 To believe, at that time, that there 467 00:34:58,830 --> 00:35:02,100 would be a common union in which there would 468 00:35:02,100 --> 00:35:05,775 be no passports required to move from France into Belgium 469 00:35:05,775 --> 00:35:08,400 or from France into Germany would have 470 00:35:08,400 --> 00:35:12,310 been impossible to imagine. 471 00:35:12,310 --> 00:35:14,500 One of the things I learned from Kevin Lynch 472 00:35:14,500 --> 00:35:20,170 was his incredible belief in the capacity of human beings 473 00:35:20,170 --> 00:35:23,750 to improve themselves. 474 00:35:23,750 --> 00:35:27,350 And his evidence was always that urbanism 475 00:35:27,350 --> 00:35:33,920 could be properly administered, be a vehicle for doing this. 476 00:35:33,920 --> 00:35:36,500 Cities educate people. 477 00:35:36,500 --> 00:35:37,770 They teach them new ways. 478 00:35:37,770 --> 00:35:39,740 Johannesburg is not the city that it 479 00:35:39,740 --> 00:35:42,670 was when Soweto was created. 480 00:35:42,670 --> 00:35:50,070 The reason, as I mentioned over and over again last week, 481 00:35:50,070 --> 00:35:53,550 was the South Africa sought for a rural solution 482 00:35:53,550 --> 00:36:00,370 to its problems because urbanism educated people 483 00:36:00,370 --> 00:36:05,810 to their political right, to [INAUDIBLE].. 484 00:36:05,810 --> 00:36:10,830 And the Bantustan policy which was 485 00:36:10,830 --> 00:36:16,260 the last of the major efforts by the Afrikaner government 486 00:36:16,260 --> 00:36:21,300 in South Africa was anti-urban. 487 00:36:21,300 --> 00:36:28,370 We move to the broad body of stuff, 488 00:36:28,370 --> 00:36:34,790 which we normally refer to as colonial-native relationships. 489 00:36:41,160 --> 00:36:44,710 A colonial-native relationship is a relationship 490 00:36:44,710 --> 00:36:55,810 in which a dominant external force occupies another country 491 00:36:55,810 --> 00:37:01,220 and imposes its will around a number of polarities. 492 00:37:07,940 --> 00:37:13,850 For Britain it was dangerous to go to India. 493 00:37:13,850 --> 00:37:20,330 The life expectancy of a British soldier, 494 00:37:20,330 --> 00:37:28,670 if they stayed in Britain in 1883, was 59.5 years. 495 00:37:28,670 --> 00:37:33,270 If they went to India, it was 37.7 years. 496 00:37:33,270 --> 00:37:36,260 So the preoccupation of the British 497 00:37:36,260 --> 00:37:40,700 was that India was an extraordinary environment. 498 00:37:40,700 --> 00:37:42,860 It was dangerous. 499 00:37:42,860 --> 00:37:46,040 It was also seductive. 500 00:37:46,040 --> 00:37:51,740 The British, under Victorian rule, 501 00:37:51,740 --> 00:37:55,130 by and large repressed sexuality. 502 00:37:55,130 --> 00:37:58,670 You come to India where sexuality is abundant 503 00:37:58,670 --> 00:38:00,800 not in terms of personal behavior, 504 00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:04,970 but in terms of cultural expression. 505 00:38:04,970 --> 00:38:08,290 If you really E.M. Forster's book of Passage to India 506 00:38:08,290 --> 00:38:11,000 in 1924-- 507 00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:13,310 has anybody read Forster? 508 00:38:13,310 --> 00:38:16,400 He's one of the greatest English writers. 509 00:38:16,400 --> 00:38:17,840 You must read him. 510 00:38:17,840 --> 00:38:20,060 Read a Passage to India. 511 00:38:20,060 --> 00:38:25,090 You'll get a-- look what happens. 512 00:38:25,090 --> 00:38:31,780 A young English woman called Adele 513 00:38:31,780 --> 00:38:40,880 arrives in India to marry the son of the Mrs. Briggs, 514 00:38:40,880 --> 00:38:41,380 I think. 515 00:38:41,380 --> 00:38:42,370 I'm not sure. 516 00:38:42,370 --> 00:38:44,650 I don't remember. 517 00:38:44,650 --> 00:38:51,020 They meet a handsome young Indian doctor called Dr. Aziz. 518 00:38:51,020 --> 00:38:58,960 Dr. Aziz is a trained medical man. 519 00:38:58,960 --> 00:39:05,320 And the interaction is quite spontaneous. 520 00:39:05,320 --> 00:39:10,750 Dr. Aziz invites them, the mother and this young woman, 521 00:39:10,750 --> 00:39:16,240 to visit some caves nearby called the cave the Macabar. 522 00:39:16,240 --> 00:39:19,345 This is all fictitious, of course, but you see the story. 523 00:39:23,120 --> 00:39:27,290 This young woman is so distraught in the caves 524 00:39:27,290 --> 00:39:31,190 by the echo that come back whenever 525 00:39:31,190 --> 00:39:33,410 they speak that she goes off. 526 00:39:33,410 --> 00:39:38,000 She goes crazy and runs away. 527 00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:42,590 She comes back to the British civil station 528 00:39:42,590 --> 00:39:46,715 and accuses Dr. Aziz of having assaulted sexually. 529 00:39:51,700 --> 00:39:58,300 The British claim that Indian men are sexually 530 00:39:58,300 --> 00:40:03,250 attracted to white British women and should 531 00:40:03,250 --> 00:40:06,892 be punished for that. 532 00:40:06,892 --> 00:40:11,050 The Indians claim that this is a hoax, 533 00:40:11,050 --> 00:40:13,480 that this woman was hysterical. 534 00:40:13,480 --> 00:40:19,930 It goes to court and Dr. Aziz is, at the end of the book, 535 00:40:19,930 --> 00:40:24,940 freed from the case because this woman breaks down in court 536 00:40:24,940 --> 00:40:30,958 and admits that she made the wrong accusation. 537 00:40:30,958 --> 00:40:32,500 AUDIENCE: There's a very telling part 538 00:40:32,500 --> 00:40:39,000 of in the story about the button on the back of the shirt, which 539 00:40:39,000 --> 00:40:43,660 Dr. Aziz shares to an Englishman, but had forgotten. 540 00:40:43,660 --> 00:40:47,130 And then when they're qualifying Dr. Aziz 541 00:40:47,130 --> 00:40:50,520 and they get to the button, they link that to the notion 542 00:40:50,520 --> 00:40:54,600 that no Indian could ever behave like a true gentlemen 543 00:40:54,600 --> 00:40:56,314 because they forget the small details. 544 00:40:56,314 --> 00:40:58,210 [LAUGHTER] 545 00:40:58,210 --> 00:40:59,380 So they tie it down. 546 00:40:59,380 --> 00:41:02,770 And it tells you a lot of the rigidity 547 00:41:02,770 --> 00:41:06,580 that society played on all those small constructs 548 00:41:06,580 --> 00:41:13,045 as artificial classifiers of people. 549 00:41:13,045 --> 00:41:13,920 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 550 00:41:13,920 --> 00:41:17,190 You know, it raises another issue for me. 551 00:41:17,190 --> 00:41:24,300 And that is we require novelists to see a situation and write 552 00:41:24,300 --> 00:41:28,350 about it in a way that reality cannot do. 553 00:41:28,350 --> 00:41:32,010 That is for those of you interested in film 554 00:41:32,010 --> 00:41:35,655 and its impact on our understanding of cities. 555 00:41:41,250 --> 00:41:44,840 There's so many movies which depict conditions 556 00:41:44,840 --> 00:41:48,050 in cities in heightened form. 557 00:41:48,050 --> 00:41:54,590 It took E.M. Forster sitting at Cambridge to write a book at-- 558 00:41:54,590 --> 00:41:57,260 he visited India. 559 00:41:57,260 --> 00:42:01,070 Anyway, so here the polarities are complex. 560 00:42:03,590 --> 00:42:08,180 For the British, they were three diseases 561 00:42:08,180 --> 00:42:11,645 that had to be counted, environmental diseases 562 00:42:11,645 --> 00:42:18,020 of the air, vegetation, soil, water, humidity. 563 00:42:18,020 --> 00:42:21,860 Number two-- behavioral diseases, diet, alcohol. 564 00:42:21,860 --> 00:42:27,200 And number three-- social diseases, sexual diseases. 565 00:42:27,200 --> 00:42:32,210 I will show you some of the images 566 00:42:32,210 --> 00:42:35,630 from some of the literature. 567 00:42:38,890 --> 00:42:42,100 One of the notions was that disease, 568 00:42:42,100 --> 00:42:46,150 as in London about the same time, 569 00:42:46,150 --> 00:42:49,450 was carried through the air. 570 00:42:49,450 --> 00:43:01,070 So the ventilation system in the bungalow and in the hat 571 00:43:01,070 --> 00:43:05,495 was a similar situation which allowed air to pass through. 572 00:43:08,300 --> 00:43:12,890 I will show you a section through a parade ground, which 573 00:43:12,890 --> 00:43:16,770 is ventilated up and down. 574 00:43:16,770 --> 00:43:20,310 I'll show you a diagram of the amount of air 575 00:43:20,310 --> 00:43:23,340 you need to be safe. 576 00:43:23,340 --> 00:43:29,220 This is all before Snow and the discovery of cholera 577 00:43:29,220 --> 00:43:30,545 as the waterborne disease. 578 00:43:36,450 --> 00:43:40,830 The choice, you will see, for an Indian, 579 00:43:40,830 --> 00:43:45,000 at least for an English bureaucrat, 580 00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:48,960 was between a bungalow-- 581 00:43:48,960 --> 00:43:54,510 bungalow, again, is a term which comes from the native language, 582 00:43:54,510 --> 00:43:56,210 from [NON-ENGLISH]. 583 00:43:56,210 --> 00:44:03,090 You must remember that the headquarters 584 00:44:03,090 --> 00:44:06,540 of the capital of India with Calcutta before it 585 00:44:06,540 --> 00:44:11,290 was moved by the British to Delhi from a [LAUGHTER] 586 00:44:11,290 --> 00:44:18,390 world, world of speaking another language to Hindu. 587 00:44:18,390 --> 00:44:21,450 The word veranda is also a word that's 588 00:44:21,450 --> 00:44:28,700 been built into English architecture. 589 00:44:28,700 --> 00:44:30,810 There are a number these terms which 590 00:44:30,810 --> 00:44:34,590 refer to spatial components of the colonial city-- 591 00:44:34,590 --> 00:44:38,100 the maidan, which is that breathing 592 00:44:38,100 --> 00:44:43,680 space of open space between the native city, 593 00:44:43,680 --> 00:44:45,840 much like South Africa. 594 00:44:45,840 --> 00:44:53,520 The native city and the new white enterprise 595 00:44:53,520 --> 00:44:55,440 would be separated by space. 596 00:44:55,440 --> 00:44:59,160 Critical distance was another feature 597 00:44:59,160 --> 00:45:02,580 of the dominant-native relationship. 598 00:45:02,580 --> 00:45:06,990 You want to be as far as possible from them. 599 00:45:06,990 --> 00:45:14,250 A book colonial city argues that the French colonial environment 600 00:45:14,250 --> 00:45:17,100 was different because the French have always 601 00:45:17,100 --> 00:45:23,980 assumed a more liberal position about body contact. 602 00:45:23,980 --> 00:45:25,780 And the British have always resisted. 603 00:45:25,780 --> 00:45:30,400 So the British-- the notion of staying 604 00:45:30,400 --> 00:45:34,150 as far away from the native not only because of the air, 605 00:45:34,150 --> 00:45:40,030 but of some kind of distancing of context, 606 00:45:40,030 --> 00:45:43,885 metaphysical perhaps, but also physical and spatial. 607 00:45:47,140 --> 00:45:51,355 Typically, the British built a military presence first 608 00:45:51,355 --> 00:45:57,070 or the cantonment on the other side of the maidan, 609 00:45:57,070 --> 00:46:00,040 and then built what is called the civil station just 610 00:46:00,040 --> 00:46:01,840 beyond the cantonment. 611 00:46:01,840 --> 00:46:04,450 The civil station was, again, a set 612 00:46:04,450 --> 00:46:09,520 of bungalows spaced like a suburban American landscape 613 00:46:09,520 --> 00:46:15,760 with enough air floating around, and nothing was dense. 614 00:46:15,760 --> 00:46:18,400 The native city was dense. 615 00:46:18,400 --> 00:46:21,340 I'll show you some images of the native city 616 00:46:21,340 --> 00:46:25,490 from the British view. 617 00:46:25,490 --> 00:46:36,110 So attenuated space was an important component. 618 00:46:36,110 --> 00:46:42,290 I've given you two pages on the next big adventure, 619 00:46:42,290 --> 00:46:43,955 and that's the building of New Delhi. 620 00:46:51,480 --> 00:46:54,600 The building of New Delhi, or the planning in New Delhi, 621 00:46:54,600 --> 00:46:55,770 took a number of forms. 622 00:46:58,540 --> 00:47:01,230 One of the important members of the committee 623 00:47:01,230 --> 00:47:06,690 was a man called Lanchester, John Lanchester, who 624 00:47:06,690 --> 00:47:11,250 was an acolyte of Patrick Geddes and believed 625 00:47:11,250 --> 00:47:13,680 in constructive surgery. 626 00:47:13,680 --> 00:47:18,480 So his first ambition was to link the new plan 627 00:47:18,480 --> 00:47:21,660 to the native city of Shahjahanabad, which 628 00:47:21,660 --> 00:47:25,830 is one of the oldest cities in the Far East. 629 00:47:25,830 --> 00:47:27,190 I think since-- 630 00:47:27,190 --> 00:47:29,100 God only knows-- the 13th. 631 00:47:29,100 --> 00:47:31,910 When was the origin of Shahjahanabad? 632 00:47:31,910 --> 00:47:33,570 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 633 00:47:33,570 --> 00:47:37,860 JULIAN BEINART: Prior to Shah Jahan, it was a settlement. 634 00:47:37,860 --> 00:47:41,570 In the 14th century, it was considered the largest city 635 00:47:41,570 --> 00:47:44,100 in the Far East. 636 00:47:44,100 --> 00:47:49,250 So Shahjahanabad, after the riots, 637 00:47:49,250 --> 00:47:52,680 the British took over parts of Shahjahanabad 638 00:47:52,680 --> 00:47:56,650 and made it a military presence as well. 639 00:47:56,650 --> 00:48:02,730 But Lanchester's plan was to try to link Shahjahanabad 640 00:48:02,730 --> 00:48:05,460 to this new development. 641 00:48:05,460 --> 00:48:12,240 There are various iterations by the architect Sir Edwin Lutyens 642 00:48:12,240 --> 00:48:15,220 and Sir Herbert Baker. 643 00:48:15,220 --> 00:48:19,230 Here what I've given you is a sketch 644 00:48:19,230 --> 00:48:27,150 of five different planned discussions ultimately 645 00:48:27,150 --> 00:48:32,400 resulting on the Raisina Hill solution, the [INAUDIBLE] Hill 646 00:48:32,400 --> 00:48:33,570 Solution. 647 00:48:33,570 --> 00:48:37,560 The notion which prevails throughout 648 00:48:37,560 --> 00:48:43,260 is that British classicism or the British interpretation 649 00:48:43,260 --> 00:48:46,350 of Greek and Roman classicism was 650 00:48:46,350 --> 00:48:49,800 a way of educating the native population to standards 651 00:48:49,800 --> 00:48:53,140 which they couldn't achieve by themselves. 652 00:48:53,140 --> 00:48:59,650 The second one was that the site needed to be high in elevation, 653 00:48:59,650 --> 00:49:03,480 so that it would dominate the world. 654 00:49:03,480 --> 00:49:07,320 These are primitive ideas which you 655 00:49:07,320 --> 00:49:09,090 can see in the laws of the Indies 656 00:49:09,090 --> 00:49:14,220 as well of a colonial proposition 657 00:49:14,220 --> 00:49:20,520 needing to educate and subdue the population. 658 00:49:20,520 --> 00:49:22,692 Remember, in the laws of the India, 659 00:49:22,692 --> 00:49:25,050 the rules are that the natives are not 660 00:49:25,050 --> 00:49:29,080 allowed to see the cathedral until it's finished. 661 00:49:29,080 --> 00:49:32,790 You have to use the force of the cathedral's elevation 662 00:49:32,790 --> 00:49:34,890 to dominate. 663 00:49:34,890 --> 00:49:38,820 You cannot see the construction of the cathedral. 664 00:49:38,820 --> 00:49:44,230 The construction is a process of admitting viability-- 665 00:49:44,230 --> 00:49:47,145 not admitting viability-- admitting weakness. 666 00:49:54,110 --> 00:49:57,610 So Edwin Lutyens, who was a very good architect-- 667 00:49:57,610 --> 00:49:58,440 you should look. 668 00:49:58,440 --> 00:50:01,080 For those who are interested in architecture, 669 00:50:01,080 --> 00:50:07,320 look at his project Lindisfarne in England quite different 670 00:50:07,320 --> 00:50:08,850 from this. 671 00:50:08,850 --> 00:50:12,600 Anyway, I'll just quote the manifestation 672 00:50:12,600 --> 00:50:13,605 of some of these ideas. 673 00:50:20,300 --> 00:50:22,760 "Indian buildings, even the Taj Mahal, 674 00:50:22,760 --> 00:50:25,910 were picturesque and decorative, but pervaded 675 00:50:25,910 --> 00:50:28,850 by childish ignorance of the basic principles 676 00:50:28,850 --> 00:50:32,340 of architecture. 677 00:50:32,340 --> 00:50:34,740 The Indic style, he argued, simply 678 00:50:34,740 --> 00:50:37,980 does not have the constructive and geometrical qualities 679 00:50:37,980 --> 00:50:41,640 necessary to embody the idea of law and order, which 680 00:50:41,640 --> 00:50:45,500 is being produced out of chaos by the British administration. 681 00:50:50,480 --> 00:50:52,850 Would [INAUDIBLE],, he wrote sarcastically, 682 00:50:52,850 --> 00:50:56,000 had he gone to Australia, have burnt his knowledge 683 00:50:56,000 --> 00:51:00,101 and experience to produce a marsupial style?" 684 00:51:00,101 --> 00:51:05,390 Can you imagine a marsupial style in Australia? 685 00:51:05,390 --> 00:51:10,970 His argument is that to disembody classicism, which 686 00:51:10,970 --> 00:51:14,660 had been produced out of centuries of thought 687 00:51:14,660 --> 00:51:22,030 by Europeans, to disembody it and to make it into Indianism 688 00:51:22,030 --> 00:51:28,190 would not only be difficult and foolish, 689 00:51:28,190 --> 00:51:30,560 but would not embody the purposes 690 00:51:30,560 --> 00:51:32,720 of British colonialism. 691 00:51:32,720 --> 00:51:41,180 That is to educate and maintain dominance over people. 692 00:51:41,180 --> 00:51:51,330 So correctly speaking, classicism used in this sense 693 00:51:51,330 --> 00:51:54,900 is a disembodiment of the universality 694 00:51:54,900 --> 00:51:56,730 of human experience. 695 00:51:56,730 --> 00:52:01,140 He says that human experience is manifest at a higher 696 00:52:01,140 --> 00:52:10,860 level in 500 BC in Greece and is maintained 697 00:52:10,860 --> 00:52:19,350 for 2000 years as the dominant form of expression 698 00:52:19,350 --> 00:52:23,190 in architecture not to be vitiated 699 00:52:23,190 --> 00:52:28,870 by any local cultural evidence. 700 00:52:28,870 --> 00:52:32,410 Of course, there were no great Indian architects. 701 00:52:35,190 --> 00:52:38,820 One has to look at Chandigarh as another importation 702 00:52:38,820 --> 00:52:45,240 of a European architect to deal with this question of what is 703 00:52:45,240 --> 00:52:47,570 Indian and what is universal. 704 00:52:51,480 --> 00:52:54,630 We'll deal with Chandigarh in this class if we have time. 705 00:52:59,710 --> 00:53:01,650 I recently wrote a piece on Chandigarh 706 00:53:01,650 --> 00:53:08,640 for a book, which is a result of a talk we 707 00:53:08,640 --> 00:53:14,190 gave at the 50th anniversary of Chandigarh. 708 00:53:16,700 --> 00:53:25,940 So all of this adds up to a very concise explanation 709 00:53:25,940 --> 00:53:30,440 of the planning and architectural content 710 00:53:30,440 --> 00:53:38,570 of New Delhi as being an expressive and controlled 711 00:53:38,570 --> 00:53:40,970 system of dominance. 712 00:53:46,980 --> 00:53:49,650 We need to know now-- 713 00:53:49,650 --> 00:53:57,270 and I have many post-colonial Indian architect friends 714 00:53:57,270 --> 00:54:00,240 and have been in partnership with one. 715 00:54:00,240 --> 00:54:04,680 So I think I understand a little bit about their reaction. 716 00:54:04,680 --> 00:54:09,090 Modernism was a vehicle for destroying 717 00:54:09,090 --> 00:54:13,380 all kinds of notions of colonial-native relationships, 718 00:54:13,380 --> 00:54:15,450 I think. 719 00:54:15,450 --> 00:54:16,350 Do you think so? 720 00:54:16,350 --> 00:54:19,950 AUDIENCE: In some way, not entirely. 721 00:54:19,950 --> 00:54:23,260 JULIAN BEINART: Not entirely-- 722 00:54:23,260 --> 00:54:27,450 but there were people like Rudyard Kipling and his father, 723 00:54:27,450 --> 00:54:33,610 who also were British, who took a different view of India. 724 00:54:33,610 --> 00:54:41,220 So I suppose they were eccentric to India. 725 00:54:41,220 --> 00:54:48,200 but modernism has allowed India to bypass 726 00:54:48,200 --> 00:54:53,960 the question of style in a sense as being politically important. 727 00:54:53,960 --> 00:55:00,740 I mean, people like [INAUDIBLE] and many others have used 728 00:55:00,740 --> 00:55:06,870 modernism as a free liberal expression of what they think 729 00:55:06,870 --> 00:55:13,580 a new society should be about despite the polarities between 730 00:55:13,580 --> 00:55:16,850 Hindu and Muslim in the current India, 731 00:55:16,850 --> 00:55:24,160 despite the enormous polarities between wealth and poverty 732 00:55:24,160 --> 00:55:26,350 after-- 733 00:55:26,350 --> 00:55:28,996 anyway, so what do you think? 734 00:55:28,996 --> 00:55:30,940 AUDIENCE: I think modernism has replaced 735 00:55:30,940 --> 00:55:35,190 even a lot of the traditional Indian [INAUDIBLE] have. 736 00:55:35,190 --> 00:55:37,900 The Indian architecture has been influenced by [INAUDIBLE].. 737 00:55:37,900 --> 00:55:40,710 And there's so many influences. 738 00:55:40,710 --> 00:55:42,550 JULIAN BEINART: Absolutely. 739 00:55:42,550 --> 00:55:46,465 AUDIENCE: By saying that modernism is a free expression 740 00:55:46,465 --> 00:55:51,918 or is something that negates all of that does not really-- 741 00:55:51,918 --> 00:55:52,630 I don't know. 742 00:55:52,630 --> 00:55:53,380 It doesn't sound-- 743 00:55:53,380 --> 00:55:55,360 JULIAN BEINART: Well, it doesn't negate it. 744 00:55:55,360 --> 00:56:01,500 But it was agnostic. 745 00:56:06,410 --> 00:56:09,850 It did not associate itself with anything else, 746 00:56:09,850 --> 00:56:11,200 but its own invention. 747 00:56:16,970 --> 00:56:23,644 In doing so, it denied the aspirations of Indianism maybe. 748 00:56:23,644 --> 00:56:25,060 AUDIENCE: But what is Indianism? 749 00:56:25,060 --> 00:56:26,010 Because [INAUDIBLE]. 750 00:56:26,010 --> 00:56:27,800 JULIAN BEINART: Well, absolutely. 751 00:56:27,800 --> 00:56:31,730 So Chandigarh was easy to-- 752 00:56:31,730 --> 00:56:36,470 Nehru understood that to get Corbusier 753 00:56:36,470 --> 00:56:42,650 to come along and design his image of new capital 754 00:56:42,650 --> 00:56:49,220 city for the Punjab would require somebody 755 00:56:49,220 --> 00:56:53,810 who had the capacity to overwhelm 756 00:56:53,810 --> 00:57:00,500 the Indianness in the same way that Louis Khan in Bangladesh 757 00:57:00,500 --> 00:57:04,460 built his world in Dhaka. 758 00:57:04,460 --> 00:57:09,200 Le Corbusier traveled all over India before. 759 00:57:09,200 --> 00:57:11,900 He writes all about Indian construction 760 00:57:11,900 --> 00:57:13,550 and Indian materials. 761 00:57:13,550 --> 00:57:15,170 Louis Khan does the same thing. 762 00:57:15,170 --> 00:57:21,590 Louis Khan buildings, parliament building, 763 00:57:21,590 --> 00:57:25,460 marks the end of a day of work. 764 00:57:25,460 --> 00:57:30,140 And then the next day, the bricks or the stones 765 00:57:30,140 --> 00:57:36,830 are sort of marked in relation to the labor as if this is-- 766 00:57:36,830 --> 00:57:41,640 I mean, this is another big story. 767 00:57:41,640 --> 00:57:45,020 But let's leave the story to concentrate 768 00:57:45,020 --> 00:57:47,350 on racial polarities. 769 00:57:55,010 --> 00:58:01,220 Maybe these extreme polarities disappear with education, 770 00:58:01,220 --> 00:58:14,265 disappear with change, so liberals would believe. 771 00:58:14,265 --> 00:58:15,640 AUDIENCE: So what are you saying, 772 00:58:15,640 --> 00:58:18,691 that through education [INAUDIBLE]?? 773 00:58:22,130 --> 00:58:27,830 JULIAN BEINART: Through education one 774 00:58:27,830 --> 00:58:38,110 presumes that changes in idle worship 775 00:58:38,110 --> 00:58:45,100 transform people to being religious [INAUDIBLE] 776 00:58:45,100 --> 00:58:47,356 in history. 777 00:58:47,356 --> 00:58:50,740 The European evidence of the-- 778 00:58:50,740 --> 00:58:59,920 there's no animation-- no, not animation, no active hostility 779 00:58:59,920 --> 00:59:02,260 between Spain and Holland. 780 00:59:02,260 --> 00:59:07,960 Although the Spanish did terrible things to them. 781 00:59:07,960 --> 00:59:10,990 We're going to do a class on architecture and memory 782 00:59:10,990 --> 00:59:14,470 or urbanism and memory because some of this 783 00:59:14,470 --> 00:59:17,040 has been written about. 784 00:59:17,040 --> 00:59:21,690 I do believe that the only solution for Jerusalem, 785 00:59:21,690 --> 00:59:27,300 if there is any solution, which is going to take time, 786 00:59:27,300 --> 00:59:33,840 is if there were some force which introduced itself 787 00:59:33,840 --> 00:59:37,680 into Israeli education. 788 00:59:37,680 --> 00:59:43,890 Israeli education is dominated by the religious groups, who 789 00:59:43,890 --> 00:59:48,780 insist on portraying Arabs as rapists, and villains, 790 00:59:48,780 --> 00:59:49,890 and so on. 791 00:59:49,890 --> 00:59:52,341 The reverse is true. 792 00:59:52,341 --> 00:59:55,110 If you look at the high school books, some 793 00:59:55,110 --> 00:59:57,570 of the books in Jordan, and Syria, 794 00:59:57,570 --> 01:00:02,970 and so on, they depict Jews as Shakespeare depicted 795 01:00:02,970 --> 01:00:06,580 the Merchant of Venice. 796 01:00:06,580 --> 01:00:12,700 Now, you don't go around England any more writing 797 01:00:12,700 --> 01:00:15,940 books about Jews as the Merchant of Venice. 798 01:00:15,940 --> 01:00:20,120 That stopped in the 16th century. 799 01:00:20,120 --> 01:00:22,600 So there's historic evidence that people do, 800 01:00:22,600 --> 01:00:24,310 cultures do, change their mind. 801 01:00:31,160 --> 01:00:33,260 What about the future of Johannesburg? 802 01:00:36,610 --> 01:00:41,980 There are 40 million Black people in South Africa today. 803 01:00:41,980 --> 01:00:45,805 There are 6 million whites and 6 million coloreds making 804 01:00:45,805 --> 01:00:47,620 a [INAUDIBLE] population. 805 01:00:47,620 --> 01:00:51,310 That means that Black people are 80% of the total population 806 01:00:51,310 --> 01:00:52,630 of South Africa today. 807 01:00:57,030 --> 01:01:01,560 What is the policy with regard to Soweto? 808 01:01:01,560 --> 01:01:05,940 You are a brilliant MIT graduate. 809 01:01:05,940 --> 01:01:08,400 You're hired by the United Nations 810 01:01:08,400 --> 01:01:13,470 to advise the South African government, as I was. 811 01:01:19,710 --> 01:01:20,570 What do you do? 812 01:01:23,100 --> 01:01:26,310 You've got to take care of rebuilding education 813 01:01:26,310 --> 01:01:28,650 for 40 million people. 814 01:01:28,650 --> 01:01:36,400 You've got to introduce health systems. 815 01:01:36,400 --> 01:01:39,610 You've got to provide jobs. 816 01:01:39,610 --> 01:01:42,925 25% of young Blacks in Johannesburg don't have jobs. 817 01:01:47,250 --> 01:01:52,950 You can't socialize the society quickly enough 818 01:01:52,950 --> 01:01:55,020 because foreign investment, which 819 01:01:55,020 --> 01:02:02,700 is fundamental to South Africa's capital, will flee. 820 01:02:02,700 --> 01:02:05,100 So you cannot nationalize the gold mines, 821 01:02:05,100 --> 01:02:10,020 as many of the ANC people have wanted to do. 822 01:02:13,160 --> 01:02:16,070 So let's look at Havana and Cuba for a moment 823 01:02:16,070 --> 01:02:19,040 simply before we write all of these 824 01:02:19,040 --> 01:02:22,640 off as the dustbins of history. 825 01:02:27,550 --> 01:02:29,630 Look, this is tough stuff. 826 01:02:29,630 --> 01:02:33,430 It's not urban designers planting a few trees in Iowa. 827 01:02:37,790 --> 01:02:44,000 This is what is happening by and large in important parts 828 01:02:44,000 --> 01:02:46,490 of the world and has happened. 829 01:02:46,490 --> 01:02:48,950 You've got to have some understanding 830 01:02:48,950 --> 01:02:53,050 of these extremely difficult situations. 831 01:02:57,650 --> 01:03:03,815 Havana was a Laws of the Indies city. 832 01:03:08,750 --> 01:03:24,290 Between 1959 and 1988, it was host to Soviet sponsorship. 833 01:03:24,290 --> 01:03:26,990 And as I look at the plans for when 834 01:03:26,990 --> 01:03:39,970 we were in Havana and in end of 1978, I think-- 835 01:03:39,970 --> 01:03:40,990 a couple of things. 836 01:03:44,190 --> 01:03:46,940 One of the ideas taken from Russia 837 01:03:46,940 --> 01:03:49,220 was to normalize the relationship 838 01:03:49,220 --> 01:03:51,445 between the country and the city. 839 01:03:51,445 --> 01:03:55,430 If you remember Shirov's plan for Moscow, 840 01:03:55,430 --> 01:03:58,520 which I discussed with you, there 841 01:03:58,520 --> 01:04:01,610 was an attempt to increase public space 842 01:04:01,610 --> 01:04:06,290 on the periphery of the city in a wide belt around the city. 843 01:04:06,290 --> 01:04:09,680 The only city in the world where this has been put into place 844 01:04:09,680 --> 01:04:11,180 is Havana. 845 01:04:11,180 --> 01:04:15,980 Lenin Park has increased the number of square foot. 846 01:04:15,980 --> 01:04:24,520 In 1959, there was 1 square meter of open space per capita 847 01:04:24,520 --> 01:04:25,780 in the city. 848 01:04:25,780 --> 01:04:29,500 In 1978, when we were there, it had 849 01:04:29,500 --> 01:04:33,700 increased in 11 square meters per capita, 3 in the city, 850 01:04:33,700 --> 01:04:37,300 8 outside in Lenin Park. 851 01:04:37,300 --> 01:04:39,280 Whether people are actively using 852 01:04:39,280 --> 01:04:41,095 Lenin Park is another story. 853 01:04:46,020 --> 01:04:52,920 Right from the first Castro invasion, 854 01:04:52,920 --> 01:04:55,680 it seemed that the idea was to frustrate 855 01:04:55,680 --> 01:04:59,460 the growth of the city and favor the development 856 01:04:59,460 --> 01:05:02,340 of the countryside. 857 01:05:02,340 --> 01:05:06,990 Again, this idea is central to South African apartheid, which 858 01:05:06,990 --> 01:05:10,320 I mentioned over and over again, but with a different meaning. 859 01:05:13,730 --> 01:05:17,540 You couldn't easily migrate into Havana 860 01:05:17,540 --> 01:05:20,030 unless you could find a job. 861 01:05:20,030 --> 01:05:24,160 At least you had somewhere to stay. 862 01:05:24,160 --> 01:05:27,220 The population of Havana decreased 863 01:05:27,220 --> 01:05:30,550 after Castro's takeover. 864 01:05:33,540 --> 01:05:42,580 Instead of the huts and small property ownership, 865 01:05:42,580 --> 01:05:46,690 a new rural environment was created. 866 01:05:46,690 --> 01:05:53,020 Small towns of 2,000 people about 10 kilometers apart 867 01:05:53,020 --> 01:05:55,510 were attempt-- 868 01:05:55,510 --> 01:05:58,270 I'll show you some of them-- 869 01:05:58,270 --> 01:06:05,890 to put a kind of layer of measles across the land, 870 01:06:05,890 --> 01:06:10,190 all an attempt to rejuvenate the idea of the country. 871 01:06:10,190 --> 01:06:12,850 One of the first things that Castro did-- 872 01:06:12,850 --> 01:06:17,050 Castro himself, his government, his policies-- 873 01:06:17,050 --> 01:06:23,200 were to take to send young men and women from Havana out 874 01:06:23,200 --> 01:06:27,490 into the country to talk to older people 875 01:06:27,490 --> 01:06:31,750 and to try to teach them how to read and write. 876 01:06:31,750 --> 01:06:35,920 The whole image was a kind of world 877 01:06:35,920 --> 01:06:42,730 in which there was the division between rural poverty 878 01:06:42,730 --> 01:06:46,480 and urban wealth would be destroyed. 879 01:06:55,430 --> 01:06:57,950 I often think Israel and Cuba have 880 01:06:57,950 --> 01:07:01,790 a lot in common by virtue of being small countries. 881 01:07:01,790 --> 01:07:06,740 In small countries, you have a presence of the land in much-- 882 01:07:06,740 --> 01:07:14,840 how does a kid growing up in New Jersey know about Yosemite? 883 01:07:14,840 --> 01:07:15,820 It's too large. 884 01:07:15,820 --> 01:07:16,660 It's too long. 885 01:07:16,660 --> 01:07:17,650 It's too big. 886 01:07:17,650 --> 01:07:19,930 It takes special effort. 887 01:07:19,930 --> 01:07:23,140 But if you're living in Havana and it 888 01:07:23,140 --> 01:07:27,640 takes 5 minutes to get into the country, 889 01:07:27,640 --> 01:07:30,130 it's a different story. 890 01:07:30,130 --> 01:07:33,370 Young Jews in Israel are enormously 891 01:07:33,370 --> 01:07:39,610 competent at biblical history partly for political reasons, 892 01:07:39,610 --> 01:07:44,170 but also partly because the sites are there. 893 01:07:44,170 --> 01:07:46,600 You go south to the Negev, and you 894 01:07:46,600 --> 01:07:54,460 can see where [INAUDIBLE] sacrifice sheep or whatever. 895 01:07:54,460 --> 01:07:56,440 I'm just making that up. 896 01:07:56,440 --> 01:07:59,200 [INAUDIBLE] didn't sacrifice any sheep. 897 01:08:03,450 --> 01:08:09,840 So the Picadura Valley, one of the major changes 898 01:08:09,840 --> 01:08:15,480 in the rural landscape, was to the Picadura Valley was-- 899 01:08:15,480 --> 01:08:21,390 there are two major industries, agricultural industries 900 01:08:21,390 --> 01:08:24,729 in Cuba, the production of tobacco, 901 01:08:24,729 --> 01:08:27,330 which is a refined cultured the industry 902 01:08:27,330 --> 01:08:31,620 and the production of sugar, which is the harshest industry, 903 01:08:31,620 --> 01:08:33,330 agricultural industry there is. 904 01:08:38,540 --> 01:08:45,939 Castro made important efforts to utilize these symbols. 905 01:08:45,939 --> 01:08:49,180 He didn't nationalize the tobacco industry. 906 01:08:49,180 --> 01:08:54,970 He allowed it to remain under local control, 907 01:08:54,970 --> 01:08:56,605 but not nationalized. 908 01:08:56,605 --> 01:09:00,910 He nationalized the sugar production industry completely 909 01:09:00,910 --> 01:09:02,859 and reduced its size. 910 01:09:02,859 --> 01:09:05,680 In the Picadura Valley, for instance, 911 01:09:05,680 --> 01:09:11,890 he removed all sugar growth and resurfaced the land 912 01:09:11,890 --> 01:09:15,220 with new agricultural material, got 913 01:09:15,220 --> 01:09:20,470 Canada to help them to produce a cow which could produce milk 914 01:09:20,470 --> 01:09:21,760 in the tropics. 915 01:09:21,760 --> 01:09:28,750 The Picadura Valley now produces milk for Cuba. 916 01:09:28,750 --> 01:09:31,779 These are important elements of transforming 917 01:09:31,779 --> 01:09:33,580 the rural productive world. 918 01:09:39,790 --> 01:09:44,490 So the polarity, which I want to focus on here, is just-- 919 01:09:44,490 --> 01:09:46,290 there are many other aspects of-- 920 01:09:50,270 --> 01:10:00,480 by the way, modernism, when we visited, 921 01:10:00,480 --> 01:10:03,870 was the only style of building that 922 01:10:03,870 --> 01:10:08,910 was available in modern Cuba, decorated modernism 923 01:10:08,910 --> 01:10:11,970 using super graphics was very-- 924 01:10:11,970 --> 01:10:13,865 I'll show some of these products. 925 01:10:17,280 --> 01:10:21,090 The use of the past selectively-- 926 01:10:21,090 --> 01:10:24,450 for instance, the operation which 927 01:10:24,450 --> 01:10:30,060 sent Cuban troops to Angola to help the African Liberation 928 01:10:30,060 --> 01:10:32,940 movement was called Operation Carlota. 929 01:10:32,940 --> 01:10:35,360 Who is Carlota? 930 01:10:35,360 --> 01:10:39,630 Carlota was this woman slave who led the rebellion 931 01:10:39,630 --> 01:10:41,160 against the United Fruit Company. 932 01:10:44,360 --> 01:10:48,050 It was a political move to-- 933 01:10:48,050 --> 01:10:52,490 oh, god, I forgot about the time. 934 01:10:52,490 --> 01:10:54,098 This is so interesting. 935 01:10:57,170 --> 01:10:58,910 Let's just leave it at that. 936 01:11:05,580 --> 01:11:10,020 The Cuban story has transformed, of course, since 1978. 937 01:11:10,020 --> 01:11:14,340 I'm talking about a time when the pure impulse 938 01:11:14,340 --> 01:11:19,080 under Soviet dominance, the change-- 939 01:11:19,080 --> 01:11:25,530 the use of micro brigade labor and so a whole set of things 940 01:11:25,530 --> 01:11:30,460 which operated at that time. 941 01:11:33,110 --> 01:11:37,430 Cuba is now a semi-socialist state, 942 01:11:37,430 --> 01:11:41,960 opening up to diverse forms of homeownership, 943 01:11:41,960 --> 01:11:48,680 property ownership, different categories of tourism, 944 01:11:48,680 --> 01:11:49,460 and so on. 945 01:11:52,670 --> 01:11:57,230 You see how much land of the Southwest of the United States 946 01:11:57,230 --> 01:12:06,920 Mexico controlled in 1821, 1836, 1848 to 1854, and 1980. 947 01:12:06,920 --> 01:12:09,560 This diagram indicates the special list 948 01:12:09,560 --> 01:12:17,685 of a region of 11 bipolar cities strung over 2,000 miles. 949 01:12:17,685 --> 01:12:18,185 Next. 950 01:12:22,460 --> 01:12:24,680 This is a famous-- 951 01:12:24,680 --> 01:12:26,885 Ricardo, you were referring to this image. 952 01:12:30,630 --> 01:12:34,440 This is a Mexican settlement up to the border 953 01:12:34,440 --> 01:12:40,620 in the case of Tijuana, various conditions from Tom Miller's 954 01:12:40,620 --> 01:12:48,380 book of the border running across this vast distance. 955 01:12:48,380 --> 01:12:48,880 Next. 956 01:12:51,960 --> 01:12:54,930 Kevin Lynch and Donald Appleyard's work 957 01:12:54,930 --> 01:12:59,280 looking at the regional relationship between Tijuana 958 01:12:59,280 --> 01:13:05,430 and San Diego showing how water-- 959 01:13:05,430 --> 01:13:08,490 water is one of the biggest concerns between the United 960 01:13:08,490 --> 01:13:10,500 States and-- 961 01:13:10,500 --> 01:13:15,060 the United States claims that Mexico owes the United States 962 01:13:15,060 --> 01:13:22,440 something like 60 billion whatever, gallons of water, 963 01:13:22,440 --> 01:13:28,680 which Mexico has illegally used to supplement its population. 964 01:13:28,680 --> 01:13:31,080 Water is an issue in Mexico-- 965 01:13:31,080 --> 01:13:31,740 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 966 01:13:31,740 --> 01:13:34,120 JULIAN BEINART: --severe issue. 967 01:13:34,120 --> 01:13:34,620 Next. 968 01:13:39,920 --> 01:13:41,600 This was at the time-- 969 01:13:41,600 --> 01:13:44,150 tourists, $5 million per year. 970 01:13:44,150 --> 01:13:45,950 It's obviously much more today. 971 01:13:48,325 --> 01:13:48,825 Next. 972 01:13:52,520 --> 01:13:58,020 Use of the region by La Jolla High School students-- 973 01:13:58,020 --> 01:14:01,360 use of the region by Tijuana residence. 974 01:14:01,360 --> 01:14:01,860 Next. 975 01:14:06,180 --> 01:14:11,630 The linear, dense, arterial street 976 01:14:11,630 --> 01:14:14,910 of the Mexican environment-- 977 01:14:14,910 --> 01:14:23,995 the isolated shopping center in the San Diego space. 978 01:14:23,995 --> 01:14:24,495 Next. 979 01:14:28,590 --> 01:14:36,940 This is a plaza in Ciudad Juarez. 980 01:14:36,940 --> 01:14:43,900 This is a view of the central part of El Paso. 981 01:14:43,900 --> 01:14:50,920 There's one person, two people available in the photograph. 982 01:14:50,920 --> 01:14:55,840 This is all due to a whole complex juxtaposition 983 01:14:55,840 --> 01:14:58,380 of urban renewal and so on. 984 01:14:58,380 --> 01:14:58,880 Next. 985 01:15:06,780 --> 01:15:10,350 Despite the operation of two separate cities, 986 01:15:10,350 --> 01:15:14,250 the daily traffic volume represents that 987 01:15:14,250 --> 01:15:17,140 of a unified metropolitan area. 988 01:15:17,140 --> 01:15:17,640 Next. 989 01:15:23,000 --> 01:15:26,510 This is a happy picture on the right 990 01:15:26,510 --> 01:15:28,970 of border guards on the American side 991 01:15:28,970 --> 01:15:31,850 on the right playing against Mexican border 992 01:15:31,850 --> 01:15:35,190 guards on the left. 993 01:15:35,190 --> 01:15:36,710 Nobody knows who wins. 994 01:15:36,710 --> 01:15:40,490 The border is in the air. 995 01:15:40,490 --> 01:15:40,990 Next. 996 01:15:50,620 --> 01:15:52,375 Immigrant crossing-- next. 997 01:15:54,760 --> 01:15:55,260 Next. 998 01:15:58,860 --> 01:16:00,180 An Octavio Paz-- 999 01:16:00,180 --> 01:16:04,520 Americans come to Mexico to satisfy their obsessions. 1000 01:16:04,520 --> 01:16:12,900 AUDIENCE: There is a [INAUDIBLE] that is very much 1001 01:16:12,900 --> 01:16:14,900 ingrained in Mexican psyche. 1002 01:16:14,900 --> 01:16:18,890 And it's about the crosses and the little memorials 1003 01:16:18,890 --> 01:16:21,200 of people that have died crossing 1004 01:16:21,200 --> 01:16:22,730 from Mexico to the States. 1005 01:16:22,730 --> 01:16:23,820 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 1006 01:16:23,820 --> 01:16:25,940 AUDIENCE: They turn up in places like Arizona. 1007 01:16:25,940 --> 01:16:28,683 They're actually actively hunted down. 1008 01:16:28,683 --> 01:16:30,100 JULIAN BEINART: I thought you were 1009 01:16:30,100 --> 01:16:33,290 going to refer to the 6,000 people who were 1010 01:16:33,290 --> 01:16:36,118 killed per annum in Juarez. 1011 01:16:36,118 --> 01:16:37,160 AUDIENCE: Oh, yeah, yeah. 1012 01:16:37,160 --> 01:16:41,180 And then it goes on the other way around in Juarez. 1013 01:16:41,180 --> 01:16:44,810 Especially women working in rural maquilas. 1014 01:16:44,810 --> 01:16:47,200 JULIAN BEINART: In the maquila industries. 1015 01:16:47,200 --> 01:16:48,950 AUDIENCE: Yeah, in the maquila industries. 1016 01:16:48,950 --> 01:16:49,450 [INAUDIBLE] 1017 01:16:49,450 --> 01:16:50,720 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 1018 01:16:50,720 --> 01:16:53,180 Apparently, real estate in Juarez, 1019 01:16:53,180 --> 01:16:56,930 according to The Wall Street Journal, 1020 01:16:56,930 --> 01:17:01,240 is more expensive than in an American industrial site. 1021 01:17:01,240 --> 01:17:04,010 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 1022 01:17:04,010 --> 01:17:06,364 JULIAN BEINART: What accounts for the violence? 1023 01:17:06,364 --> 01:17:07,130 AUDIENCE: What? 1024 01:17:07,130 --> 01:17:09,950 JULIAN BEINART: What accounts for the violence? 1025 01:17:09,950 --> 01:17:11,000 The 6,000-- 1026 01:17:11,000 --> 01:17:14,180 AUDIENCE: There's been a lot of wild theories, 1027 01:17:14,180 --> 01:17:20,720 anywhere from gang to cults to women trafficking 1028 01:17:20,720 --> 01:17:24,090 to the States for sexual purposes. 1029 01:17:24,090 --> 01:17:28,550 But what is very strong is the fact that the majority of them 1030 01:17:28,550 --> 01:17:30,058 are women that work in maquilas. 1031 01:17:32,926 --> 01:17:37,575 And most of them are abducted while on their way to work. 1032 01:17:37,575 --> 01:17:38,450 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 1033 01:17:38,450 --> 01:17:40,130 Sorry, we have to carry on. 1034 01:17:40,130 --> 01:17:44,600 Maquilas are the name given for American industries which 1035 01:17:44,600 --> 01:17:47,230 locate in Mexico, maquiladoras. 1036 01:17:47,230 --> 01:17:48,860 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 1037 01:17:48,860 --> 01:17:49,850 JULIAN BEINART: Next. 1038 01:17:49,850 --> 01:17:56,660 Here's the native city Shahjahanabad, 1683 Shah Jahan, 1039 01:17:56,660 --> 01:17:58,820 and so on and so on, the cantonment, 1040 01:17:58,820 --> 01:18:00,500 and the civil station. 1041 01:18:00,500 --> 01:18:03,050 Next. 1042 01:18:03,050 --> 01:18:06,020 The dense native city-- 1043 01:18:06,020 --> 01:18:10,160 and the depiction on the postcard of the British view 1044 01:18:10,160 --> 01:18:11,930 of that city. 1045 01:18:11,930 --> 01:18:14,890 It looks a bit like Moscow in its early days. 1046 01:18:19,250 --> 01:18:24,690 Everything is seen from a distance. 1047 01:18:24,690 --> 01:18:27,000 Next. 1048 01:18:27,000 --> 01:18:30,070 Here is the calculation of the amount of air 1049 01:18:30,070 --> 01:18:33,230 you need to be safe. 1050 01:18:33,230 --> 01:18:38,955 Here is the attempt to ventilate a parade ground. 1051 01:18:38,955 --> 01:18:39,455 Next. 1052 01:18:42,960 --> 01:18:45,840 The basilica form, which allows ventilation 1053 01:18:45,840 --> 01:18:49,470 through at upper level-- 1054 01:18:49,470 --> 01:18:55,645 and the headdress modeled after the basilica form. 1055 01:18:55,645 --> 01:18:56,145 Next. 1056 01:19:00,650 --> 01:19:04,310 The layout of the civil station, this 1057 01:19:04,310 --> 01:19:07,250 is an interesting cartoon from [INAUDIBLE].. 1058 01:19:07,250 --> 01:19:14,870 Ensign Green is appointed as junior commissioner 1059 01:19:14,870 --> 01:19:16,940 in [INAUDIBLE]. 1060 01:19:16,940 --> 01:19:22,160 His friends suggest he needs to get a house on the right. 1061 01:19:22,160 --> 01:19:25,190 The house on the right is the scientific version, 1062 01:19:25,190 --> 01:19:29,480 above the ground, ventilation everywhere. 1063 01:19:29,480 --> 01:19:33,440 He's determined to build this kind of house, however. 1064 01:19:33,440 --> 01:19:38,660 This kind of house negates all the scientific premises, 1065 01:19:38,660 --> 01:19:46,700 but it has all of the meaningful elements to which we associate 1066 01:19:46,700 --> 01:19:50,230 with formal exposition. 1067 01:19:50,230 --> 01:19:54,470 He hasn't got the money to build this number two, 1068 01:19:54,470 --> 01:19:58,497 so he ends up with number four, a native kind of construction 1069 01:19:58,497 --> 01:19:59,330 called the bungalow. 1070 01:20:02,150 --> 01:20:11,780 Next-- from the bungalow to the various versions 1071 01:20:11,780 --> 01:20:13,570 of construction. 1072 01:20:13,570 --> 01:20:14,070 Next. 1073 01:20:17,700 --> 01:20:22,080 The British maintenance of some of the outdoor practices-- 1074 01:20:22,080 --> 01:20:30,430 here the playing of garden games or social events. 1075 01:20:30,430 --> 01:20:33,030 The maidan-- the space that's left 1076 01:20:33,030 --> 01:20:39,445 between the native settlement in Calcutta, the veranda. 1077 01:20:39,445 --> 01:20:39,945 Next. 1078 01:20:45,270 --> 01:20:46,245 The final plan-- 1079 01:20:49,070 --> 01:20:53,270 Shahjahanabad about on the north Connaught place, 1080 01:20:53,270 --> 01:20:58,490 a commercial environment as a stepping stone 1081 01:20:58,490 --> 01:21:00,830 to the New Delhi. 1082 01:21:00,830 --> 01:21:11,760 Next-- many of the spatial forms used 1083 01:21:11,760 --> 01:21:14,550 from the day of the Persians onwards. 1084 01:21:14,550 --> 01:21:19,820 Next-- Connaught Place. 1085 01:21:19,820 --> 01:21:29,510 Next-- the great Viceroy's Palace with the chanceries 1086 01:21:29,510 --> 01:21:30,560 on either side-- 1087 01:21:30,560 --> 01:21:33,005 the secretariats, I'm sorry, on either side. 1088 01:21:37,170 --> 01:21:46,940 Herbert Baker is regarded as attempting 1089 01:21:46,940 --> 01:21:50,450 to introduce the Indianic experiment into the [INAUDIBLE] 1090 01:21:50,450 --> 01:21:52,530 system in detail. 1091 01:21:52,530 --> 01:21:53,030 Next. 1092 01:21:56,340 --> 01:22:01,325 Havana-- the Laws of the Indies plan on the right. 1093 01:22:01,325 --> 01:22:01,825 Next. 1094 01:22:06,130 --> 01:22:07,090 The empty city-- 1095 01:22:10,690 --> 01:22:13,535 I'm sorry the slide is so dark on the left. 1096 01:22:13,535 --> 01:22:14,035 Next. 1097 01:22:20,530 --> 01:22:25,990 1978-- the suburban house is divided into two. 1098 01:22:28,630 --> 01:22:34,720 And a major attempt is made to use Eastern European 1099 01:22:34,720 --> 01:22:39,155 prefabricated material-- 1100 01:22:39,155 --> 01:22:40,405 We'll be through in a second-- 1101 01:22:43,060 --> 01:22:48,130 with micro brigade labor, teams of 33 people 1102 01:22:48,130 --> 01:22:53,000 from industry building their own housing with specialist help. 1103 01:22:53,000 --> 01:22:53,500 Next. 1104 01:22:56,880 --> 01:23:02,730 Buildings which are kept, a hut on the left, 1105 01:23:02,730 --> 01:23:12,300 is an attempt to show what Cuba was like and colonial power. 1106 01:23:12,300 --> 01:23:16,590 The building on the right has only recently 1107 01:23:16,590 --> 01:23:18,780 been opened again. 1108 01:23:18,780 --> 01:23:20,880 This building was closed. 1109 01:23:20,880 --> 01:23:24,240 When we were there, it was considered unsafe. 1110 01:23:24,240 --> 01:23:29,220 But in fact, it indicated the kind of architecture 1111 01:23:29,220 --> 01:23:30,760 which was too personal. 1112 01:23:30,760 --> 01:23:31,260 Next. 1113 01:23:36,200 --> 01:23:37,550 This is an interesting-- 1114 01:23:40,150 --> 01:23:45,070 this is the premises of the City Bank of New York. 1115 01:23:45,070 --> 01:23:49,750 Just on the wall as you go beyond these columns, 1116 01:23:49,750 --> 01:23:53,830 there's a plaque which says, this building 1117 01:23:53,830 --> 01:24:00,380 is now used for the children of Cuba, not for capitalist use. 1118 01:24:00,380 --> 01:24:04,240 So you maintain the distinction between what it was 1119 01:24:04,240 --> 01:24:06,660 in the past and the present. 1120 01:24:06,660 --> 01:24:08,920 This is the same version. 1121 01:24:08,920 --> 01:24:11,350 What is this saying? 1122 01:24:11,350 --> 01:24:13,930 The Picadura Valley on the right is 1123 01:24:13,930 --> 01:24:20,170 a bunch of new rural people with a Bulgarian television set. 1124 01:24:20,170 --> 01:24:27,390 Next-- Lenin Park and the super graphics on the right. 1125 01:24:27,390 --> 01:24:34,510 Next-- the use of powerful political images. 1126 01:24:34,510 --> 01:24:35,650 Next. 1127 01:24:35,650 --> 01:24:37,950 I think that the last.