1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,520 The following content is provided under a Creative 2 00:00:02,520 --> 00:00:03,970 Commons license. 3 00:00:03,970 --> 00:00:06,360 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 4 00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:10,660 continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,660 --> 00:00:13,350 To make a donation or view additional materials 6 00:00:13,350 --> 00:00:17,190 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 7 00:00:17,190 --> 00:00:18,320 at ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:28,270 --> 00:00:32,680 JULIAN BEINART: Early on in Russia, an estimate was made, 9 00:00:32,680 --> 00:00:37,330 and national policy would provide nine square meters 10 00:00:37,330 --> 00:00:42,100 of private space per person in housing as an official policy. 11 00:00:42,100 --> 00:00:45,310 This remained throughout, although it's much lower 12 00:00:45,310 --> 00:00:47,680 than any other European city. 13 00:00:47,680 --> 00:00:51,130 When St. Petersburg was two million people, 14 00:00:51,130 --> 00:00:57,040 they were still operating on a nine square meter policy, 15 00:00:57,040 --> 00:01:02,060 even under Khrushchev's Microraion policy. 16 00:01:02,060 --> 00:01:05,260 Anyway, let's start with Great Britain. 17 00:01:05,260 --> 00:01:07,570 I'm not that interested in you following 18 00:01:07,570 --> 00:01:10,400 the details of the case. 19 00:01:10,400 --> 00:01:13,660 I have a bad cold, and I won't remember 20 00:01:13,660 --> 00:01:19,840 the difference between Milutin and, well, Melnikov. 21 00:01:19,840 --> 00:01:23,350 Of course I know the difference between Milutin and Melnikov, 22 00:01:23,350 --> 00:01:26,230 but some of the [? Bart ?] brothers, and the Vesnin 23 00:01:26,230 --> 00:01:29,740 brothers, and all the architects and urbanists 24 00:01:29,740 --> 00:01:34,000 who were involved in this intense period. 25 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:37,600 There was more examination of the formal options of cities 26 00:01:37,600 --> 00:01:46,930 between 1919 and 1925 in Russia in a compressed period 27 00:01:46,930 --> 00:01:49,225 than almost anywhere since. 28 00:01:52,170 --> 00:01:55,740 So it's worth us looking at it, both as theory and as practice. 29 00:01:58,330 --> 00:01:59,715 Let's look at Great Britain. 30 00:02:05,030 --> 00:02:09,830 Joseph Paxton, the gardener who designed the Crystal Palace, 31 00:02:09,830 --> 00:02:14,790 said when he proposed the Victorian way in London, which 32 00:02:14,790 --> 00:02:18,230 was roughly the four by one and a half square box 33 00:02:18,230 --> 00:02:22,970 in the center of London, he said, "We in Britain 34 00:02:22,970 --> 00:02:26,510 solve all problems by common sense and technology." 35 00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:32,770 And that's the mantra, which precedes 36 00:02:32,770 --> 00:02:37,761 throughout the British 19th century, 37 00:02:37,761 --> 00:02:43,570 with the intense change being softened by social policy 38 00:02:43,570 --> 00:02:49,960 changes at the same, in some curious way providing 39 00:02:49,960 --> 00:02:53,290 enough intellectual freedom for Marx and Engels 40 00:02:53,290 --> 00:03:00,500 to create a new political philosophy, 41 00:03:00,500 --> 00:03:05,620 which changed Eastern Europe and led to the Soviet Union. 42 00:03:05,620 --> 00:03:08,680 Now these relationships are not that direct, 43 00:03:08,680 --> 00:03:14,080 but nevertheless, had Marx and Engels been closeted 44 00:03:14,080 --> 00:03:17,170 in Germany, or even in France, and not 45 00:03:17,170 --> 00:03:21,830 given the intellectual freedom that they had in England, 46 00:03:21,830 --> 00:03:26,320 the outcomes of the 1918 Revolution in Russia 47 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:28,820 would have probably been different. 48 00:03:28,820 --> 00:03:30,700 So here, you have an intersecting 49 00:03:30,700 --> 00:03:37,180 of two philosophies-- common sense and technology. 50 00:03:37,180 --> 00:03:41,110 You remember my statistics, that between Peterloo 51 00:03:41,110 --> 00:03:46,330 in Manchester in 1811 and Bloody Sunday in Northern 52 00:03:46,330 --> 00:03:49,315 Ireland in 19-- 53 00:03:49,315 --> 00:03:53,590 god knows when, over 100 years of time-- 54 00:03:53,590 --> 00:03:56,920 the British police or the army only killed something 55 00:03:56,920 --> 00:04:00,270 like 11 people. 56 00:04:00,270 --> 00:04:02,760 That a society could transform itself 57 00:04:02,760 --> 00:04:06,300 without the state involving itself in violence 58 00:04:06,300 --> 00:04:09,960 is an incredible credit to any society. 59 00:04:09,960 --> 00:04:13,870 There are very few places that could [? end it. ?] 60 00:04:13,870 --> 00:04:24,960 So I said this is a preface to the British decision in 1946 61 00:04:24,960 --> 00:04:27,675 to embark on a new towns policy. 62 00:04:31,710 --> 00:04:34,950 The earlier years of the 20th century 63 00:04:34,950 --> 00:04:36,315 had been difficult for England. 64 00:04:39,800 --> 00:04:42,620 13 out of the-- 65 00:04:42,620 --> 00:04:45,500 let me put on my glasses-- 66 00:04:45,500 --> 00:04:52,340 13 out of the 46 years between 1899 and 1945, 67 00:04:52,340 --> 00:04:56,430 Britain had been involved in war. 68 00:04:56,430 --> 00:05:01,850 The number of males who were killed in the British army-- 69 00:05:01,850 --> 00:05:04,880 of course, hardly any women were in the British army 70 00:05:04,880 --> 00:05:07,370 during this period-- 71 00:05:07,370 --> 00:05:10,770 was a high proportion. 72 00:05:10,770 --> 00:05:15,510 You will notice Victorian novels which 73 00:05:15,510 --> 00:05:21,990 are adumbrated into TV movies like "Upstairs, Downstairs," 74 00:05:21,990 --> 00:05:26,930 one of the young men is always dressed in uniform. 75 00:05:26,930 --> 00:05:30,720 There's a presence of the military in the British society 76 00:05:30,720 --> 00:05:37,800 which is oscillates from pop music to hero worship, 77 00:05:37,800 --> 00:05:42,360 preparing Britain for the worst confrontation of all 78 00:05:42,360 --> 00:05:47,250 between 1939 and 1945. 79 00:05:47,250 --> 00:05:52,940 Add these years of war to the Depression years, 80 00:05:52,940 --> 00:05:55,070 the international Depression years, 81 00:05:55,070 --> 00:06:01,020 from early 1930s onwards, and you 82 00:06:01,020 --> 00:06:10,120 have a country which is engaged in material affairs which 83 00:06:10,120 --> 00:06:15,520 are not really predominantly located inside England itself. 84 00:06:15,520 --> 00:06:20,200 In 1946, the Labor Party wins the election 85 00:06:20,200 --> 00:06:24,910 and decides to retool England. 86 00:06:24,910 --> 00:06:33,130 When I was a student in England in the '50s 87 00:06:33,130 --> 00:06:37,702 England was barely off rationing food. 88 00:06:37,702 --> 00:06:40,180 The car population of England was 89 00:06:40,180 --> 00:06:48,490 what it was in the United States in 1927. 90 00:06:48,490 --> 00:06:55,140 So the British set out to work simultaneously 91 00:06:55,140 --> 00:07:00,090 on a number of innovative ideas about hospitals, 92 00:07:00,090 --> 00:07:02,520 about universities-- and I will show you 93 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:05,580 some of the university plans in sequence 94 00:07:05,580 --> 00:07:09,240 in a later class as a demonstration of how you 95 00:07:09,240 --> 00:07:13,830 experiment with certain notions about university education, 96 00:07:13,830 --> 00:07:17,700 leading from categorical campus plans 97 00:07:17,700 --> 00:07:28,860 after Basil Spence in 1950 to the dematerialization 98 00:07:28,860 --> 00:07:31,560 of the physical structure of universities 99 00:07:31,560 --> 00:07:38,100 in the Loughborough College example, and so on. 100 00:07:38,100 --> 00:07:42,090 As far as new talent was concerned, a number of things 101 00:07:42,090 --> 00:07:45,880 were to be taken into account. 102 00:07:45,880 --> 00:07:50,850 First of all, the British had a history of building new talent. 103 00:07:50,850 --> 00:07:54,410 Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City by Ebenezer Howard 104 00:07:54,410 --> 00:07:57,810 were both successful, privately sponsored, 105 00:07:57,810 --> 00:08:00,090 not state interventions at all. 106 00:08:02,810 --> 00:08:06,710 That they should serve as a model for a new policy 107 00:08:06,710 --> 00:08:08,660 experience is interesting. 108 00:08:11,400 --> 00:08:14,830 It seems to me that even advanced societies, 109 00:08:14,830 --> 00:08:20,590 such as Great Britain, build on, in the common sense 110 00:08:20,590 --> 00:08:25,860 and technology model, build step by step on previous experience, 111 00:08:25,860 --> 00:08:27,780 extrapolating it. 112 00:08:27,780 --> 00:08:32,250 For instance, the new town's committee report, 113 00:08:32,250 --> 00:08:36,299 government publication, 1946-- 114 00:08:36,299 --> 00:08:43,365 let's read what it says about the size of these new towns. 115 00:08:51,340 --> 00:08:54,160 "Our conclusions as to the range of size 116 00:08:54,160 --> 00:08:57,700 have been reinforced by the replies received to a broadcast 117 00:08:57,700 --> 00:09:01,210 on 15th January, 1946." 118 00:09:01,210 --> 00:09:05,320 This is pretty primitive participation. 119 00:09:05,320 --> 00:09:08,260 This is before television. 120 00:09:08,260 --> 00:09:12,190 "Of those who stated they would prefer to live in a new town, 121 00:09:12,190 --> 00:09:16,600 the numbers in favor of 20,000, 40,000, and 60,000 122 00:09:16,600 --> 00:09:20,770 were approximately equal, while only about one in seven 123 00:09:20,770 --> 00:09:26,185 were in favor of towns under 20,000 or over 60,000. 124 00:09:26,185 --> 00:09:29,890 If you ask a bunch of people a question like this, 125 00:09:29,890 --> 00:09:32,770 what do you expect? 126 00:09:32,770 --> 00:09:36,530 You expect you will get a culturally centralized 127 00:09:36,530 --> 00:09:37,030 argument. 128 00:09:39,700 --> 00:09:42,460 Now, number 21-- "why do we believe 129 00:09:42,460 --> 00:09:44,680 the normal range of population should 130 00:09:44,680 --> 00:09:48,670 be between 30,000 to 50,000? 131 00:09:48,670 --> 00:09:50,770 Special consideration by the world 132 00:09:50,770 --> 00:09:54,070 may well justify the creation of a new town 133 00:09:54,070 --> 00:09:57,160 with less than 20,000 people." 134 00:09:57,160 --> 00:10:03,640 What is the population of Welwyn Garden City and Letchworth, 135 00:10:03,640 --> 00:10:06,597 the target population? 136 00:10:06,597 --> 00:10:07,930 AUDIENCE: The target population? 137 00:10:07,930 --> 00:10:08,815 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 138 00:10:08,815 --> 00:10:09,357 AUDIENCE: 30. 139 00:10:09,357 --> 00:10:12,116 JULIAN BEINART: 30, Yeah. 140 00:10:12,116 --> 00:10:14,183 AUDIENCE: But they only got [? 15? ?] 141 00:10:14,183 --> 00:10:16,600 JULIAN BEINART: I don't know what the population is today. 142 00:10:16,600 --> 00:10:17,110 [INTERPOSING VOICES] 143 00:10:17,110 --> 00:10:18,550 AUDIENCE: --not even half, close to half. 144 00:10:18,550 --> 00:10:19,425 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 145 00:10:24,330 --> 00:10:48,550 Mark One, Harlow Stevenage, et cetera, population 30,000, 146 00:10:48,550 --> 00:10:57,100 towns which follow a model of a center or a single center, 147 00:10:57,100 --> 00:11:05,090 compartment the neighborhood around it by rail system, 148 00:11:05,090 --> 00:11:09,310 which runs through a tube parallel to London, 149 00:11:09,310 --> 00:11:14,300 or to Glasgow, to wherever these towns were, 150 00:11:14,300 --> 00:11:20,890 a modest city center, and a clear distribution of parts. 151 00:11:20,890 --> 00:11:24,190 The architectural paradigm at the time 152 00:11:24,190 --> 00:11:33,340 was the 1952, '51, yeah. 153 00:11:33,340 --> 00:11:37,180 New Britain Exposition in London-- 154 00:11:37,180 --> 00:11:38,890 don't worry about my handwriting. 155 00:11:38,890 --> 00:11:39,930 It's not important. 156 00:11:48,710 --> 00:11:56,120 Mark Two towns were more experimental. 157 00:11:56,120 --> 00:11:59,750 So these are attached to the past. 158 00:12:06,890 --> 00:12:10,300 People were starting to wonder, particularly the architects, 159 00:12:10,300 --> 00:12:13,990 as to what innovations are possible 160 00:12:13,990 --> 00:12:16,450 beyond this nuclear town. 161 00:12:18,960 --> 00:12:41,580 So you get towns like Hook Cumbernauld 162 00:12:41,580 --> 00:13:11,830 C-U-M-B-E-R-N-A-U-L-D, Irvine, and Runcorn, R-U-N-C-O-R-N. 163 00:13:11,830 --> 00:13:19,930 Hook is a town which established itself in a valley, 164 00:13:19,930 --> 00:13:23,150 so the center of the city occupies many levels. 165 00:13:25,960 --> 00:13:29,680 And the neighborhoods are in a linear city, 166 00:13:29,680 --> 00:13:31,800 within walking distance of the center. 167 00:13:34,310 --> 00:13:40,210 The social engineering is that you live on the periphery, 168 00:13:40,210 --> 00:13:43,450 you will have to walk through existing neighborhoods 169 00:13:43,450 --> 00:13:46,840 in order to get to the center of the city. 170 00:13:46,840 --> 00:13:49,000 The plan is a linear formation. 171 00:13:57,860 --> 00:14:09,170 Cumbernauld establishes the first multi-level central city 172 00:14:09,170 --> 00:14:14,600 apparatus, with great fare, and enormously lauded by architects 173 00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:16,190 internationally. 174 00:14:16,190 --> 00:14:18,770 In the last page of what I've given 175 00:14:18,770 --> 00:14:22,550 you is the contemporary view of Cumbernauld. 176 00:14:22,550 --> 00:14:25,610 It's considered the ugliest building in England, 177 00:14:25,610 --> 00:14:28,210 and half of it's being torn down at the moment. 178 00:14:36,550 --> 00:14:37,900 It's on the last page. 179 00:14:48,360 --> 00:14:50,365 Irvine is a linear town. 180 00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:05,360 And Runcorn is built on two hills, 181 00:15:05,360 --> 00:15:09,830 with a figure eight configuration for train system, 182 00:15:09,830 --> 00:15:12,800 with the center-- 183 00:15:12,800 --> 00:15:15,440 this is residential, residential. 184 00:15:15,440 --> 00:15:18,800 And the configuration is set by the topography 185 00:15:18,800 --> 00:15:21,425 and by the rail system, which meets in the center. 186 00:15:28,610 --> 00:15:37,040 So these were all propositions, which said, look, 187 00:15:37,040 --> 00:15:38,930 there must be some innovations which 188 00:15:38,930 --> 00:15:46,725 are possible in the departure from the conventional version 189 00:15:46,725 --> 00:15:47,225 of a town. 190 00:15:50,850 --> 00:15:55,885 We can judge the success of these in prospect. 191 00:15:58,530 --> 00:16:02,220 This was followed by the mark three towns. 192 00:16:02,220 --> 00:16:18,240 Here, the population was 50,000 to 100,000. 193 00:16:18,240 --> 00:16:30,960 The Mark Three towns were now plus 100,000, up to 250,000. 194 00:16:30,960 --> 00:16:33,220 And the most celebrated of them, of course, 195 00:16:33,220 --> 00:16:57,590 is Milton Keynes, which now introduces a grid system 196 00:16:57,590 --> 00:17:01,650 as the basic spatial structure of the town. 197 00:17:01,650 --> 00:17:04,819 An enormous increase in affluence in England 198 00:17:04,819 --> 00:17:13,849 during this time representing, amongst other things, 199 00:17:13,849 --> 00:17:21,710 an increase in the use of automobiles, and the effects 200 00:17:21,710 --> 00:17:29,700 in its thinking of philosophers, like the American 201 00:17:29,700 --> 00:17:31,470 from the University of California 202 00:17:31,470 --> 00:17:34,200 at Berkeley, Melvin Webber. 203 00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:40,360 You'll read his writing a bit later in this class, 204 00:17:40,360 --> 00:17:43,270 arguing that community without propinquity 205 00:17:43,270 --> 00:17:47,950 is a new possibility, given improved communication 206 00:17:47,950 --> 00:17:53,860 technologies, and therefore, another set of imprimaturs 207 00:17:53,860 --> 00:17:57,940 need to be examined before you decide 208 00:17:57,940 --> 00:18:06,310 on priorities of pedestrian walking distances, and so on. 209 00:18:06,310 --> 00:18:17,190 Milton Keynes-- anyway, what creates this enormous spike? 210 00:18:17,190 --> 00:18:20,370 I could make another graph on the blackboard, which 211 00:18:20,370 --> 00:18:23,790 shows that Plato represents 30,000 212 00:18:23,790 --> 00:18:26,070 is the ideal size for a town. 213 00:18:26,070 --> 00:18:30,150 Leonardo represents [INAUDIBLE] 30,000. 214 00:18:30,150 --> 00:18:34,650 30,000 seems to be the lingua franca of town size 215 00:18:34,650 --> 00:18:39,450 until about 1960, 1970. 216 00:18:39,450 --> 00:18:44,642 What determines 30,000? 217 00:18:44,642 --> 00:18:46,260 Why 30,000? 218 00:18:46,260 --> 00:18:51,440 Why does it remain a generalist, classical architecture 219 00:18:51,440 --> 00:18:55,470 has remained as an attribute of our performance? 220 00:18:58,130 --> 00:19:01,370 Is it demographic? 221 00:19:01,370 --> 00:19:06,050 The demography of Plato's time and the demography 222 00:19:06,050 --> 00:19:08,950 of the Renaissance are already different. 223 00:19:08,950 --> 00:19:12,700 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 224 00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:14,700 JULIAN BEINART: From the Renaissance [INAUDIBLE] 225 00:19:14,700 --> 00:19:20,000 through the plague epidemic through enormous differences 226 00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:23,330 in life cycles, and so on, we end up 227 00:19:23,330 --> 00:19:27,830 with whatever [INAUDIBLE] at 30,000 again. 228 00:19:27,830 --> 00:19:30,050 I don't know of anybody who's actually 229 00:19:30,050 --> 00:19:31,760 studied this phenomenon. 230 00:19:31,760 --> 00:19:35,360 If some you are interested in the research 231 00:19:35,360 --> 00:19:43,310 to understand why 30,000 has remained an ideal estimator 232 00:19:43,310 --> 00:19:48,020 for new towns, until the Mark Two British towns 233 00:19:48,020 --> 00:19:50,540 decided they were too small. 234 00:19:54,870 --> 00:20:01,080 Part of the switch to larger size in England 235 00:20:01,080 --> 00:20:05,670 is accompanied by greater affluence. 236 00:20:05,670 --> 00:20:10,418 Why do you need a larger town when you're wealthier? 237 00:20:10,418 --> 00:20:12,995 AUDIENCE: People want more land. 238 00:20:12,995 --> 00:20:14,870 JULIAN BEINART: There are more opportunities. 239 00:20:20,480 --> 00:20:28,240 Milton Keynes now has its own football club, 240 00:20:28,240 --> 00:20:29,860 and so on, and so on. 241 00:20:32,470 --> 00:20:41,320 The way land is rationed by the market or by the state changes, 242 00:20:41,320 --> 00:20:46,180 as it has in Russia, from nine square meters per person 243 00:20:46,180 --> 00:20:48,310 to what it is today. 244 00:20:48,310 --> 00:20:50,440 More than half the Russian housing 245 00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:54,200 today is in the private market. 246 00:20:54,200 --> 00:20:56,290 So I don't know what the estimate 247 00:20:56,290 --> 00:21:01,180 is of its current square foot status. 248 00:21:01,180 --> 00:21:04,000 These are fundamental theoretical questions, 249 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:09,730 which few people seem to be interested in engaging in. 250 00:21:09,730 --> 00:21:13,540 What is conservatism and innovation 251 00:21:13,540 --> 00:21:18,900 as a phenomenon in the decision about space? 252 00:21:18,900 --> 00:21:22,380 Russia took a completely different trajectory. 253 00:21:22,380 --> 00:21:28,110 They had no history other than a history which was miserable, 254 00:21:28,110 --> 00:21:32,100 and about which nobody wished to do anything. 255 00:21:32,100 --> 00:21:36,660 They were in a fundamentally primitive state. 256 00:21:36,660 --> 00:21:40,350 Hannes Meyer was the Swiss guy who took over the Bauhaus 257 00:21:40,350 --> 00:21:43,200 after Gropius, was a good Communist 258 00:21:43,200 --> 00:21:47,100 himself, talks about visiting Russia, 259 00:21:47,100 --> 00:21:58,340 Moscow after the revolution. 260 00:21:58,340 --> 00:22:01,970 He talks about Moscow. 261 00:22:01,970 --> 00:22:06,530 In the Arbat, the quarter of the city in which the wealthiest 262 00:22:06,530 --> 00:22:10,460 merchants lived, only 16% of all dwelling houses 263 00:22:10,460 --> 00:22:12,230 were connected to the water main. 264 00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:18,620 It's a phenomenal statistic, given 265 00:22:18,620 --> 00:22:22,160 the wealth of the czarist regime, and all of its courts. 266 00:22:22,160 --> 00:22:27,750 And in the [? Prison ?] [? Peratovski ?] region, 267 00:22:27,750 --> 00:22:34,710 a czarist, working-class area 0.6% had a water tap. 268 00:22:34,710 --> 00:22:42,780 This is in 1918. 269 00:22:42,780 --> 00:22:45,810 Let's talk a little more about England 270 00:22:45,810 --> 00:22:50,035 before we finish and move to Russia. 271 00:22:52,980 --> 00:22:56,790 The British New Towns policy built something 272 00:22:56,790 --> 00:23:00,760 like 28 new towns-- 273 00:23:00,760 --> 00:23:04,125 21 in England, two in Wales, five in Scotland. 274 00:23:06,690 --> 00:23:10,805 And according to a statistic I've used for a while, 275 00:23:10,805 --> 00:23:12,180 and I don't know if it's correct, 276 00:23:12,180 --> 00:23:15,600 1.4 million people live in new towns in England 277 00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:18,960 now, about 1/60 out of the total population. 278 00:23:22,780 --> 00:23:25,360 Much of the thinking came from a couple 279 00:23:25,360 --> 00:23:33,750 of what we now consider to be relatively primitive ideas, 280 00:23:33,750 --> 00:23:37,680 that Abercrombie's plan for London 281 00:23:37,680 --> 00:23:42,000 created a major investment in a green belt, 282 00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:45,480 on the grounds that agriculture should be preserved close 283 00:23:45,480 --> 00:23:46,900 to the central city. 284 00:23:50,400 --> 00:23:54,340 Imagine that to be the case of American cities. 285 00:23:54,340 --> 00:23:57,810 I wouldn't have any bananas for breakfast 286 00:23:57,810 --> 00:24:01,590 if I depended on agriculture within driving 287 00:24:01,590 --> 00:24:02,970 distance of Boston. 288 00:24:06,330 --> 00:24:08,940 Secondly, that nature would be preserved, 289 00:24:08,940 --> 00:24:10,890 and that would be a good thing. 290 00:24:10,890 --> 00:24:16,150 And access to nature for citizens 291 00:24:16,150 --> 00:24:24,550 would be an advantage in urban life. 292 00:24:24,550 --> 00:24:27,220 Think about this-- 293 00:24:27,220 --> 00:24:29,680 Cambridge University in England is 294 00:24:29,680 --> 00:24:32,110 one of the great universities of the world, if not 295 00:24:32,110 --> 00:24:33,940 the most valuable. 296 00:24:33,940 --> 00:24:37,390 Anybody who has teachers such as Darwin and Newton 297 00:24:37,390 --> 00:24:41,650 and a couple of others could claim that category. 298 00:24:46,520 --> 00:24:50,200 Cambridge controls the center of Cambridge. 299 00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:56,930 It's surrounded by a green belt in which much development has 300 00:24:56,930 --> 00:24:58,820 been frustrated. 301 00:24:58,820 --> 00:25:01,700 Occasional development has been allowed, 302 00:25:01,700 --> 00:25:04,610 which is one of the problems of the green belt philosophy-- 303 00:25:04,610 --> 00:25:08,840 that it's almost impossible to maintain, 304 00:25:08,840 --> 00:25:13,440 even in a very diligent government. 305 00:25:13,440 --> 00:25:18,480 In Chandigarh, for instance, the sacred land north 306 00:25:18,480 --> 00:25:23,040 of the Capitol Complex depicted by Corbusier's drawings 307 00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:26,940 of the Himalayas in the distance and the Capitol Center 308 00:25:26,940 --> 00:25:29,460 in the foreground. 309 00:25:29,460 --> 00:25:33,540 When we did a studio in Chandigarh, of our students 310 00:25:33,540 --> 00:25:35,970 patrolled this area, and saw all kinds 311 00:25:35,970 --> 00:25:41,090 of signs of land being sold and available for purchase. 312 00:25:41,090 --> 00:25:44,670 The administrator of Chandigarh was appalled. 313 00:25:44,670 --> 00:25:47,790 He said he didn't know this. 314 00:25:47,790 --> 00:26:00,610 So you can assume that even in England, the administration 315 00:26:00,610 --> 00:26:06,820 of public land in large quantities, 316 00:26:06,820 --> 00:26:14,380 as large as a green belt around London, is difficult, 317 00:26:14,380 --> 00:26:20,340 let alone open to avenues of corruption. 318 00:26:20,340 --> 00:26:25,750 Secondly, taking out of the market 319 00:26:25,750 --> 00:26:29,860 a significant portion of available land 320 00:26:29,860 --> 00:26:33,370 must have an effect on the value of the land which 321 00:26:33,370 --> 00:26:34,540 is not taken out. 322 00:26:43,140 --> 00:26:47,190 So the abstract calculation of cities saying every city 323 00:26:47,190 --> 00:26:51,690 should have a green belt is as much nonsense, 324 00:26:51,690 --> 00:26:56,730 without taking into account the particular economic, 325 00:26:56,730 --> 00:27:01,620 socioeconomic context of the city that you're dealing with. 326 00:27:01,620 --> 00:27:04,110 They are, no doubt, cities in parts of the world 327 00:27:04,110 --> 00:27:09,330 in which the green belt would be a reasonably good idea. 328 00:27:09,330 --> 00:27:12,990 Off the top of my head, some cities 329 00:27:12,990 --> 00:27:18,080 have topological features, like Bogota has a mountain. 330 00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:22,290 And they're right up against it, which prohibits 331 00:27:22,290 --> 00:27:24,270 significant development. 332 00:27:24,270 --> 00:27:27,810 Cities with enormous topography have access 333 00:27:27,810 --> 00:27:33,000 to natural vegetation, and natural open space, 334 00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:35,550 and probably don't need a green belt as much 335 00:27:35,550 --> 00:27:36,685 as a city on a plain. 336 00:27:43,790 --> 00:27:51,530 My response is simply, a response 337 00:27:51,530 --> 00:27:57,510 to the large problem of urbanism is never absolutely correct. 338 00:27:57,510 --> 00:28:00,110 It's formulaic. 339 00:28:00,110 --> 00:28:03,410 My advice to you is always to question 340 00:28:03,410 --> 00:28:06,740 whether it's appropriate. 341 00:28:06,740 --> 00:28:10,835 Linguistically, city administrators pick up words. 342 00:28:14,050 --> 00:28:18,330 The biggest problem of working, as I have, 343 00:28:18,330 --> 00:28:23,520 in the non-European/American world is not the cleverness 344 00:28:23,520 --> 00:28:26,010 of what your ideas are. 345 00:28:26,010 --> 00:28:29,525 It's how capable they are of being put into place. 346 00:28:32,190 --> 00:28:34,530 Try writing high-rise regulations 347 00:28:34,530 --> 00:28:36,990 for cities like Amman in Jordan, which 348 00:28:36,990 --> 00:28:44,850 we did after the Iraq explosion, and the enormous transfer 349 00:28:44,850 --> 00:28:50,970 of capital from Baghdad to Jordan. 350 00:28:50,970 --> 00:28:53,970 There's no working stock exchange in Jordan. 351 00:28:53,970 --> 00:28:55,980 It's a poor country. 352 00:28:55,980 --> 00:29:04,110 And Iraqi money wanted to build skyscrapers immediately. 353 00:29:04,110 --> 00:29:06,690 The mayor, the new mayor, asked us 354 00:29:06,690 --> 00:29:09,480 to provide him with some high-rise regulations. 355 00:29:12,426 --> 00:29:15,350 And how do you implement high-rise regulations 356 00:29:15,350 --> 00:29:19,130 without a sophisticated group of people? 357 00:29:19,130 --> 00:29:21,290 Putting a high-rise building in a valley 358 00:29:21,290 --> 00:29:25,310 is different from putting it in on top of a mountain. 359 00:29:25,310 --> 00:29:29,000 And the topography of Amman, just 360 00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:30,980 like the topography of Jerusalem, 361 00:29:30,980 --> 00:29:34,320 is undulating all over the place. 362 00:29:34,320 --> 00:29:40,730 Secondly, does the meaning of a building by Renzo Piano 363 00:29:40,730 --> 00:29:43,850 have the same meaning as a building decorated 364 00:29:43,850 --> 00:29:50,480 with artificial cosmetics, and Islamic symbols, and so on? 365 00:29:53,070 --> 00:29:59,950 Thirdly, tall buildings in a flat city are very important. 366 00:29:59,950 --> 00:30:02,700 They stand out more. 367 00:30:02,700 --> 00:30:06,450 Fourthly, the difference between a hotel and an office building 368 00:30:06,450 --> 00:30:08,760 is significant with regard to what? 369 00:30:11,480 --> 00:30:15,990 Come on, you're working in Amman. 370 00:30:15,990 --> 00:30:18,210 What is the difference between a developer who 371 00:30:18,210 --> 00:30:20,520 wants to build an office building versus one who 372 00:30:20,520 --> 00:30:22,505 wants to build a hotel? 373 00:30:26,020 --> 00:30:29,510 Think about transportation. 374 00:30:29,510 --> 00:30:32,630 How many people commute to an office building every morning? 375 00:30:32,630 --> 00:30:35,990 How many people commute to a hotel every morning? 376 00:30:35,990 --> 00:30:40,270 A hotel is revenue neutral as far 377 00:30:40,270 --> 00:30:42,670 as transportation is concerned. 378 00:30:42,670 --> 00:30:45,805 An office building is revenue active. 379 00:30:50,280 --> 00:30:56,130 I'm just giving you a list of the things that we listed. 380 00:30:56,130 --> 00:31:00,060 The mayor of [? Arvan ?] has no planning staff, 381 00:31:00,060 --> 00:31:03,930 or maybe has an assistant or so on. 382 00:31:03,930 --> 00:31:06,060 What do you do? 383 00:31:06,060 --> 00:31:09,480 He simply says yes or no. 384 00:31:09,480 --> 00:31:12,930 Given the political pressure on him to say yes, 385 00:31:12,930 --> 00:31:16,830 when money is to be made in a poor country, 386 00:31:16,830 --> 00:31:19,710 how are you going to expect a rational decision 387 00:31:19,710 --> 00:31:28,320 to preserve the quality of the built environment? 388 00:31:28,320 --> 00:31:29,660 It's a depressing prospect. 389 00:31:33,820 --> 00:31:35,770 It argues, on the one hand, for wanting 390 00:31:35,770 --> 00:31:41,410 to go for the few fundamentals that you can't live without. 391 00:31:41,410 --> 00:31:49,580 Transportation is one of them, but the meaning of buildings 392 00:31:49,580 --> 00:31:51,410 is-- 393 00:31:51,410 --> 00:31:55,310 Boston itself has difficulty with the Design Review 394 00:31:55,310 --> 00:31:58,010 Committee, which John [? Lemonceau, ?] 395 00:31:58,010 --> 00:32:01,100 who's now an Emeritus Professor here, used to chair. 396 00:32:04,790 --> 00:32:08,090 What can you tell an architect colleague of yours about 397 00:32:08,090 --> 00:32:09,470 why his building is ugly? 398 00:32:14,610 --> 00:32:17,255 Anyway, enough-- the British manage somehow. 399 00:32:28,370 --> 00:32:30,410 Amongst the reading I gave you-- and I want 400 00:32:30,410 --> 00:32:32,390 to switch because we otherwise we're going 401 00:32:32,390 --> 00:32:36,020 to have to take too much time. 402 00:32:36,020 --> 00:32:38,230 I gave you an article by Lionel March 403 00:32:38,230 --> 00:32:40,560 called "Why have new towns?" 404 00:32:40,560 --> 00:32:44,630 It's a pretty fundamental piece of writing. 405 00:32:44,630 --> 00:32:52,430 Why do you think America has not got a legacy of new towns? 406 00:32:52,430 --> 00:32:58,820 Why are Columbia, and Reston, and the green-belt towns 407 00:32:58,820 --> 00:33:00,500 of Roosevelt exceptions? 408 00:33:06,730 --> 00:33:09,370 Come on, you should know this stuff. 409 00:33:09,370 --> 00:33:12,100 You're the most highly educated group 410 00:33:12,100 --> 00:33:14,530 of young people in the world. 411 00:33:17,070 --> 00:33:17,570 Guess. 412 00:33:22,290 --> 00:33:27,750 Why Chicago did not develop [? the state ?] of new towns? 413 00:33:27,750 --> 00:33:33,550 Why has Los Angeles or Phoenix just generalized 414 00:33:33,550 --> 00:33:36,315 the metropolitan area through suburban growth? 415 00:33:43,163 --> 00:33:44,330 AUDIENCE: Because it takes-- 416 00:33:49,678 --> 00:33:50,220 I don't know. 417 00:33:50,220 --> 00:33:51,762 I was going to say something about it 418 00:33:51,762 --> 00:33:55,260 taking a centralized force similar to the state, not 419 00:33:55,260 --> 00:33:56,557 the state. 420 00:33:56,557 --> 00:33:58,140 [INAUDIBLE] think that far in advance. 421 00:33:58,140 --> 00:34:00,780 And with Columbia, it was sort of like that. 422 00:34:00,780 --> 00:34:03,570 And Columbia had the advantage of being in between two 423 00:34:03,570 --> 00:34:04,860 metropolitan centers. 424 00:34:04,860 --> 00:34:06,990 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah, I think that's 425 00:34:06,990 --> 00:34:09,540 a good generalized answer. 426 00:34:09,540 --> 00:34:14,250 One of the problems about a new town 427 00:34:14,250 --> 00:34:19,560 is that the capital that you need to invest early on 428 00:34:19,560 --> 00:34:23,590 returns its return only after a long period of time. 429 00:34:23,590 --> 00:34:26,520 Somebody's got to hold the baby in the meantime, 430 00:34:26,520 --> 00:34:33,270 while you are out for dinner, if that analogy is any good. 431 00:34:33,270 --> 00:34:36,780 I don't know. 432 00:34:36,780 --> 00:34:38,340 The state did it in England. 433 00:34:41,020 --> 00:34:44,230 The state controlled all of the land. 434 00:34:44,230 --> 00:34:47,170 First of all, the state controls more land in England 435 00:34:47,170 --> 00:34:50,739 than the state does in the United States, 436 00:34:50,739 --> 00:34:57,820 but given the authority that the TVA had in 1933 onwards, 437 00:34:57,820 --> 00:34:59,620 it could have built new towns. 438 00:34:59,620 --> 00:35:06,100 It built Norris, which is a small town in Tennessee, 439 00:35:06,100 --> 00:35:13,000 but we have relied on private development significantly more 440 00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:14,710 than our national development. 441 00:35:14,710 --> 00:35:17,695 We have no national industrial policy, for instance. 442 00:35:21,220 --> 00:35:25,200 You may argue as to whether it's a good idea to have one. 443 00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:29,380 And there are many arguments both ways, 444 00:35:29,380 --> 00:35:33,150 but in Britain, it was acceptable for the state 445 00:35:33,150 --> 00:35:37,680 to decide that an industry should locate in the Potteries 446 00:35:37,680 --> 00:35:48,360 area of the Stoke Valley to deal with unemployment. 447 00:35:48,360 --> 00:35:50,820 And the version of that in this country 448 00:35:50,820 --> 00:35:56,010 is under Clinton, the idea of giving subsidies 449 00:35:56,010 --> 00:36:03,990 to industries to locate next to poorer, inner-city communities. 450 00:36:03,990 --> 00:36:07,770 It was a policy which, in extremis, was applied 451 00:36:07,770 --> 00:36:13,380 by the South African government to slow down 452 00:36:13,380 --> 00:36:17,790 the growth of Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Durban, 453 00:36:17,790 --> 00:36:23,135 by giving enormous incentives to industry that would locate next 454 00:36:23,135 --> 00:36:25,890 to [? disadvantaged ?] areas. 455 00:36:25,890 --> 00:36:30,060 I.e., you have to take account of the diseconomies 456 00:36:30,060 --> 00:36:33,780 of the location, and make up for the diseconomies 457 00:36:33,780 --> 00:36:37,050 of the location by subsidy. 458 00:36:37,050 --> 00:36:45,340 This is not-- if BMW wants to move to South Carolina, 459 00:36:45,340 --> 00:36:50,200 or Boeing wants to build its Dreamliner in South Carolina, 460 00:36:50,200 --> 00:36:53,890 the United States' democratic process 461 00:36:53,890 --> 00:36:56,980 is not one in which the state indulges itself 462 00:36:56,980 --> 00:36:59,980 in that decision. 463 00:36:59,980 --> 00:37:03,070 It will allow the states to compete 464 00:37:03,070 --> 00:37:06,940 in giving benefits to any decision 465 00:37:06,940 --> 00:37:11,530 that BMW or Boeing will make. 466 00:37:11,530 --> 00:37:15,040 That Boeing decides to locate in the state which is not 467 00:37:15,040 --> 00:37:20,155 trade unionized, we smile. 468 00:37:27,390 --> 00:37:30,550 I'm talking out of class. 469 00:37:30,550 --> 00:37:33,205 I should shut up and just deal with the British new towns. 470 00:37:39,240 --> 00:37:43,140 The British new towns have not-- 471 00:37:43,140 --> 00:37:46,265 one of the other paragraphs I could 472 00:37:46,265 --> 00:37:50,640 have read from the 1946 report was that the town 473 00:37:50,640 --> 00:37:52,720 should be balanced. 474 00:37:52,720 --> 00:37:55,750 You get a similar idea to balancing, 475 00:37:55,750 --> 00:37:59,250 which if you remember a couple of weeks ago, 476 00:37:59,250 --> 00:38:03,210 I used in talking about the Sunnyside Gardens 477 00:38:03,210 --> 00:38:06,660 [? redband ?] phenomenon in this country, Clarence 478 00:38:06,660 --> 00:38:08,940 Stein and Henry Wright. 479 00:38:08,940 --> 00:38:16,100 Lewis Mumford said you have a need for balanced community. 480 00:38:16,100 --> 00:38:19,650 That is, you need workers, and elites, and artists, 481 00:38:19,650 --> 00:38:24,070 and professionals in one community. 482 00:38:24,070 --> 00:38:28,680 Most of the immigrant and unskilled workers 483 00:38:28,680 --> 00:38:34,060 emigrating to England go to the largest cities. 484 00:38:34,060 --> 00:38:37,770 So the whole Abercrombie argument 485 00:38:37,770 --> 00:38:42,540 that new towns slow the growth of established 486 00:38:42,540 --> 00:38:46,420 metropolitan areas doesn't work. 487 00:38:46,420 --> 00:38:49,800 The market is still functioning in a way in larger-- 488 00:38:49,800 --> 00:38:54,300 you may say that in a large city, 489 00:38:54,300 --> 00:38:57,270 there's enough variety in the market 490 00:38:57,270 --> 00:39:00,480 to take care of more people than you can in the new town. 491 00:39:03,010 --> 00:39:06,610 My gut feeling is that this is correct. 492 00:39:06,610 --> 00:39:11,110 The range of rent per square foot in Los Angeles 493 00:39:11,110 --> 00:39:14,860 is probably much larger than the restricted range 494 00:39:14,860 --> 00:39:19,240 of rent in a British new town. 495 00:39:19,240 --> 00:39:23,530 I throw these out because they are interesting arguments. 496 00:39:23,530 --> 00:39:26,560 You are going to be responsible for making decisions 497 00:39:26,560 --> 00:39:30,250 about the form of places. 498 00:39:30,250 --> 00:39:35,380 Just this morning, I've already drifted off 499 00:39:35,380 --> 00:39:40,180 into lots of intricate arguments about the relationship, 500 00:39:40,180 --> 00:39:45,340 for instance, between land economy and the form of places. 501 00:39:45,340 --> 00:39:47,650 What are you going to tell the government of Pakistan, 502 00:39:47,650 --> 00:39:54,850 as I was asked, to design a new town parallel to Lahore, 503 00:39:54,850 --> 00:39:55,980 five years ago? 504 00:39:59,810 --> 00:40:00,915 That it's a bad idea? 505 00:40:03,890 --> 00:40:05,810 On what grounds going to-- what are 506 00:40:05,810 --> 00:40:07,130 you going to use for argument? 507 00:40:07,130 --> 00:40:09,642 There's no theory. 508 00:40:09,642 --> 00:40:11,600 This is the only class in theory you ever going 509 00:40:11,600 --> 00:40:17,490 to take, except perhaps in social science. 510 00:40:17,490 --> 00:40:19,130 Architecture doesn't deal with theory. 511 00:40:22,130 --> 00:40:25,180 So what are you going to say to the governor of Pakistan 512 00:40:25,180 --> 00:40:27,760 or the governor of Lahore? 513 00:40:32,250 --> 00:40:35,490 Yes, it's OK. 514 00:40:35,490 --> 00:40:41,220 This is land that the army doesn't need anymore. 515 00:40:41,220 --> 00:40:43,710 Pakistan is a growing enterprise, 516 00:40:43,710 --> 00:40:48,255 in terms of siphoning off from India work 517 00:40:48,255 --> 00:40:55,750 in advanced technologies, and electronic communication 518 00:40:55,750 --> 00:41:02,970 systems, huge markets, available trained people. 519 00:41:02,970 --> 00:41:07,500 Why not build a new city to attract American enterprises 520 00:41:07,500 --> 00:41:09,651 and into you know the story? 521 00:41:17,230 --> 00:41:19,110 What are you going to do about migration 522 00:41:19,110 --> 00:41:21,315 to a new economic entity in Pakistan? 523 00:41:24,600 --> 00:41:29,890 A practical problem-- if you create a new economic 524 00:41:29,890 --> 00:41:34,450 opportunity like Chandigarh, if you're Corbusier, 525 00:41:34,450 --> 00:41:38,980 you keep on designing it as if nothing is ever going to-- 526 00:41:38,980 --> 00:41:43,540 and mutilate his concept. 527 00:41:43,540 --> 00:41:45,880 Fact is that people from poor areas 528 00:41:45,880 --> 00:41:53,380 migrate to limited economic opportunities in the region. 529 00:41:53,380 --> 00:41:57,580 And sprawl-- they are called "squatters." 530 00:41:57,580 --> 00:42:00,100 What do you say to the people wanting to build 531 00:42:00,100 --> 00:42:01,720 a new town in Pakistan? 532 00:42:01,720 --> 00:42:06,820 How are you going to deal with it in the planning of the town? 533 00:42:06,820 --> 00:42:09,820 That's a big problem. 534 00:42:09,820 --> 00:42:10,780 We'll ignore it. 535 00:42:10,780 --> 00:42:16,133 We'll get the military to pull down illegal housing. 536 00:42:16,133 --> 00:42:17,800 Where are you going to get a labor force 537 00:42:17,800 --> 00:42:19,810 to do the lowest income work? 538 00:42:22,610 --> 00:42:25,940 Seeing you have no decent economic policy for the poorest 539 00:42:25,940 --> 00:42:29,045 people in your country anyway, what the hell does it matter? 540 00:42:31,550 --> 00:42:32,870 This is real practice. 541 00:42:32,870 --> 00:42:35,990 I'm talking about my experience five years ago. 542 00:42:35,990 --> 00:42:38,330 I'm not inventing this. 543 00:42:38,330 --> 00:42:43,160 I raised the question of trying to invent an economic system 544 00:42:43,160 --> 00:42:47,450 whereby free land, or land under some kind of indenture 545 00:42:47,450 --> 00:42:52,460 agreement, could help people build up capital 546 00:42:52,460 --> 00:42:55,190 that they earned in the new city, 547 00:42:55,190 --> 00:42:58,550 that the economic engine of capital creation 548 00:42:58,550 --> 00:43:03,700 and establishment could be-- 549 00:43:03,700 --> 00:43:06,870 and it's been tried in certain parts of the world. 550 00:43:06,870 --> 00:43:11,870 And I think it's one of the answers to the use of land 551 00:43:11,870 --> 00:43:18,230 and the sharing of the increased value of land in a city. 552 00:43:18,230 --> 00:43:23,770 But I'm not an expert. 553 00:43:23,770 --> 00:43:25,860 I'm only a teacher at MIT. 554 00:43:30,310 --> 00:43:34,180 I've just been asked whether I could possibly 555 00:43:34,180 --> 00:43:39,430 do a new strategic plan for Abu Dhabi, which I'm not 556 00:43:39,430 --> 00:43:43,570 going to do, because I haven't got the energy 557 00:43:43,570 --> 00:43:46,270 and time to do it. 558 00:43:46,270 --> 00:43:54,430 But just imagining how to do a strategic plan for Abu Dhabi 559 00:43:54,430 --> 00:43:56,890 involves taking into account a number 560 00:43:56,890 --> 00:43:58,810 of things, which I don't think you'd be 561 00:43:58,810 --> 00:44:00,115 allowed to take into account. 562 00:44:03,580 --> 00:44:06,300 Number one is the real ecology of the place. 563 00:44:09,260 --> 00:44:13,130 I've done three projects in the Emirates, one of which 564 00:44:13,130 --> 00:44:18,040 was on Saadiyat Island, where a ecological firm 565 00:44:18,040 --> 00:44:24,340 from Philadelphia decided that the island should be left alone 566 00:44:24,340 --> 00:44:28,060 because it was an important migration center for birds 567 00:44:28,060 --> 00:44:35,020 from northern Europe moving systematically to the south 568 00:44:35,020 --> 00:44:40,090 in the winter, and other important considerations. 569 00:44:43,260 --> 00:44:47,370 None of that's been taken into account anyway. 570 00:44:47,370 --> 00:44:53,005 I'm sorry, I'm just deviating from our sad story. 571 00:44:57,670 --> 00:45:03,910 Russia is simpler and much more complicated. 572 00:45:03,910 --> 00:45:06,100 You have a couple of things-- 573 00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:08,980 there's no precedent to build on. 574 00:45:08,980 --> 00:45:13,150 All of the intense rhetoric of Marx and Engels 575 00:45:13,150 --> 00:45:15,970 said three things about cities-- 576 00:45:15,970 --> 00:45:18,760 capital cities are dying. 577 00:45:18,760 --> 00:45:20,560 They must be an option. 578 00:45:20,560 --> 00:45:23,770 Number two, integrate the country in the city. 579 00:45:23,770 --> 00:45:25,405 And number three I can't remember. 580 00:45:33,930 --> 00:45:35,280 Let me look at my notes. 581 00:45:46,320 --> 00:45:49,330 Separation of city and country, distribution 582 00:45:49,330 --> 00:45:51,720 of population over the whole territory, 583 00:45:51,720 --> 00:45:54,150 destruction of capital city-- 584 00:45:54,150 --> 00:46:00,720 you don't do very well with that as a kit bag of information. 585 00:46:00,720 --> 00:46:03,810 When you're dealing with the largest country in the world, 586 00:46:03,810 --> 00:46:09,240 with 11 time zones from one side of the country to another, 587 00:46:09,240 --> 00:46:15,570 with a Marxist theoretical position which focused itself 588 00:46:15,570 --> 00:46:19,380 on the workers of the state and not the business of a state-- 589 00:46:19,380 --> 00:46:21,695 it's the largely agricultural region. 590 00:46:24,420 --> 00:46:26,910 If you want to read a good little book, "Ten Days 591 00:46:26,910 --> 00:46:32,910 That Shook the World" is the story of the first days 592 00:46:32,910 --> 00:46:37,050 of the first Russian cabinet. 593 00:46:37,050 --> 00:46:44,430 And this woman is given the keys to the Agriculture Department. 594 00:46:44,430 --> 00:46:46,020 She comes there. 595 00:46:46,020 --> 00:46:48,570 She can't get into the building. 596 00:46:48,570 --> 00:46:50,700 The lights are not working, and she's 597 00:46:50,700 --> 00:46:55,020 got to feed the whole of the universe. 598 00:46:55,020 --> 00:46:56,760 It's remarkable that they survived. 599 00:47:01,580 --> 00:47:08,860 However, there was an enormous attraction given to the fact 600 00:47:08,860 --> 00:47:13,660 that you had a new philosophy which governed then. 601 00:47:13,660 --> 00:47:17,330 The state controlled all of the land. 602 00:47:17,330 --> 00:47:22,690 You had a new, potentially educated proletariat 603 00:47:22,690 --> 00:47:29,770 who were educated to norms of goodness, and social equity, 604 00:47:29,770 --> 00:47:33,130 and certain givens, which you didn't 605 00:47:33,130 --> 00:47:34,555 find in the capitalist state. 606 00:47:42,350 --> 00:47:45,105 And we're having to go through this rather quickly. 607 00:47:53,860 --> 00:48:00,010 The period of about 15 to 20 years 608 00:48:00,010 --> 00:48:03,550 set up an intense speculation. 609 00:48:03,550 --> 00:48:06,910 Given different attitudes towards technology, 610 00:48:06,910 --> 00:48:10,870 given different attitudes towards the distribution 611 00:48:10,870 --> 00:48:19,360 of society, different attitudes towards urbanization, 612 00:48:19,360 --> 00:48:25,150 none of which had a set of researched-- 613 00:48:25,150 --> 00:48:27,940 the Russians had built a garden city called 614 00:48:27,940 --> 00:48:33,670 Kazan in the early 20th century, which is relatively successful. 615 00:48:33,670 --> 00:48:39,430 And Kazan appears as a basis for some of the plans for Moscow, 616 00:48:39,430 --> 00:48:41,600 I think the most, if not the most of it. 617 00:48:41,600 --> 00:48:43,000 And I think [INAUDIBLE] plan. 618 00:48:47,790 --> 00:48:52,310 There are three major institutions. 619 00:48:52,310 --> 00:48:53,400 They're now private firms. 620 00:48:57,750 --> 00:49:04,050 After the establishment or the disestablishment of the USSR, 621 00:49:04,050 --> 00:49:09,720 we took part with a group called [? Lengi ?] [? Progore ?] 622 00:49:09,720 --> 00:49:13,770 in a new plan for St. Petersburg. 623 00:49:13,770 --> 00:49:17,070 And [? Lengi ?] [? Progore ?] was with the Russian Institute. 624 00:49:17,070 --> 00:49:23,370 And the Russian Institute, they had clients in Vladivostok. 625 00:49:23,370 --> 00:49:28,460 They would fly through 11 time zones to get to their clients-- 626 00:49:28,460 --> 00:49:32,370 an incredible apparatus. 627 00:49:32,370 --> 00:49:35,570 They'd never worked on a city problem themselves. 628 00:49:42,520 --> 00:49:44,800 It's interesting stories. 629 00:49:44,800 --> 00:49:51,370 Anyway, there are three major academic practicing groups. 630 00:49:51,370 --> 00:49:59,170 They all have names based on shortened versions. 631 00:49:59,170 --> 00:50:02,860 ASNOVA was a formalist group-- 632 00:50:02,860 --> 00:50:06,220 the capitalist individualist prefers the horizontal line 633 00:50:06,220 --> 00:50:07,510 and immobile column. 634 00:50:07,510 --> 00:50:10,870 The socialist prefers the street climbing, horizontal line, 635 00:50:10,870 --> 00:50:14,080 the spiral, and so on, and so on. 636 00:50:14,080 --> 00:50:19,060 What is extraordinary in all of this revolutionary rhetoric 637 00:50:19,060 --> 00:50:21,310 is the significance of the visual image. 638 00:50:25,410 --> 00:50:27,060 The propaganda train-- 639 00:50:27,060 --> 00:50:30,240 I mean, imagine building a propaganda train. 640 00:50:30,240 --> 00:50:31,860 You're in a civil war. 641 00:50:31,860 --> 00:50:37,970 You just about still fighting with Germany, 642 00:50:37,970 --> 00:50:43,400 and you paint a train to go through Russia celebrating 643 00:50:43,400 --> 00:50:46,910 the new idea of Russia. 644 00:50:46,910 --> 00:50:53,660 The preference that people gave to the visual impact of power 645 00:50:53,660 --> 00:51:00,060 distribution-- you will see it after '35 in the return 646 00:51:00,060 --> 00:51:00,560 to what-- 647 00:51:00,560 --> 00:51:07,010 Marx was very impressed by the Rubens paintings, 648 00:51:07,010 --> 00:51:11,060 because they were large, and covered enormous things 649 00:51:11,060 --> 00:51:13,370 that you could identify with. 650 00:51:13,370 --> 00:51:18,620 His version of the emotional response of people to artifacts 651 00:51:18,620 --> 00:51:21,530 was exaggerated. 652 00:51:21,530 --> 00:51:25,370 Abstraction, which was really very much 653 00:51:25,370 --> 00:51:31,370 the platform of people like Malevich, 654 00:51:31,370 --> 00:51:36,320 and Lissitzky, and Chernikhov, and all of these people-- 655 00:51:36,320 --> 00:51:37,730 those are great artists-- 656 00:51:40,740 --> 00:51:44,850 were competing not around the social premise of the work, 657 00:51:44,850 --> 00:51:50,460 but who could, as in the ASNOVA group-- 658 00:51:50,460 --> 00:51:55,320 create a visual formula which would emotionally 659 00:51:55,320 --> 00:52:00,750 convince people that they were in an alternative setting. 660 00:52:00,750 --> 00:52:02,790 I don't know of any other examples, 661 00:52:02,790 --> 00:52:06,720 other than in Fascist power principles, where 662 00:52:06,720 --> 00:52:13,020 a certain emphasis on verbal rhetoric was not very much use. 663 00:52:13,020 --> 00:52:17,550 People tend to see with their eyes without being trained. 664 00:52:17,550 --> 00:52:19,980 People can't-- most of the population of Russia 665 00:52:19,980 --> 00:52:20,595 couldn't read. 666 00:52:24,330 --> 00:52:30,990 The second group, the OSA group, the group with Moisei Ginzburg, 667 00:52:30,990 --> 00:52:33,450 and the [? Bach ?] brothers, and the Vesnin brothers, 668 00:52:33,450 --> 00:52:39,540 and [? Lissitzky, ?] and so on was a functionalist group. 669 00:52:39,540 --> 00:52:43,920 They say it's scientific socialism and functionalism. 670 00:52:43,920 --> 00:52:48,210 The ideological value of proletarian architecture 671 00:52:48,210 --> 00:52:50,490 does not lie in the exterior forms, which 672 00:52:50,490 --> 00:52:58,100 act as organs of perception, but in the scientific functioning 673 00:52:58,100 --> 00:53:01,370 and spatial organization of the practical problems involved 674 00:53:01,370 --> 00:53:04,090 in the practical realization of socialism. 675 00:53:06,740 --> 00:53:11,660 Khrushchev in 1957 said what a waste 676 00:53:11,660 --> 00:53:15,890 of money it was for Stalin to have wasted all of his money 677 00:53:15,890 --> 00:53:18,950 building [? Lermontov ?] University in the Palace 678 00:53:18,950 --> 00:53:22,100 of the Soviets, and all the shit decoration. 679 00:53:22,100 --> 00:53:24,800 He said, if we stripped those buildings of it, 680 00:53:24,800 --> 00:53:34,110 we could have housed another 300,000 students. 681 00:53:34,110 --> 00:53:36,050 The third group was of [? VAPRA. ?] 682 00:53:36,050 --> 00:53:39,990 And they were also a group interested 683 00:53:39,990 --> 00:53:43,470 in the abstraction of form. 684 00:53:43,470 --> 00:53:46,710 Amongst the OSA polemics, there were 685 00:53:46,710 --> 00:53:51,430 groups which fundamentally are distinguished 686 00:53:51,430 --> 00:53:55,440 between the attitudes towards urbanization. 687 00:53:55,440 --> 00:53:59,580 The sociologist Sabsovich was an urbanist. 688 00:53:59,580 --> 00:54:01,950 He believed that the city was still 689 00:54:01,950 --> 00:54:06,180 the center where human activity will always take place. 690 00:54:16,510 --> 00:54:23,710 He recommended the idea of a pervasive network of new towns, 691 00:54:23,710 --> 00:54:28,180 about 40,000 people each, each town being totally 692 00:54:28,180 --> 00:54:30,190 collectivized, each [? evident ?] [? to ?] 693 00:54:30,190 --> 00:54:36,820 [? sell ?] and so on, such towns to be located next to industry 694 00:54:36,820 --> 00:54:37,960 or collective forms. 695 00:54:37,960 --> 00:54:40,720 The disurbanists were a group of people 696 00:54:40,720 --> 00:54:43,450 who believed in the mobility of the individual-- 697 00:54:43,450 --> 00:54:45,790 light houses, small-scale equipment, 698 00:54:45,790 --> 00:54:50,890 linear settlements along roads joining industrial centers. 699 00:54:50,890 --> 00:54:56,170 They were very influenced by the work of Peter Kropotkin, who 700 00:54:56,170 --> 00:54:58,600 argued about the decentralization 701 00:54:58,600 --> 00:55:04,210 qualities of the electrical grid and other emerging 702 00:55:04,210 --> 00:55:05,620 technologies. 703 00:55:05,620 --> 00:55:11,290 For them, an ideal place was that you had-- 704 00:55:11,290 --> 00:55:14,020 there were apartment blocks being designed according 705 00:55:14,020 --> 00:55:17,860 to this formula, where each person in the apartment block 706 00:55:17,860 --> 00:55:21,760 had a cell of x number square meters, 707 00:55:21,760 --> 00:55:24,700 barely large enough for one person, 708 00:55:24,700 --> 00:55:28,930 and the rest of the space for collective activity. 709 00:55:28,930 --> 00:55:31,470 Or some of them even had, in turn, 710 00:55:31,470 --> 00:55:40,465 proposed internal gymnastic tracks. 711 00:55:43,720 --> 00:55:46,690 The idea of the social condenser-- 712 00:55:46,690 --> 00:55:49,630 the ground floor of a building by Moisei Ginzburg 713 00:55:49,630 --> 00:55:54,820 had nothing other than place to condense. 714 00:55:54,820 --> 00:56:02,020 The vertical system had nothing other than Fourier's interior 715 00:56:02,020 --> 00:56:07,460 for people to meet accidentally and to socialize. 716 00:56:07,460 --> 00:56:09,970 The whole apartment block was conceived 717 00:56:09,970 --> 00:56:15,350 as a system of socialization, as in Krushchev's 718 00:56:15,350 --> 00:56:17,890 Microraion settlements. 719 00:56:20,410 --> 00:56:24,430 Following [? Karmatzoff ?] in Vienna, 720 00:56:24,430 --> 00:56:33,220 an early environment broken down to about 1,800 people per block 721 00:56:33,220 --> 00:56:39,730 would form a collective in which the socialization element would 722 00:56:39,730 --> 00:56:40,780 be fundamental. 723 00:56:43,540 --> 00:56:46,710 I'm trying to rush through all of this as quickly as I can. 724 00:56:50,400 --> 00:57:00,630 So for OSA, notions of linear form based partly 725 00:57:00,630 --> 00:57:04,770 upon the American example of the conveyor belt-- 726 00:57:04,770 --> 00:57:08,460 "Let us take this storm of the revolution in Russia, united 727 00:57:08,460 --> 00:57:10,320 with the path of life in America, 728 00:57:10,320 --> 00:57:13,230 and do our work like a chronometer." 729 00:57:13,230 --> 00:57:16,230 That's Chernikhov. 730 00:57:16,230 --> 00:57:21,900 Taylorism-- F. W. Taylor of Harvard University, literature 731 00:57:21,900 --> 00:57:24,660 about industrial affinity and management. 732 00:57:24,660 --> 00:57:29,700 Lenin exhorted his society to make use of Taylorism. 733 00:57:33,150 --> 00:57:38,010 Stalingrad tractor plants were prefabricated in Detroit 734 00:57:38,010 --> 00:57:41,670 by the Albert Kahn Company. 735 00:57:41,670 --> 00:57:48,290 [? Forzazia ?] became a premise [? Forderization. ?] "Men stand 736 00:57:48,290 --> 00:57:51,165 still, but things move," became a mantra. 737 00:57:56,600 --> 00:58:00,965 The authors write, automobile factory Gor'kiy was designed 738 00:58:00,965 --> 00:58:03,350 under the supervision of the Ford Company. 739 00:58:03,350 --> 00:58:07,730 Albert Kahn, who is one of America's more interesting 740 00:58:07,730 --> 00:58:13,670 architects, his company had a hand in over 50 enterprises 741 00:58:13,670 --> 00:58:15,110 in the USA. 742 00:58:15,110 --> 00:58:17,870 He was supposed to work primarily for Henry Ford. 743 00:58:21,620 --> 00:58:25,400 Interesting-- Albert Kahn's a Jew. 744 00:58:25,400 --> 00:58:27,920 Henry Ford is an anti-Semite. 745 00:58:27,920 --> 00:58:31,220 The Russians dislike Jews. 746 00:58:31,220 --> 00:58:34,340 But somehow, again, you have a complete breakdown 747 00:58:34,340 --> 00:58:37,190 of any kind of thing but skill. 748 00:58:37,190 --> 00:58:40,430 Albert Kahn is the world's greatest industrial architect, 749 00:58:40,430 --> 00:58:41,300 probably ever. 750 00:58:44,220 --> 00:58:46,990 He provided things which the Russian society 751 00:58:46,990 --> 00:58:52,110 were willing to accept, even although he was a foreigner. 752 00:58:52,110 --> 00:59:00,420 And imagine Russia in this post-Czarist state, 753 00:59:00,420 --> 00:59:06,660 with a loose ideology, which we're all 754 00:59:06,660 --> 00:59:11,370 sitting in rooms trying to say, what does this all mean? 755 00:59:11,370 --> 00:59:14,670 And here's the United States, churning away, 756 00:59:14,670 --> 00:59:17,370 building Ford automobiles in Detroit, 757 00:59:17,370 --> 00:59:21,150 and reading about Taylorism, and so on. 758 00:59:21,150 --> 00:59:24,420 And the society is coming closer together 759 00:59:24,420 --> 00:59:27,540 around the production of goods. 760 00:59:27,540 --> 00:59:30,120 As far as urbanization is concerned, 761 00:59:30,120 --> 00:59:31,080 it meant very little. 762 00:59:31,080 --> 00:59:34,470 The linear plans for the competition in Magnitogorsk 763 00:59:34,470 --> 00:59:39,000 and Stalingrad, and [? Ortestroy ?] 764 00:59:39,000 --> 00:59:43,710 for the production of cars, tractors, and steel. 765 00:59:43,710 --> 00:59:48,420 The linear settlements-- linearity-- 766 00:59:48,420 --> 00:59:50,530 I wish I had five minutes to talk 767 00:59:50,530 --> 00:59:53,040 about the problems of linearity. 768 00:59:53,040 --> 00:59:57,360 Linearity offers great attraction to architects 769 00:59:57,360 --> 00:59:58,860 because it's elementary. 770 01:00:02,530 --> 01:00:07,060 Expansion is feasible because you've got two open ends. 771 01:00:07,060 --> 01:00:09,490 You can provide public transportation system 772 01:00:09,490 --> 01:00:14,140 along the line, where it's most efficient. 773 01:00:14,140 --> 01:00:18,280 The crossings of the line are unimportant. 774 01:00:18,280 --> 01:00:22,600 In the Stalingrad plan, you have a park. 775 01:00:22,600 --> 01:00:28,660 You have housing, a park, industry, and so on, and so on, 776 01:00:28,660 --> 01:00:33,580 like a complicated McDonald's sandwich stretching infinitely 777 01:00:33,580 --> 01:00:35,830 in length. 778 01:00:35,830 --> 01:00:37,480 One of the most interesting-- 779 01:00:37,480 --> 01:00:41,200 I'm jumping-- one of the most interesting competitions 780 01:00:41,200 --> 01:00:43,090 in urbanism-- 781 01:00:43,090 --> 01:00:45,070 competitions in urbanism are very 782 01:00:45,070 --> 01:00:51,520 difficult. If you examine the context of a city 783 01:00:51,520 --> 01:00:55,060 as closely as we've been examining them in this class, 784 01:00:55,060 --> 01:00:59,260 you probably would have to do a lot to provide a competition, 785 01:00:59,260 --> 01:01:02,425 unless it's for a small piece of a city, parts 786 01:01:02,425 --> 01:01:03,640 of the inner city. 787 01:01:03,640 --> 01:01:07,930 But a competition for a whole city, 788 01:01:07,930 --> 01:01:10,900 unless you're interested in big ideas, 789 01:01:10,900 --> 01:01:16,050 I don't know a successful urban design competition yet. 790 01:01:20,340 --> 01:01:23,280 One of the more interesting cases 791 01:01:23,280 --> 01:01:29,100 is the case of the la Ville Vert competition. 792 01:01:29,100 --> 01:01:33,210 Just after the Revolution, the Russians 793 01:01:33,210 --> 01:01:38,400 decided that they needed to create a new town near Moscow, 794 01:01:38,400 --> 01:01:41,670 which would alleviate the workers from the strain 795 01:01:41,670 --> 01:01:44,250 of working so hard-- 796 01:01:44,250 --> 01:01:46,170 that they could come to this town 797 01:01:46,170 --> 01:01:50,730 to spend a week or two weeks just 798 01:01:50,730 --> 01:01:55,120 dealing with the world of fantasy, and so on. 799 01:01:55,120 --> 01:01:57,070 The three winning competitions were 800 01:01:57,070 --> 01:02:00,930 by Ladovsky, who built a town which 801 01:02:00,930 --> 01:02:03,630 balanced trains and automobiles, but did 802 01:02:03,630 --> 01:02:06,420 nothing particularly else. 803 01:02:06,420 --> 01:02:13,710 The second prize competition was won by Moisei Ginzburg 804 01:02:13,710 --> 01:02:15,900 and his colleague-- 805 01:02:15,900 --> 01:02:19,980 I forget the name of his colleague-- 806 01:02:19,980 --> 01:02:26,850 who proposed the system of ribbon roads and the train 807 01:02:26,850 --> 01:02:27,370 system. 808 01:02:27,370 --> 01:02:31,140 But the basic system was a disurbanist proposition-- 809 01:02:31,140 --> 01:02:35,490 that people would have little huts, live in the countryside, 810 01:02:35,490 --> 01:02:48,120 connected by electricity, and basically 811 01:02:48,120 --> 01:02:54,315 living in the rural areas as if they were free, like animals. 812 01:02:59,700 --> 01:03:04,800 The housing was designed on the basis of one person per unit. 813 01:03:04,800 --> 01:03:08,280 If you were married, you had a sliding door between the two 814 01:03:08,280 --> 01:03:09,450 of the units. 815 01:03:09,450 --> 01:03:14,160 You could transgress that part as freely as you wished. 816 01:03:14,160 --> 01:03:17,180 But if you didn't want to do it, you could be separate, 817 01:03:17,180 --> 01:03:20,880 and in an anarchic sense, perhaps 818 01:03:20,880 --> 01:03:26,790 choose another partner for the time that you were there. 819 01:03:26,790 --> 01:03:31,650 The most interesting example came from a strange man called 820 01:03:31,650 --> 01:03:34,830 Melnikov, who was one of the most brilliant architects 821 01:03:34,830 --> 01:03:38,790 of the modern period anywhere, and one of the least 822 01:03:38,790 --> 01:03:40,710 understood. 823 01:03:40,710 --> 01:03:47,460 Melnikov did everything strange. 824 01:03:47,460 --> 01:03:52,020 He said that everything that the human being has 825 01:03:52,020 --> 01:03:57,150 to experience in my town is going to put him 826 01:03:57,150 --> 01:03:59,490 in a different state of mind. 827 01:03:59,490 --> 01:04:04,980 So he said, [? let us ?] study sleep. 828 01:04:04,980 --> 01:04:08,250 He said we sleep for a third of our life. 829 01:04:08,250 --> 01:04:12,000 I'm going to try to influence the way people sleep. 830 01:04:12,000 --> 01:04:17,520 So the interior is units of sloping beds. 831 01:04:17,520 --> 01:04:20,910 And he plays sounds into the-- 832 01:04:20,910 --> 01:04:26,730 Roxy Roth of New York heard about this, 833 01:04:26,730 --> 01:04:32,640 and came to Russia to meet with Melnikov, to popularize 834 01:04:32,640 --> 01:04:37,290 the idea of putting smells into American radios and Radio City 835 01:04:37,290 --> 01:04:38,130 Music Hall. 836 01:04:41,670 --> 01:04:47,380 Melnikov wanted wild animals to roam around, 837 01:04:47,380 --> 01:04:51,840 so that you could really be in contact with nature 838 01:04:51,840 --> 01:04:53,790 in a serious manner. 839 01:04:53,790 --> 01:04:56,810 How serious, I don't know. 840 01:04:56,810 --> 01:05:00,420 The intimacy between a wild animal and a human being 841 01:05:00,420 --> 01:05:02,205 is pretty serious. 842 01:05:05,430 --> 01:05:07,400 He had a whole bunch of other things. 843 01:05:07,400 --> 01:05:10,560 He had an Institute for the Reform of Character. 844 01:05:10,560 --> 01:05:14,100 He had the virtual-- 845 01:05:14,100 --> 01:05:17,550 the edge of his city was almost like the walls 846 01:05:17,550 --> 01:05:23,370 of an ancient town, where people could go on long walks 847 01:05:23,370 --> 01:05:26,670 and meet other people. 848 01:05:26,670 --> 01:05:29,280 You enter his town by train. 849 01:05:29,280 --> 01:05:31,140 The train stopped in the station. 850 01:05:31,140 --> 01:05:34,260 I'll show you the slides. 851 01:05:34,260 --> 01:05:37,290 You get out of the train and you sit in bleachers, 852 01:05:37,290 --> 01:05:38,530 and you are socialized. 853 01:05:41,220 --> 01:05:46,450 You're given large, dramatic presentations, and so on. 854 01:05:46,450 --> 01:05:52,710 It's an extraordinary place from its interest 855 01:05:52,710 --> 01:05:57,690 in the individual's experience throughout these two weeks 856 01:05:57,690 --> 01:05:59,640 there. 857 01:05:59,640 --> 01:06:02,910 In relation to nature, he used solar energy, 858 01:06:02,910 --> 01:06:04,650 had a solar energy pavilion. 859 01:06:04,650 --> 01:06:07,080 This was long before solar energy 860 01:06:07,080 --> 01:06:08,925 was appropriate in our society. 861 01:06:16,390 --> 01:06:19,210 Let's look at some of illustrations. 862 01:06:19,210 --> 01:06:22,570 I'm sorry for this compressed version, 863 01:06:22,570 --> 01:06:26,040 but there's very good writing now available. 864 01:06:26,040 --> 01:06:28,630 And the [? Talkov's ?] basic book 865 01:06:28,630 --> 01:06:32,870 is still a very good source. 866 01:06:32,870 --> 01:06:35,470 So let's look at some of these images-- 867 01:06:35,470 --> 01:06:41,510 Abercrombie's plan for London, the clearing away 868 01:06:41,510 --> 01:06:43,480 of the space around the center city 869 01:06:43,480 --> 01:06:49,840 and the creation of a green belt. Next-- 870 01:06:49,840 --> 01:06:52,270 I'm going to go through these very quickly-- 871 01:06:52,270 --> 01:06:57,160 the typical for Mark One town, one center, 872 01:06:57,160 --> 01:06:59,962 microcenters in the neighborhoods. 873 01:07:02,920 --> 01:07:05,470 This is Welwyn Garden City. 874 01:07:05,470 --> 01:07:15,840 Next, Stevenage, and the center of a Mark One new town. 875 01:07:15,840 --> 01:07:19,510 Next, Mark Two-- 876 01:07:19,510 --> 01:07:26,110 Hook, a linear city with a linear center space, 877 01:07:26,110 --> 01:07:30,470 built above a tunnel. 878 01:07:30,470 --> 01:07:34,900 And as you can see, the arrows pointing in the upper section 879 01:07:34,900 --> 01:07:37,030 pointing to the fact that you have to move 880 01:07:37,030 --> 01:07:41,380 through others' neighborhoods. 881 01:07:41,380 --> 01:07:45,190 This is social engineering through the form 882 01:07:45,190 --> 01:07:50,350 of distribution of the housing. 883 01:07:50,350 --> 01:07:58,430 Next, Runcorn, one of the more revolutionary towns, 884 01:07:58,430 --> 01:08:05,120 based on a public transportation route in a figure eight, 885 01:08:05,120 --> 01:08:07,640 meeting in the center of the place. 886 01:08:07,640 --> 01:08:13,240 Next, and the great Cumbernauld-- 887 01:08:13,240 --> 01:08:15,280 these are the diagrams of the center 888 01:08:15,280 --> 01:08:19,450 which fascinated the architecture world so greatly. 889 01:08:19,450 --> 01:08:27,770 Next, on the left, you can see the architecture use 890 01:08:27,770 --> 01:08:33,260 of airplanes and helicopters, which Frank Lloyd Wright used. 891 01:08:33,260 --> 01:08:36,830 I don't know why it's important to animate the sky 892 01:08:36,830 --> 01:08:39,470 in the depiction of a town. 893 01:08:39,470 --> 01:08:43,069 Everybody does it, but nobody suffers 894 01:08:43,069 --> 01:08:48,520 the disaster of Cumbernauld as Cumbernauld did. 895 01:08:48,520 --> 01:08:54,990 Next, Irvine, the linear town, linking through-- 896 01:08:54,990 --> 01:09:00,180 no, don't change that, thank you. 897 01:09:00,180 --> 01:09:06,810 And an earlier version of Milton Keynes on the right, 898 01:09:06,810 --> 01:09:09,060 the distributed, gridded city. 899 01:09:09,060 --> 01:09:14,590 Next, Milton Keynes, the diagram on the right 900 01:09:14,590 --> 01:09:18,130 indicates the increase in affluence-- 901 01:09:18,130 --> 01:09:24,939 leisure, sport, automobiles, highways. 902 01:09:24,939 --> 01:09:28,720 The plan of Milton Keynes is a sectorial plan, 903 01:09:28,720 --> 01:09:32,410 in which the grid system is carefully 904 01:09:32,410 --> 01:09:37,420 designed at one kilometer by one kilometer. 905 01:09:37,420 --> 01:09:40,600 One mile by one mile would have created 906 01:09:40,600 --> 01:09:47,729 the need for separated highway connections. 907 01:09:47,729 --> 01:09:51,510 The volume of automobiles at one kilometer 908 01:09:51,510 --> 01:09:56,160 restricts the system of connections to a traffic light. 909 01:09:56,160 --> 01:10:04,460 Next, another principle here is an interesting principle 910 01:10:04,460 --> 01:10:08,390 for those of you who are interested in these kind 911 01:10:08,390 --> 01:10:08,930 of things. 912 01:10:14,110 --> 01:10:23,750 In architectural construction, if I 913 01:10:23,750 --> 01:10:26,690 create a truss between two points, 914 01:10:26,690 --> 01:10:32,750 I can load the system anywhere because the system will take 915 01:10:32,750 --> 01:10:37,130 care of the load distribution. 916 01:10:43,250 --> 01:10:46,130 The same principle is attempted here. 917 01:10:49,690 --> 01:10:52,810 It's going the wrong way. 918 01:10:52,810 --> 01:10:56,530 OK, there we are, thank you. 919 01:10:56,530 --> 01:11:00,130 The system is designed so that the system, no matter where 920 01:11:00,130 --> 01:11:06,110 you locate, can be taken care of by the transportation system. 921 01:11:06,110 --> 01:11:08,680 In other words, you're creating the design 922 01:11:08,680 --> 01:11:18,310 of the town, a robust enough system of moving infrastructure 923 01:11:18,310 --> 01:11:20,720 so that any loading position-- 924 01:11:20,720 --> 01:11:23,440 say an industry which is to locate here, 925 01:11:23,440 --> 01:11:25,330 another industry here-- 926 01:11:25,330 --> 01:11:29,215 all of it is taken care of by the infrastructure design. 927 01:11:33,490 --> 01:11:41,240 Next, here are just two examples from a Venezuelan project 928 01:11:41,240 --> 01:11:45,470 called El Tablazo, which is the same firm which did 929 01:11:45,470 --> 01:11:49,310 Milton Keynes, designed at the same time. 930 01:11:49,310 --> 01:11:52,250 The whole idea is that the center of the town 931 01:11:52,250 --> 01:11:58,220 would be a zone for squatters, that the incubation 932 01:11:58,220 --> 01:12:02,540 requirement in the middle of a city 933 01:12:02,540 --> 01:12:07,130 heightens the educational input into these people, 934 01:12:07,130 --> 01:12:09,670 and they can then migrate from here 935 01:12:09,670 --> 01:12:14,390 into an existing surrounding neighborhood. 936 01:12:14,390 --> 01:12:17,370 It was never built. 937 01:12:17,370 --> 01:12:26,100 Next, Russia, hell on Earth, the image 938 01:12:26,100 --> 01:12:29,940 of contemporary capitalist industry-- 939 01:12:29,940 --> 01:12:36,510 this is from Miliutin's book, Sotsgorod in 1919, 940 01:12:36,510 --> 01:12:39,840 the use of visual material in the celebration 941 01:12:39,840 --> 01:12:41,110 of the new republic. 942 01:12:41,110 --> 01:12:51,820 Next, Ernst May of the German architects and his institute, 943 01:12:51,820 --> 01:12:57,660 who did the distributed plan for Moscow. 944 01:12:57,660 --> 01:13:01,920 Corbusier's plan on the bottom left. 945 01:13:01,920 --> 01:13:05,610 Next, [INAUDIBLE]. 946 01:13:05,610 --> 01:13:08,310 This is one of the more interesting plans of Moscow, 947 01:13:08,310 --> 01:13:11,460 [? Kirov's ?] plan. 948 01:13:11,460 --> 01:13:15,870 Basically, if a city expands, the tension 949 01:13:15,870 --> 01:13:21,300 is in the environment around the area which it's expanding into. 950 01:13:21,300 --> 01:13:23,040 What do you do with that? 951 01:13:23,040 --> 01:13:27,090 You see all of these projects are uncertain. 952 01:13:27,090 --> 01:13:30,240 You either have a green belt. You restrict growth. 953 01:13:30,240 --> 01:13:34,110 If you do growth, this one tries to capitalize 954 01:13:34,110 --> 01:13:39,090 on the communal environment at the edge of the city-- 955 01:13:39,090 --> 01:13:47,470 a huge infrastructure of sport, recreation, open space, 956 01:13:47,470 --> 01:13:51,090 and so on encircles Moscow. 957 01:13:51,090 --> 01:13:52,920 The only version of this that I know 958 01:13:52,920 --> 01:13:57,600 is in Havana in Lenin Park surrounding Havana, 959 01:13:57,600 --> 01:14:03,150 where you have, in a sense, an encultured green belt 960 01:14:03,150 --> 01:14:05,940 of modest size. 961 01:14:05,940 --> 01:14:08,640 One of the [INAUDIBLE] [? Moscovit ?] plan, 962 01:14:08,640 --> 01:14:11,340 which is similar to Alan Smythe's plan-- 963 01:14:11,340 --> 01:14:15,750 that is to distribute roads and rail systems all around 964 01:14:15,750 --> 01:14:18,300 in fingered form, in linear form, 965 01:14:18,300 --> 01:14:24,450 and to have small interventions in linear form along these. 966 01:14:24,450 --> 01:14:32,430 Next, this is [? Shushev's ?] plan, and the 1935 plan, 967 01:14:32,430 --> 01:14:35,610 which became the orthodox plan, which Moscow's 968 01:14:35,610 --> 01:14:37,770 followed roughly ever since. 969 01:14:37,770 --> 01:14:43,290 Next, this is the Ladovsky's plan 970 01:14:43,290 --> 01:14:46,020 for the Ville Vert competition. 971 01:14:46,020 --> 01:14:54,180 Next, this is Ginzburg's plan on the left, 972 01:14:54,180 --> 01:14:57,930 mainly with [INAUDIBLE],, linear road systems, 973 01:14:57,930 --> 01:15:04,230 and green filled in between, in some version between a grid 974 01:15:04,230 --> 01:15:06,840 system and a dotted system. 975 01:15:06,840 --> 01:15:09,990 And on the right is the diagram of Melnikov's plan, 976 01:15:09,990 --> 01:15:15,150 with an elephant in the center and a bull up at the top. 977 01:15:15,150 --> 01:15:20,280 Next, here is these entries to the city. 978 01:15:20,280 --> 01:15:24,870 This is how you enter into number 15. 979 01:15:24,870 --> 01:15:29,310 You are socialized on your entry. 980 01:15:29,310 --> 01:15:32,100 What that means, god alone knows. 981 01:15:32,100 --> 01:15:36,150 Here's a bedroom, which is articulated in relation 982 01:15:36,150 --> 01:15:38,250 to the sun, and into sleep. 983 01:15:38,250 --> 01:15:41,640 And here's a solar pavilion on the left. 984 01:15:41,640 --> 01:15:48,340 Imagine designing a solar pavilion in 1919. 985 01:15:48,340 --> 01:15:51,130 Next is extraordinary. 986 01:15:51,130 --> 01:15:54,250 That's one of his drawings on the right for the new Ministry 987 01:15:54,250 --> 01:15:55,570 of Industry. 988 01:15:55,570 --> 01:15:57,310 And this is in-- 989 01:15:57,310 --> 01:16:02,660 sketch from 1924, Exhibition Pavilion in Paris, 990 01:16:02,660 --> 01:16:07,300 which was built, but not quite as dramatically as the diagram. 991 01:16:07,300 --> 01:16:14,946 Next, the OSA group, in all of their scientific formulations-- 992 01:16:14,946 --> 01:16:17,590 here are the two based on linearity. 993 01:16:17,590 --> 01:16:22,000 Next, the plan on the right is of a linear distribution 994 01:16:22,000 --> 01:16:26,860 of a connection between separated settlements 995 01:16:26,860 --> 01:16:31,660 and a linear system in Stalingrad. 996 01:16:31,660 --> 01:16:35,320 The drawing on the left is interesting. 997 01:16:35,320 --> 01:16:37,690 One of the great skills of urban design 998 01:16:37,690 --> 01:16:41,650 is the skill of diagramming. 999 01:16:41,650 --> 01:16:45,160 You need to be able to diagram very well in order 1000 01:16:45,160 --> 01:16:47,770 to convey your intentions to your colleagues, 1001 01:16:47,770 --> 01:16:49,630 to other people, and so on. 1002 01:16:52,870 --> 01:17:04,300 The diagramming system here uses simple forms of description 1003 01:17:04,300 --> 01:17:06,670 to animate the big idea. 1004 01:17:06,670 --> 01:17:12,550 Next, here, you can see Leonidov's idea 1005 01:17:12,550 --> 01:17:16,090 for distributed disurbanist environment, 1006 01:17:16,090 --> 01:17:19,390 of huts connected and urban. 1007 01:17:19,390 --> 01:17:26,110 Next, just a few glances at housing. 1008 01:17:26,110 --> 01:17:29,920 Here in the diagram of this housing project on the right, 1009 01:17:29,920 --> 01:17:32,260 the ground floor is, as you can see, 1010 01:17:32,260 --> 01:17:37,150 occupied with people condensing-- 1011 01:17:37,150 --> 01:17:40,680 condensing, playing sport, playing. 1012 01:17:40,680 --> 01:17:46,540 Here on the left is a diagram for projecting 1013 01:17:46,540 --> 01:17:50,650 the power of the [INAUDIBLE] [? interior, ?] 1014 01:17:50,650 --> 01:17:55,510 the central position, which links to a number of floors 1015 01:17:55,510 --> 01:17:56,620 through the building. 1016 01:17:56,620 --> 01:18:04,850 Next, Moisei Ginzburg's modern apartment block. 1017 01:18:04,850 --> 01:18:09,710 The ground floor and the roof are totally given over 1018 01:18:09,710 --> 01:18:14,660 to communal space, and the floors in between 1019 01:18:14,660 --> 01:18:18,500 are small and compartmentalized. 1020 01:18:18,500 --> 01:18:23,120 Here's a project for a residential environment 1021 01:18:23,120 --> 01:18:25,070 combining a number of the features 1022 01:18:25,070 --> 01:18:29,090 of these intellectual groups, the advertising of the building 1023 01:18:29,090 --> 01:18:32,300 giving the visual prominence to the shape of the building. 1024 01:18:37,550 --> 01:18:39,500 There's a wheel. 1025 01:18:39,500 --> 01:18:41,600 I don't know if the wheel articulates 1026 01:18:41,600 --> 01:18:45,200 the idea of the elevator going up and down. 1027 01:18:45,200 --> 01:18:55,090 Next, this is the projection by one 1028 01:18:55,090 --> 01:18:57,940 of these groups for the housing in the Magnitogorsk 1029 01:18:57,940 --> 01:18:59,230 competition. 1030 01:18:59,230 --> 01:19:03,650 This is, in fact, on the right, what 1031 01:19:03,650 --> 01:19:06,310 was built as the result of the competition. 1032 01:19:06,310 --> 01:19:16,370 Next, this is Melnikov's cinema in Moscow. 1033 01:19:16,370 --> 01:19:20,850 Imagine making three separate buildings out of a cinema. 1034 01:19:25,000 --> 01:19:28,330 On the left is one of Corbusier's 1035 01:19:28,330 --> 01:19:32,560 lesser-known buildings, this [? Enthroysius ?] building, 1036 01:19:32,560 --> 01:19:40,150 a 1929 building for the United Workers Councils of Russia. 1037 01:19:40,150 --> 01:19:43,900 It's now the Bureau of Statistics building. 1038 01:19:43,900 --> 01:19:53,380 Next, the Dom-Kommuna building on the left, the social housing 1039 01:19:53,380 --> 01:19:57,010 built under the Dom-Kommuna system. 1040 01:19:57,010 --> 01:20:00,920 On the right is a club. 1041 01:20:00,920 --> 01:20:07,120 Next, these are just two diagrams. 1042 01:20:07,120 --> 01:20:10,930 Here is Tatlin's famous Monument to the International 1043 01:20:10,930 --> 01:20:11,860 on the left. 1044 01:20:11,860 --> 01:20:14,500 On the right is Melnikov's the entry 1045 01:20:14,500 --> 01:20:16,540 into the Pravda competition. 1046 01:20:16,540 --> 01:20:21,160 All of them involve the building moving at different rates. 1047 01:20:21,160 --> 01:20:24,700 In the Pravda competition building, 1048 01:20:24,700 --> 01:20:28,150 the separate cores of the building 1049 01:20:28,150 --> 01:20:31,480 rotate the building at different speeds. 1050 01:20:31,480 --> 01:20:34,210 It's the invasion of architecture by movement. 1051 01:20:34,210 --> 01:20:37,000 This Monument to the International 1052 01:20:37,000 --> 01:20:43,600 has also rotating geometric forms 1053 01:20:43,600 --> 01:20:45,760 which move at different speeds. 1054 01:20:45,760 --> 01:20:48,890 It's much like when the Queen is in London, 1055 01:20:48,890 --> 01:20:51,880 there's a flag on Buckingham Palace. 1056 01:20:51,880 --> 01:20:55,450 You will know when Congress is in session 1057 01:20:55,450 --> 01:20:58,120 by watching the speed of the-- 1058 01:20:58,120 --> 01:21:02,910 more like an urban thermometer, somehow.