1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,520 The following content is provided under a Creative 2 00:00:02,520 --> 00:00:03,970 Commons license. 3 00:00:03,970 --> 00:00:06,360 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 4 00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:10,660 continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,660 --> 00:00:13,350 To make a donation or view additional materials 6 00:00:13,350 --> 00:00:17,190 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 7 00:00:17,190 --> 00:00:18,320 at ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:28,740 --> 00:00:32,640 JULIAN BEINART: Let me go through the second set 9 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:35,790 of papers with you, which deal with today's class. 10 00:00:40,460 --> 00:00:54,580 On the first page, is a diagram, two diagrams of Paris. 11 00:00:58,970 --> 00:01:06,830 If London-- what are the major features of London 12 00:01:06,830 --> 00:01:08,585 that we discussed on Tuesday? 13 00:01:11,420 --> 00:01:17,855 The rights of citizens to control their own land. 14 00:01:17,855 --> 00:01:23,600 Because they [INAUDIBLE] through the reign of Charles II. 15 00:01:23,600 --> 00:01:29,840 Secondly, the decision to make transportation, 16 00:01:29,840 --> 00:01:33,350 public transportation, a fundamental aspect 17 00:01:33,350 --> 00:01:36,950 of the organization of the city leading to, 18 00:01:36,950 --> 00:01:38,930 amongst others, to lower density. 19 00:01:41,690 --> 00:01:45,950 Thirdly, the presence of the aristocracy 20 00:01:45,950 --> 00:01:49,910 in the center of the city, subdividing to take 21 00:01:49,910 --> 00:01:54,035 care of a rising middle-income middle class. 22 00:01:57,480 --> 00:01:58,525 The rest are details. 23 00:02:01,920 --> 00:02:08,690 The fire and the plague, just disasters 24 00:02:08,690 --> 00:02:14,920 which brought about certain fundamental changes 25 00:02:14,920 --> 00:02:24,120 such as the imposition of the new sewage system. 26 00:02:24,120 --> 00:02:27,540 Paris is a very different city. 27 00:02:27,540 --> 00:02:31,920 You've all been to Paris, so you know what I'm talking about, 28 00:02:31,920 --> 00:02:32,580 I hope. 29 00:02:36,330 --> 00:02:41,760 For reasons which are not clear to me, in the 18th century 30 00:02:41,760 --> 00:02:48,540 already, in 1750, there was a competition 31 00:02:48,540 --> 00:02:55,980 held by Louis XV, who was already safely ensconced 32 00:02:55,980 --> 00:02:59,595 in Versailles, 18 miles from the center of Paris. 33 00:03:02,290 --> 00:03:03,940 This is not a place to eat. 34 00:03:03,940 --> 00:03:07,110 I'm sorry, Michaela. 35 00:03:07,110 --> 00:03:10,430 It's difficult to have classes at lunchtime, but-- 36 00:03:10,430 --> 00:03:11,130 STUDENT: Sorry. 37 00:03:11,130 --> 00:03:13,380 JULIAN BEINART: It's OK. 38 00:03:13,380 --> 00:03:15,692 Is it cold or hot? 39 00:03:15,692 --> 00:03:16,403 STUDENT: Cold. 40 00:03:16,403 --> 00:03:17,820 JULIAN BEINART: Oh, so it'll last. 41 00:03:21,030 --> 00:03:29,310 There was a competition to make the center of Paris resemble 42 00:03:29,310 --> 00:03:31,710 Versailles. 43 00:03:31,710 --> 00:03:35,880 It was won by a man called Patte, P-A-T-T-E. 44 00:03:35,880 --> 00:03:39,570 And I will show the plan. 45 00:03:39,570 --> 00:03:43,560 The elements of the plan establish 46 00:03:43,560 --> 00:03:47,010 a number of fundamentals. 47 00:03:47,010 --> 00:03:50,830 First of all, there are walls. 48 00:03:50,830 --> 00:03:55,140 Look at the number of walls that encompass the city 49 00:03:55,140 --> 00:03:59,790 from over the 900 years-- 50 00:03:59,790 --> 00:04:02,400 well, even more than the 900 years as a kingdom. 51 00:04:05,560 --> 00:04:08,570 The first wall, in 1250-- 52 00:04:08,570 --> 00:04:11,950 the first wall in AD 250. 53 00:04:11,950 --> 00:04:13,340 That was a Roman wall. 54 00:04:13,340 --> 00:04:17,274 The Romans left, more or less, 500 AD. 55 00:04:21,990 --> 00:04:26,550 The subsequent walls are the 12th century wall, 56 00:04:26,550 --> 00:04:29,820 the 14th century wall, the 17th century wall, 57 00:04:29,820 --> 00:04:35,790 the 18th century wall, the 19th century wall, the Périphérique. 58 00:04:35,790 --> 00:04:39,360 You'll notice that whenever an enclosing wall 59 00:04:39,360 --> 00:04:41,490 hits a main axis-- 60 00:04:41,490 --> 00:04:44,380 in this case, the Champs-Élysées-- 61 00:04:44,380 --> 00:04:46,020 there's an important place. 62 00:04:46,020 --> 00:04:50,130 The Étoile, the Porte Maillot, the Place de la Concorde. 63 00:04:55,120 --> 00:05:01,720 Paris has-- was built out of three fundamentals, streets, 64 00:05:01,720 --> 00:05:06,625 walls, and-- 65 00:05:11,250 --> 00:05:12,980 there were three. 66 00:05:12,980 --> 00:05:16,480 One is escaping for the moment. 67 00:05:16,480 --> 00:05:21,370 Let's just continue through this. 68 00:05:28,350 --> 00:05:38,970 The next page is the final step in the transformation 69 00:05:38,970 --> 00:05:46,600 of the center of Paris by the work of Haussmann, 70 00:05:46,600 --> 00:05:52,570 from about 1850 to 1872. 71 00:05:52,570 --> 00:06:01,190 1872 marks the end of the kingdoms of Paris, 72 00:06:01,190 --> 00:06:06,580 which started with in 987 AD. 73 00:06:06,580 --> 00:06:11,020 And the third of the components that I was going to mention 74 00:06:11,020 --> 00:06:14,020 were monuments. 75 00:06:14,020 --> 00:06:17,380 Prime example of a monument which 76 00:06:17,380 --> 00:06:25,860 persists from the beginning in the 12th century, added to 77 00:06:25,860 --> 00:06:35,250 and transformed over time by kings and their queens giving 78 00:06:35,250 --> 00:06:41,370 it its final shape through the work of Louis Napoleon III. 79 00:06:41,370 --> 00:06:46,320 And then, finally, the Arc du Carrousel, the center 80 00:06:46,320 --> 00:06:49,840 point being the work of an American architect. 81 00:06:52,680 --> 00:07:00,450 The diagram below is from work and writing 82 00:07:00,450 --> 00:07:05,100 by Guy Debord, which argues-- 83 00:07:05,100 --> 00:07:10,620 Guy Debord and Asger Jorn and Victor Constant, 84 00:07:10,620 --> 00:07:15,930 all participants in the movement called the Situationists. 85 00:07:15,930 --> 00:07:21,730 Situationists believed in something they 86 00:07:21,730 --> 00:07:24,070 called psychogeography. 87 00:07:24,070 --> 00:07:28,690 That was the system in which the experience of cities which 88 00:07:28,690 --> 00:07:33,100 was not delimitated by simple boundaries. 89 00:07:33,100 --> 00:07:39,070 This diagram indicates that the experience of Paris 90 00:07:39,070 --> 00:07:45,220 is much to be made, not through the compartments designed, 91 00:07:45,220 --> 00:07:47,410 administrative components designed 92 00:07:47,410 --> 00:07:52,690 by Haussmann, but as a free system of movement, 93 00:07:52,690 --> 00:07:57,640 much like a taxi ride moves through a city, 94 00:07:57,640 --> 00:08:00,880 independent of boundaries. 95 00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:02,450 There is a film which they referred 96 00:08:02,450 --> 00:08:04,060 to which I can't remember. 97 00:08:04,060 --> 00:08:06,760 It's a film of a French prostitute 98 00:08:06,760 --> 00:08:08,320 who works freely in the city. 99 00:08:13,200 --> 00:08:14,880 I tried. 100 00:08:14,880 --> 00:08:17,310 I can't remember. 101 00:08:17,310 --> 00:08:24,370 The next page indicates another use of the streets. 102 00:08:24,370 --> 00:08:31,670 1848-- the two revolutions of 1848 and 1871, 103 00:08:31,670 --> 00:08:36,710 the idea of the street as a system of barricades. 104 00:08:36,710 --> 00:08:40,174 The next page is a section through the boulevard house. 105 00:08:46,520 --> 00:08:57,310 This is a typical section in a Haussmann elevation, one, two, 106 00:08:57,310 --> 00:09:03,940 three, four, five, floors, the fifth floor being the roof. 107 00:09:03,940 --> 00:09:06,280 There's a pharmacy on the ground floor, 108 00:09:06,280 --> 00:09:09,070 some commercial activity. 109 00:09:09,070 --> 00:09:11,380 The first and second and third floors 110 00:09:11,380 --> 00:09:14,365 are middle-class apartments, and the top floor 111 00:09:14,365 --> 00:09:18,430 is where the artists [INAUDIBLE] La Boheme 112 00:09:18,430 --> 00:09:23,590 and La Traviata and so on happened in the top floor. 113 00:09:27,070 --> 00:09:39,700 This construction is one of the keys to the density of Paris. 114 00:09:39,700 --> 00:09:41,740 Paris has always been dense. 115 00:09:41,740 --> 00:09:44,770 It's attracted enormous amount-- it was the greatest 116 00:09:44,770 --> 00:09:49,580 manufacturing city in the second half of the 19th century 117 00:09:49,580 --> 00:09:53,230 and attracted immigrants. 118 00:09:53,230 --> 00:09:56,200 Not national, not extranational immigrants, 119 00:09:56,200 --> 00:10:03,860 but rural immigrants to the city between the period of 18-- 120 00:10:03,860 --> 00:10:05,150 oh. 121 00:10:05,150 --> 00:10:06,700 We'll get there. 122 00:10:16,110 --> 00:10:20,035 OK, I think that's the last of the pages. 123 00:10:31,600 --> 00:10:36,350 The walls are interesting for a number of reasons. 124 00:10:36,350 --> 00:10:37,585 They consume capital. 125 00:10:40,290 --> 00:10:53,610 The last 19th century wall created a large space north 126 00:10:53,610 --> 00:10:58,290 of the current Haussmann city. 127 00:10:58,290 --> 00:11:02,070 Today, two million people live in the center of Paris 128 00:11:02,070 --> 00:11:06,210 and six million people live in the Banlieues, which is 129 00:11:06,210 --> 00:11:09,390 the suburban sprawl condition. 130 00:11:09,390 --> 00:11:13,180 Which the competition, Sarkozy's competition of 19-- 131 00:11:17,140 --> 00:11:18,640 what are we? 132 00:11:18,640 --> 00:11:23,470 Or 2008, which some example-- and we'll 133 00:11:23,470 --> 00:11:26,050 go through some examples from that competition. 134 00:11:29,160 --> 00:11:34,740 So, essentially, the other interesting aspect of the wall 135 00:11:34,740 --> 00:11:36,255 was that it paid. 136 00:11:36,255 --> 00:11:41,580 It brought in a lot of money to Haussmann's capacity 137 00:11:41,580 --> 00:11:55,060 to engage in loans from banks to pay for the purchase of land 138 00:11:55,060 --> 00:11:56,270 in order to divide-- 139 00:11:56,270 --> 00:11:59,952 [INAUDIBLE] his new road systems. 140 00:11:59,952 --> 00:12:06,000 The octroi, O-C-T-R-O-I, was a major source of income. 141 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:11,240 Wine and food was taxed at the gate. 142 00:12:11,240 --> 00:12:13,850 This is a device which is still common. 143 00:12:13,850 --> 00:12:17,750 Robert Moses used the income because he controlled 144 00:12:17,750 --> 00:12:22,280 the taxation system of transportation into New York 145 00:12:22,280 --> 00:12:25,430 through the bridges and tunnels. 146 00:12:25,430 --> 00:12:28,610 In Boston, we have the same silliness, 147 00:12:28,610 --> 00:12:35,360 that we still pay tolls to the authority which 148 00:12:35,360 --> 00:12:41,960 runs the Seaport, badly, and the airport. 149 00:12:41,960 --> 00:12:44,795 It's an old system, paying at the gate. 150 00:12:47,740 --> 00:12:54,760 So we want to look at 900 years of history, 151 00:12:54,760 --> 00:12:57,320 and I'm just going to pick out some aspects of it 152 00:12:57,320 --> 00:13:01,060 because, really, one-- this is an enormous topic. 153 00:13:01,060 --> 00:13:08,410 And I want to concentrate on the spatial environmental issues 154 00:13:08,410 --> 00:13:11,410 and relate them back historically. 155 00:13:11,410 --> 00:13:16,930 So, for instance, Henry IV, one of the great kings 156 00:13:16,930 --> 00:13:37,390 of Paris, 1533 to 1610, had a second wife 157 00:13:37,390 --> 00:13:40,330 called Marie de' Medici. 158 00:13:40,330 --> 00:13:42,970 There were two Medici women who were 159 00:13:42,970 --> 00:13:49,520 important in these years in Paris. 160 00:13:52,890 --> 00:13:55,845 She introduced another idea into the street system. 161 00:14:06,590 --> 00:14:12,550 In Florence, streets were closed so 162 00:14:12,550 --> 00:14:15,760 that people could play games. 163 00:14:15,760 --> 00:14:24,450 The games were called, in Italian, magliare, to hit, 164 00:14:24,450 --> 00:14:26,310 la palla, a ball. 165 00:14:32,050 --> 00:14:34,292 Right? 166 00:14:34,292 --> 00:14:35,180 STUDENT: Magliare? 167 00:14:35,180 --> 00:14:36,770 JULIAN BEINART: Magliare. 168 00:14:36,770 --> 00:14:40,846 Maglio is a hammer, isn't it? 169 00:14:40,846 --> 00:14:41,429 STUDENT: Yeah. 170 00:14:41,429 --> 00:14:42,375 Never heard, that one. 171 00:14:42,375 --> 00:14:44,240 But, yeah, maglio is a hammer. 172 00:14:44,240 --> 00:14:44,740 Yes. 173 00:14:44,740 --> 00:14:46,365 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah, magliare la palla 174 00:14:46,365 --> 00:14:53,590 is the phrase which is used to describe 175 00:14:53,590 --> 00:14:59,380 the games they played like croquet, with hitting a ball. 176 00:14:59,380 --> 00:15:01,690 There are versions of this game, obviously. 177 00:15:21,340 --> 00:15:26,110 The area around Buckingham Palace, 178 00:15:26,110 --> 00:15:29,470 where Regent Street's going through Piccadilly Circus, 179 00:15:29,470 --> 00:15:32,110 runs into the Crown near [INAUDIBLE] area, 180 00:15:32,110 --> 00:15:33,380 is called Pall Mall. 181 00:15:36,380 --> 00:15:42,025 The place where American teenagers meet is a mall. 182 00:15:45,970 --> 00:15:51,430 Magliare la palla, Pall Mall, mall. 183 00:15:51,430 --> 00:16:04,250 The Cours la Reine in Paris became as Marie de' Medici 184 00:16:04,250 --> 00:16:09,260 built it, who was responsible for its construction, 185 00:16:09,260 --> 00:16:17,960 became a place where French could meet in their carriages 186 00:16:17,960 --> 00:16:23,960 and have flirtations with other members of either the same sex 187 00:16:23,960 --> 00:16:26,450 or the opposite sex. 188 00:16:26,450 --> 00:16:28,200 Essentially, it was a-- 189 00:16:28,200 --> 00:16:35,960 it took an idea of a street as an environment for play 190 00:16:35,960 --> 00:16:43,785 and transformed it into another version of the same idea. 191 00:16:46,450 --> 00:16:51,330 So the streets of Paris played almost every role 192 00:16:51,330 --> 00:16:53,130 you can imagine. 193 00:16:53,130 --> 00:17:00,150 This is, linguistically, an interesting reach, 194 00:17:00,150 --> 00:17:02,880 from closing a street in Florence 195 00:17:02,880 --> 00:17:09,030 to play a game to use the same word etymologically, 196 00:17:09,030 --> 00:17:10,980 now being used for-- 197 00:17:10,980 --> 00:17:14,480 to describe an American shopping center. 198 00:17:14,480 --> 00:17:15,520 Any connection? 199 00:17:19,810 --> 00:17:20,560 I don't know. 200 00:17:20,560 --> 00:17:22,329 Nor I've seen this explained. 201 00:17:26,210 --> 00:17:30,960 Perhaps the mall became a general term, 202 00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:36,210 and the Americans picked it up and applied it indiscriminantly 203 00:17:36,210 --> 00:17:37,890 of its origin. 204 00:17:37,890 --> 00:17:38,910 Absolutely. 205 00:17:45,300 --> 00:17:51,830 Well, the Romans crossed the river, as they did in London, 206 00:17:51,830 --> 00:17:55,580 but found an island about 20 acres large 207 00:17:55,580 --> 00:17:59,390 in the center of the river which became the foundation 208 00:17:59,390 --> 00:18:03,320 of the city of Paris. 209 00:18:03,320 --> 00:18:13,030 The Romans stayed until about the fifth century. 210 00:18:13,030 --> 00:18:15,280 One of the governors of the Romans was-- 211 00:18:15,280 --> 00:18:18,090 had my name. 212 00:18:18,090 --> 00:18:19,570 He was a cousin-- 213 00:18:19,570 --> 00:18:23,340 he was a nephew of the Emperor Constantine. 214 00:18:23,340 --> 00:18:26,980 He then became the last of the Roman emperors. 215 00:18:26,980 --> 00:18:30,430 He was killed by his own troops because he 216 00:18:30,430 --> 00:18:34,510 was unlike his uncle or a Christian. 217 00:18:34,510 --> 00:18:39,190 He believed in stemming the Christian epidemic 218 00:18:39,190 --> 00:18:46,300 and wanted Rome to remain in touch with the Mithrian rights 219 00:18:46,300 --> 00:18:53,440 and multigods and systems of religion, which was being 220 00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:55,540 sabotaged by Christianity. 221 00:19:01,840 --> 00:19:04,660 I'm just going to go through some 222 00:19:04,660 --> 00:19:11,620 of the aspects of this spatial system is put into place. 223 00:19:15,760 --> 00:19:26,390 Philippe August, 1180 to 1223, built on the Ile de Cité, 224 00:19:26,390 --> 00:19:28,070 the island. 225 00:19:28,070 --> 00:19:33,020 He built a palace, the beginning of the Louvre, 226 00:19:33,020 --> 00:19:40,720 the law courts, the bishop's palace, Ile de Cite, 227 00:19:40,720 --> 00:19:43,330 all on the 20 acres. 228 00:19:43,330 --> 00:19:44,695 He built the second wall. 229 00:19:47,450 --> 00:19:53,540 He already agitated for the rebuilding of Les Halles. 230 00:19:53,540 --> 00:19:58,030 Les Halles, the land of Les Halles 231 00:19:58,030 --> 00:20:01,510 was developed and occupied by Jews. 232 00:20:01,510 --> 00:20:04,630 In the 12th century, it was common to be-- 233 00:20:04,630 --> 00:20:10,700 for kings to be anti-Semitic. 234 00:20:10,700 --> 00:20:13,670 The Jews were expelled from their property, 235 00:20:13,670 --> 00:20:16,490 and Les Halles was built. So when you go to Les Halles 236 00:20:16,490 --> 00:20:19,850 today, which are now an underground shopping center, 237 00:20:19,850 --> 00:20:25,470 you'll have to think back to understand that it was land 238 00:20:25,470 --> 00:20:27,290 from which Jews were expelled. 239 00:20:27,290 --> 00:20:30,170 In England, at the same time, Jews 240 00:20:30,170 --> 00:20:33,500 had to wear a badge to show themselves as 241 00:20:33,500 --> 00:20:35,660 different from ordinary people. 242 00:20:35,660 --> 00:20:39,320 They had to pay tax when they entered or left London. 243 00:20:39,320 --> 00:20:42,710 And Henry II, I think it was. 244 00:20:42,710 --> 00:20:51,110 So the behavior of the French King 245 00:20:51,110 --> 00:20:56,980 was in sync, synchronized with the behavior of his colleagues 246 00:20:56,980 --> 00:20:59,590 out in Europe. 247 00:20:59,590 --> 00:21:03,040 Notre Dame was built in the 12th century. 248 00:21:03,040 --> 00:21:07,990 So centered is Paris in the geography of France 249 00:21:07,990 --> 00:21:11,950 that, even today, all measurements in France 250 00:21:11,950 --> 00:21:13,550 measured from Notre Dame. 251 00:21:17,960 --> 00:21:21,560 There isn't that sense of centrality in the London. 252 00:21:24,490 --> 00:21:30,100 There were crowds gathered to watch a hanging, 253 00:21:30,100 --> 00:21:32,800 but nothing like the crowds which 254 00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:37,750 gathered to watch the guillotine and to watch people be headed, 255 00:21:37,750 --> 00:21:40,000 to wath cats being fried. 256 00:21:48,900 --> 00:21:57,660 The great King Henry IV, a 16th century king 257 00:21:57,660 --> 00:21:59,880 whose second wife Marie de' Medici 258 00:21:59,880 --> 00:22:04,530 I've mentioned already in relation to Cours la Reine, 259 00:22:04,530 --> 00:22:11,550 he built a large section of the central part of Paris, bridges, 260 00:22:11,550 --> 00:22:18,330 palaces, churches, gardens. 261 00:22:18,330 --> 00:22:20,250 He built the Pont Neuf. 262 00:22:20,250 --> 00:22:22,500 He also built the Place Royale, which 263 00:22:22,500 --> 00:22:26,460 is the largest residential square in Europe 264 00:22:26,460 --> 00:22:33,720 and the predictor of the Covent Garden model. 265 00:22:33,720 --> 00:22:38,670 The Cours la Reine, at least the Place Royale, 266 00:22:38,670 --> 00:22:41,940 which is now the Place des Vosges, 267 00:22:41,940 --> 00:22:45,110 is 140 meters, if I remember correctly, 268 00:22:45,110 --> 00:22:48,630 140 meters by 140 meters. 269 00:22:48,630 --> 00:22:53,910 It's the largest residential public space in Europe, 270 00:22:53,910 --> 00:23:05,340 built as the residence for the royalty and the aristocracy. 271 00:23:12,670 --> 00:23:22,175 A number of attributes of the street system were reinforced-- 272 00:23:22,175 --> 00:23:23,430 oh, let me just-- 273 00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:38,040 just want the correct quotation. 274 00:23:40,590 --> 00:23:45,930 "On April the 10th, 1783, the first royal declaration 275 00:23:45,930 --> 00:23:49,530 of an urban policy was promulgated. 276 00:23:49,530 --> 00:23:53,220 It was worth noting that it followed an accurate map." 277 00:23:56,240 --> 00:24:03,190 Turgot, he made the first correct map of Paris. 278 00:24:03,190 --> 00:24:06,960 It was correct in the sense that it was more accurate 279 00:24:06,960 --> 00:24:14,610 than the typical perspective view of cities up to that time. 280 00:24:14,610 --> 00:24:20,910 The Great Map of Rome by Nolli was 1748. 281 00:24:20,910 --> 00:24:27,060 And Turgot did as best he could. 282 00:24:27,060 --> 00:24:32,880 The great first orthographic map of Paris 283 00:24:32,880 --> 00:24:40,200 was the work of a Burgundian architect called Verniquet. 284 00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:50,270 Verniquet took accurate measurements 285 00:24:50,270 --> 00:24:53,630 during the day in the crowded Paris streets. 286 00:24:53,630 --> 00:24:57,110 His grand observations were corrected by triangulation 287 00:24:57,110 --> 00:25:01,520 to determine the elevations of the city. 288 00:25:01,520 --> 00:25:06,290 In 1783, there's an interesting connection 289 00:25:06,290 --> 00:25:11,210 between the availability of an accurate map and the capacity 290 00:25:11,210 --> 00:25:14,300 to make a pronouncement of urban policy. 291 00:25:18,260 --> 00:25:26,380 The streets are important for the public welfare. 292 00:25:26,380 --> 00:25:29,950 They ought to be sufficiently wide and free of any barriers 293 00:25:29,950 --> 00:25:35,920 to the free and easy passage of vehicles and pedestrians. 294 00:25:35,920 --> 00:25:39,650 They further asserted that overly tall buildings 295 00:25:39,650 --> 00:25:45,040 were prejudicial to clean air in a city as populous as Paris 296 00:25:45,040 --> 00:25:49,600 as well as contrary to public safety and prone to fire. 297 00:25:49,600 --> 00:26:01,650 Already, in 1793, there was not only 298 00:26:01,650 --> 00:26:04,980 the ability to demarcate space accurately 299 00:26:04,980 --> 00:26:08,550 because of an accurate map, but the capacity 300 00:26:08,550 --> 00:26:11,820 to put into place regulations which 301 00:26:11,820 --> 00:26:15,180 decided what the dimensions of a street 302 00:26:15,180 --> 00:26:20,160 were and also of the ruling, which has lasted 303 00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:23,160 in central Paris ever since, and that 304 00:26:23,160 --> 00:26:25,980 is not to allow tall buildings. 305 00:26:34,770 --> 00:26:38,970 Whilst the spatial idea of having 306 00:26:38,970 --> 00:26:46,930 as direct a distance between two monumental points 307 00:26:46,930 --> 00:26:48,960 was an idea which had been around 308 00:26:48,960 --> 00:26:53,100 in French landscape for a long time, 309 00:26:53,100 --> 00:26:55,530 there was nobody, really, who could articulate 310 00:26:55,530 --> 00:26:56,715 that idea in practice. 311 00:27:00,620 --> 00:27:04,310 The street system was not only for play. 312 00:27:04,310 --> 00:27:07,340 It was for rapid movement. 313 00:27:07,340 --> 00:27:11,120 Denied by the building of barricades, 314 00:27:11,120 --> 00:27:14,690 the street system was also a sequence 315 00:27:14,690 --> 00:27:21,780 of connectivity between various aspects of the city. 316 00:27:21,780 --> 00:27:24,860 Already, early on, the French King 317 00:27:24,860 --> 00:27:28,430 decided that the university would be on the Left Bank 318 00:27:28,430 --> 00:27:31,620 and commerce would be on the Right Bank. 319 00:27:31,620 --> 00:27:40,400 But instead of developing these as the sole elements 320 00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:45,080 of the space, a system of avenues which connected 321 00:27:45,080 --> 00:27:50,360 the important points, often monuments, reticulated and made 322 00:27:50,360 --> 00:27:56,450 a multidimensional space, in this case, a box 323 00:27:56,450 --> 00:28:03,690 base of limited height but a compressed space, now 324 00:28:03,690 --> 00:28:09,860 of two million people, all articulated by the rulings 325 00:28:09,860 --> 00:28:12,620 about streets. 326 00:28:12,620 --> 00:28:22,360 Haussmann, who became prefect in 1851, 327 00:28:22,360 --> 00:28:30,740 was really responsible for being the first urban manager 328 00:28:30,740 --> 00:28:35,990 in any city in relatively recent times. 329 00:28:35,990 --> 00:28:38,540 What he did was take an idea which 330 00:28:38,540 --> 00:28:43,790 was in the DNA of the French Parisian system of streets 331 00:28:43,790 --> 00:28:46,160 and make it possible. 332 00:28:46,160 --> 00:28:51,560 Paris was an unruly medieval city. 333 00:28:51,560 --> 00:28:56,000 It was-- you read Stendhal, he talks 334 00:28:56,000 --> 00:29:00,630 about the mud in the streets and the filth in the streets. 335 00:29:00,630 --> 00:29:04,040 It was no different from most cities at that time. 336 00:29:08,390 --> 00:29:12,290 And it also was the site of cholera. 337 00:29:12,290 --> 00:29:17,420 There were great cholera epidemics in 1839 and in 1842. 338 00:29:17,420 --> 00:29:21,810 There were workers riots regularly 339 00:29:21,810 --> 00:29:25,670 in 1830s, the 1840s, this following 340 00:29:25,670 --> 00:29:33,080 that Great Revolution of 1789. 341 00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:37,320 Haussmann arrived after the failure 342 00:29:37,320 --> 00:29:42,110 of the last-- second-last king to maintain his position, 343 00:29:42,110 --> 00:29:45,320 and he was replaced by Louis Napoleon. 344 00:29:45,320 --> 00:29:50,420 Louis Napoleon had been in exile. 345 00:29:50,420 --> 00:29:57,380 And there are stories of him being in Durgin-Park, 346 00:29:57,380 --> 00:30:00,560 in the restaurant in Boston, talking 347 00:30:00,560 --> 00:30:03,170 about this great new city that he was going to build 348 00:30:03,170 --> 00:30:06,080 when he went back to Paris. 349 00:30:06,080 --> 00:30:08,560 He had watched Regent Street in London 350 00:30:08,560 --> 00:30:11,332 and, with great admiration for the-- 351 00:30:11,332 --> 00:30:14,870 what built Regent Street in London. 352 00:30:14,870 --> 00:30:19,790 The compact included permission by the Parliament, 353 00:30:19,790 --> 00:30:23,270 a million pounds of money from the bank, 354 00:30:23,270 --> 00:30:32,650 and the right to purchase property 355 00:30:32,650 --> 00:30:35,860 in order that the property may be transformed according 356 00:30:35,860 --> 00:30:36,880 to a street system. 357 00:30:39,480 --> 00:30:47,550 Louis Napoleon was obsessed with this idea 358 00:30:47,550 --> 00:30:50,910 that he could rebuild Paris. 359 00:30:50,910 --> 00:30:55,890 He happens to be the last king in the history of Paris. 360 00:30:55,890 --> 00:31:01,800 He made a bad decision to start a war with the Prussians, 361 00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:13,590 and Paris was bombarded and the court moved to Versailles 362 00:31:13,590 --> 00:31:18,090 and a republic was established after the war. 363 00:31:18,090 --> 00:31:23,040 So Haussmann's 20 years are 20 years 364 00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:32,010 at the end of 900 years of royal regime in Paris. 365 00:31:32,010 --> 00:31:38,610 You cannot account for a similar set of circumstances in London 366 00:31:38,610 --> 00:31:42,960 or in Vienna or in Berlin or any of the great European cities. 367 00:31:47,810 --> 00:31:54,760 Haussmann was a maniac for a number of things. 368 00:31:54,760 --> 00:31:58,150 Spatially, I don't know about his personal life here. 369 00:31:58,150 --> 00:32:00,090 That's another story altogether. 370 00:32:02,630 --> 00:32:06,800 He wanted absolute control. 371 00:32:06,800 --> 00:32:09,520 He says to the Emperor-- 372 00:32:09,520 --> 00:32:13,480 when they have the first meeting of the town planning commission 373 00:32:13,480 --> 00:32:15,640 and there are lots of speeches and everybody's 374 00:32:15,640 --> 00:32:17,290 sitting around-- 375 00:32:17,290 --> 00:32:19,330 he talks to the Emperor after the meeting 376 00:32:19,330 --> 00:32:22,420 and says, "What a waste of time. 377 00:32:22,420 --> 00:32:25,630 All these people like big speeches, and nothing happened. 378 00:32:25,630 --> 00:32:26,980 We don't get any work done." 379 00:32:26,980 --> 00:32:29,590 The Emperor says, "Well, how big does the commission 380 00:32:29,590 --> 00:32:30,670 have to be?" 381 00:32:30,670 --> 00:32:33,400 He says, "Well, the Emperor, you would have to be there 382 00:32:33,400 --> 00:32:37,120 and I have to be there, and I can't think of anybody else." 383 00:32:37,120 --> 00:32:40,330 The Emperor says, "Sounds like a good plan to me." 384 00:32:40,330 --> 00:32:45,820 So the commission becomes one man, the Prefect of the Seine. 385 00:32:45,820 --> 00:32:49,090 Rambuteau, the Prefect of the Seine before him-- 386 00:32:49,090 --> 00:32:52,990 there were a number of others, Berger and Persigny and so on-- 387 00:32:52,990 --> 00:32:59,980 but Rambuteau tried to extend the East-West access 388 00:32:59,980 --> 00:33:03,835 to the Bastille, as Napoleon tried to do, but failed. 389 00:33:06,910 --> 00:33:13,270 He proposed the street which has his name, the Rue Rambuteau, 390 00:33:13,270 --> 00:33:16,840 but could only afford to build it out 391 00:33:16,840 --> 00:33:20,260 of the budget of the city. 392 00:33:20,260 --> 00:33:27,700 He could build one mile, and he was allowed to make it. 393 00:33:27,700 --> 00:33:31,180 He only asked for 13 meters width. 394 00:33:31,180 --> 00:33:33,590 He was allowed 20 meters. 395 00:33:33,590 --> 00:33:37,210 But the story of Rambuteau is the story of the fact that you 396 00:33:37,210 --> 00:33:42,220 cannot do a major reconstruction of a city out of the capital 397 00:33:42,220 --> 00:33:44,800 budget of the city. 398 00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:49,950 What the greatest invention of Haussmann, 399 00:33:49,950 --> 00:33:54,270 it was not easy arrangement, but economists like Saint-Simon 400 00:33:54,270 --> 00:34:02,640 constructed the idea that if you improved an asset, its worth, 401 00:34:02,640 --> 00:34:05,820 no matter how much you invest in the improvement, 402 00:34:05,820 --> 00:34:09,285 its worth in the end is going to pay it back many times. 403 00:34:11,830 --> 00:34:15,310 It's called deficit spending, today. 404 00:34:15,310 --> 00:34:17,620 And Haussmann understood that in order 405 00:34:17,620 --> 00:34:25,630 to rebuild Paris from being a medieval slum to a modern city, 406 00:34:25,630 --> 00:34:29,020 you needed to develop more capital 407 00:34:29,020 --> 00:34:33,159 than the ordinary taxation system in the city can do. 408 00:34:37,670 --> 00:34:45,730 So he took the money from the octroi system, borrowed money. 409 00:34:45,730 --> 00:34:49,630 He expropriated land. 410 00:34:49,630 --> 00:34:56,219 In 1783-- no. 411 00:34:56,219 --> 00:35:02,790 Slowly, in the 18th century, the control of Paris by the kings 412 00:35:02,790 --> 00:35:04,440 diminished. 413 00:35:04,440 --> 00:35:07,080 And when the rule-- after the Revolution, of course, 414 00:35:07,080 --> 00:35:10,615 there were no kings until Louis Philippe and Louis Napoleon. 415 00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:21,480 The notion that you could move people out of their domains, 416 00:35:21,480 --> 00:35:26,370 rebuild the premises in which they lived, and not 417 00:35:26,370 --> 00:35:31,810 care for them through replacement accommodation 418 00:35:31,810 --> 00:35:35,340 and so on, took hold under Haussmann. 419 00:35:35,340 --> 00:35:38,730 Haussmann, in 20 years, rebuilt Paris 420 00:35:38,730 --> 00:35:44,430 in ways which were part of the DNA street system of Paris 421 00:35:44,430 --> 00:35:50,805 and made possible, in modern times, by deficit spending. 422 00:35:53,830 --> 00:35:56,820 The loans which Haussmann accumulated 423 00:35:56,820 --> 00:36:03,030 in the 20 years where only repaid in 1929, 424 00:36:03,030 --> 00:36:09,030 but Paris was an immensely more valuable city in 1929 425 00:36:09,030 --> 00:36:14,110 than it was in 1850. 426 00:36:14,110 --> 00:36:20,520 So we have the introduction into the urban system of a business 427 00:36:20,520 --> 00:36:25,020 model, of a management model. 428 00:36:25,020 --> 00:36:28,290 Haussmann had his own predilections. 429 00:36:28,290 --> 00:36:30,930 He did not believe that individual buildings 430 00:36:30,930 --> 00:36:32,190 were important. 431 00:36:32,190 --> 00:36:35,590 He believed that the systems of building were important. 432 00:36:35,590 --> 00:36:39,030 He hated the idiosyncrasy. 433 00:36:39,030 --> 00:36:42,150 All the buildings had to be the same height. 434 00:36:42,150 --> 00:36:46,200 There's an image in what I gave you. 435 00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:52,590 There's a photograph of a street in Paris 436 00:36:52,590 --> 00:36:59,250 where he forces the property on the left 437 00:36:59,250 --> 00:37:03,540 to shift its turret to the street in order 438 00:37:03,540 --> 00:37:06,572 that it balance a building on the opposite side 439 00:37:06,572 --> 00:37:07,155 of the street. 440 00:37:11,250 --> 00:37:12,780 What else? 441 00:37:12,780 --> 00:37:16,500 This is an enormously long story, 442 00:37:16,500 --> 00:37:19,270 but I'm giving you the bounds of it. 443 00:37:19,270 --> 00:37:22,650 If you're interested, there's good literature 444 00:37:22,650 --> 00:37:25,050 on the history of Paris and certainly 445 00:37:25,050 --> 00:37:36,590 the period of 1850 to 1870. 446 00:37:36,590 --> 00:37:42,330 What else can I say before we look at some images? 447 00:37:42,330 --> 00:37:45,200 This is about as bare a description of Paris 448 00:37:45,200 --> 00:37:48,810 as I can imagine. 449 00:37:48,810 --> 00:37:53,000 But the extraordinary capacity for the street system 450 00:37:53,000 --> 00:37:58,640 to be the major articulator of movement, of war, 451 00:37:58,640 --> 00:38:10,200 of play, of distribution, of psychogeography, 452 00:38:10,200 --> 00:38:14,160 Haussmann felt that if you look down an avenue, 453 00:38:14,160 --> 00:38:17,640 you had to have a closed vista. 454 00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:22,110 You had to be led to something which was an important place. 455 00:38:22,110 --> 00:38:28,760 In Washington, which has a kind of Parisian kind of plan, 456 00:38:28,760 --> 00:38:33,620 the intersections of the diagonal avenues, 457 00:38:33,620 --> 00:38:36,335 where they meet each other, produce nothing. 458 00:38:38,980 --> 00:38:42,550 In Paris, there's always an important square or monument. 459 00:38:42,550 --> 00:38:51,060 When Haussmann decides that we-- that the city needs an opera, 460 00:38:51,060 --> 00:38:55,920 he builds the Rue de Opera and then the opera itself. 461 00:38:55,920 --> 00:39:00,690 The opera, it has an extraordinary interior. 462 00:39:00,690 --> 00:39:05,430 Adding to the complexity of the spatial relationship of access 463 00:39:05,430 --> 00:39:07,020 to the opera-- 464 00:39:07,020 --> 00:39:10,530 the facade of the opera is a monument standing freely 465 00:39:10,530 --> 00:39:11,640 in space-- 466 00:39:11,640 --> 00:39:18,090 and then the entrance and interior, a fantastic interior, 467 00:39:18,090 --> 00:39:21,050 as well. 468 00:39:21,050 --> 00:39:25,340 What you have in this Haussmannian system 469 00:39:25,340 --> 00:39:32,690 is this state set of multifunctional connectors 470 00:39:32,690 --> 00:39:36,200 tying decentralized aspects of it. 471 00:39:36,200 --> 00:39:38,902 There's no center to Paris. 472 00:39:38,902 --> 00:39:39,860 There are many centers. 473 00:39:45,350 --> 00:39:50,920 You have, as you'll see in some of the slides, 474 00:39:50,920 --> 00:39:55,610 passages connecting with covered roofs 475 00:39:55,610 --> 00:39:57,620 in between the boulevards. 476 00:40:03,520 --> 00:40:09,380 You have an articulate and very elementary system based, 477 00:40:09,380 --> 00:40:14,030 as I say, on of DNA of Paris since the 15th century. 478 00:40:14,030 --> 00:40:19,550 Why the French articulated their space 479 00:40:19,550 --> 00:40:24,080 around the idea of minimizing distance between points 480 00:40:24,080 --> 00:40:28,370 and being articulate about that distance and the experience 481 00:40:28,370 --> 00:40:33,050 of that distance is still, to me, unclear. 482 00:40:33,050 --> 00:40:38,820 But it's absolutely different from the case of London, 483 00:40:38,820 --> 00:40:41,340 where we have one street, Regent Street, 484 00:40:41,340 --> 00:40:46,290 artifacted in a similar pathway. 485 00:40:46,290 --> 00:40:49,080 As Haussmann did it, the scale of a city. 486 00:40:52,800 --> 00:40:57,670 I need to see if there's anything else I should say. 487 00:40:57,670 --> 00:41:01,360 Any questions? 488 00:41:01,360 --> 00:41:03,910 STUDENT: If I understood what you said earlier, 489 00:41:03,910 --> 00:41:09,730 it was that the idea of a street or a path connecting monuments 490 00:41:09,730 --> 00:41:13,420 is like an older idea than Haussmann. 491 00:41:13,420 --> 00:41:15,550 If I understood you correctly, like, where 492 00:41:15,550 --> 00:41:18,280 did that originate from, like in Paris or in French culture? 493 00:41:18,280 --> 00:41:19,840 JULIAN BEINART: Well, I don't know. 494 00:41:19,840 --> 00:41:21,700 As you'll see, in the second slide I 495 00:41:21,700 --> 00:41:28,330 will show you of an image of streets in the 15th century-- 496 00:41:28,330 --> 00:41:29,360 oh, it's later. 497 00:41:29,360 --> 00:41:32,590 It's probably 17th century Paris. 498 00:41:32,590 --> 00:41:34,870 You will see diagonal road systems 499 00:41:34,870 --> 00:41:38,260 in these rural areas around Paris 500 00:41:38,260 --> 00:41:41,740 as well as in some in Paris itself. 501 00:41:41,740 --> 00:41:44,980 When I talk about the DNA of a city, 502 00:41:44,980 --> 00:41:48,680 I don't know exactly what I'm saying. 503 00:41:48,680 --> 00:41:52,960 It's a biological explanation, assuming 504 00:41:52,960 --> 00:41:57,700 that there are repetitive elements, significant elements 505 00:41:57,700 --> 00:42:00,340 in a culture, which repeat. 506 00:42:00,340 --> 00:42:03,850 Often, we don't quite know why. 507 00:42:03,850 --> 00:42:06,100 I often think that the French are probably 508 00:42:06,100 --> 00:42:09,430 more direct than anybody else philosophically 509 00:42:09,430 --> 00:42:13,210 and probably decided, like Bismarck did, 510 00:42:13,210 --> 00:42:18,550 that the way to fight a war is to go in a straight line 511 00:42:18,550 --> 00:42:21,460 because you'll find nobody else on the straight line. 512 00:42:21,460 --> 00:42:26,200 Everybody else is fussing around all over the place. 513 00:42:26,200 --> 00:42:31,600 It's the direct avenue to accomplish 514 00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:35,970 the friction of distance. 515 00:42:35,970 --> 00:42:39,810 I can't-- I wish I could answer it. 516 00:42:39,810 --> 00:42:42,810 I'm sure a French, if we had a French scholar here 517 00:42:42,810 --> 00:42:47,220 or a French historian, there may be a-- 518 00:42:47,220 --> 00:42:54,060 I've often looked for an answer, but I haven't found it. 519 00:42:54,060 --> 00:42:58,980 It's interesting to raise that question 520 00:42:58,980 --> 00:43:02,010 because, now, two million people are living 521 00:43:02,010 --> 00:43:07,330 in this precious construction, and six million people are 522 00:43:07,330 --> 00:43:11,950 living in bungalows, in public housing, because public housing 523 00:43:11,950 --> 00:43:15,790 was not asserted as an element to be incorporated 524 00:43:15,790 --> 00:43:17,830 into the Haussmannian puzzle. 525 00:43:20,810 --> 00:43:25,280 The city now has this empty sprawl, 526 00:43:25,280 --> 00:43:27,890 which everybody dislikes. 527 00:43:27,890 --> 00:43:34,540 And Sarkozy says, I need to do something about it. 528 00:43:40,030 --> 00:43:43,720 I don't know if you followed this competition. 529 00:43:43,720 --> 00:43:44,730 Did you? 530 00:43:44,730 --> 00:43:46,205 Did you see the results? 531 00:43:46,205 --> 00:43:48,372 STUDENT: I remember seeing some of these renderings, 532 00:43:48,372 --> 00:43:49,316 but I don't know. 533 00:43:49,316 --> 00:43:50,566 I don't know what's going to-- 534 00:43:50,566 --> 00:43:53,590 JULIAN BEINART: Oh, it was, I'm-- 535 00:43:53,590 --> 00:43:57,680 I don't know if there's a book of the entrants now available, 536 00:43:57,680 --> 00:44:01,870 but it was subject to a lot of publicity at the time. 537 00:44:01,870 --> 00:44:04,690 And the images I've just gathered here 538 00:44:04,690 --> 00:44:08,530 are taken from some of the publicity at the time. 539 00:44:15,050 --> 00:44:17,930 A number of things that one wants to say about this. 540 00:44:23,630 --> 00:44:32,760 Everybody acknowledges that the way to enlarge-- 541 00:44:32,760 --> 00:44:36,610 not to enlarge, to fill the space, 542 00:44:36,610 --> 00:44:39,910 empty space around the concentrated city, 543 00:44:39,910 --> 00:44:42,020 is not to expand the city itself. 544 00:44:46,630 --> 00:44:52,020 None of the 10 entries in the competition which 545 00:44:52,020 --> 00:44:57,840 use streets, avenues, diagonalized systems 546 00:44:57,840 --> 00:45:00,600 as an extension of the Haussmannian grid. 547 00:45:12,330 --> 00:45:27,550 There are many attempts to do strong constructions, 548 00:45:27,550 --> 00:45:30,730 strong constructions meaning constructions 549 00:45:30,730 --> 00:45:34,620 which have a strong physical spatial dimension. 550 00:45:45,210 --> 00:45:52,270 For instance, Grumbach proposes that Paris will extend itself 551 00:45:52,270 --> 00:45:55,870 westward along with the Seine to accommodate something 552 00:45:55,870 --> 00:46:00,430 like 16 million people, arguing that every great city 553 00:46:00,430 --> 00:46:02,470 in the world is a port city and Paris 554 00:46:02,470 --> 00:46:04,000 should become a port city. 555 00:46:08,356 --> 00:46:11,926 A linear city of 16 miles-- 556 00:46:11,926 --> 00:46:15,875 or 16 million people would take about an hour by public transit 557 00:46:15,875 --> 00:46:20,030 or fast train from Paris to Rouen. 558 00:46:23,240 --> 00:46:24,735 And it's a strong idea. 559 00:46:27,500 --> 00:46:32,180 You can imagine a city like this, following 560 00:46:32,180 --> 00:46:39,340 this pattern and developing interesting relationships 561 00:46:39,340 --> 00:46:43,790 between public transportation along the water 562 00:46:43,790 --> 00:46:45,380 and many aspects of it. 563 00:46:48,210 --> 00:46:52,620 What will stop it from developing 564 00:46:52,620 --> 00:46:58,200 the same condition of sprawl as now exists, I don't know. 565 00:46:58,200 --> 00:47:01,350 He doesn't detail very much about anything other 566 00:47:01,350 --> 00:47:05,250 than the concept itself. 567 00:47:05,250 --> 00:47:07,380 There are some crazy propositions. 568 00:47:07,380 --> 00:47:10,890 The one is to take, just close the Gare du Nord 569 00:47:10,890 --> 00:47:14,760 and shift the Gare do Nord into the Banlieues 570 00:47:14,760 --> 00:47:18,510 and have it as the premier railway station in Europe. 571 00:47:24,260 --> 00:47:26,900 Richard Rogers, the British architect, 572 00:47:26,900 --> 00:47:29,120 has a modest proposal. 573 00:47:29,120 --> 00:47:32,510 He's really interested in the the politics 574 00:47:32,510 --> 00:47:35,660 of all of the groups in the Banlieues 575 00:47:35,660 --> 00:47:38,710 and how they could be brought together. 576 00:47:38,710 --> 00:47:43,480 He extends some of the radial system, 577 00:47:43,480 --> 00:47:47,430 but covers them with green-- 578 00:47:47,430 --> 00:47:50,430 remember that the computation was called 579 00:47:50,430 --> 00:47:54,000 for post-Kyoto Resolution. 580 00:47:54,000 --> 00:47:58,770 Post-Kyoto means that the ecological consequences 581 00:47:58,770 --> 00:48:03,440 of the plan were important. 582 00:48:03,440 --> 00:48:06,660 Jean Nouvel, for instance-- 583 00:48:06,660 --> 00:48:17,010 many of the competitors proposed to cover all the buildings 584 00:48:17,010 --> 00:48:22,530 with sun collectors, energy collectors from the sun. 585 00:48:22,530 --> 00:48:26,830 Jean Nouvel says, all of the housing, 586 00:48:26,830 --> 00:48:32,010 public housing built in the Banlieues 587 00:48:32,010 --> 00:48:34,200 are just bad buildings. 588 00:48:34,200 --> 00:48:38,070 They just can't keep them and convert them 589 00:48:38,070 --> 00:48:44,400 in as interesting and dramatic and up-to-date 590 00:48:44,400 --> 00:48:47,700 fashion as possible. 591 00:48:47,700 --> 00:48:50,710 He says silly things like, "Paris 592 00:48:50,710 --> 00:48:55,640 must become the great art center of the world again." 593 00:48:55,640 --> 00:48:58,650 He proposes something on the Ile de Cité which I 594 00:48:58,650 --> 00:48:59,820 can't understand. 595 00:49:02,790 --> 00:49:09,360 There's almost a sense of tiredness about the scheme, 596 00:49:09,360 --> 00:49:12,900 as if there isn't really a formula 597 00:49:12,900 --> 00:49:15,735 anymore for making urban space. 598 00:49:18,770 --> 00:49:25,670 Haussmann has really terminated 900 years 599 00:49:25,670 --> 00:49:32,570 of French royal effort to build walls, to build monuments. 600 00:49:39,410 --> 00:49:43,400 Imagine having a monument in the center of a city which 601 00:49:43,400 --> 00:49:49,710 was built by the first king and then torn down and rebuilt 602 00:49:49,710 --> 00:49:52,080 by the second king and then rebuilt and rebuilt 603 00:49:52,080 --> 00:49:55,800 and rebuilt and rebuilt as the Paris-- 604 00:49:55,800 --> 00:50:03,970 as a palace, ending up with I.M. Pei doing 605 00:50:03,970 --> 00:50:07,960 a kind of central focal point for it after it 606 00:50:07,960 --> 00:50:11,035 becomes a museum after a thousand years of palace. 607 00:50:13,670 --> 00:50:15,560 It's the largest museum in the world, 608 00:50:15,560 --> 00:50:22,460 I think, and certainly probably the most significant. 609 00:50:22,460 --> 00:50:24,350 Yet it's on the River Seine. 610 00:50:24,350 --> 00:50:26,930 It blocks access to the river. 611 00:50:26,930 --> 00:50:32,390 It's a big block of something or other. 612 00:50:32,390 --> 00:50:35,630 It's as permanent as the city, and there's 613 00:50:35,630 --> 00:50:39,236 no moving it as many have. 614 00:50:39,236 --> 00:50:42,090 And there's, in a class later on, 615 00:50:42,090 --> 00:50:46,340 we look at temporary environments in cities. 616 00:50:46,340 --> 00:50:52,100 I will go through the various French five French exhibitions 617 00:50:52,100 --> 00:50:53,400 in the center of Paris. 618 00:50:53,400 --> 00:51:01,070 1855, four years after the Crystal Palace; 1868; 1879, 619 00:51:01,070 --> 00:51:04,820 I think; 1889; and 1900. 620 00:51:04,820 --> 00:51:07,115 1889, of course, the Eiffel Tower. 621 00:51:10,220 --> 00:51:13,580 Jean Giraudoux, the French playwright, 622 00:51:13,580 --> 00:51:20,810 talks about the center of Paris as being a stone site, 623 00:51:20,810 --> 00:51:27,440 a permanent, fixed, [INAUDIBLE] set of operations, 624 00:51:27,440 --> 00:51:30,620 and these temporary exhibitions are the sort 625 00:51:30,620 --> 00:51:32,850 of way of animating them. 626 00:51:32,850 --> 00:51:36,570 It's like a circus coming to small town once a year. 627 00:51:39,130 --> 00:51:41,200 It's an extraordinary idea, that a city 628 00:51:41,200 --> 00:51:45,730 could be fossilized in some sort of way, gaining 629 00:51:45,730 --> 00:51:48,190 in prestige, becoming the greatest tourist 630 00:51:48,190 --> 00:51:51,280 city of the world. 631 00:51:51,280 --> 00:51:56,170 Why is Paris the greatest tourist city of the world? 632 00:51:56,170 --> 00:51:58,900 What is there about its spatial strategy 633 00:51:58,900 --> 00:52:06,600 that I've tried to spend an hour talking about that 634 00:52:06,600 --> 00:52:09,180 makes it so attractive? 635 00:52:09,180 --> 00:52:18,120 Is it everybody's last opportunity somehow? 636 00:52:18,120 --> 00:52:21,600 It's the last construction of cities 637 00:52:21,600 --> 00:52:27,030 that made sense to people, that you knew where you were, 638 00:52:27,030 --> 00:52:30,030 that it had an enormous degree of relatability, 639 00:52:30,030 --> 00:52:32,670 much like Manhattan. 640 00:52:32,670 --> 00:52:36,510 Manhattan's plan is as naive, perhaps, 641 00:52:36,510 --> 00:52:40,140 as linking a bunch of nodal points with streets. 642 00:52:43,440 --> 00:52:44,850 Any thought about that? 643 00:52:47,380 --> 00:52:51,010 Finn Geipel's plan in the computation 644 00:52:51,010 --> 00:52:54,820 is an MIT kind of plan. 645 00:52:54,820 --> 00:52:59,410 He was, three years, a visiting professor 646 00:52:59,410 --> 00:53:01,750 before the competition. 647 00:53:01,750 --> 00:53:10,660 It's a kind of eco-friendly city with no particular form, 648 00:53:10,660 --> 00:53:14,170 high degrees of-- 649 00:53:14,170 --> 00:53:17,980 there's low visibility, but high degrees of communication 650 00:53:17,980 --> 00:53:20,800 through telephones, through all kinds 651 00:53:20,800 --> 00:53:24,250 of modern electronic conveniences. 652 00:53:28,640 --> 00:53:31,180 What am I saying? 653 00:53:31,180 --> 00:53:34,130 Am I arguing that we have lost a formula for doing 654 00:53:34,130 --> 00:53:36,530 things which have impact? 655 00:53:36,530 --> 00:53:40,145 All we do is build taller buildings with funnier shapes. 656 00:53:46,605 --> 00:53:49,280 STUDENT: This doesn't answer your question, 657 00:53:49,280 --> 00:53:54,572 but it's something that I'm needing to go back to. 658 00:53:54,572 --> 00:53:56,780 When Haussmann, and you were talking about that being 659 00:53:56,780 --> 00:54:00,650 in the DNA of Paris, the idea, on things I've always thought 660 00:54:00,650 --> 00:54:05,150 about Haussmann that never seems to get talked about as much is 661 00:54:05,150 --> 00:54:10,130 the relationship of those streets to the medieval streets 662 00:54:10,130 --> 00:54:10,890 and how it's-- 663 00:54:10,890 --> 00:54:12,756 I mean that's like the big difference or one 664 00:54:12,756 --> 00:54:14,631 of the differences between how the city works 665 00:54:14,631 --> 00:54:17,155 and how Haussmann's intervention in Cairos works 666 00:54:17,155 --> 00:54:22,640 is Haussmann's streets work in a context of the preexisting 667 00:54:22,640 --> 00:54:25,340 streets, versus just laying those down 668 00:54:25,340 --> 00:54:29,710 and that being your whole strategy for having a city. 669 00:54:29,710 --> 00:54:30,585 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 670 00:54:33,360 --> 00:54:37,380 You'll see, on some of the slides, some plans 671 00:54:37,380 --> 00:54:44,670 of the Haussmann roads impacting the existing medieval texture. 672 00:54:44,670 --> 00:54:46,670 It's pretty ruthless. 673 00:54:46,670 --> 00:54:50,490 I mean, you know, there's no-- 674 00:54:50,490 --> 00:54:51,240 STUDENT: But the-- 675 00:54:51,240 --> 00:54:54,900 JULIAN BEINART: --notion that the people 676 00:54:54,900 --> 00:55:00,720 who live under the system, there's no replacement. 677 00:55:00,720 --> 00:55:07,560 They pay a marginal penalty for acquiring the land, 678 00:55:07,560 --> 00:55:08,505 but there's no-- 679 00:55:11,760 --> 00:55:16,320 urban renewal, in this country, produced no great evocative 680 00:55:16,320 --> 00:55:17,500 features either. 681 00:55:20,880 --> 00:55:23,580 My point-- it's rather a nasty point-- 682 00:55:23,580 --> 00:55:26,490 is that if you're going to be brutal, 683 00:55:26,490 --> 00:55:28,680 at least produce something worthwhile. 684 00:55:28,680 --> 00:55:30,540 [LAUGHTER] 685 00:55:30,540 --> 00:55:36,030 If you're going to be nasty, do it to some effect. 686 00:55:36,030 --> 00:55:40,110 It's a horrible principle in modern life 687 00:55:40,110 --> 00:55:45,780 where we are inclined to not give power. 688 00:55:45,780 --> 00:55:52,290 I mean, Haussmann construed the rules 689 00:55:52,290 --> 00:55:55,950 so that it was possible for the Prefect 690 00:55:55,950 --> 00:56:00,180 of the Seine, the chief management officer of the city, 691 00:56:00,180 --> 00:56:05,220 to decide which property could be confiscated. 692 00:56:05,220 --> 00:56:09,150 There was no such ruling ever in England, and certainly not 693 00:56:09,150 --> 00:56:13,380 in the United States, under urban renewal. 694 00:56:13,380 --> 00:56:17,730 But I'm trying to make the argument that we 695 00:56:17,730 --> 00:56:20,310 are in a different time. 696 00:56:20,310 --> 00:56:24,190 We have different commodities to work with. 697 00:56:24,190 --> 00:56:25,680 But there's a sense that-- 698 00:56:30,460 --> 00:56:31,690 I know. 699 00:56:31,690 --> 00:56:35,050 I mean, the critique of Haussmann's plan by architects 700 00:56:35,050 --> 00:56:41,140 has been fairly general and quite right in many respects. 701 00:56:41,140 --> 00:56:45,790 Richard [INAUDIBLE] argument against the subdivision 702 00:56:45,790 --> 00:56:49,390 of the Arondissement by Haussmann 703 00:56:49,390 --> 00:56:56,110 in the political units and the Banlieues being left alone, 704 00:56:56,110 --> 00:56:57,070 yeah. 705 00:56:57,070 --> 00:57:04,270 I mean, perhaps I'm talking about a lost nostalgia 706 00:57:04,270 --> 00:57:10,720 for a lost unity which we've now dispatched 707 00:57:10,720 --> 00:57:14,950 in favor of a greater sense of well-being about all people. 708 00:57:18,180 --> 00:57:23,880 I don't know if you saw a movie called La Haine, The Hate, 709 00:57:23,880 --> 00:57:28,815 by an American director, I think Arthur Moskovitz. 710 00:57:28,815 --> 00:57:30,120 STUDENT: Mathieu Kassovitz. 711 00:57:30,120 --> 00:57:32,430 JULIAN BEINART: Mathieu Kassovitz. 712 00:57:32,430 --> 00:57:33,750 Do you remember the movie? 713 00:57:33,750 --> 00:57:35,340 STUDENT: Yeah, I'm a fan. 714 00:57:35,340 --> 00:57:39,300 JULIAN BEINART: It's an extraordinary movie. 715 00:57:39,300 --> 00:57:44,640 It follows a group of young men from the Banlieues, 716 00:57:44,640 --> 00:57:48,480 where they are surrounded by sculpture in public place 717 00:57:48,480 --> 00:57:53,320 in this rather dismal new town. 718 00:57:53,320 --> 00:57:57,930 They venture into Paris, into the heart of the Old City, 719 00:57:57,930 --> 00:58:02,490 and start destroying environments. 720 00:58:02,490 --> 00:58:05,610 They go into cocktail parties and drink all the wine. 721 00:58:08,240 --> 00:58:12,800 They become just an intolerable nuisance. 722 00:58:12,800 --> 00:58:17,190 And one of them is killed. 723 00:58:17,190 --> 00:58:20,030 I don't remember how he dies, but-- 724 00:58:20,030 --> 00:58:20,712 do you remember? 725 00:58:20,712 --> 00:58:21,920 STUDENT: That's the very end. 726 00:58:21,920 --> 00:58:24,530 He gets shot by a cop, but that's actually back 727 00:58:24,530 --> 00:58:25,310 in the Banlieues. 728 00:58:25,310 --> 00:58:26,840 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 729 00:58:26,840 --> 00:58:30,440 For those of you who know Henri Lefebvre's work, 730 00:58:30,440 --> 00:58:35,570 the right to the town is exemplified by that. 731 00:58:35,570 --> 00:58:42,440 If you have two distinct towns, if you grow up 732 00:58:42,440 --> 00:58:47,920 on the wrong side of the railroad, 733 00:58:47,920 --> 00:58:53,530 you are disestablished in your right to the town. 734 00:58:53,530 --> 00:58:58,540 In Paris, which becomes more and more expensive, more and more, 735 00:58:58,540 --> 00:59:03,310 the great tourist center of the world building 736 00:59:03,310 --> 00:59:11,380 more and more museums, artifacts along the quay of the river, 737 00:59:11,380 --> 00:59:17,850 the curious quays of the river, the competition 738 00:59:17,850 --> 00:59:21,330 is not going to work. 739 00:59:21,330 --> 00:59:28,170 The competition for cities is a waste of time. 740 00:59:28,170 --> 00:59:32,580 The variables are too mentally complicated, too. 741 00:59:32,580 --> 00:59:37,530 City planning is not a unique-- a one sort of a time exercise. 742 00:59:37,530 --> 00:59:39,480 The only plan I know of a city that 743 00:59:39,480 --> 00:59:43,260 was any good as a competition, although it was never built, 744 00:59:43,260 --> 00:59:50,955 was the Green City competition in Russia, La Ville Verte. 745 00:59:53,940 --> 00:59:56,250 Which we'll-- when we deal with Russia, 746 00:59:56,250 --> 01:00:01,095 we will spend some time talking, looking at that competition. 747 01:00:01,095 --> 01:00:10,560 But competitions are poor models for working 748 01:00:10,560 --> 01:00:14,370 through some of the issues we've talked about. 749 01:00:14,370 --> 01:00:17,310 No wonder none of these plans ever get to pass. 750 01:00:17,310 --> 01:00:21,810 Sarkozy's not president any longer. 751 01:00:21,810 --> 01:00:26,260 I don't know what's going to happen, if anything. 752 01:00:26,260 --> 01:00:27,900 Let's look at some of these images 753 01:00:27,900 --> 01:00:32,460 because they tell more of the story than my words. 754 01:00:32,460 --> 01:00:35,250 I hope somebody-- none of French history 755 01:00:35,250 --> 01:00:41,460 because I've been very irresponsible in plundering 756 01:00:41,460 --> 01:00:42,195 French history. 757 01:00:44,700 --> 01:00:50,530 Here's the Roman crossing and the Ile de la Cité and some 758 01:00:50,530 --> 01:00:54,210 images of the Bishop's palace. 759 01:00:54,210 --> 01:00:58,200 This is prior to Notre Dame, the law courts 760 01:00:58,200 --> 01:01:01,170 centering in the 20 acres, in the center, almost 761 01:01:01,170 --> 01:01:03,610 all the components of the earlier city. 762 01:01:03,610 --> 01:01:04,110 Next. 763 01:01:06,890 --> 01:01:10,510 Here are the diagrams that interest me. 764 01:01:10,510 --> 01:01:16,580 This is a 1750 plan of Paris and its surroundings. 765 01:01:16,580 --> 01:01:17,525 What are these things? 766 01:01:22,360 --> 01:01:24,880 These are hunting grounds. 767 01:01:24,880 --> 01:01:28,870 These, somebody once said to me that these are, 768 01:01:28,870 --> 01:01:32,860 if you designed a hunting environment, 769 01:01:32,860 --> 01:01:35,470 you would diagonalize the road and have 770 01:01:35,470 --> 01:01:38,350 many points of contact. 771 01:01:38,350 --> 01:01:42,190 This is Patte's-- 772 01:01:42,190 --> 01:01:46,930 Louis XIV, having emancipated himself from Paris, 773 01:01:46,930 --> 01:01:56,230 many of these kings, yeah, were alienated from their home city 774 01:01:56,230 --> 01:01:58,420 and left. 775 01:01:58,420 --> 01:02:04,930 Peter, the great tsar of Russia did as well. 776 01:02:04,930 --> 01:02:12,080 Here, you can see a plan which has as its principle 777 01:02:12,080 --> 01:02:16,510 a set of points, diagonals spreading, 778 01:02:16,510 --> 01:02:20,530 connecting to other points. 779 01:02:20,530 --> 01:02:31,363 The beginnings of a plan which suggest my argument of a DNA. 780 01:02:34,141 --> 01:02:36,980 Le Corbusier's Voisin plan for Paris 781 01:02:36,980 --> 01:02:39,830 has none of that spirit at all. 782 01:02:39,830 --> 01:02:45,560 It's a ruthless repositioning of modernism 783 01:02:45,560 --> 01:02:49,535 as against the canonical street system. 784 01:02:52,695 --> 01:02:53,195 Next. 785 01:02:58,936 --> 01:03:01,930 Well, these are just fairly obvious. 786 01:03:01,930 --> 01:03:05,230 It's interesting to contrast the plan of London. 787 01:03:05,230 --> 01:03:09,160 It's about the same scale as the plan of Paris. 788 01:03:09,160 --> 01:03:15,430 Paris circumvented by walls, one stretching further out 789 01:03:15,430 --> 01:03:16,690 than the other. 790 01:03:16,690 --> 01:03:27,960 London and being a free set of connected, loosely connected, 791 01:03:27,960 --> 01:03:34,380 villages, all encompassed much more spread-out system 792 01:03:34,380 --> 01:03:38,430 without the strong definitions given 793 01:03:38,430 --> 01:03:40,500 by these are the walls or the streets 794 01:03:40,500 --> 01:03:42,570 or the monuments in that city. 795 01:03:42,570 --> 01:03:45,330 This is not a monumental city at all. 796 01:03:45,330 --> 01:03:50,490 It's a sprawling, elegant microtuned environment. 797 01:03:50,490 --> 01:03:51,600 Next. 798 01:03:51,600 --> 01:03:57,240 Here are two images of streets in Florence being employed 799 01:03:57,240 --> 01:04:02,230 for games and Marie de' Medici's influence on the Cours la 800 01:04:02,230 --> 01:04:02,730 Reine. 801 01:04:02,730 --> 01:04:03,230 Next. 802 01:04:06,670 --> 01:04:14,050 The Cours la Reine on the left, a place for the wealthy to have 803 01:04:14,050 --> 01:04:19,412 sex in a broad sense of the word. 804 01:04:19,412 --> 01:04:21,770 [LAUGHTER] 805 01:04:22,115 --> 01:04:22,615 Next. 806 01:04:26,030 --> 01:04:29,930 The great adventure of perspective. 807 01:04:32,970 --> 01:04:36,350 The capacity for the middle class. 808 01:04:36,350 --> 01:04:38,790 This is Caillebotte's great painting. 809 01:04:38,790 --> 01:04:41,430 It's in, I think, in the Art Institute in Chicago. 810 01:04:46,220 --> 01:04:49,065 The use of this street with umbrellas. 811 01:04:49,065 --> 01:04:49,565 Next. 812 01:04:52,220 --> 01:05:00,780 The Place Royale, the great aristocratic center. 813 01:05:00,780 --> 01:05:04,240 The Place the Vosges on the right, today. 814 01:05:04,240 --> 01:05:04,740 Next. 815 01:05:10,765 --> 01:05:12,600 The Rue Rambuteau. 816 01:05:12,600 --> 01:05:18,810 Rambuteau's attempt to build a street 817 01:05:18,810 --> 01:05:22,180 without deficit financing help. 818 01:05:22,180 --> 01:05:22,680 Next. 819 01:05:25,950 --> 01:05:32,010 Haussmann and the dark black being 820 01:05:32,010 --> 01:05:39,500 the elements that he inserted into the revised system. 821 01:05:39,500 --> 01:05:40,000 Next. 822 01:05:44,090 --> 01:05:46,760 Here, you get the details of a-- 823 01:05:46,760 --> 01:05:48,550 this the Boulevard Sebastopol. 824 01:05:53,000 --> 01:05:58,800 That space is taken up at will. 825 01:05:58,800 --> 01:06:04,660 This connector, it doesn't matter that there 826 01:06:04,660 --> 01:06:06,590 are houses underneath here. 827 01:06:06,590 --> 01:06:11,510 The houses are just separated away from the others 828 01:06:11,510 --> 01:06:14,940 in order to make a new imposition. 829 01:06:14,940 --> 01:06:18,200 This is about as ruthless as-- 830 01:06:18,200 --> 01:06:24,440 and it's probably the last time in history 831 01:06:24,440 --> 01:06:28,200 that this is being able to be done in a democratic society. 832 01:06:31,655 --> 01:06:32,155 Next. 833 01:06:36,680 --> 01:06:41,410 Napoleon didn't pay much attention to Paris. 834 01:06:41,410 --> 01:06:44,410 He wanted to make Paris into a royal city. 835 01:06:44,410 --> 01:06:49,660 And the East-West access through the Champs-Élysées became his 836 01:06:49,660 --> 01:06:55,660 primary focus, the Arc de Triomphe being the connector-- 837 01:06:55,660 --> 01:07:01,900 not the connector-- being his great monument. 838 01:07:01,900 --> 01:07:06,640 He also attempted to stretch the Champs-Élysées eastward 839 01:07:06,640 --> 01:07:08,410 to the Bastille. 840 01:07:08,410 --> 01:07:12,520 It's an extraordinary Haussmannian device. 841 01:07:12,520 --> 01:07:15,130 This is the Avenue Fourche, which 842 01:07:15,130 --> 01:07:19,900 has the wealthiest real estate in Europe on the sides. 843 01:07:19,900 --> 01:07:23,710 This street is about 450 feet wide. 844 01:07:23,710 --> 01:07:28,150 That's about twice as wide as Commonwealth Avenue. 845 01:07:28,150 --> 01:07:31,540 And the Bois-- leading to the Bois de Boulogne, 846 01:07:31,540 --> 01:07:35,110 another one of Haussmann's creations. 847 01:07:35,110 --> 01:07:37,420 Here's the river. 848 01:07:37,420 --> 01:07:41,200 Here's the intersection of the Champs-Élysées into the Bois du 849 01:07:41,200 --> 01:07:43,415 Boulogne and the Avenue Fourche. 850 01:07:43,415 --> 01:07:43,915 Next. 851 01:07:55,378 --> 01:08:04,020 The Académie Nationale de Musique and the access to it, 852 01:08:04,020 --> 01:08:09,540 the monument at the end of the wide road, Avenue de l'Opera. 853 01:08:09,540 --> 01:08:12,030 Next. 854 01:08:12,030 --> 01:08:19,229 The interior of the opera by Garnier, an extraordinary-- 855 01:08:19,229 --> 01:08:24,149 Walter Benjamin writes about Paris and talks 856 01:08:24,149 --> 01:08:29,250 about the invention of the interior, the first time 857 01:08:29,250 --> 01:08:32,189 that the interior seen as significant. 858 01:08:32,189 --> 01:08:37,500 And this study is done by the students of Foucault, showing 859 01:08:37,500 --> 01:08:39,960 the subdivision of the French house 860 01:08:39,960 --> 01:08:45,240 over time, introducing what Benjamin calls 861 01:08:45,240 --> 01:08:49,750 the adventure of the interior. 862 01:08:49,750 --> 01:08:50,250 Next. 863 01:08:55,189 --> 01:08:58,700 Here is the ultimate. 864 01:08:58,700 --> 01:09:03,290 There's the Boulevard Richard-Lenoir, 865 01:09:03,290 --> 01:09:09,830 the ultimate expression of destination and movement 866 01:09:09,830 --> 01:09:12,200 and the interior connections. 867 01:09:12,200 --> 01:09:13,580 Next. 868 01:09:13,580 --> 01:09:16,950 The underground services in the mid '90s, 869 01:09:16,950 --> 01:09:20,540 the cross-section of a Paris street. 870 01:09:20,540 --> 01:09:24,695 And during one of the exhibitions in Paris, 871 01:09:24,695 --> 01:09:30,810 a trip through the sewage system was a great pleasure. 872 01:09:33,800 --> 01:09:34,300 Next. 873 01:09:37,010 --> 01:09:41,960 The Banlieues, here is the taking down of the dues, 874 01:09:41,960 --> 01:09:45,930 tax houses on the-- 875 01:09:45,930 --> 01:09:50,569 where the octroi was collected and the conditions 876 01:09:50,569 --> 01:09:52,199 in the Banelieues. 877 01:09:52,199 --> 01:09:52,699 Next. 878 01:09:55,640 --> 01:09:56,990 In the street is war. 879 01:09:56,990 --> 01:10:02,140 1848, the barricaded streets in the center of-- 880 01:10:02,140 --> 01:10:03,110 on the east of-- 881 01:10:07,130 --> 01:10:11,030 on the east of Paris, here are the barricade lines. 882 01:10:16,200 --> 01:10:19,440 The use of this street is war. 883 01:10:23,210 --> 01:10:25,930 Next. 884 01:10:25,930 --> 01:10:29,620 1872, and the two-month-long occupation 885 01:10:29,620 --> 01:10:34,720 of the Western of the Eastern part of Paris, 886 01:10:34,720 --> 01:10:37,750 again, with the use of barricades. 887 01:10:37,750 --> 01:10:40,990 Barricades slow down troops, and people 888 01:10:40,990 --> 01:10:45,940 in the adjacent buildings can fire down on the troops 889 01:10:45,940 --> 01:10:47,440 when they slow down. 890 01:10:47,440 --> 01:10:49,850 Next. 891 01:10:49,850 --> 01:10:58,515 1968, and again the use of this street in protest. 892 01:10:58,515 --> 01:10:59,015 Next. 893 01:11:01,920 --> 01:11:03,470 OK.