1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,520 The following content is provided under a Creative 2 00:00:02,520 --> 00:00:03,970 Commons license. 3 00:00:03,970 --> 00:00:06,360 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 4 00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:10,660 continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,660 --> 00:00:13,350 To make a donation or view additional materials 6 00:00:13,350 --> 00:00:17,190 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 7 00:00:17,190 --> 00:00:18,326 at ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:28,470 --> 00:00:34,230 JULIAN BEINART: Anyway, I'd better 9 00:00:34,230 --> 00:00:38,700 abbreviate all this stuff that I want to cover today. 10 00:00:38,700 --> 00:00:43,410 The next three classes are going to cover 11 00:00:43,410 --> 00:00:55,500 cases of very complex, but very direct, 12 00:00:55,500 --> 00:01:02,100 relationships between social and spatial structure. 13 00:01:02,100 --> 00:01:09,420 There is a literature largely from the left side 14 00:01:09,420 --> 00:01:13,680 of the market on these issues. 15 00:01:13,680 --> 00:01:18,190 I don't have time to go through much of this here. 16 00:01:20,970 --> 00:01:23,430 You should read the required reading 17 00:01:23,430 --> 00:01:26,130 for this class, Kevin Lynch's piece-- 18 00:01:26,130 --> 00:01:30,540 chapter on social and spatial structure relationships. 19 00:01:34,190 --> 00:01:48,430 On the left, I would assume the argument-- 20 00:01:48,430 --> 00:01:55,630 that space is an active agent, that it involves conflict, 21 00:01:55,630 --> 00:01:57,910 that it's political-- 22 00:01:57,910 --> 00:02:02,020 and this is an argument that is articulated very well 23 00:02:02,020 --> 00:02:05,980 by Henri Lefebvre in the translation of his writing 24 00:02:05,980 --> 00:02:08,229 into English. 25 00:02:08,229 --> 00:02:12,460 David Harvey's first book, Social Justice In The City, 26 00:02:12,460 --> 00:02:19,180 argues that, under capitalism, investment will never 27 00:02:19,180 --> 00:02:24,040 stream towards the poorer sections of the society, 28 00:02:24,040 --> 00:02:29,920 because capitalism has so many circuits of investment. 29 00:02:29,920 --> 00:02:32,260 An object of capitalist investment 30 00:02:32,260 --> 00:02:35,680 is always maximizing profit. 31 00:02:35,680 --> 00:02:41,020 There are less attractive writings 32 00:02:41,020 --> 00:02:51,330 by Manuel Castells in his pre-Berkeley stage, the book, 33 00:02:51,330 --> 00:02:57,390 The Urban Question, and so on, and so on. 34 00:02:57,390 --> 00:03:03,480 There's David Gordon's writing about the origins 35 00:03:03,480 --> 00:03:07,980 of American suburbia as being the result of labor 36 00:03:07,980 --> 00:03:10,470 friction in the central business area, 37 00:03:10,470 --> 00:03:14,850 and the bosses wanting to move as far away from the workers as 38 00:03:14,850 --> 00:03:16,140 possible. 39 00:03:16,140 --> 00:03:18,990 And there are many histories of this kind. 40 00:03:18,990 --> 00:03:22,170 Castells' piece, The Wild City, which 41 00:03:22,170 --> 00:03:27,090 argues that suburbia is a form of advanced capitalist 42 00:03:27,090 --> 00:03:34,690 investment in which you have to create markets 43 00:03:34,690 --> 00:03:41,200 for prolific domestic goods, and suburbia 44 00:03:41,200 --> 00:03:44,680 is an attractive avenue for this kind of market. 45 00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:47,025 His writing is called The Wild City. 46 00:03:47,025 --> 00:03:50,920 He claims the American city wild in the sense 47 00:03:50,920 --> 00:03:58,630 that it obeys the consequences of market action 48 00:03:58,630 --> 00:04:04,430 in a very obvious kind of way. 49 00:04:04,430 --> 00:04:09,250 It's not hidden or transformed. 50 00:04:09,250 --> 00:04:12,010 There's an enormous amount of writing. 51 00:04:12,010 --> 00:04:18,550 There's this writing and from the center and the right. 52 00:04:18,550 --> 00:04:21,190 In Sunday's New York Times, there's 53 00:04:21,190 --> 00:04:27,340 a piece called "Suburban Disequilibrium." 54 00:04:27,340 --> 00:04:31,945 I don't know if anybody looks at these things. 55 00:04:31,945 --> 00:04:37,800 It simply says that suburbs are an equal, something 56 00:04:37,800 --> 00:04:42,890 that one would presume to know. 57 00:04:42,890 --> 00:04:46,400 And the reason suburbs are unequal are given, 58 00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:48,650 and they haven't changed-- 59 00:04:48,650 --> 00:04:50,900 and not much has changed. 60 00:04:50,900 --> 00:04:55,460 She cites examples of suburbs close together 61 00:04:55,460 --> 00:05:00,986 in Los Angeles, where one house sells for $68 million. 62 00:05:00,986 --> 00:05:03,605 And a few miles away, there's a suburb 63 00:05:03,605 --> 00:05:07,580 of Mexican-American workers who can barely 64 00:05:07,580 --> 00:05:08,915 afford to buy their house. 65 00:05:12,650 --> 00:05:17,390 In teaching this material, I found over the years 66 00:05:17,390 --> 00:05:29,240 that the material is very much stretched to large ideas 67 00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:34,100 about economic science and social policy. 68 00:05:34,100 --> 00:05:39,440 There's very little discussion of the meaning of place. 69 00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:45,650 Donald Appleyard has written about that and some others-- 70 00:05:45,650 --> 00:05:51,330 what place means, what space means to people, and so on. 71 00:05:51,330 --> 00:05:55,040 So I've decided to follow a different route 72 00:05:55,040 --> 00:05:59,000 in dealing with this. 73 00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:07,280 I've established a notion called "bipolarity" 74 00:06:07,280 --> 00:06:16,220 and chosen cases where the conflict between various groups 75 00:06:16,220 --> 00:06:27,090 in the city is very explicit and under different conditions. 76 00:06:27,090 --> 00:06:36,390 So we will examine Johannesburg from its origins in 1876, 77 00:06:36,390 --> 00:06:45,210 I think, to today, following a path of explicit racial policy. 78 00:06:45,210 --> 00:06:52,070 South Africa invented or formalized racial policy 79 00:06:52,070 --> 00:06:55,700 to an extent that no other country and no other state 80 00:06:55,700 --> 00:06:57,950 in the world ever has. 81 00:06:57,950 --> 00:06:59,960 So we should look at Johannesburg and what 82 00:06:59,960 --> 00:07:03,320 this space of Johannesburg looks like as a result 83 00:07:03,320 --> 00:07:07,760 of the enforcement of absolute inequities between White 84 00:07:07,760 --> 00:07:10,040 and Black. 85 00:07:10,040 --> 00:07:13,390 We should look at the colonial city. 86 00:07:13,390 --> 00:07:16,760 We look at Delhi and New Delhi. 87 00:07:16,760 --> 00:07:22,430 We look at the border between Mexico and the United States 88 00:07:22,430 --> 00:07:30,890 and look at the polarity between country and city 89 00:07:30,890 --> 00:07:32,765 in the development of Havana. 90 00:07:37,160 --> 00:07:42,020 Today's class is really dealing with the mother 91 00:07:42,020 --> 00:07:47,120 of all social complexities, and that's Jerusalem. 92 00:07:47,120 --> 00:07:49,310 I want to do a case study on Jerusalem. 93 00:07:49,310 --> 00:07:54,020 And just for those of you who haven't read the required 94 00:07:54,020 --> 00:07:56,220 reading for today-- 95 00:07:56,220 --> 00:08:00,290 which is a long piece which I wrote after months of work, 96 00:08:00,290 --> 00:08:02,810 and I'm so sad that you haven't read it-- 97 00:08:08,530 --> 00:08:11,470 I'll go through the very-- 98 00:08:11,470 --> 00:08:15,520 let me just explain what I've handed out to you. 99 00:08:15,520 --> 00:08:18,460 After this, the map of the history 100 00:08:18,460 --> 00:08:23,200 of Jerusalem, a simplified history, on the next page 101 00:08:23,200 --> 00:08:23,785 is a drawing. 102 00:08:26,500 --> 00:08:31,620 It's a drawing on a napkin by the head of the planning 103 00:08:31,620 --> 00:08:36,330 section of MOPIC, the Palestinian organization 104 00:08:36,330 --> 00:08:41,280 after the Oslo Accords, which I worked with for a while. 105 00:08:41,280 --> 00:08:44,880 This was the depiction of the future of Jerusalem-- 106 00:08:44,880 --> 00:08:51,210 as one metropolitan area with the Jewish sect on the West, 107 00:08:51,210 --> 00:08:55,050 and the Palestinian sect on the right, 108 00:08:55,050 --> 00:08:58,380 and the historic center in the middle. 109 00:08:58,380 --> 00:09:07,250 Below that is a letter, which is obvious, 110 00:09:07,250 --> 00:09:11,810 pointing out the stupidity of some 111 00:09:11,810 --> 00:09:14,370 of the writing on this issue. 112 00:09:14,370 --> 00:09:19,160 So what I'm going to do is try to take you 113 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:24,560 through a history, which starts off 114 00:09:24,560 --> 00:09:28,010 as a history, for a long time, a history 115 00:09:28,010 --> 00:09:35,990 of religious consequence, and transforms much later 116 00:09:35,990 --> 00:09:40,040 and in recent times, certainly in this century, 117 00:09:40,040 --> 00:09:44,540 into a geopolitical conflict. 118 00:09:44,540 --> 00:09:47,255 And we end up with the status quo. 119 00:09:51,680 --> 00:09:56,720 Let's follow this map very briefly. 120 00:10:00,240 --> 00:10:05,700 The origins of Jerusalem are, again, political. 121 00:10:05,700 --> 00:10:11,280 For Palestinians, it talks about the Jebusites, 122 00:10:11,280 --> 00:10:16,440 and the Canaanites, and the origins of the city 123 00:10:16,440 --> 00:10:22,800 prior to 1,000 BC, which is the date 124 00:10:22,800 --> 00:10:30,690 that the Davidian City, the City of David, argues its beginning. 125 00:10:35,340 --> 00:10:38,150 David captures Jerusalem, according to this. 126 00:10:38,150 --> 00:10:42,760 This is an Israeli map. 127 00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:48,190 According to the Israeli history, 128 00:10:48,190 --> 00:10:52,750 David bought the threshing fields on the Temple Mount 129 00:10:52,750 --> 00:10:57,610 from the Jebusites for 15 shekels, the equivalent 130 00:10:57,610 --> 00:11:00,310 amount of money. 131 00:11:00,310 --> 00:11:08,560 And in order to unify the spread out of Jewish tribes, 132 00:11:08,560 --> 00:11:10,970 he built the first-- 133 00:11:10,970 --> 00:11:16,660 he was a lover, and a poet, and a general, 134 00:11:16,660 --> 00:11:20,170 and according to strict Hebrew law, 135 00:11:20,170 --> 00:11:23,690 was not able to build a temple. 136 00:11:23,690 --> 00:11:29,110 So his son, Solomon, was the author of the first temple. 137 00:11:29,110 --> 00:11:32,780 I'll show you a drawing, by Corbusier 138 00:11:32,780 --> 00:11:44,050 of the tribal environment, which the Jews, and most people, 139 00:11:44,050 --> 00:11:46,750 established at the time. 140 00:11:46,750 --> 00:11:54,550 And the drawing shows the temple as the first physical presence 141 00:11:54,550 --> 00:11:55,195 in a city. 142 00:11:58,140 --> 00:12:00,960 Seeing that the religious city for a long time 143 00:12:00,960 --> 00:12:04,680 just depended on a religious infrastructure, 144 00:12:04,680 --> 00:12:06,795 it's clear that the first temple-- 145 00:12:10,870 --> 00:12:21,910 this temple exists for about 500 years, during which time 146 00:12:21,910 --> 00:12:27,920 the Middle East undergoes sieges and invasions. 147 00:12:27,920 --> 00:12:32,650 The most significant invasion is by Nebuchadnezzar 148 00:12:32,650 --> 00:12:35,860 in the 6th Century. 149 00:12:35,860 --> 00:12:39,490 This has enormous consequences historically, 150 00:12:39,490 --> 00:12:44,380 and I tend to exaggerate some of them. 151 00:12:44,380 --> 00:12:49,270 Nebuchadnezzar came from the world's greatest city 152 00:12:49,270 --> 00:12:56,320 at the time, Babylon, the most advanced city of all. 153 00:12:56,320 --> 00:13:00,250 Instead of killing the Jews, he took them back with him 154 00:13:00,250 --> 00:13:05,560 as prisoners and allowed the Jews to establish themselves 155 00:13:05,560 --> 00:13:09,340 in Babylon in a relatively free manner. 156 00:13:09,340 --> 00:13:12,160 Why he did that, which was very contrary 157 00:13:12,160 --> 00:13:21,010 to social international behavior at the time, I don't know. 158 00:13:21,010 --> 00:13:26,140 What happened was significant for the Jews. 159 00:13:26,140 --> 00:13:29,200 Not having a temple, not having priests, 160 00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:32,140 you must understand the organization 161 00:13:32,140 --> 00:13:35,480 of the social structure around the temple. 162 00:13:35,480 --> 00:13:38,540 The temple was run by priests. 163 00:13:38,540 --> 00:13:42,610 There was no democracy in religion. 164 00:13:42,610 --> 00:13:46,300 You took what the priests gave you, 165 00:13:46,300 --> 00:13:53,350 and the priests were monitors of the Holy of the Holies. 166 00:13:53,350 --> 00:13:57,190 If you look at the plans putated for the first temple, 167 00:13:57,190 --> 00:14:01,030 you will see that structure. 168 00:14:01,030 --> 00:14:04,720 The Jews didn't have temples. 169 00:14:04,720 --> 00:14:07,000 They either had to give up their religion 170 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:12,100 or convert to some other pagan religion. 171 00:14:12,100 --> 00:14:24,790 Having been the first monoethicists of all, having-- 172 00:14:24,790 --> 00:14:27,850 monotheism was founded in Jerusalem. 173 00:14:27,850 --> 00:14:30,280 Nobody quite knows how. 174 00:14:30,280 --> 00:14:34,000 But the idea that many gods were dysfunctional, 175 00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:38,320 and that the single God, an invisible single God, 176 00:14:38,320 --> 00:14:46,230 was the proper course for religious faith. 177 00:14:46,230 --> 00:14:50,870 So the Jews prayed in houses and in schools-- 178 00:14:50,870 --> 00:14:53,520 wherever they could. 179 00:14:53,520 --> 00:14:57,815 This type substitution was an extraordinary idea. 180 00:15:00,410 --> 00:15:05,720 In the history of the Church, I found a reference 181 00:15:05,720 --> 00:15:07,700 to saying that this was the beginning 182 00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:15,710 of the idea of the church free of the rule 183 00:15:15,710 --> 00:15:21,140 of plutocratic priests. 184 00:15:21,140 --> 00:15:24,170 People could indulge in a critical examination 185 00:15:24,170 --> 00:15:29,670 of their faith together as a group. 186 00:15:29,670 --> 00:15:32,390 In fact, the conflict towards the end 187 00:15:32,390 --> 00:15:37,340 of the Jewish reign in Jerusalem at the time of Jesus 188 00:15:37,340 --> 00:15:40,910 was very much a conflict between the priests 189 00:15:40,910 --> 00:15:45,410 of the Second Temple and the Pharisees, 190 00:15:45,410 --> 00:15:46,850 who were advocating-- 191 00:15:46,850 --> 00:15:49,790 beginning to advocate the democratic religion 192 00:15:49,790 --> 00:15:52,430 in the form of the synagogue. 193 00:15:52,430 --> 00:15:56,810 So the synagogue emerges in primitive form 194 00:15:56,810 --> 00:16:00,930 in the exile of a Jewish group from the temple. 195 00:16:05,930 --> 00:16:07,970 There's a second phenomenon which 196 00:16:07,970 --> 00:16:10,970 occurs during this period. 197 00:16:10,970 --> 00:16:13,790 In the Judeo-Christian Bible, there 198 00:16:13,790 --> 00:16:17,480 are seven chapters devoted to Ezekiel. 199 00:16:17,480 --> 00:16:20,210 Who was Ezekiel? 200 00:16:20,210 --> 00:16:24,432 What role did he play in the-- 201 00:16:24,432 --> 00:16:25,640 you should know these things. 202 00:16:25,640 --> 00:16:31,160 You all are Christians, or Muslims, 203 00:16:31,160 --> 00:16:34,250 or any other form of religion. 204 00:16:34,250 --> 00:16:38,240 You know nothing about your own religion? 205 00:16:38,240 --> 00:16:46,030 Maybe you're all pagans, which would be refreshing, I suppose. 206 00:16:46,030 --> 00:16:48,880 AUDIENCE: He was a Catholic? 207 00:16:48,880 --> 00:16:54,740 JULIAN BEINART: Well, Ezekiel had a dream. 208 00:16:54,740 --> 00:16:55,600 He was a prophet. 209 00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:59,830 He had a dream that God and he encountered each other, 210 00:16:59,830 --> 00:17:05,109 and he had instructions to devise a new temple. 211 00:17:05,109 --> 00:17:11,619 There are six chapters in your Bible on Ezekiel's dimensions 212 00:17:11,619 --> 00:17:17,380 for this new temple. 213 00:17:17,380 --> 00:17:22,690 Imagine dreaming of a temple when you're in exile 214 00:17:22,690 --> 00:17:27,910 and designing it in your mind as a text. 215 00:17:27,910 --> 00:17:31,720 Anyway, strange things happen. 216 00:17:31,720 --> 00:17:36,160 Ezekiel's temple, as I'll show you in the slides, 217 00:17:36,160 --> 00:17:41,510 has been redrawn and reimagined from these dimensions 218 00:17:41,510 --> 00:17:42,175 over time. 219 00:17:44,740 --> 00:17:48,220 The Jews return, and the third significance 220 00:17:48,220 --> 00:17:57,400 of the stay in Babylon, the Jewish Talmud, 221 00:17:57,400 --> 00:18:01,190 the Book of Laws, has two versions, 222 00:18:01,190 --> 00:18:03,010 the Palestinian version-- 223 00:18:03,010 --> 00:18:06,820 at least the Jerusalem version and the Babylonian version. 224 00:18:06,820 --> 00:18:09,160 The Babylonian version is considered 225 00:18:09,160 --> 00:18:13,520 to be the preferred version. 226 00:18:13,520 --> 00:18:17,920 So the Jews in exile established a culture, 227 00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:22,510 which they brought back to Jerusalem having been freed, 228 00:18:22,510 --> 00:18:26,170 and Israel read the Bible to the people for the first time. 229 00:18:26,170 --> 00:18:28,575 And according to the text, they wept. 230 00:18:31,780 --> 00:18:34,450 So the beginning of the idea that religion 231 00:18:34,450 --> 00:18:40,690 is a democratic phenomenon is my explanation 232 00:18:40,690 --> 00:18:43,870 for the problem of Jesus. 233 00:18:43,870 --> 00:18:48,700 I've a rather eccentric version of the story. 234 00:18:48,700 --> 00:18:54,490 What happened is we jump 500 years, 235 00:18:54,490 --> 00:18:58,600 and Herod goes and rebuilds the temple. 236 00:18:58,600 --> 00:19:01,255 He builds an enormous temple-- bigger than before. 237 00:19:06,890 --> 00:19:09,480 The priests, again, are in control. 238 00:19:12,240 --> 00:19:15,530 They control power. 239 00:19:15,530 --> 00:19:19,640 They control the artifact of religion. 240 00:19:19,640 --> 00:19:21,230 They control property. 241 00:19:21,230 --> 00:19:23,315 They control everything in the city. 242 00:19:26,510 --> 00:19:30,980 Along comes a Jew, a radical Jew-- 243 00:19:30,980 --> 00:19:33,440 has another vision of the world. 244 00:19:38,010 --> 00:19:42,490 Jesus doesn't threaten the Romans very much. 245 00:19:42,490 --> 00:19:46,740 The Romans are used to dealing with whatever in the empire, 246 00:19:46,740 --> 00:19:48,010 with infidels. 247 00:19:48,010 --> 00:19:52,530 They just lock them up or cut their heads off-- 248 00:19:52,530 --> 00:19:55,600 very explicit rules. 249 00:19:55,600 --> 00:20:00,570 [INAUDIBLE] in a rather difficult situation. 250 00:20:00,570 --> 00:20:09,010 The priests are more threatened by Jesus than other Romans. 251 00:20:09,010 --> 00:20:13,540 The priests, therefore, connive with the Romans 252 00:20:13,540 --> 00:20:16,930 to execute Jesus. 253 00:20:16,930 --> 00:20:21,760 The notion of execution of your son 254 00:20:21,760 --> 00:20:26,620 occurs in the Judeo-Christian Bible before, and although it 255 00:20:26,620 --> 00:20:30,610 wasn't legal, the idea of passing your son 256 00:20:30,610 --> 00:20:37,630 on as a gift, the use of blood. 257 00:20:37,630 --> 00:20:41,490 22,000 oxen were killed in the dedication 258 00:20:41,490 --> 00:20:42,645 of the Temple of Solomon. 259 00:20:45,360 --> 00:20:50,610 The whole idea of giving something to God as a gift-- 260 00:20:50,610 --> 00:20:56,580 if you were poor, you brought a chicken to the temple 261 00:20:56,580 --> 00:20:58,530 to the priest. 262 00:20:58,530 --> 00:21:02,550 If you were wealthy, you brought a cow, an ox. 263 00:21:02,550 --> 00:21:05,010 If you were very wealthy, good Lord knows, 264 00:21:05,010 --> 00:21:07,230 you donated your son. 265 00:21:07,230 --> 00:21:11,460 The story of Abraham and Isaac is that same version 266 00:21:11,460 --> 00:21:15,630 of that gift giving. 267 00:21:15,630 --> 00:21:19,200 The supreme gift is the gift of your son. 268 00:21:19,200 --> 00:21:23,580 And the Jesus story is archetypally 269 00:21:23,580 --> 00:21:31,290 the story of God donating his son, again, 270 00:21:31,290 --> 00:21:35,160 for the improvement of the world. 271 00:21:35,160 --> 00:21:41,640 Christianity is based on many mythical stories, which 272 00:21:41,640 --> 00:21:44,340 emanated from the history of Jerusalem, 273 00:21:44,340 --> 00:21:48,025 and is the second monotheistic religion to emerge out 274 00:21:48,025 --> 00:21:48,525 of the city. 275 00:21:57,120 --> 00:22:02,480 Muhammad is born in 570 BC. 276 00:22:02,480 --> 00:22:07,620 He fights his battles in Mecca and Medina, 277 00:22:07,620 --> 00:22:11,970 spreads the idea of Islam as the third great monotheistic 278 00:22:11,970 --> 00:22:16,530 religion through the Arabian Peninsula, 279 00:22:16,530 --> 00:22:20,340 and soon afterwards, Jerusalem is invaded 280 00:22:20,340 --> 00:22:23,190 by the first Arab group. 281 00:22:27,730 --> 00:22:31,510 Significantly, the Christians had chosen 282 00:22:31,510 --> 00:22:35,890 a site for the great church. 283 00:22:35,890 --> 00:22:41,190 Constantine's mother, Helena, from Istanbul 284 00:22:41,190 --> 00:22:45,100 or Constantinople, drifted down to Jerusalem, 285 00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:47,860 and he's supposed to have selected the site where 286 00:22:47,860 --> 00:22:50,500 Jesus was killed. 287 00:22:50,500 --> 00:22:52,450 On the basis of that information, 288 00:22:52,450 --> 00:22:55,600 the Church of the Holy Sepulcher was built 289 00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:59,200 and is still in existence today, having been destroyed 290 00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:04,810 seven times and rebuilt. 291 00:23:04,810 --> 00:23:06,700 The Arabs arrive in Jerusalem. 292 00:23:06,700 --> 00:23:10,270 They're the newcomers. 293 00:23:10,270 --> 00:23:18,100 They asked the Christian bishop about sites 294 00:23:18,100 --> 00:23:19,915 for their own mosque. 295 00:23:25,090 --> 00:23:29,710 The Temple Mount, which had been the site of the Jewish temple, 296 00:23:29,710 --> 00:23:33,640 had been raised by the Romans, and there was nothing left. 297 00:23:33,640 --> 00:23:36,030 For 500 years, the Temple Mount was 298 00:23:36,030 --> 00:23:40,690 a rubbish dump of old parts of buildings and so on. 299 00:23:40,690 --> 00:23:43,670 The Christians wanted nothing to do with it. 300 00:23:43,670 --> 00:23:48,430 In fact, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, which was usually 301 00:23:48,430 --> 00:23:55,420 under the Roman city, entered from The Cardo on the West, 302 00:23:55,420 --> 00:23:58,510 at least on the East, was closed. 303 00:23:58,510 --> 00:24:02,350 And you now enter the Church of the Holy Sepulcher 304 00:24:02,350 --> 00:24:04,510 only from the South. 305 00:24:04,510 --> 00:24:07,840 On the East now, there's the best candy store 306 00:24:07,840 --> 00:24:09,415 in Jerusalem on The Cardo. 307 00:24:13,120 --> 00:24:21,130 So although the Temple Mount, which is only two-- 308 00:24:21,130 --> 00:24:22,870 to use their phrase-- 309 00:24:22,870 --> 00:24:26,800 two-arrow lengths, bow lengths, away 310 00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:33,670 from the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 311 00:24:33,670 --> 00:24:43,610 the Islamic penetrators thought that the mythological origins 312 00:24:43,610 --> 00:24:48,380 of the use of the Temple Mount were sufficient for them 313 00:24:48,380 --> 00:24:54,800 to follow the Jewish tradition of the destroyed temple. 314 00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:59,570 So they rebuilt the Temple Mount in about 100 years 315 00:24:59,570 --> 00:25:08,080 after Mohammad's birth and built the two buildings 316 00:25:08,080 --> 00:25:09,550 which are still there today-- 317 00:25:09,550 --> 00:25:11,670 The Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa mosque. 318 00:25:15,770 --> 00:25:18,680 In my writing, I go through the detailed history 319 00:25:18,680 --> 00:25:24,650 of the idea of resilience, how under these occupations 320 00:25:24,650 --> 00:25:28,490 each religion plays around with the idea of permanence. 321 00:25:34,390 --> 00:25:39,310 The Christians in the Holy Sepulcher 322 00:25:39,310 --> 00:25:43,600 never really agree on the fundamentals 323 00:25:43,600 --> 00:25:45,100 of the Christian faith. 324 00:25:45,100 --> 00:25:47,620 Whilst they may agree on the fundamentals, 325 00:25:47,620 --> 00:25:50,440 they don't agree on its application. 326 00:25:50,440 --> 00:25:57,010 So 70% of the Holy Sepulcher is still under Greek Christian. 327 00:25:57,010 --> 00:26:03,790 The poor African Ethiopian Christians live on the roof 328 00:26:03,790 --> 00:26:08,350 and are only allowed to enter the major tabernacle 329 00:26:08,350 --> 00:26:12,250 by a small staircase. 330 00:26:12,250 --> 00:26:18,230 As one of the writers writes, "They're 331 00:26:18,230 --> 00:26:23,380 all divided by faith," or something of this kind. 332 00:26:23,380 --> 00:26:31,930 So you have a notion of the three major religions having, 333 00:26:31,930 --> 00:26:37,828 in the case of the Christians, an artifact which 334 00:26:37,828 --> 00:26:41,980 houses divided aspects of the religion. 335 00:26:41,980 --> 00:26:42,940 There are fires. 336 00:26:42,940 --> 00:26:44,240 They are people killed. 337 00:26:44,240 --> 00:26:48,340 There are all kinds of disjunctions 338 00:26:48,340 --> 00:26:53,050 between these groups, but Christianity survives. 339 00:26:53,050 --> 00:26:57,550 On the Islamic front, you have the church, 340 00:26:57,550 --> 00:27:00,730 the Dome of the Rock, and the Al-Aqsa mosque, which survive 341 00:27:00,730 --> 00:27:03,520 to this day unblemished. 342 00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:07,870 In 1099, the Crusaders, under the pressure 343 00:27:07,870 --> 00:27:11,710 from the popes of Europe, attempt 344 00:27:11,710 --> 00:27:14,100 to restore Christianity. 345 00:27:16,720 --> 00:27:20,980 Instead of dismant-- they are absolutely 346 00:27:20,980 --> 00:27:26,530 ruthless to the degree that they kill everybody in their sight. 347 00:27:26,530 --> 00:27:29,620 They kill Muslims and Jews. 348 00:27:29,620 --> 00:27:32,560 And in the blood of their boots, they 349 00:27:32,560 --> 00:27:36,320 walk to the Holy Sepulcher and pray. 350 00:27:36,320 --> 00:27:42,490 There's always this kind of interesting biblical thing, 351 00:27:42,490 --> 00:27:46,480 which I focus on also, that the interpretation of God 352 00:27:46,480 --> 00:27:48,730 is always ambiguous. 353 00:27:48,730 --> 00:27:54,580 God is always punishing people for doing the wrong things, 354 00:27:54,580 --> 00:27:59,050 but he's also forgiving, if you come to terms with him-- 355 00:27:59,050 --> 00:28:04,700 or her, depending on what you believe. 356 00:28:04,700 --> 00:28:11,740 So the Crusaders behave in this apparently bifocal way. 357 00:28:11,740 --> 00:28:19,060 They destroy everybody whom they see in their sight violently, 358 00:28:19,060 --> 00:28:25,690 and at the same time, they go and sing hymns in their church. 359 00:28:25,690 --> 00:28:31,150 There may be parallels in contemporary violence as well. 360 00:28:31,150 --> 00:28:36,550 I don't know if it's a born-in instinct in humankind, 361 00:28:36,550 --> 00:28:41,530 that you modify your behavior in two distinct ways 362 00:28:41,530 --> 00:28:46,060 according to your belief system. 363 00:28:46,060 --> 00:28:49,570 The Jews have lost two temples. 364 00:28:49,570 --> 00:28:52,000 They now are in exile. 365 00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:53,560 They take with them books. 366 00:28:53,560 --> 00:28:56,881 That's the only property they have. 367 00:28:56,881 --> 00:29:05,110 There's writers-- Herschel, the American Jewish liberal 368 00:29:05,110 --> 00:29:10,390 theological rabbi, Mitchell [INAUDIBLE] did his PhD 369 00:29:10,390 --> 00:29:11,590 at MIT-- 370 00:29:11,590 --> 00:29:15,970 write about the idea of the Jewish book 371 00:29:15,970 --> 00:29:21,580 as the significant property of memory. 372 00:29:21,580 --> 00:29:23,800 They argue that, in fact, they are-- 373 00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:27,580 I think it's Herschel that talks about the Jewish religion 374 00:29:27,580 --> 00:29:32,540 as being a religion of the architecture of time. 375 00:29:32,540 --> 00:29:38,140 If you look at the layout of a text in the Mishnah, 376 00:29:38,140 --> 00:29:41,800 you'll see a body of writing. 377 00:29:41,800 --> 00:29:47,230 And on the sides are Talmudic interpretations 378 00:29:47,230 --> 00:29:50,540 by rabbis over time. 379 00:29:50,540 --> 00:29:56,260 So the truth is never absolute in this one sense-- 380 00:29:56,260 --> 00:30:01,190 that it's always open to discussion. 381 00:30:01,190 --> 00:30:04,240 It's also that the Jews took upon themselves-- 382 00:30:04,240 --> 00:30:09,280 and Freud himself, who at one time thought about going 383 00:30:09,280 --> 00:30:10,510 to live in Jerusalem-- 384 00:30:13,150 --> 00:30:17,620 says that the Jews preoccupied themselves 385 00:30:17,620 --> 00:30:20,770 with avoiding pictorial imagery. 386 00:30:20,770 --> 00:30:24,580 You cannot decorate the synagogue. 387 00:30:24,580 --> 00:30:29,080 The text has to be absolutely pure. 388 00:30:29,080 --> 00:30:31,340 Jews didn't become architects. 389 00:30:31,340 --> 00:30:34,390 They were never in a power position in exile 390 00:30:34,390 --> 00:30:36,160 for thousands of years-- 391 00:30:36,160 --> 00:30:37,990 well, not thousands of years. 392 00:30:37,990 --> 00:30:40,660 Peter Eisenman and his-- 393 00:30:40,660 --> 00:30:42,190 Frank Gehry are Jewish. 394 00:30:42,190 --> 00:30:46,540 And I suppose that we've made up for that lost time. 395 00:30:49,660 --> 00:30:55,510 But the Jewish presence after 70 AD 396 00:30:55,510 --> 00:31:01,690 was in exile until the slow return of the Jews 397 00:31:01,690 --> 00:31:12,570 in the Ottoman period, which lasted from about 1500 to 1917. 398 00:31:12,570 --> 00:31:16,350 I hope you're following all of these detailed stories. 399 00:31:16,350 --> 00:31:21,360 But in a sense, it's only by looking 400 00:31:21,360 --> 00:31:24,840 at the detailed side of the stories 401 00:31:24,840 --> 00:31:28,260 that you really get a good idea of the complexity 402 00:31:28,260 --> 00:31:30,060 of the situation. 403 00:31:30,060 --> 00:31:31,920 To say Arab-- 404 00:31:31,920 --> 00:31:36,210 I mean, of the 3,000 years of the history of Jerusalem, 405 00:31:36,210 --> 00:31:39,870 1,200 years would be under the Israelites or the Jews, 406 00:31:39,870 --> 00:31:42,510 and 1,200 years under the Arabs or Islam. 407 00:31:45,820 --> 00:31:50,685 Whatever that means, the rest is divided amongst the Christians 408 00:31:50,685 --> 00:31:51,310 and the Romans. 409 00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:55,990 Jerusalem was, in the first place, 410 00:31:55,990 --> 00:31:59,840 not a particularly important city. 411 00:31:59,840 --> 00:32:00,910 It was too steep. 412 00:32:03,980 --> 00:32:10,130 The main circulation path was to the West 413 00:32:10,130 --> 00:32:13,340 along the Mediterranean. 414 00:32:13,340 --> 00:32:20,210 Jerusalem was the last connector between the coastal plain 415 00:32:20,210 --> 00:32:24,375 and the endless desert, which stretched all the way to India. 416 00:32:27,630 --> 00:32:32,850 The Dead Sea close to Jerusalem was the lowest point on Earth. 417 00:32:32,850 --> 00:32:35,790 So there was-- I'll show you a slide indicating 418 00:32:35,790 --> 00:32:39,390 this division, geographical division, on which Jerusalem 419 00:32:39,390 --> 00:32:41,160 sits. 420 00:32:41,160 --> 00:32:45,210 Alexander the Great visited Jerusalem. 421 00:32:45,210 --> 00:32:49,650 This was an enormous victory for the Jews. 422 00:32:49,650 --> 00:32:56,160 Many Jews, including my son, are named Alexander 423 00:32:56,160 --> 00:32:58,890 because of that tradition. 424 00:32:58,890 --> 00:33:03,690 His first name is Peter, but his second name is Alexander. 425 00:33:03,690 --> 00:33:10,380 I named him after the Russian giants rather 426 00:33:10,380 --> 00:33:12,555 and Jewish heroes. 427 00:33:15,790 --> 00:33:26,810 So Zionism, as a phenomenon, occurs in Europe 428 00:33:26,810 --> 00:33:32,420 as a consequence of the marginalization of Jews 429 00:33:32,420 --> 00:33:39,360 in Central Europe and all the way to England and France, 430 00:33:39,360 --> 00:33:41,982 the disposition of Jewish land. 431 00:33:41,982 --> 00:33:45,990 The Jews, under one of the early I 432 00:33:45,990 --> 00:33:49,830 think 12th century English kings, had to wear labels 433 00:33:49,830 --> 00:33:52,830 marking them as Jews-- 434 00:33:52,830 --> 00:33:55,410 the pogroms of Eastern Europe. 435 00:33:55,410 --> 00:34:03,000 I mean, it's a long history which precedes the Holocaust. 436 00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:09,090 And Jewish reaction to persecution and punishment 437 00:34:09,090 --> 00:34:13,320 took the form of a biblical notion of "next year 438 00:34:13,320 --> 00:34:15,090 in Jerusalem." 439 00:34:15,090 --> 00:34:17,519 In the Jewish Passover service, there 440 00:34:17,519 --> 00:34:21,510 is this phrase, "next year, in Jerusalem." 441 00:34:21,510 --> 00:34:25,320 The Jewish Passover, unlike the Christian Easter, 442 00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:30,120 is not dedicated very much to a religious idea, 443 00:34:30,120 --> 00:34:38,920 but related to the escape under Moses from Egypt and God 444 00:34:38,920 --> 00:34:44,270 parting the Red Sea to allow the Jews to escape. 445 00:34:44,270 --> 00:34:50,060 How true that story is, whether Freud claims that Moses was, 446 00:34:50,060 --> 00:34:56,375 in fact, an Egyptian who had learned about it. 447 00:34:56,375 --> 00:35:01,400 Well, anyway, there are too many stories. 448 00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:04,130 When you get all of these people having 449 00:35:04,130 --> 00:35:09,810 been involved in this dialogue, on this multilogue, 450 00:35:09,810 --> 00:35:12,750 you have many stories. 451 00:35:12,750 --> 00:35:18,600 The Ottoman Empire chooses to take the wrong side in the 1418 452 00:35:18,600 --> 00:35:21,840 war, and the British take over Jerusalem. 453 00:35:21,840 --> 00:35:24,210 They maintain Jerusalem as a mandate 454 00:35:24,210 --> 00:35:31,290 until 1948, when the War of Independence 455 00:35:31,290 --> 00:35:36,660 and the Jewish state of Israel was founded 70 years ago now. 456 00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:46,120 East Jerusalem belongs to Jordan, West Jerusalem, 457 00:35:46,120 --> 00:35:49,470 to Israel. 458 00:35:49,470 --> 00:35:53,220 1967, there's another war. 459 00:35:53,220 --> 00:36:00,880 This time, the Jews expel Jordan from East Jerusalem, 460 00:36:00,880 --> 00:36:05,605 and in fact, annex the West Bank to a united Israel. 461 00:36:08,150 --> 00:36:12,850 The United Nations proposes that Jerusalem 462 00:36:12,850 --> 00:36:17,020 be an international city. 463 00:36:17,020 --> 00:36:21,190 They actually have a diagram of the form of Jerusalem 464 00:36:21,190 --> 00:36:23,500 as an international city. 465 00:36:23,500 --> 00:36:30,370 Neither side, neither Arab nor Jewish politics, 466 00:36:30,370 --> 00:36:32,560 accept that as a resolution. 467 00:36:35,380 --> 00:36:41,680 The Jews start, after the Oslo Accords, which presumably 468 00:36:41,680 --> 00:36:46,540 sets out that there would be an independent Palestinian state, 469 00:36:46,540 --> 00:36:51,850 and talks about the '67 boundary lines 470 00:36:51,850 --> 00:36:55,780 and zones for the future states. 471 00:36:59,620 --> 00:37:04,870 Israel politics, a combination of religious pressure 472 00:37:04,870 --> 00:37:15,010 and all kinds of other internal Israeli social issues, 473 00:37:15,010 --> 00:37:18,070 promote the expansion program, which 474 00:37:18,070 --> 00:37:21,910 now has reached 300,000 settlers living 475 00:37:21,910 --> 00:37:30,810 on land, which is East of the partition line set by the Oslo 476 00:37:30,810 --> 00:37:31,310 Accords. 477 00:37:36,910 --> 00:37:41,800 Many American presidents, since Harry Truman I think, 478 00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:46,300 have objected to Israeli settlement expansion, 479 00:37:46,300 --> 00:37:48,250 with no results whatsoever. 480 00:37:50,800 --> 00:37:55,630 The status quo, at the end of all of my long story of 3,000 481 00:37:55,630 --> 00:38:01,240 years, is a situation in which Jerusalem 482 00:38:01,240 --> 00:38:06,290 is claimed by Israel to be the unique capital of Israel. 483 00:38:06,290 --> 00:38:09,130 Although, as you will read in my letter, 484 00:38:09,130 --> 00:38:14,320 many of the previous Israeli presidents 485 00:38:14,320 --> 00:38:17,380 have looked for alternative sites 486 00:38:17,380 --> 00:38:24,460 to Jerusalem, at least for the capital of Israel, including 487 00:38:24,460 --> 00:38:27,845 Ben-Gurion's choice of coordinate in the Negev. 488 00:38:34,030 --> 00:38:40,180 At present, the Palestinian position 489 00:38:40,180 --> 00:38:42,580 is a slightly more complex position, 490 00:38:42,580 --> 00:38:46,450 but they would like to share Jerusalem 491 00:38:46,450 --> 00:38:50,450 as the capital of their state as well. 492 00:38:50,450 --> 00:38:55,090 So you have a notion, which I don't think exists anywhere 493 00:38:55,090 --> 00:38:56,980 else in the world, where one city is 494 00:38:56,980 --> 00:39:00,800 the capital of two countries. 495 00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:06,230 You get St. Louis, Missouri and St. Louis, Kansas City. 496 00:39:06,230 --> 00:39:11,690 You have divisions in other parts of the world, 497 00:39:11,690 --> 00:39:15,080 but you have no claim for a city as being 498 00:39:15,080 --> 00:39:18,180 the capital of two states. 499 00:39:18,180 --> 00:39:24,680 In fact, the notion of two states is now under discussion. 500 00:39:24,680 --> 00:39:27,380 There's a new, relatively new, movement, 501 00:39:27,380 --> 00:39:32,150 which argues for the existence of a single state, which 502 00:39:32,150 --> 00:39:35,240 would alleviate the problem of the settlements, 503 00:39:35,240 --> 00:39:38,450 but deny Zionist ambitions. 504 00:39:38,450 --> 00:39:44,260 Because demographically, the Jewish position 505 00:39:44,260 --> 00:39:49,330 is more vulnerable demographically. 506 00:39:49,330 --> 00:39:52,990 This two-state solution, which the United States 507 00:39:52,990 --> 00:39:59,710 and most liberal politicians support, 508 00:39:59,710 --> 00:40:03,175 is for there to be an independent Palestinian state. 509 00:40:05,770 --> 00:40:10,990 The Palestinians wish to go back to the 1967 boundary. 510 00:40:10,990 --> 00:40:13,150 They'll have to be some compromise. 511 00:40:13,150 --> 00:40:15,280 God knows how that compromise is going 512 00:40:15,280 --> 00:40:19,540 to be worked out between the size of the settlement 513 00:40:19,540 --> 00:40:25,750 population and the emaciated, fragmented-- 514 00:40:25,750 --> 00:40:30,430 you can see in the last map in your handout, 515 00:40:30,430 --> 00:40:34,760 just in the case of the periphery of Jerusalem, 516 00:40:34,760 --> 00:40:47,960 how much this land has become parcelized and fragmented 517 00:40:47,960 --> 00:40:48,905 rather than unified. 518 00:40:54,370 --> 00:41:01,850 My son's book, which tackles this problem much more 519 00:41:01,850 --> 00:41:11,270 eloquently than I can, argues that for a Palestinian state, 520 00:41:11,270 --> 00:41:16,150 which is liberal and not imposing military law 521 00:41:16,150 --> 00:41:19,880 onto the Palestinians in the West Bank, 522 00:41:19,880 --> 00:41:23,060 and so on, and so on, is probably 523 00:41:23,060 --> 00:41:26,420 the most coherent liberal position 524 00:41:26,420 --> 00:41:28,700 on the subject at the moment. 525 00:41:28,700 --> 00:41:33,500 The future of Jerusalem may well be never resolved. 526 00:41:38,460 --> 00:41:44,940 It may be the result of too much history and too much mythology. 527 00:41:44,940 --> 00:41:49,050 Mythology becomes history at a certain point. 528 00:41:49,050 --> 00:41:51,360 Let me give you an example. 529 00:41:51,360 --> 00:41:57,450 Christians, at Easter today, celebrate the way of the cross. 530 00:41:57,450 --> 00:42:00,330 They carry the cross symbolically 531 00:42:00,330 --> 00:42:04,500 from the praetorium where Jesus was housed 532 00:42:04,500 --> 00:42:09,370 to where he was crucified. 533 00:42:09,370 --> 00:42:13,510 The site of the crucifixion is not absolutely clear, 534 00:42:13,510 --> 00:42:18,790 but most people now assume it to be somewhere around where 535 00:42:18,790 --> 00:42:22,300 the sepulcher is. 536 00:42:22,300 --> 00:42:27,610 One of the stations of the cross, station number 537 00:42:27,610 --> 00:42:29,710 I don't know what-- 538 00:42:29,710 --> 00:42:32,710 number seven, I'm not sure exactly-- 539 00:42:32,710 --> 00:42:36,460 it's called the Ecce Homo station. 540 00:42:36,460 --> 00:42:46,065 That's where the Roman Legion commander pointed down to Jesus 541 00:42:46,065 --> 00:42:47,510 and said, ecce homo-- 542 00:42:47,510 --> 00:42:52,400 look at that man, look at this man in a derisive manner-- 543 00:42:52,400 --> 00:42:55,770 carrying the cross. 544 00:42:55,770 --> 00:42:59,340 In fact, history proves that to be absolutely nonsense, 545 00:42:59,340 --> 00:43:01,740 but a complete myth. 546 00:43:01,740 --> 00:43:07,800 Archeologists say that the Ecce Homo Arch was only built long 547 00:43:07,800 --> 00:43:15,160 after Jesus' death and didn't exist at the time of Jesus. 548 00:43:15,160 --> 00:43:24,210 So the other conflations of reality, 549 00:43:24,210 --> 00:43:30,690 the Jews are near the citadel of David 550 00:43:30,690 --> 00:43:36,660 have the site of David's tomb, above which Christians 551 00:43:36,660 --> 00:43:46,550 claim the Last Supper of Jesus with his followers took place. 552 00:43:46,550 --> 00:43:51,860 It is now the site of the Dormitian Abbey, which is 553 00:43:51,860 --> 00:43:54,005 where Mary was supposedly died. 554 00:43:54,005 --> 00:43:55,910 [ITALIAN] Mary-- 555 00:43:55,910 --> 00:43:58,970 [ITALIAN] being the Italian word to sleep-- 556 00:43:58,970 --> 00:44:00,650 Dormitian Abbey. 557 00:44:00,650 --> 00:44:03,110 So you have a vertical. 558 00:44:03,110 --> 00:44:06,650 As the history of this city has grown and layered 559 00:44:06,650 --> 00:44:11,450 upon each other, physically you have Jewish David 560 00:44:11,450 --> 00:44:12,800 at the bottom. 561 00:44:12,800 --> 00:44:19,130 Jesus is next on top, and the Ottoman Empire and Mary's 562 00:44:19,130 --> 00:44:22,610 memory on the top. 563 00:44:22,610 --> 00:44:26,450 What do you do about a place like this? 564 00:44:26,450 --> 00:44:28,760 You fossilize it. 565 00:44:28,760 --> 00:44:31,070 In my letter, in The New Republic, 566 00:44:31,070 --> 00:44:33,770 I say that it's not only a religious city. 567 00:44:33,770 --> 00:44:37,550 It's an everyday city in which people go to school. 568 00:44:37,550 --> 00:44:40,320 People have transportation problems. 569 00:44:40,320 --> 00:44:43,190 The Jews have just built a light rail system. 570 00:44:49,380 --> 00:44:51,390 It's a political city. 571 00:44:51,390 --> 00:44:57,300 It never was the capital of any of the country's Arab countries 572 00:44:57,300 --> 00:44:59,970 that conquered Jerusalem. 573 00:44:59,970 --> 00:45:03,480 I'll show you a slide of Jerusalem 574 00:45:03,480 --> 00:45:07,560 only being the capital of the Crusader 575 00:45:07,560 --> 00:45:11,970 empire and the Jewish empire. 576 00:45:11,970 --> 00:45:15,600 What justification that makes for arguing that Jerusalem 577 00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:20,880 should be the unique capital of Israel is for you to decide. 578 00:45:27,210 --> 00:45:29,820 This is the most-- 579 00:45:29,820 --> 00:45:33,270 I mean, I can give you many detailed stories and versions 580 00:45:33,270 --> 00:45:35,400 of any of these events. 581 00:45:38,030 --> 00:45:46,760 For instance, in a religious environment of this kind, 582 00:45:46,760 --> 00:45:50,780 it's amazing how frequently people 583 00:45:50,780 --> 00:45:55,230 build on the sites of previous religious institutions. 584 00:45:55,230 --> 00:45:57,740 The Church of the Holy Sepulcher is 585 00:45:57,740 --> 00:46:03,050 built on the site of the Roman temple of Aphrodite. 586 00:46:03,050 --> 00:46:07,850 When the Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099, 587 00:46:07,850 --> 00:46:11,720 they go, they march, to the Dome of the Rock 588 00:46:11,720 --> 00:46:13,520 and the Al-Aqsa mosque. 589 00:46:13,520 --> 00:46:15,680 And instead of putting them down, 590 00:46:15,680 --> 00:46:19,520 they put a Christian flag on top of the Dome of the Rock 591 00:46:19,520 --> 00:46:22,400 and called the Temple of Dominus. 592 00:46:22,400 --> 00:46:26,420 And the Al-Aqsa mosque becomes Temple Salomonis. 593 00:46:26,420 --> 00:46:30,260 Al-Aqsa mosque has its foundations 594 00:46:30,260 --> 00:46:34,100 in Solomon's temple stables. 595 00:46:34,100 --> 00:46:37,800 It is constantly-- its roof is constantly-- 596 00:46:37,800 --> 00:46:41,060 its lead roof is constantly having to be repaired, 597 00:46:41,060 --> 00:46:44,190 because its foundations are so unstable. 598 00:46:44,190 --> 00:46:46,942 This is the city which is built. 599 00:46:46,942 --> 00:46:50,510 I write in the last part of my writing 600 00:46:50,510 --> 00:46:55,430 on Louis Kahn's Hurva synagogue. 601 00:46:55,430 --> 00:46:56,810 Well, if you haven't read it, I'm 602 00:46:56,810 --> 00:47:00,620 not going to tell you the story of Louis Kahn's interpretation 603 00:47:00,620 --> 00:47:05,165 of how you build in Jerusalem, his theory of ruins. 604 00:47:08,640 --> 00:47:17,190 So today, the Islam has two permanent monuments, ways, 605 00:47:17,190 --> 00:47:19,710 people can pray. 606 00:47:19,710 --> 00:47:22,350 The Jews don't have any. 607 00:47:22,350 --> 00:47:25,260 They pray in the open air. 608 00:47:25,260 --> 00:47:28,440 The holiest presence is in the Western Wall, 609 00:47:28,440 --> 00:47:35,610 which is eroding in ancestry. 610 00:47:35,610 --> 00:47:41,970 And the Christians still have the desecrated holy place 611 00:47:41,970 --> 00:47:45,900 of the Sepulcher, Christ's passion-- 612 00:47:45,900 --> 00:47:49,020 the location of Christ's passion. 613 00:47:49,020 --> 00:47:58,480 And such is an abbreviated story of Jerusalem. 614 00:47:58,480 --> 00:47:59,530 Now, what do you do? 615 00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:05,670 I worked for the Palestinian side. 616 00:48:05,670 --> 00:48:08,130 I worked not for the Israeli government, 617 00:48:08,130 --> 00:48:12,700 but for the mayor of Jerusalem over time. 618 00:48:12,700 --> 00:48:17,040 So my investment in this city is more than just 619 00:48:17,040 --> 00:48:20,250 knowing its history, which I only know partially. 620 00:48:20,250 --> 00:48:23,520 The history of religion is so extensive 621 00:48:23,520 --> 00:48:26,320 that to understand it all-- 622 00:48:26,320 --> 00:48:30,810 I don't even understand who Gabriel was. 623 00:48:30,810 --> 00:48:33,330 The figure is in some story somewhere. 624 00:48:36,210 --> 00:48:42,920 I mean, the books about the Last Supper, 625 00:48:42,920 --> 00:48:47,150 which talk about the tradition of eating together 626 00:48:47,150 --> 00:48:50,570 and what that means, the book's about the killing 627 00:48:50,570 --> 00:48:51,605 of your first son-- 628 00:48:54,380 --> 00:49:01,370 remember the one of the plagues that the Egyptians or God cast 629 00:49:01,370 --> 00:49:04,820 on the Egyptians for the persecution of the Jews 630 00:49:04,820 --> 00:49:07,010 was the killing of the first son. 631 00:49:07,010 --> 00:49:11,300 That's why the baby Moses was hidden in the reeds. 632 00:49:17,090 --> 00:49:20,120 We can go on and on, and on and on, and on. 633 00:49:20,120 --> 00:49:23,450 Religion is a business which produces lots of myths, 634 00:49:23,450 --> 00:49:27,290 and realities, and interpretations to keep 635 00:49:27,290 --> 00:49:28,025 itself going. 636 00:49:32,010 --> 00:49:40,600 OK, we should look at some of these pictures 637 00:49:40,600 --> 00:49:43,290 so you get a better idea of what this place looks like. 638 00:49:53,620 --> 00:49:54,750 The options are simple. 639 00:49:58,470 --> 00:50:02,610 This is the present Israeli option for Jerusalem. 640 00:50:02,610 --> 00:50:05,610 If this is Palestine and this is Israel, 641 00:50:05,610 --> 00:50:10,950 Jerusalem has a secure border on its East side. 642 00:50:13,650 --> 00:50:18,425 This is a metropolitan city, as indicated 643 00:50:18,425 --> 00:50:22,250 in the drawing of the Palestinian planner 644 00:50:22,250 --> 00:50:24,656 with the central. 645 00:50:24,656 --> 00:50:28,820 The problem of what happens on a boundary between two 646 00:50:28,820 --> 00:50:32,900 countries in terms of security and customs 647 00:50:32,900 --> 00:50:36,440 isn't answered by one. 648 00:50:36,440 --> 00:50:38,120 You have to dispense with it. 649 00:50:38,120 --> 00:50:41,180 You can only dispense with that if you 650 00:50:41,180 --> 00:50:43,010 have secure relationship. 651 00:50:45,632 --> 00:50:50,440 The European Union has dispensed with passports 652 00:50:50,440 --> 00:50:57,390 by virtue of an assumption that there is no reason 653 00:50:57,390 --> 00:51:03,390 to maintain fortified borders any longer between France 654 00:51:03,390 --> 00:51:07,010 and Belgium, for instance. 655 00:51:07,010 --> 00:51:12,050 But can you conceive of this being a solution in relation 656 00:51:12,050 --> 00:51:17,540 to two pretty hostile entities? 657 00:51:17,540 --> 00:51:21,050 How are you going to deal with security in a unified city-- 658 00:51:24,250 --> 00:51:25,060 small details? 659 00:51:30,016 --> 00:51:31,930 The historic site has-- 660 00:51:34,640 --> 00:51:44,110 if an Iraqi wishes to visit the Dome of the Rock, 661 00:51:44,110 --> 00:51:52,610 he or she has to penetrate some kind of a line, 662 00:51:52,610 --> 00:51:55,130 or presumably there is line which 663 00:51:55,130 --> 00:51:59,330 has to be penetrated at all. 664 00:51:59,330 --> 00:52:04,550 This is a position where Palestine 665 00:52:04,550 --> 00:52:11,150 encircles Jerusalem in the counterpoint to this proposal. 666 00:52:11,150 --> 00:52:12,970 Are there any other possibilities? 667 00:52:16,700 --> 00:52:18,200 What do you think at the back there? 668 00:52:21,872 --> 00:52:23,197 AUDIENCE: Possibility for what? 669 00:52:23,197 --> 00:52:24,030 JULIAN BEINART: Hmm? 670 00:52:24,030 --> 00:52:25,947 AUDIENCE: Possibility for what? 671 00:52:25,947 --> 00:52:27,780 JULIAN BEINART: For the future of Jerusalem, 672 00:52:27,780 --> 00:52:29,280 given either one or-- 673 00:52:29,280 --> 00:52:33,180 given a one-state solution, there's no problem. 674 00:52:33,180 --> 00:52:36,040 It's the capital of a single state. 675 00:52:36,040 --> 00:52:38,975 But if it's the-- 676 00:52:38,975 --> 00:52:42,900 another solution is a version of number 1-- 677 00:52:46,540 --> 00:52:51,430 that the Ramallah, the United States, and the European Union 678 00:52:51,430 --> 00:52:54,580 give a billion dollars to the Palestinians 679 00:52:54,580 --> 00:52:55,645 to build a new capital. 680 00:52:58,225 --> 00:53:01,280 AUDIENCE: It's not a question of where other people want 681 00:53:01,280 --> 00:53:04,180 them to put the capital. 682 00:53:04,180 --> 00:53:10,470 [INAUDIBLE] for Israel the same. 683 00:53:10,470 --> 00:53:13,850 There's two sides of Jerusalem. 684 00:53:13,850 --> 00:53:15,153 JULIAN BEINART: I understand. 685 00:53:15,153 --> 00:53:16,820 AUDIENCE: There is a place to divide it. 686 00:53:16,820 --> 00:53:21,480 There is a divide, without there being a political division. 687 00:53:21,480 --> 00:53:25,410 There is a community that's divided. 688 00:53:25,410 --> 00:53:28,420 The problem is that it's the issue of security 689 00:53:28,420 --> 00:53:31,390 and whether everybody from-- 690 00:53:31,390 --> 00:53:33,370 what the Palestinians can control 691 00:53:33,370 --> 00:53:36,970 who comes right up to the edge of the Israeli side 692 00:53:36,970 --> 00:53:38,590 or the Jewish side. 693 00:53:38,590 --> 00:53:40,190 That's the problem. 694 00:53:40,190 --> 00:53:43,720 JULIAN BEINART: I understand. 695 00:53:43,720 --> 00:53:49,150 What I'm concluding is that there is no solution 696 00:53:49,150 --> 00:53:54,550 and that this will just perpetuate itself in history, 697 00:53:54,550 --> 00:54:00,820 causing bloodshed as blood accompanies this history 698 00:54:00,820 --> 00:54:04,030 of Jerusalem for 2,000, 3,000 years. 699 00:54:04,030 --> 00:54:07,990 That it'll just continue to be-- 700 00:54:07,990 --> 00:54:13,450 it is too intoxicated a site by the virtue of the three 701 00:54:13,450 --> 00:54:16,510 major religions in the world. 702 00:54:16,510 --> 00:54:18,610 Forgive me if I leave the others out. 703 00:54:24,880 --> 00:54:27,800 And to use Aldo Rossi's term, "The locus 704 00:54:27,800 --> 00:54:34,160 is such that it is irresolvable." 705 00:54:34,160 --> 00:54:38,000 It's a bleak future for both Palestine and Israel. 706 00:54:40,790 --> 00:54:44,030 Maybe there's a solution which doesn't include Jerusalem. 707 00:54:44,030 --> 00:54:48,720 This is the one which I'm indicating here, 708 00:54:48,720 --> 00:54:54,470 where East Jerusalem is a suburb of another state, 709 00:54:54,470 --> 00:54:57,530 of a city in another state, but that's 710 00:54:57,530 --> 00:55:01,570 a far-fetched resolution. 711 00:55:01,570 --> 00:55:04,850 There's the West versus the East, 712 00:55:04,850 --> 00:55:09,500 the countries of Palestine versus Israel, the race Arab 713 00:55:09,500 --> 00:55:16,940 versus Hebrew, language Hebrew versus Arabic, religion Islam 714 00:55:16,940 --> 00:55:23,420 and Christianity versus Judaism, Israel's relationship 715 00:55:23,420 --> 00:55:27,350 with the West, with Palestine's association 716 00:55:27,350 --> 00:55:31,580 with the Middle East and the Arab world, 717 00:55:31,580 --> 00:55:36,920 Israel's preoccupation with Western and industrial growth, 718 00:55:36,920 --> 00:55:41,150 Palestine's developing economy in agriculture 719 00:55:41,150 --> 00:55:47,300 and in technical industry, the Jewish background 720 00:55:47,300 --> 00:55:54,350 of the Holocaust and the Arab treatment of Jews 721 00:55:54,350 --> 00:56:02,330 in Arab countries, Palestine's heritage of colonialism, 722 00:56:02,330 --> 00:56:10,360 exploitation, and so on, and so on, and so on, and so on. 723 00:56:10,360 --> 00:56:14,410 You just travel the world of imagery. 724 00:56:14,410 --> 00:56:15,095 It's cheaper. 725 00:56:23,770 --> 00:56:27,840 Jerusalem, like so many parts of this world, [INAUDIBLE] 726 00:56:27,840 --> 00:56:32,870 is exactly the same, topological structure. 727 00:56:32,870 --> 00:56:36,910 It's built on folded plains causing 728 00:56:36,910 --> 00:56:43,750 valleys, and hillsides, and different kinds of notions 729 00:56:43,750 --> 00:56:45,080 of development. 730 00:56:45,080 --> 00:56:50,300 This is a more or less contemporary imagery. 731 00:56:50,300 --> 00:56:54,280 This is the old city here. 732 00:56:54,280 --> 00:56:59,560 This is the mosque, Al-Aqsa mosque, and that's 733 00:56:59,560 --> 00:57:00,610 the Dome of the Rock. 734 00:57:11,800 --> 00:57:15,190 This is the Western Wall. 735 00:57:15,190 --> 00:57:19,840 This is Jewish expansion from the 19th century onward, 736 00:57:19,840 --> 00:57:23,470 westward, Beit HaKarem, and all the way 737 00:57:23,470 --> 00:57:34,280 to the Jewish Israeli museum, the Jewish capital parliament 738 00:57:34,280 --> 00:57:37,260 buildings, and further westwards. 739 00:57:37,260 --> 00:57:37,760 Next. 740 00:57:45,080 --> 00:57:49,970 Jerusalem lying on watershed between the coastal plain 741 00:57:49,970 --> 00:57:57,910 on the West and the endless desert on the right. 742 00:57:57,910 --> 00:57:58,410 Next. 743 00:58:01,690 --> 00:58:04,990 David's building of the city on the south. 744 00:58:04,990 --> 00:58:09,910 The city was always defensible on the south 745 00:58:09,910 --> 00:58:11,980 more easily than it was in the north. 746 00:58:11,980 --> 00:58:16,150 The Romans invaded from the north. 747 00:58:16,150 --> 00:58:22,000 This is a set of reconstruction of Solomon's Temple 748 00:58:22,000 --> 00:58:23,150 over the centuries. 749 00:58:23,150 --> 00:58:23,650 Next. 750 00:58:28,390 --> 00:58:31,990 Corbusier's sketch of the Holy of the Holies 751 00:58:31,990 --> 00:58:33,415 under the nomadic tent. 752 00:58:37,770 --> 00:58:44,130 The whole idea of the temple is creating 753 00:58:44,130 --> 00:58:49,500 an audience of people in the community in the foreground, 754 00:58:49,500 --> 00:58:52,315 but no penetration of the building itself. 755 00:58:57,120 --> 00:58:58,695 Jesus inherits temple. 756 00:59:03,080 --> 00:59:12,560 He said to exonerate-- not attacked, 757 00:59:12,560 --> 00:59:20,390 but assaulted the sellers of goods in the foreground 758 00:59:20,390 --> 00:59:22,610 of the temple. 759 00:59:22,610 --> 00:59:26,210 At a certain point he says, the temple 760 00:59:26,210 --> 00:59:31,550 will be destroyed after my death. 761 00:59:31,550 --> 00:59:38,510 He says to his associates, from then onwards, 762 00:59:38,510 --> 00:59:39,860 you won't need a temple. 763 00:59:39,860 --> 00:59:42,960 My body will be your temple. 764 00:59:42,960 --> 00:59:45,350 Here, you have a religious substitution 765 00:59:45,350 --> 00:59:49,505 of the image of the body, the mass. 766 00:59:53,840 --> 01:00:00,170 In Catholicism, the use of the wafer to eat something 767 01:00:00,170 --> 01:00:05,300 refers to the actual consumption of the symbolic consumption 768 01:00:05,300 --> 01:00:06,185 of a body. 769 01:00:08,960 --> 01:00:12,350 The wine stands for blood. 770 01:00:12,350 --> 01:00:17,370 These primitive and primeval relationships. 771 01:00:17,370 --> 01:00:17,870 Next. 772 01:00:20,720 --> 01:00:23,850 God is the architect. 773 01:00:23,850 --> 01:00:27,470 Augustine, on the right, is seeing God, 774 01:00:27,470 --> 01:00:32,225 envisioning a second city up in the sky. 775 01:00:34,820 --> 01:00:37,850 For Jews, it was the second-- 776 01:00:37,850 --> 01:00:41,240 the ethereal Jerusalem is about 10 miles up. 777 01:00:41,240 --> 01:00:44,460 For Arabs, it's about 15 miles up. 778 01:00:44,460 --> 01:00:44,960 Next. 779 01:00:49,900 --> 01:00:54,370 Reversionary construction of these Ezekiel's temple 780 01:00:54,370 --> 01:00:56,695 from the six, seven chapters. 781 01:01:00,040 --> 01:01:02,770 I didn't go into this, and I think 782 01:01:02,770 --> 01:01:04,420 we'll leave it for the moment. 783 01:01:04,420 --> 01:01:08,920 It was the notion of the invention of heaven. 784 01:01:08,920 --> 01:01:11,500 For the Jews, it seemed to me that early 785 01:01:11,500 --> 01:01:20,260 on the God with Yahweh, heaven was above, 786 01:01:20,260 --> 01:01:27,790 but dead human beings were not part of the territory that 787 01:01:27,790 --> 01:01:30,070 should be taken account of. 788 01:01:30,070 --> 01:01:34,240 Priests wore gloves when dealing with dead human beings, 789 01:01:34,240 --> 01:01:35,525 like animals. 790 01:01:35,525 --> 01:01:36,025 Next. 791 01:01:39,720 --> 01:01:43,170 Here, it's temple reconstruction. 792 01:01:43,170 --> 01:01:46,380 The great battle, the invasion, of the Romans 793 01:01:46,380 --> 01:01:49,015 and the slaughter of the Jews. 794 01:01:49,015 --> 01:01:49,515 Next. 795 01:01:53,300 --> 01:02:00,140 The only map of Jerusalem, this is in Jordan 796 01:02:00,140 --> 01:02:03,650 in a place called Madaba, near Aman. 797 01:02:03,650 --> 01:02:08,750 This is a mosaic floor in a church in Madaba showing 798 01:02:08,750 --> 01:02:13,970 the Roman construction of The Cardo, The East-West 799 01:02:13,970 --> 01:02:19,440 Cardo, and the Decumanus from the Jaffa Gate 800 01:02:19,440 --> 01:02:24,825 running right angles. 801 01:02:24,825 --> 01:02:25,325 Next. 802 01:02:29,520 --> 01:02:31,260 This is the Ecce Homo Arch. 803 01:02:33,870 --> 01:02:36,960 We're looking at a map of Jerusalem 804 01:02:36,960 --> 01:02:40,950 at the time of the death of Christ. 805 01:02:40,950 --> 01:02:46,310 You will see the connection from the praetorium. 806 01:02:46,310 --> 01:02:49,830 So here, it's praetorium at the top of the Temple Mount 807 01:02:49,830 --> 01:02:56,250 diagram along the way of the cross, all the way to Golgotha, 808 01:02:56,250 --> 01:03:03,730 to the Golgotha hill, and the putative passion of Christ. 809 01:03:03,730 --> 01:03:06,150 This is [INAUDIBLE],, this way of the cross 810 01:03:06,150 --> 01:03:09,720 is a ritualistic celebration carried out 811 01:03:09,720 --> 01:03:14,040 each Easter in Jerusalem by thousands of pilgrims 812 01:03:14,040 --> 01:03:15,850 from all over the world. 813 01:03:15,850 --> 01:03:16,350 Next. 814 01:03:19,910 --> 01:03:26,510 The temple of Aphrodite prior to the establishment 815 01:03:26,510 --> 01:03:27,620 of the church. 816 01:03:27,620 --> 01:03:31,400 The original establishment of the Church of the Holy 817 01:03:31,400 --> 01:03:36,290 Sepulcher has various religious components, 818 01:03:36,290 --> 01:03:40,470 but it connects to The Cardo on the extreme right. 819 01:03:40,470 --> 01:03:40,970 Next. 820 01:03:45,700 --> 01:03:55,330 Here is a version of it after the Arab presence. 821 01:03:55,330 --> 01:04:05,670 The entrance now is on the south here, 822 01:04:05,670 --> 01:04:11,430 and its connection to The Cardo is truncated and stopped. 823 01:04:11,430 --> 01:04:16,630 These are various components of the Christian story. 824 01:04:16,630 --> 01:04:17,130 Next. 825 01:04:23,400 --> 01:04:27,630 The Christian faiths do not trust access 826 01:04:27,630 --> 01:04:31,860 to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 827 01:04:31,860 --> 01:04:40,380 and for centuries have endured the Nusaybah family, 828 01:04:40,380 --> 01:04:45,540 an Israeli Islamic family, with the keys. 829 01:04:48,340 --> 01:04:51,155 Here is the entrance to the south. 830 01:04:51,155 --> 01:04:51,655 Next. 831 01:04:54,480 --> 01:04:55,275 Here's the roof. 832 01:04:57,920 --> 01:05:02,120 A Christian priest living on the roof of the Church 833 01:05:02,120 --> 01:05:05,330 of the Holy Sepulcher in semi-exile, and here 834 01:05:05,330 --> 01:05:10,455 is an Easter night celebration on the roof. 835 01:05:10,455 --> 01:05:10,955 Next. 836 01:05:14,870 --> 01:05:18,450 The establishment, first establishment, 837 01:05:18,450 --> 01:05:22,740 of the Dome of the Rock, the circular purple building, 838 01:05:22,740 --> 01:05:26,760 and the Al-Aqsa mosque on the south, 839 01:05:26,760 --> 01:05:35,340 and the many institutions leaving 840 01:05:35,340 --> 01:05:41,745 this part of the holy city to be the Jewish quarter. 841 01:05:44,920 --> 01:05:47,590 The Basilica of Holy Zion-- 842 01:05:47,590 --> 01:05:51,220 slowly there's something about the Armenian quarter 843 01:05:51,220 --> 01:05:56,165 and the Christian quarter to develop further to the north. 844 01:05:56,165 --> 01:05:56,665 Next. 845 01:06:01,860 --> 01:06:06,540 The Dome of the Rock, that Al-Aqsa mosque-- 846 01:06:06,540 --> 01:06:07,040 next. 847 01:06:11,920 --> 01:06:17,230 The Crusader period for a relatively short time, 848 01:06:17,230 --> 01:06:22,700 the [LATIN],, the baptistery, the Temple Salomonis, 849 01:06:22,700 --> 01:06:28,300 the previous Al-Aqsa mosque, not destroyed but maintained, 850 01:06:28,300 --> 01:06:32,830 only Christianized in a simple way-- 851 01:06:32,830 --> 01:06:35,080 all the Christian institutions which 852 01:06:35,080 --> 01:06:37,900 grow up under the Crusader. 853 01:06:37,900 --> 01:06:42,820 St. James Cathedral, the Greek hopice, the Syrian monastery, 854 01:06:42,820 --> 01:06:46,360 the church of St. Martin, St. John the Baptist, 855 01:06:46,360 --> 01:06:49,210 the Hospitaliers quarter, the building 856 01:06:49,210 --> 01:06:55,940 of the largest hospital in the world 857 01:06:55,940 --> 01:07:01,450 at that time in the Muristan district, 858 01:07:01,450 --> 01:07:08,030 largely part of the Christianic beneficence. 859 01:07:08,030 --> 01:07:08,530 Next. 860 01:07:13,080 --> 01:07:29,010 The retaking of the city under Arab Islamic circumstances 861 01:07:29,010 --> 01:07:33,150 by Saladin, rebuilding of the walls, 862 01:07:33,150 --> 01:07:40,920 the wall's rebuilt in 1131, 1191 to 1213, all of the schools 863 01:07:40,920 --> 01:07:45,840 and community places as a result of the Islamicization 864 01:07:45,840 --> 01:07:48,360 of this space. 865 01:07:48,360 --> 01:07:54,820 1917, Jerusalem prior, at the time of the British invasion. 866 01:07:54,820 --> 01:07:55,320 Next. 867 01:08:01,640 --> 01:08:05,240 I mentioned the example of the [INAUDIBLE],, 868 01:08:05,240 --> 01:08:13,130 the layering of David's tomb, the Dormitian Abbey, 869 01:08:13,130 --> 01:08:17,779 and the [INAUDIBLE] Caiaphas, one of the agents 870 01:08:17,779 --> 01:08:20,689 in the death of Jesus. 871 01:08:20,689 --> 01:08:25,430 But the Last Supper takes place there as well. 872 01:08:25,430 --> 01:08:28,310 Here is the Dormitian Abbey, which 873 01:08:28,310 --> 01:08:33,500 has these three layers of vertical space belonging 874 01:08:33,500 --> 01:08:34,830 to different religions. 875 01:08:34,830 --> 01:08:35,330 Next. 876 01:08:43,420 --> 01:08:48,729 The final subdivision of the Holy City into four sectors, 877 01:08:48,729 --> 01:08:53,560 the Dome of the Rock, and the Al-Aqsa mosque, 878 01:08:53,560 --> 01:08:57,279 penetrating into the Jewish sector with the Dung Gate. 879 01:08:57,279 --> 01:08:59,140 That's this gate. 880 01:08:59,140 --> 01:09:03,490 The Golden Gate, which is not open any longer 881 01:09:03,490 --> 01:09:05,950 to the Islamic section, which has 882 01:09:05,950 --> 01:09:12,160 the Damascus Gate on the north as its major entrance. 883 01:09:12,160 --> 01:09:13,840 The Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 884 01:09:13,840 --> 01:09:17,590 and the Christian sector, and the Armenian sector here. 885 01:09:17,590 --> 01:09:19,720 The Jaffa Gate leads to-- 886 01:09:19,720 --> 01:09:22,540 is the prime-- if you extend these lines, 887 01:09:22,540 --> 01:09:28,210 the Jaffa Gate extends to the Mediterranean. 888 01:09:28,210 --> 01:09:31,000 The Dung Gate extends down to Egypt. 889 01:09:31,000 --> 01:09:35,109 The Damascus Gate extends upwards to Syria, 890 01:09:35,109 --> 01:09:42,970 and this closed Golden Gate potentially extends eastwards 891 01:09:42,970 --> 01:09:44,750 to Iraq. 892 01:09:44,750 --> 01:09:45,250 Next. 893 01:09:52,310 --> 01:09:55,400 The contemporary city on the left, 894 01:09:55,400 --> 01:10:00,800 the coexistence of tall skyscrapers 895 01:10:00,800 --> 01:10:03,695 on the west in the Jewish city. 896 01:10:06,425 --> 01:10:06,925 Next. 897 01:10:11,890 --> 01:10:15,420 The British occupation, the McLean Plan, 898 01:10:15,420 --> 01:10:20,740 it's not very clear, but it's an attempt 899 01:10:20,740 --> 01:10:27,040 to recognize the western part, the Jewish part, and developing 900 01:10:27,040 --> 01:10:31,060 it according to a garden city model. 901 01:10:31,060 --> 01:10:37,680 The Arab side is left gray for reasons I don't understand. 902 01:10:37,680 --> 01:10:41,680 Restricted building and open space-- 903 01:10:41,680 --> 01:10:42,865 extraordinary plan. 904 01:10:46,280 --> 01:10:52,580 And the United Nations' plan, which encloses a larger area 905 01:10:52,580 --> 01:11:02,940 than the municipality, and it encloses Bethlehem [INAUDIBLE] 906 01:11:02,940 --> 01:11:06,510 on the east, including Hadassah Hospital and Hebrew University 907 01:11:06,510 --> 01:11:07,752 on the northeast-- 908 01:11:11,490 --> 01:11:13,120 rejected by both sides. 909 01:11:17,620 --> 01:11:18,120 Next. 910 01:11:23,660 --> 01:11:26,510 Jerusalem's rulers from 587-- 911 01:11:26,510 --> 01:11:33,110 that's Nebuchadnezzar and Babylon to 1967 AD-- 912 01:11:33,110 --> 01:11:41,030 showing that Jerusalem had consequence at a distance. 913 01:11:41,030 --> 01:11:48,890 The 1967 dividing of the city in the east and west 914 01:11:48,890 --> 01:11:51,395 with a boundary between the two. 915 01:11:51,395 --> 01:11:51,895 Next. 916 01:11:54,440 --> 01:11:58,280 The boundary taken over and a map showing-- 917 01:12:02,100 --> 01:12:09,110 map by protagonists of the Arab cause, 918 01:12:09,110 --> 01:12:11,660 arguing that the Jews have always 919 01:12:11,660 --> 01:12:19,130 tried to locate settlements in a pattern which causes the city 920 01:12:19,130 --> 01:12:21,060 not to be unified. 921 01:12:21,060 --> 01:12:21,560 Next. 922 01:12:27,550 --> 01:12:30,730 Louis Kahn's-- one of the Louis Kahn's great buildings, 923 01:12:30,730 --> 01:12:40,590 which he never built, and his very interesting interpretation 924 01:12:40,590 --> 01:12:45,740 of the use of ruins in a city of-- 925 01:12:45,740 --> 01:12:48,070 could you just turn on those lights, please? 926 01:12:59,960 --> 01:13:08,770 When you have the intersection of religion, politics, 927 01:13:08,770 --> 01:13:13,480 geography, and history, you cannot do anything. 928 01:13:16,840 --> 01:13:19,600 It's frozen. 929 01:13:19,600 --> 01:13:23,620 I don't know of a situation which has managed to overcome-- 930 01:13:23,620 --> 01:13:24,925 maybe Belgian. 931 01:13:29,410 --> 01:13:37,540 I suppose in Europe at least the elimination 932 01:13:37,540 --> 01:13:42,010 of obstacles towards the creation of a plane 933 01:13:42,010 --> 01:13:44,710 of general acceptance. 934 01:13:44,710 --> 01:13:46,930 And the European Union is perhaps 935 01:13:46,930 --> 01:13:54,100 the most modern example of the breaking down of barriers. 936 01:13:54,100 --> 01:14:01,510 The barriers are still between Algiers and Paris. 937 01:14:01,510 --> 01:14:06,100 It's between the hinterland of countries, Turkey 938 01:14:06,100 --> 01:14:12,470 and the European Union, sending migrant labor back and forth. 939 01:14:12,470 --> 01:14:19,330 But this is a phenomenon which is not 940 01:14:19,330 --> 01:14:22,870 easily applied to Jerusalem. 941 01:14:22,870 --> 01:14:24,865 In the case of Johannesburg, you will 942 01:14:24,865 --> 01:14:27,040 see the absence of religion. 943 01:14:27,040 --> 01:14:31,030 It is purely a question of race. 944 01:14:31,030 --> 01:14:35,890 Once you eliminate region and you only deal with race, 945 01:14:35,890 --> 01:14:40,220 you find it easier to resolve, even although South Africa 946 01:14:40,220 --> 01:14:46,330 has struggled into the post-apartheid democracy. 947 01:14:46,330 --> 01:14:50,740 It took enormous resources, and time, and bloodshed. 948 01:14:50,740 --> 01:15:03,960 And Johannesburg is an artifact of race, and so on. 949 01:15:03,960 --> 01:15:06,900 So we look at these others in a slightly different light 950 01:15:06,900 --> 01:15:08,310 than Jerusalem. 951 01:15:08,310 --> 01:15:14,130 But Jerusalem is the great metaphysical city of the world. 952 01:15:14,130 --> 01:15:17,010 It's the most important metaphysical presence. 953 01:15:24,530 --> 01:15:31,190 What that means, meaning-wise, is difficult to say. 954 01:15:31,190 --> 01:15:35,270 They are parts where you tread and walk softly and slowly, 955 01:15:35,270 --> 01:15:38,810 because you have a history of associations 956 01:15:38,810 --> 01:15:42,000 with that particular place. 957 01:15:42,000 --> 01:15:44,090 And these associations are carefully vivid. 958 01:15:47,620 --> 01:15:52,940 There have been Palestinian riots 959 01:15:52,940 --> 01:15:58,320 around the archaeology of certain regions 960 01:15:58,320 --> 01:15:59,205 in the olden city. 961 01:16:03,320 --> 01:16:08,090 Somebody one day will try to excavate under the Holy Mount 962 01:16:08,090 --> 01:16:12,590 to see if the Holies of Holy is still there. 963 01:16:12,590 --> 01:16:18,800 Steven Spielberg's probably likely to do the movie. 964 01:16:18,800 --> 01:16:24,860 Although, he's done a movie which is similar. 965 01:16:24,860 --> 01:16:28,100 Anyway, any thoughts about all of this? 966 01:16:34,060 --> 01:16:36,240 Complexity is an easy evasion. 967 01:16:38,950 --> 01:16:43,060 You know, wherever I go around the world hearing people talk 968 01:16:43,060 --> 01:16:45,310 about cities, the modern interpretation 969 01:16:45,310 --> 01:16:49,930 is they're too complex to have theories about them. 970 01:16:49,930 --> 01:16:54,700 And no city is more complex than Jerusalem. 971 01:16:54,700 --> 01:17:00,250 No city has been the site of three major religions. 972 01:17:00,250 --> 01:17:09,420 No city has been the site of 3,000 years of invasion 973 01:17:09,420 --> 01:17:15,710 and succession, resilience and the building 974 01:17:15,710 --> 01:17:17,120 up of history and myths. 975 01:17:22,320 --> 01:17:24,870 You should go and visit it. 976 01:17:24,870 --> 01:17:27,330 That's all I can recommend. 977 01:17:27,330 --> 01:17:31,170 See if you can make any sense of it. 978 01:17:31,170 --> 01:17:33,210 You've lived in Jerusalem, haven't you? 979 01:17:33,210 --> 01:17:34,920 AUDIENCE: I never lived in Jerusalem. 980 01:17:34,920 --> 01:17:36,327 JULIAN BEINART: You never-- 981 01:17:36,327 --> 01:17:38,160 AUDIENCE: I've been there hundreds of times, 982 01:17:38,160 --> 01:17:40,915 but never [INAUDIBLE] for more than one night. 983 01:17:40,915 --> 01:17:41,790 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 984 01:17:47,630 --> 01:17:51,980 The first immigrant Zionists saw Jerusalem 985 01:17:51,980 --> 01:17:56,870 as an old-fashioned historically-bound city. 986 01:17:56,870 --> 01:18:06,710 And [INAUDIBLE] chose to make Tel Aviv the capital, 987 01:18:06,710 --> 01:18:10,820 or Haifa the capital facing the Mediterranean, 988 01:18:10,820 --> 01:18:19,390 or in the case of Ben-Gurion, the new city of [INAUDIBLE].. 989 01:18:19,390 --> 01:18:23,540 It's Chaim Weizmann who found Jerusalem 990 01:18:23,540 --> 01:18:30,320 to be archaic and medieval, and the new Jewish Zionist spirit 991 01:18:30,320 --> 01:18:41,590 was in favor of novelty and social equity, and some 992 01:18:41,590 --> 01:18:46,420 of the things which it hasn't been able to perpetuate. 993 01:18:46,420 --> 01:18:49,450 OK, we'll do Johannesburg on Thursday 994 01:18:49,450 --> 01:18:52,590 and see if there's any comparison.