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JULIAN BEINART: Let me tell you
what I've handed out to you.

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My argument is that race
is the significant factor

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00:00:38,090 --> 00:00:42,410
in urban history
of South Africa.

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00:00:42,410 --> 00:00:47,630
I will justify that at
the beginning of my talk.

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00:00:47,630 --> 00:00:55,640
Secondly, the form of
Johannesburg from 1876 onwards

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00:00:55,640 --> 00:01:00,110
can be judged in terms of
the location of Black people

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and attitudes
towards Black people.

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00:01:03,710 --> 00:01:09,200
Essentially, apartheid
as a philosophy

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00:01:09,200 --> 00:01:15,260
regarded cities as
violently against the norm,

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00:01:15,260 --> 00:01:21,500
which would keep Black people in
rural or semi-rural situations

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00:01:21,500 --> 00:01:23,930
by tribe.

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00:01:23,930 --> 00:01:30,140
There's an old colonial method
of dealing with the population.

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00:01:30,140 --> 00:01:34,010
And that's by keeping them
in a tribal situation.

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00:01:34,010 --> 00:01:38,660
The city, at its
most magnificent,

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00:01:38,660 --> 00:01:43,890
is an educative instrument,
an enabler of change.

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00:01:43,890 --> 00:01:49,280
Change is what South
Africa was trying to avoid.

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00:01:49,280 --> 00:01:53,690
That is the hegemony of white
people over Black people.

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00:01:53,690 --> 00:01:57,050
And the city becomes a
phenomenally important

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00:01:57,050 --> 00:01:58,490
instrument.

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00:01:58,490 --> 00:02:01,610
I will try to take
you through the five

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00:02:01,610 --> 00:02:10,340
stages of South African urbanism
in the case of Johannesburg--

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00:02:10,340 --> 00:02:15,470
the mining camp from 1876--

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00:02:15,470 --> 00:02:21,770
well, 1885 to 1917, the informal
city, the rationalized city,

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00:02:21,770 --> 00:02:25,880
the regional city, and
the current open city,

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00:02:25,880 --> 00:02:29,780
post-apartheid city.

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00:02:29,780 --> 00:02:36,590
I will look at the detail in the
second city, the informal city.

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00:02:36,590 --> 00:02:40,340
That is of a township called
Western Native Township,

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00:02:40,340 --> 00:02:43,550
which consisted of
15,000 people living

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00:02:43,550 --> 00:02:48,230
in 2,000 houses, the
first public housing

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00:02:48,230 --> 00:02:56,480
buildings in Johannesburg
during the influenza epidemic.

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00:02:56,480 --> 00:02:59,330
Every time public
action takes place,

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00:02:59,330 --> 00:03:02,780
spatially it's in
a site which is

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00:03:02,780 --> 00:03:10,430
considered to be either a
dump site of some low value.

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00:03:13,850 --> 00:03:21,320
And often the decision occurs
because of some disease.

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00:03:21,320 --> 00:03:25,460
The first movement out of
the mining camp in 1904

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00:03:25,460 --> 00:03:29,030
occurs because of
the plague epidemic.

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00:03:29,030 --> 00:03:32,420
And who happens to be, in South
Africa, the most important man

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00:03:32,420 --> 00:03:35,850
ever to live in South Africa
even for a short time?

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00:03:35,850 --> 00:03:37,436
Who is that?

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00:03:37,436 --> 00:03:38,660
AUDIENCE: Mahatma Gandhi.

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00:03:38,660 --> 00:03:39,618
JULIAN BEINART: Gandhi.

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00:03:39,618 --> 00:03:41,780
Yes, of course.

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00:03:41,780 --> 00:03:45,980
Gandhi learnt his politics in
South Africa before returning

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00:03:45,980 --> 00:03:47,490
to India.

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00:03:47,490 --> 00:03:49,020
And he was in Johannesburg.

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00:03:49,020 --> 00:03:58,340
And the Indian township,
which was burnt down

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00:03:58,340 --> 00:04:02,450
because of the
plague, he interceded

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00:04:02,450 --> 00:04:05,570
with the Transvaal government
to allow the people to return

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00:04:05,570 --> 00:04:11,000
at night to dig in their
basements to retrieve gold

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00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:13,400
which they had stored away.

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00:04:13,400 --> 00:04:19,940
Anyway, Western Native Township
is the first publicly built

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00:04:19,940 --> 00:04:22,820
housing for Black people.

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00:04:22,820 --> 00:04:31,550
I want to examine it
from 1917 to 1965.

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00:04:31,550 --> 00:04:36,310
If those of you've read what
I've written about this,

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00:04:36,310 --> 00:04:38,780
the story of Western
Native Township

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00:04:38,780 --> 00:04:41,720
appeared on the cover of
three architectural magazines

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00:04:41,720 --> 00:04:49,280
in three parts of the
world in September 1966.

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00:04:49,280 --> 00:04:52,890
So it's a fairly
well-known story.

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00:04:52,890 --> 00:04:56,300
I'm repeating it
for the 999th time.

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00:04:56,300 --> 00:04:58,270
And I hope it's not
too boring for you.

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The second page is a
summary of the location

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00:05:09,440 --> 00:05:15,030
of Black people over time.

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00:05:15,030 --> 00:05:17,210
You will see that
Black people are

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00:05:17,210 --> 00:05:21,650
moved from the center of the
city further outwards in one

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00:05:21,650 --> 00:05:23,500
vector towards the southwest.

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00:05:27,290 --> 00:05:30,670
The bar graphs below indicates--

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00:05:33,830 --> 00:05:36,050
when we look at this
slide, I'll indicate

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00:05:36,050 --> 00:05:37,440
some of these subtleties.

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00:05:40,331 --> 00:05:48,390
The solid black is
housing by the public.

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00:05:48,390 --> 00:05:53,410
The horizontal line is
housing by the private sector.

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00:05:53,410 --> 00:05:58,530
You will see at the
beginning of Soweto, the--

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00:05:58,530 --> 00:06:00,420
yeah, no.

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00:06:00,420 --> 00:06:02,250
I'll go to this in some detail.

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00:06:02,250 --> 00:06:04,020
I have to worry
about time because we

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00:06:04,020 --> 00:06:07,110
cover a lot of stuff.

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00:06:07,110 --> 00:06:11,490
The graph showing
cumulative housing built

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00:06:11,490 --> 00:06:18,810
indicates that the attempt to
marshall the Black population

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00:06:18,810 --> 00:06:24,690
in the city took an
enormous leap in number

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00:06:24,690 --> 00:06:28,980
from about 1950 onward.

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00:06:28,980 --> 00:06:31,455
This was the building
of the major part

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00:06:31,455 --> 00:06:36,652
of Soweto, population of
about 1.5 million people.

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00:06:36,652 --> 00:06:38,610
AUDIENCE: Is this is a
public housing building?

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00:06:38,610 --> 00:06:39,443
JULIAN BEINART: Yes.

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00:06:39,443 --> 00:06:40,218
AUDIENCE: OK.

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00:06:40,218 --> 00:06:41,385
JULIAN BEINART: Yeah, sorry.

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00:06:46,140 --> 00:06:49,005
The next few pages deal with
Western Native Township.

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00:06:55,750 --> 00:07:06,120
These two pages which follow
are a little difficult

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00:07:06,120 --> 00:07:10,770
to follow, but deal
with the four stages

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00:07:10,770 --> 00:07:15,390
in the life and death of
this township in regard

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00:07:15,390 --> 00:07:18,990
to a number of things,
the social organization.

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00:07:18,990 --> 00:07:29,340
This research was done
from the Black newspapers,

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00:07:29,340 --> 00:07:34,560
which have a long tradition
in South African journalism.

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00:07:37,980 --> 00:07:44,760
Much of this data is transcribed
by one of my Black assistants

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00:07:44,760 --> 00:07:45,810
doing this work.

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00:07:50,020 --> 00:07:55,360
It's an extraordinarily
difficult piece of work to do.

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00:07:55,360 --> 00:08:00,370
We had to justify
some of the comments

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00:08:00,370 --> 00:08:03,130
about gangs, about
the origins of jazz

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00:08:03,130 --> 00:08:09,040
and so on, through
interview with older people

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00:08:09,040 --> 00:08:10,570
to justify some of it.

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00:08:10,570 --> 00:08:13,990
Although this is social
science research,

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00:08:13,990 --> 00:08:20,230
which approximates things
more than anything else.

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00:08:23,330 --> 00:08:28,550
The next page is a quote
from a book on fascism,

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00:08:28,550 --> 00:08:31,160
architectural fascism.

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00:08:31,160 --> 00:08:34,549
The paragraph which
I marked, I think,

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00:08:34,549 --> 00:08:40,220
explains the formal
declaration of this township

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00:08:40,220 --> 00:08:46,760
on the walls, which I will go
to into some detail with you,

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00:08:46,760 --> 00:08:51,690
as a piece of
reconstruction of nature.

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00:08:51,690 --> 00:08:55,670
And I think this paragraph,
which deals largely

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00:08:55,670 --> 00:09:00,020
with our classical
architecture works,

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00:09:00,020 --> 00:09:03,350
deal very well with the
issue of the facade.

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00:09:03,350 --> 00:09:06,380
And the last page
is just one example

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00:09:06,380 --> 00:09:08,700
of the facades of these houses.

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00:09:24,250 --> 00:09:31,810
So to return to the
beginning, racial segregation

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00:09:31,810 --> 00:09:35,980
underlies all urban
history in South Africa.

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00:09:35,980 --> 00:09:42,970
It's the most extreme version
of segregation based legally

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00:09:42,970 --> 00:09:44,395
on the basis of race.

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00:09:47,130 --> 00:09:52,650
Had South Africa not
legislated race legally,

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00:09:52,650 --> 00:09:54,980
the rest of the world
would have left it alone.

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00:09:57,750 --> 00:10:00,870
There's discrimination on the
basis of race in the American

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00:10:00,870 --> 00:10:05,220
South still today, although
the central government

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00:10:05,220 --> 00:10:12,510
has acted in civil rights
issues after many years of not

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00:10:12,510 --> 00:10:16,740
doing anything about it.

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00:10:16,740 --> 00:10:20,490
But in South Africa, from
the earliest times onwards,

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00:10:20,490 --> 00:10:25,230
there was a move reinforced
by the Dutch Reformed Church

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00:10:25,230 --> 00:10:29,520
to regard Blacks as
temporary inhabitants

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00:10:29,520 --> 00:10:33,060
although they were the
majority of the society.

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00:10:33,060 --> 00:10:37,530
In 1904, a government
white paper says,

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00:10:37,530 --> 00:10:40,560
"let them understand that
the towns of the colony

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00:10:40,560 --> 00:10:44,670
are the special birthplace and
abode for the white man who

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00:10:44,670 --> 00:10:45,920
are the governing race."

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00:10:45,920 --> 00:10:48,600
This is 1904.

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00:10:48,600 --> 00:10:52,720
My god, South Africa only
became a country in 1910.

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00:10:52,720 --> 00:10:58,200
This is under British rule,
British colonial rule.

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00:10:58,200 --> 00:11:03,010
1921, "it should be
understood that the town is

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00:11:03,010 --> 00:11:06,660
the European area in which
there is no place for the London

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00:11:06,660 --> 00:11:12,300
native, who neither works
nor serves his or her people.

144
00:11:12,300 --> 00:11:15,450
The town is a white phenomenon.

145
00:11:15,450 --> 00:11:20,670
Blacks only visit for
labor temporarily."

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00:11:20,670 --> 00:11:25,500
Between 1960 and 1985,
one person per minute

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00:11:25,500 --> 00:11:29,340
was prosecuted under the
Pass Laws in South Africa.

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00:11:29,340 --> 00:11:35,850
The Pass Laws required for
you to have work continuously

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00:11:35,850 --> 00:11:40,110
for 10 years for one
employer, for example.

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00:11:40,110 --> 00:11:44,310
If you were in the city and
couldn't fulfill that demand,

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00:11:44,310 --> 00:11:47,400
you're prosecuted
under Pass Laws.

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00:11:47,400 --> 00:11:53,310
So you have a white city
and a phenomenally migrant

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00:11:53,310 --> 00:11:54,570
population--

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00:11:54,570 --> 00:12:01,140
migrant not in their
own belief or judgment,

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00:12:01,140 --> 00:12:07,530
but in the judgment of a
hegemonous white population.

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00:12:07,530 --> 00:12:11,880
Black people are only
there to serve to serve

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00:12:11,880 --> 00:12:17,655
the whites in cities, 1921

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00:12:17,655 --> 00:12:22,280
In 1976, Mr. MC
Botha the minister

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00:12:22,280 --> 00:12:24,510
of Bantu Administration--

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00:12:24,510 --> 00:12:27,810
again, the use of
terminology is interesting.

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00:12:27,810 --> 00:12:32,940
Blacks, Bantu is a linguistic
group of languages.

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00:12:32,940 --> 00:12:35,550
The minister of
Bantu administration

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00:12:35,550 --> 00:12:38,880
could either be the minister
of Black administration,

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00:12:38,880 --> 00:12:42,630
the minister of
native education,

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00:12:42,630 --> 00:12:45,240
the minister of
African education,

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00:12:45,240 --> 00:12:47,940
or the minister of
Azanian education.

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00:12:47,940 --> 00:12:51,750
It's one of these
independence group

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00:12:51,750 --> 00:12:53,310
named South African Blacks.

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00:12:56,610 --> 00:13:05,240
The use of the racial
denomination is interesting.

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00:13:05,240 --> 00:13:09,050
Because South Africa
traded with Japan,

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00:13:09,050 --> 00:13:12,170
Japanese were considered
white in South Africa.

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00:13:12,170 --> 00:13:13,655
Chinese were considered Black.

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00:13:16,860 --> 00:13:21,000
Colored people or
the miscegenous group

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00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:26,900
are considered Black, but
in this special category.

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00:13:26,900 --> 00:13:30,690
The whole idea is, if you
denominate the population

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00:13:30,690 --> 00:13:35,820
by tribal group, whites are
the superior race by number.

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00:13:35,820 --> 00:13:39,210
They beat the number of
Zulu people in South Africa.

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00:13:39,210 --> 00:13:44,040
So if you keep on categorizing
people as Zulu, Xhosa, Tswana,

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00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:50,070
Khoisan, whatever,
Ndebele, and so on,

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00:13:50,070 --> 00:13:54,000
you will break down the
society into tribal groups,

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00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:57,510
which the whites are
the superior group.

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00:13:57,510 --> 00:14:05,370
It's an incredibly interesting
and awful phenomenon,

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00:14:05,370 --> 00:14:09,090
which comes out of
this doctrine, whereby

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00:14:09,090 --> 00:14:14,370
the doctrine is that the city
is a polluting environment.

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00:14:14,370 --> 00:14:16,770
It causes people to change.

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00:14:16,770 --> 00:14:18,090
It educates people.

187
00:14:18,090 --> 00:14:22,020
And that's frightening because
it educates people to move out

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00:14:22,020 --> 00:14:26,220
of hegemony of
tribalism where you

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00:14:26,220 --> 00:14:28,920
live according to
code of behavior

190
00:14:28,920 --> 00:14:32,860
and moving to the cities where
they become industrial workers,

191
00:14:32,860 --> 00:14:39,960
join trade unions, and are
open to political democracy.

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00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:44,160
So the South African
experience is fundamentally

193
00:14:44,160 --> 00:14:46,440
important for those
of you who are

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00:14:46,440 --> 00:14:51,450
interested in the
details of policy

195
00:14:51,450 --> 00:14:54,810
in order to maintain white--

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00:14:54,810 --> 00:14:58,410
migrant labor is a phenomenon
all over the world.

197
00:14:58,410 --> 00:15:01,110
Abu Dhabi depends
on migrant labor.

198
00:15:01,110 --> 00:15:03,900
So does Dubai.

199
00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:07,740
The relationship between
Turkey and Germany

200
00:15:07,740 --> 00:15:12,840
has, for a long time, been a
relationship of migrant labor.

201
00:15:12,840 --> 00:15:17,440
India has a phenomenal use
of migrant labor still today,

202
00:15:17,440 --> 00:15:21,676
an interesting aspect
of Indian urbanism.

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00:15:21,676 --> 00:15:23,140
AUDIENCE: Mexico to US.

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00:15:23,140 --> 00:15:25,680
JULIAN BEINART: Mexico
to US, absolutely.

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00:15:28,350 --> 00:15:32,460
I don't want to get into
a discussion of the values

206
00:15:32,460 --> 00:15:34,725
or disvalues of migrant labor.

207
00:15:37,740 --> 00:15:39,990
But in the South
African situation,

208
00:15:39,990 --> 00:15:46,620
migrant labor was not only
labor from within South Africa,

209
00:15:46,620 --> 00:15:50,250
but Black labor from
the adjoining countries,

210
00:15:50,250 --> 00:15:57,960
from Zimbabwe, as far away as
Malawi on the basis of service

211
00:15:57,960 --> 00:16:03,840
to the gold mining and
uranium mining industries,

212
00:16:03,840 --> 00:16:09,900
keeping people outside of
the normal family situation,

213
00:16:09,900 --> 00:16:14,220
living in hostels, being
paid money in order

214
00:16:14,220 --> 00:16:19,150
for them to export the money
to the local poor origins.

215
00:16:28,700 --> 00:16:33,620
The first city
occurred because gold--

216
00:16:33,620 --> 00:16:36,665
as I said in a previous class,
Chicago and Johannesburg

217
00:16:36,665 --> 00:16:42,030
were the two most important
cities of the 19th century.

218
00:16:42,030 --> 00:16:42,815
People can argue.

219
00:16:45,950 --> 00:16:48,260
You can postulate
some other candidates,

220
00:16:48,260 --> 00:16:52,970
but which other city is
founded in the 19th century?

221
00:16:52,970 --> 00:16:55,505
Athens was rebuilt
in the 19th century.

222
00:16:55,505 --> 00:16:59,220
It was virtually nothing.

223
00:16:59,220 --> 00:17:02,220
But new cities of
the 19th century, I

224
00:17:02,220 --> 00:17:06,030
argue that Johannesburg
and Chicago are the two

225
00:17:06,030 --> 00:17:08,579
significant examples.

226
00:17:08,579 --> 00:17:11,160
Gold was discovered on the reef.

227
00:17:11,160 --> 00:17:15,390
That's the ridge which
Johannesburg is built.

228
00:17:15,390 --> 00:17:24,390
And the mining camp
which resulted in a plan

229
00:17:24,390 --> 00:17:27,869
which I'll show you,
which has very small lots.

230
00:17:27,869 --> 00:17:31,410
One of the reasons for making
small lots in a mining camp

231
00:17:31,410 --> 00:17:34,950
is that there are
many corner blocks.

232
00:17:34,950 --> 00:17:38,220
The corners go to bars.

233
00:17:38,220 --> 00:17:40,170
So you make small lots.

234
00:17:40,170 --> 00:17:44,520
Whenever you have to choose a
lot size, the bigger the lot,

235
00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:47,880
the fewer corners there are.

236
00:17:47,880 --> 00:17:49,800
So you can look at
the plan of Manhattan

237
00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:51,720
in terms of the
number of corners

238
00:17:51,720 --> 00:17:55,620
there are in the
geometry and calculate

239
00:17:55,620 --> 00:17:59,250
how valuable it would have been
had the blocks being shorter

240
00:17:59,250 --> 00:17:59,840
in length.

241
00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:09,090
Léon Krier, whose work we'll
discuss in a few weeks' time,

242
00:18:09,090 --> 00:18:14,250
argues in his plan for Barcelona
the subdivision of the Cerdá

243
00:18:14,250 --> 00:18:25,680
block of 1,000 into 3,000 or
3 times 300 or 4 times 250.

244
00:18:25,680 --> 00:18:29,030
Tel Aviv has very small blocks.

245
00:18:29,030 --> 00:18:31,380
It has enormous
traffic problems caused

246
00:18:31,380 --> 00:18:35,580
by the blocks are too small.

247
00:18:35,580 --> 00:18:37,440
Traffic conditions
are bad enough

248
00:18:37,440 --> 00:18:43,860
in Manhattan given the long
length of the blocks east-west,

249
00:18:43,860 --> 00:18:47,295
but we're not talking about
Manhattan at the moment.

250
00:18:50,670 --> 00:18:53,080
Gold attracts
people very quickly.

251
00:18:53,080 --> 00:18:56,370
And 10 years after
Johannesburg's birth,

252
00:18:56,370 --> 00:18:58,710
there were 100,000
people in the city.

253
00:18:58,710 --> 00:19:03,840
50% were Black, Africans,
Malays, coloreds, Indians,

254
00:19:03,840 --> 00:19:06,510
and Chinese.

255
00:19:06,510 --> 00:19:11,655
Each of these groups was located
in what is called a location.

256
00:19:11,655 --> 00:19:15,420
A location is a
British colonial term

257
00:19:15,420 --> 00:19:20,100
for locating people whom
you consider to be workers.

258
00:19:20,100 --> 00:19:25,400
And generally, they are Black or
colored in some form or other.

259
00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:28,590
We find locations in
Zimbabwe and Kenya

260
00:19:28,590 --> 00:19:31,220
and other parts
of Africa as well.

261
00:19:35,380 --> 00:19:40,810
This was a city of primitive
feudal social relationship.

262
00:19:40,810 --> 00:19:43,780
There was a Bantu--

263
00:19:43,780 --> 00:19:45,520
there was a Kaffir location.

264
00:19:45,520 --> 00:19:48,970
Again, remember, look at
the word, the terminology.

265
00:19:48,970 --> 00:19:53,140
Kaffir an Arab word which
refers to bad people.

266
00:19:55,810 --> 00:20:01,030
Coolie, what does the word
coolie in Indian mean?

267
00:20:01,030 --> 00:20:02,263
AUDIENCE: It's a worker.

268
00:20:02,263 --> 00:20:03,680
JULIAN BEINART:
What does it mean?

269
00:20:03,680 --> 00:20:04,890
AUDIENCE: It's a worker.

270
00:20:04,890 --> 00:20:08,520
JULIAN BEINART: A worker,
but it's a pejorative word.

271
00:20:08,520 --> 00:20:10,140
I grew up in South Africa.

272
00:20:10,140 --> 00:20:14,445
And I remember buying fruit
from the coolie store.

273
00:20:18,130 --> 00:20:23,110
Language indicates intention
fairly well in urbanism.

274
00:20:23,110 --> 00:20:28,420
One should be careful what
we word, how we name, things.

275
00:20:28,420 --> 00:20:32,560
Numbering street by number
has some implication.

276
00:20:32,560 --> 00:20:37,480
Calling a street Merrymount
Street has other implications.

277
00:20:37,480 --> 00:20:39,460
We shouldn't take
this too seriously.

278
00:20:44,220 --> 00:20:46,660
This city ends with the disease.

279
00:20:46,660 --> 00:20:53,040
The plague, in 1904, forces the
Emancipation of Black people

280
00:20:53,040 --> 00:20:57,840
immediately out of the
Black, the Kaffir location

281
00:20:57,840 --> 00:21:01,050
to the site of the
Anglo-Boer war camp

282
00:21:01,050 --> 00:21:04,380
15 kilometers to the southwest.

283
00:21:04,380 --> 00:21:08,400
And that's the origin of Soweto.

284
00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:13,510
It's a town called Pimville
where Miriam Makeba comes from,

285
00:21:13,510 --> 00:21:16,440
a famous Black South
African singer.

286
00:21:16,440 --> 00:21:19,470
And she's known as
Pimm's Number 1.

287
00:21:19,470 --> 00:21:24,150
Pimm's Number 1 refers
to a British drink.

288
00:21:24,150 --> 00:21:27,870
I'm getting too
sophisticated here,

289
00:21:27,870 --> 00:21:29,625
playing games with language.

290
00:21:32,250 --> 00:21:39,810
1917 to 1948, the informal city,
it begins with the influenza

291
00:21:39,810 --> 00:21:42,240
epidemic of 1917.

292
00:21:42,240 --> 00:21:48,450
The cities now face to house
Blacks for the first time.

293
00:21:48,450 --> 00:21:51,900
Next to the municipal
dump, it chooses

294
00:21:51,900 --> 00:21:56,340
to develop Western
Native Township.

295
00:21:56,340 --> 00:21:58,950
The annual expenditure
on Black housing

296
00:21:58,950 --> 00:22:01,245
is the same as the annual
budget for the zoo.

297
00:22:03,950 --> 00:22:08,340
Sophiatown, which is a private
enterprise environment.

298
00:22:08,340 --> 00:22:13,160
The cornation formed
the western areas.

299
00:22:13,160 --> 00:22:15,380
This is the
equivalent of Harlem.

300
00:22:15,380 --> 00:22:18,890
It was where African
music, journalism,

301
00:22:18,890 --> 00:22:24,620
African political parties, the
cooperative movement, gangs,

302
00:22:24,620 --> 00:22:27,350
the nexus of Black
culture develops

303
00:22:27,350 --> 00:22:33,140
in an extraordinary period
of time of about 30 years.

304
00:22:33,140 --> 00:22:35,750
Sophiatown is free held.

305
00:22:35,750 --> 00:22:41,060
At that time, about 50% of
Black housing is private.

306
00:22:41,060 --> 00:22:43,280
50% is public.

307
00:22:43,280 --> 00:22:46,880
It's the city of
informal relationships.

308
00:22:46,880 --> 00:22:51,110
There's shared shopping on the
seams, generally Indian shops.

309
00:22:51,110 --> 00:22:55,100
There's a strong self-help
identity and many journey

310
00:22:55,100 --> 00:22:59,150
to work options,
including walking to work.

311
00:22:59,150 --> 00:23:02,930
The informal cities have
become enormously overcrowded

312
00:23:02,930 --> 00:23:05,630
with South Africa's
industrialization

313
00:23:05,630 --> 00:23:11,420
in the '39, '45 war
and the South African

314
00:23:11,420 --> 00:23:14,780
so-called liberal
political parties defeated

315
00:23:14,780 --> 00:23:18,840
in the '48 elections, replaced
by the Afrikaner National

316
00:23:18,840 --> 00:23:19,340
Party.

317
00:23:22,740 --> 00:23:24,450
The Afrikaner National Party--

318
00:23:29,100 --> 00:23:33,480
driven by a number of
fundamentalist initiatives.

319
00:23:33,480 --> 00:23:38,820
The word [AFRIKAANS],, which
is Afrikaans for Black danger,

320
00:23:38,820 --> 00:23:42,570
is a term which is employed
to threaten white South

321
00:23:42,570 --> 00:23:45,090
Africans that the
Blacks, who are

322
00:23:45,090 --> 00:23:48,720
the majority of the
population, will

323
00:23:48,720 --> 00:23:52,590
destroy the white population
and white civilization.

324
00:23:52,590 --> 00:23:55,980
White civilization
is promoted to the--

325
00:23:58,980 --> 00:24:06,720
South African whites produced
bad German opera whilst Blacks

326
00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:10,830
were playing jazz based on
American music and music which

327
00:24:10,830 --> 00:24:12,720
they understood politically.

328
00:24:17,870 --> 00:24:23,080
I was part of the South African
jazz movement for a while

329
00:24:23,080 --> 00:24:25,750
because I had a lot
of jazz material

330
00:24:25,750 --> 00:24:28,390
from America when I
was in graduate school.

331
00:24:32,470 --> 00:24:37,420
And it contrasts, again,
the informal popular notion

332
00:24:37,420 --> 00:24:43,060
of music which, in the
South African case,

333
00:24:43,060 --> 00:24:46,900
in the South African
Black case, migrates

334
00:24:46,900 --> 00:24:48,850
from playing the
penny whistle, which

335
00:24:48,850 --> 00:24:52,540
is a very primitive
instrument, to the saxophone.

336
00:24:52,540 --> 00:24:57,700
South African jazz musicians
played the alto saxophone

337
00:24:57,700 --> 00:25:00,190
more than they played
the trumpet, again,

338
00:25:00,190 --> 00:25:02,680
for reasons of
choice, which based

339
00:25:02,680 --> 00:25:06,880
on the kind of
musical vibrations

340
00:25:06,880 --> 00:25:09,580
that those instruments
gave to them.

341
00:25:09,580 --> 00:25:17,310
The whites emulated badly
classical Western German music.

342
00:25:19,900 --> 00:25:23,740
So you have, in the
Western areas, the growth

343
00:25:23,740 --> 00:25:26,140
of informal movement.

344
00:25:26,140 --> 00:25:29,920
I regard the declaration system
in Western Native Township,

345
00:25:29,920 --> 00:25:32,230
which we'll discuss
in a few minutes,

346
00:25:32,230 --> 00:25:40,510
as a popular phenomenon,
which people use to make--

347
00:25:40,510 --> 00:25:43,240
well, let's wait
until we get there.

348
00:25:51,564 --> 00:25:56,790
The notion that Blacks
are a rural people

349
00:25:56,790 --> 00:26:01,140
is manifest in
apartheid religion.

350
00:26:01,140 --> 00:26:04,920
It allows one to believe that
Blacks should be returned

351
00:26:04,920 --> 00:26:06,950
to rural tribal existence.

352
00:26:10,460 --> 00:26:14,390
Public housing is built at
low densities, no elevators.

353
00:26:14,390 --> 00:26:18,080
Blacks are racially
subdivided into tribes

354
00:26:18,080 --> 00:26:20,660
in the new apartheid regime.

355
00:26:20,660 --> 00:26:25,520
Soweto, Western Native
Township, as you will see,

356
00:26:25,520 --> 00:26:28,490
did not separate
people by tribe.

357
00:26:28,490 --> 00:26:35,630
This was in the setting
of the informal city.

358
00:26:35,630 --> 00:26:43,220
And apartheid Soweto was
allocated into separate ghettos

359
00:26:43,220 --> 00:26:46,820
of tribal entity.

360
00:26:46,820 --> 00:26:50,180
Houses were built,
so that people

361
00:26:50,180 --> 00:26:53,990
could be seen as rural people.

362
00:26:53,990 --> 00:26:56,000
The house in Western
Native Township

363
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:58,580
was about 250 square feet.

364
00:26:58,580 --> 00:27:02,570
It had seven people in it.

365
00:27:02,570 --> 00:27:07,340
It had a porch of
100 square feet.

366
00:27:07,340 --> 00:27:11,030
The porch was where
people at sundown

367
00:27:11,030 --> 00:27:14,870
should sit and watch
the sun go down

368
00:27:14,870 --> 00:27:17,100
or the sunrise in the morning.

369
00:27:17,100 --> 00:27:22,340
It is absolute nonsense
to build housing

370
00:27:22,340 --> 00:27:26,310
at that density
with an open porch.

371
00:27:26,310 --> 00:27:30,350
No wonder that was
70% of the porches

372
00:27:30,350 --> 00:27:34,670
were enclosed, as we will see
in the process of the changes

373
00:27:34,670 --> 00:27:38,000
to the house, adding 100
square foot to the house.

374
00:27:42,740 --> 00:27:47,080
There are a couple of other
pieces to the apartheid story.

375
00:27:51,450 --> 00:27:56,100
Between 1955 and
1960, 33,000 houses

376
00:27:56,100 --> 00:28:00,970
were built, twice as many
as in the previous 37 years.

377
00:28:00,970 --> 00:28:04,860
The effort houses a quarter
million people in five years.

378
00:28:04,860 --> 00:28:07,170
In the Johannesburg
brochure, it talks

379
00:28:07,170 --> 00:28:10,460
about it being the biggest
housing project in the world.

380
00:28:16,110 --> 00:28:18,390
Why were the houses
not mass-produced?

381
00:28:22,840 --> 00:28:26,579
Why are they houses built
of bricks and tin roofs?

382
00:28:26,579 --> 00:28:27,662
AUDIENCE: The were hotels?

383
00:28:27,662 --> 00:28:28,495
JULIAN BEINART: Hum?

384
00:28:28,495 --> 00:28:30,970
AUDIENCE: So they
were built as hotels?

385
00:28:30,970 --> 00:28:33,640
JULIAN BEINART: Not quite,
but it has to do with labor.

386
00:28:37,450 --> 00:28:41,770
The Bantu Building Act
eliminated Black labor

387
00:28:41,770 --> 00:28:43,500
from the white
building industry.

388
00:28:43,500 --> 00:28:47,680
Therefore, Black labor could
only build for Black houses.

389
00:28:47,680 --> 00:28:50,540
In 1947, in Jabavu
building costs

390
00:28:50,540 --> 00:28:52,930
were 1 rand per square foot.

391
00:28:52,930 --> 00:29:02,980
It dropped to $0.60 per square
foot during the apartheid era.

392
00:29:02,980 --> 00:29:06,880
No industrialized building,
only laying bricks--

393
00:29:06,880 --> 00:29:11,620
the third city is a city of
total insulation, isolation.

394
00:29:11,620 --> 00:29:16,540
In Soweto, population of
1.5 million with few shops,

395
00:29:16,540 --> 00:29:19,210
hardly any entertainment,
the journey

396
00:29:19,210 --> 00:29:23,290
to work cost 300% more
than in the second city,

397
00:29:23,290 --> 00:29:26,095
total reliance on the white
central business district.

398
00:29:29,040 --> 00:29:30,930
In the study of the
white central business

399
00:29:30,930 --> 00:29:33,210
district of Johannesburg,
I was always

400
00:29:33,210 --> 00:29:37,440
puzzled by why some of the most
expensive men's clothing stores

401
00:29:37,440 --> 00:29:41,010
were next to the railway
station for Blacks.

402
00:29:41,010 --> 00:29:46,920
And jazz records, the best
record stores, were close by.

403
00:29:46,920 --> 00:29:53,720
If you have 1.5 million
people whom you isolate,

404
00:29:53,720 --> 00:29:58,170
there's no apartheid in
the selling of goods.

405
00:29:58,170 --> 00:30:01,290
There is only apartheid
in where you live

406
00:30:01,290 --> 00:30:04,230
and where you go to school
and what your relationship

407
00:30:04,230 --> 00:30:05,970
with between race.

408
00:30:09,830 --> 00:30:15,110
Shopping is kept open
to multiracial endeavor.

409
00:30:15,110 --> 00:30:17,700
The market works that way.

410
00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:21,050
So where do the
expensive stores, which

411
00:30:21,050 --> 00:30:26,810
can use the 19th century
train system from Soweto

412
00:30:26,810 --> 00:30:29,730
to Johannesburg,
where do they locate?

413
00:30:29,730 --> 00:30:35,255
They locate very close to
the Black railway station.

414
00:30:41,900 --> 00:30:46,520
Very briefly, because we have
to look at a lot of material--

415
00:30:49,490 --> 00:30:54,710
by 1970, the effort
which produced Soweto

416
00:30:54,710 --> 00:30:56,960
could not be sustained.

417
00:30:56,960 --> 00:31:01,250
There was no more public
housing built after 1970.

418
00:31:01,250 --> 00:31:07,340
A new urban regional
pattern was conceived of.

419
00:31:07,340 --> 00:31:12,410
That is to create a set
of tribal enclaves called

420
00:31:12,410 --> 00:31:20,900
Bantustans, mainly for the
largest for the Zulu and Xhosa,

421
00:31:20,900 --> 00:31:23,090
the Xhosa in the
Eastern Cape province,

422
00:31:23,090 --> 00:31:25,580
the Zulu in the
Natal, the Tswana,

423
00:31:25,580 --> 00:31:31,710
the only free state in
the Transvaal provinces.

424
00:31:31,710 --> 00:31:37,760
The idea would be to induce
within centers factories

425
00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:41,990
to locate on the borders
of these Bantustans,

426
00:31:41,990 --> 00:31:47,250
again, in an attempt to
frustrate urbanization.

427
00:31:47,250 --> 00:31:50,930
So the pattern of
the new regional city

428
00:31:50,930 --> 00:31:56,030
would have industries
moving out of Johannesburg

429
00:31:56,030 --> 00:31:59,030
locating on the
edges of a Bantustan

430
00:31:59,030 --> 00:32:01,650
a couple of hundred miles away.

431
00:32:01,650 --> 00:32:05,420
This is the same nonsense
as the empowerment zones

432
00:32:05,420 --> 00:32:08,780
under the Clinton
Administration in this country,

433
00:32:08,780 --> 00:32:11,150
that you could induce with
the incentives industry.

434
00:32:11,150 --> 00:32:17,370
Industry nourishes
itself on urbanization.

435
00:32:17,370 --> 00:32:22,160
There are reasons industry
are in dense cities, not in--

436
00:32:25,730 --> 00:32:28,700
by and large, in dense cities.

437
00:32:28,700 --> 00:32:33,170
Decentralized industry occurs
under special conditions

438
00:32:33,170 --> 00:32:34,740
as well.

439
00:32:34,740 --> 00:32:42,260
But the notion that you pay
industry special margins

440
00:32:42,260 --> 00:32:47,990
in order to locate, in order to
maintain Blacks in rural areas

441
00:32:47,990 --> 00:32:56,000
as tribes, is a fantasy only
to be concocted by a regionally

442
00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:59,000
illiterate mind.

443
00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:02,030
At one point, South
Africa was contemplating

444
00:33:02,030 --> 00:33:05,060
getting the Japanese
to build a monorail,

445
00:33:05,060 --> 00:33:09,200
to build a train line, from
the Zulu areas in Natal

446
00:33:09,200 --> 00:33:14,195
500 miles to Johannesburg, so
that the industry could locate.

447
00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:19,690
The famous story of David
Goldblatt's photographs

448
00:33:19,690 --> 00:33:25,000
of 3 times 8, a
Black laborer who

449
00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:31,330
lives in the Ndebele Bantustan
and works in Johannesburg,

450
00:33:31,330 --> 00:33:35,440
spend 8 hours a day commuting,
8 hour day sleeping,

451
00:33:35,440 --> 00:33:39,010
and 8 hour a day working.

452
00:33:39,010 --> 00:33:42,925
One third of his day is
spent in commutation by bus.

453
00:33:53,830 --> 00:33:57,580
Of course, the system blew up.

454
00:33:57,580 --> 00:34:02,880
It blew up for a
number of reasons.

455
00:34:02,880 --> 00:34:08,125
It blew up because there
were some important figures

456
00:34:08,125 --> 00:34:08,625
involved.

457
00:34:11,170 --> 00:34:15,840
It would not have occurred,
the new fifth city

458
00:34:15,840 --> 00:34:20,760
would not have occurred,
had the ANC not--

459
00:34:20,760 --> 00:34:23,820
there's a long story
behind all of this, which

460
00:34:23,820 --> 00:34:25,320
I haven't got time to tell you.

461
00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:28,170
But one day, if
you're interested,

462
00:34:28,170 --> 00:34:33,330
I'll tell you about Margaret
Thatcher's involvement

463
00:34:33,330 --> 00:34:35,429
with South Africa liberalism.

464
00:34:35,429 --> 00:34:38,250
She just died this week.

465
00:34:38,250 --> 00:34:40,409
She shouldn't be
venerated so much.

466
00:34:40,409 --> 00:34:45,929
She was one of the few agents
who supported the South

467
00:34:45,929 --> 00:34:48,210
African white government.

468
00:34:48,210 --> 00:34:50,520
South Africa--
the United States,

469
00:34:50,520 --> 00:34:53,400
of course, it
boycotted South Africa.

470
00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:57,690
And SANOC, the South African
National Olympic Committee

471
00:34:57,690 --> 00:35:01,020
had got South Africa kicked
out of the Olympic games.

472
00:35:01,020 --> 00:35:05,350
In a sport-obsessed society,
such as South Africa,

473
00:35:05,350 --> 00:35:10,590
it was as much rocked by
international punitive actions

474
00:35:10,590 --> 00:35:13,860
against it taking part
in international sport.

475
00:35:13,860 --> 00:35:17,892
But Maggie Thatcher, in
the end, couldn't convince

476
00:35:17,892 --> 00:35:18,850
the rest of the world--

477
00:35:18,850 --> 00:35:22,290
South Africa depends
on foreign investment.

478
00:35:22,290 --> 00:35:26,190
And Maggie Thatcher
finally told Mr.--

479
00:35:26,190 --> 00:35:30,390
whoever the white South African
prime minister was the time

480
00:35:30,390 --> 00:35:34,770
that she couldn't any longer
support the ANC, the African

481
00:35:34,770 --> 00:35:36,540
National--

482
00:35:36,540 --> 00:35:37,110
forgive me.

483
00:35:37,110 --> 00:35:39,120
It's a long story.

484
00:35:39,120 --> 00:35:42,260
Let's say South Africa changed.

485
00:35:42,260 --> 00:35:44,730
And let's look at
Western Native Township

486
00:35:44,730 --> 00:35:52,590
because we can learn something
from the environment of housing

487
00:35:52,590 --> 00:35:56,750
by looking in detail at housing.

488
00:35:56,750 --> 00:35:59,530
There are 5,000--

489
00:35:59,530 --> 00:36:04,140
2,000 houses of different
types with 80% of them

490
00:36:04,140 --> 00:36:06,600
about 250 square feet.

491
00:36:06,600 --> 00:36:16,470
The house is about 20 feet by
20 feet in dimensions with an 8

492
00:36:16,470 --> 00:36:18,675
by 12 porch.

493
00:36:22,060 --> 00:36:31,510
Over time, people changed
their houses, firstly,

494
00:36:31,510 --> 00:36:33,310
enclosing the porch.

495
00:36:33,310 --> 00:36:40,900
Well, firstly, in a very
tribal fashioned manner,

496
00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:45,880
the first residents
who appeared in 1917

497
00:36:45,880 --> 00:36:51,440
still had cows roaming
around the premises.

498
00:36:51,440 --> 00:36:57,010
The first act was to decorate
the front of their houses.

499
00:36:57,010 --> 00:36:59,020
The fronts of their
houses were always

500
00:36:59,020 --> 00:37:03,070
decorated, never the
sides or the back.

501
00:37:03,070 --> 00:37:06,140
The house didn't have
an internal toilet.

502
00:37:06,140 --> 00:37:11,340
The toilet was on the
back of the house.

503
00:37:11,340 --> 00:37:13,380
The first attempt to--

504
00:37:13,380 --> 00:37:23,640
the houses were two rooms plus
a porch with a outfit for a coal

505
00:37:23,640 --> 00:37:26,750
stove in the first room.

506
00:37:29,670 --> 00:37:33,600
The first inhabitants
reacted to their houses

507
00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:36,990
the way they acted to
tribal circumstances.

508
00:37:36,990 --> 00:37:43,290
They used mud and [NON-ENGLISH]
decoration systems which you

509
00:37:43,290 --> 00:37:48,190
scrape a pattern in the
mud and use cow dung to--

510
00:37:48,190 --> 00:37:53,490
the house had no ceilings,
had no floors, had no gates.

511
00:37:53,490 --> 00:37:57,570
It was about the most
primitive, cheap item

512
00:37:57,570 --> 00:38:00,270
that the society could produce.

513
00:38:04,430 --> 00:38:09,260
Over time, the enclosure
of the porch started.

514
00:38:09,260 --> 00:38:13,640
It started by people
buying rubbish material

515
00:38:13,640 --> 00:38:22,100
from Indian shops, old
ceiling tiles, thrown away

516
00:38:22,100 --> 00:38:28,790
wood, some glass, and enclosed
the porches in this way.

517
00:38:28,790 --> 00:38:33,320
You'll see them in
the photographs.

518
00:38:33,320 --> 00:38:34,700
This was dangerous.

519
00:38:37,520 --> 00:38:39,410
Fires broke out.

520
00:38:39,410 --> 00:38:43,490
And the magistrate,
in his intelligence,

521
00:38:43,490 --> 00:38:46,610
proclaimed that the
people who had enclosed

522
00:38:46,610 --> 00:38:50,960
the porches innocent, saying
that under such density

523
00:38:50,960 --> 00:38:54,260
you couldn't blame people
for making more space.

524
00:38:54,260 --> 00:38:57,770
He argued, however, that
the future decoration

525
00:38:57,770 --> 00:39:02,420
and enclosures should be
more permanent and more safe.

526
00:39:02,420 --> 00:39:06,470
From that time onwards,
the permanent decorations

527
00:39:06,470 --> 00:39:08,180
took place.

528
00:39:08,180 --> 00:39:15,020
These decorations form
interesting for a number of--

529
00:39:15,020 --> 00:39:16,460
you will see them.

530
00:39:16,460 --> 00:39:20,480
I don't know if you've
seen them before.

531
00:39:20,480 --> 00:39:24,290
First of all, the
decorations are only

532
00:39:24,290 --> 00:39:25,525
on the fronts of the houses.

533
00:39:28,520 --> 00:39:33,170
We only decorate the front
of our houses as well.

534
00:39:33,170 --> 00:39:38,780
There's no house in Newton
which has a decorated backyard.

535
00:39:38,780 --> 00:39:41,770
It has an antebellum facade.

536
00:39:44,690 --> 00:39:50,640
Number two, the houses are
not free drawn decorations.

537
00:39:50,640 --> 00:39:54,980
There's a communal language
which is created in order to--

538
00:39:54,980 --> 00:39:59,780
so everybody decorates according
to a communal language.

539
00:39:59,780 --> 00:40:03,740
The language consists
of rectangular systems,

540
00:40:03,740 --> 00:40:11,750
circular systems, sun-dried
systems, and half-moon systems.

541
00:40:11,750 --> 00:40:17,840
Most often refer ambiguously
to the past and the present.

542
00:40:17,840 --> 00:40:21,560
When I talked to a woman
about why she used a circle

543
00:40:21,560 --> 00:40:24,500
on her house, she says to me--

544
00:40:24,500 --> 00:40:26,750
and it's mainly the
women who decide

545
00:40:26,750 --> 00:40:29,120
what the decorations are.

546
00:40:29,120 --> 00:40:32,060
She says to me,
look, you're smoking.

547
00:40:32,060 --> 00:40:35,540
The ashtray you're
using is circular.

548
00:40:35,540 --> 00:40:37,040
It's modern.

549
00:40:37,040 --> 00:40:41,330
Another woman says, when
you grow up in the country,

550
00:40:41,330 --> 00:40:43,190
you live on a flat plane.

551
00:40:43,190 --> 00:40:45,050
You see the sun rising.

552
00:40:45,050 --> 00:40:51,650
Therefore, a half-circle
decoration is the sun rising

553
00:40:51,650 --> 00:40:54,650
or is the sun setting.

554
00:40:54,650 --> 00:41:02,270
So there's a syncretism
between rural and urban.

555
00:41:02,270 --> 00:41:06,170
It's almost as if the
decorative system manages

556
00:41:06,170 --> 00:41:11,090
to nourish people both
in terms of the origins

557
00:41:11,090 --> 00:41:17,330
and their past and the future
that they see in the city.

558
00:41:17,330 --> 00:41:22,010
The city is allowing
them to migrate

559
00:41:22,010 --> 00:41:26,900
as individuals and as a
society from a rural society

560
00:41:26,900 --> 00:41:29,030
to an urban society.

561
00:41:29,030 --> 00:41:31,400
Some of their houses,
as I will show you,

562
00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:35,510
try to emulate white
middle-class houses.

563
00:41:35,510 --> 00:41:40,910
There's an expensive suburb of
Johannesburg called Houghton,

564
00:41:40,910 --> 00:41:46,400
H-O-U-G-H-T-O-N. There's a
house called Hoyton in Western

565
00:41:46,400 --> 00:41:49,890
H-O-Y-T-O-N.

566
00:41:49,890 --> 00:41:55,010
There's something miraculous
about a system of this kind,

567
00:41:55,010 --> 00:41:58,890
a communally agreed upon system.

568
00:41:58,890 --> 00:42:02,420
This is where the first
self-help community

569
00:42:02,420 --> 00:42:06,605
organizations occurred in
Black South African cities.

570
00:42:09,500 --> 00:42:15,320
Another interesting thing is
that you use abstract forms

571
00:42:15,320 --> 00:42:18,570
to depict real situations.

572
00:42:18,570 --> 00:42:24,830
So if the fafi game, which
is a Chinese gambling game,

573
00:42:24,830 --> 00:42:30,290
is played intensively
in this environment--

574
00:42:30,290 --> 00:42:33,290
there are 32 symbols.

575
00:42:33,290 --> 00:42:36,122
I think 32 or 24.

576
00:42:36,122 --> 00:42:40,240
A woman who runs a
fafi saloon does--

577
00:42:40,240 --> 00:42:42,000
I'll show you the image.

578
00:42:42,000 --> 00:42:45,740
There's a half-arch form on
the outside of her house.

579
00:42:50,210 --> 00:42:53,750
If you look at it
carefully, she says to me,

580
00:42:53,750 --> 00:42:55,670
you will see it's a horse.

581
00:42:55,670 --> 00:42:58,910
A horse was my lucky symbol.

582
00:42:58,910 --> 00:43:03,200
It doesn't look
like a horse at all.

583
00:43:03,200 --> 00:43:09,230
The communist chairman of
the first ANC Transvaal group

584
00:43:09,230 --> 00:43:17,060
puts a circle on this house with
a serrated edge to the circle.

585
00:43:17,060 --> 00:43:19,460
When you ask him why
he first uses this,

586
00:43:19,460 --> 00:43:22,070
he says, that's a
Stalinist image.

587
00:43:22,070 --> 00:43:23,615
It promotes industry.

588
00:43:26,410 --> 00:43:27,640
There's a whole set--

589
00:43:27,640 --> 00:43:29,320
I will show you two of them--

590
00:43:29,320 --> 00:43:34,010
of decorations which are based
on the rectangular family which

591
00:43:34,010 --> 00:43:35,920
become blades.

592
00:43:35,920 --> 00:43:37,090
Why blades?

593
00:43:37,090 --> 00:43:41,410
Because razor blades
was, you know--

594
00:43:41,410 --> 00:43:44,830
people were killed
regularly in this township.

595
00:43:44,830 --> 00:43:48,280
There was a lot of violence,
a lot of gang warfare.

596
00:43:48,280 --> 00:43:50,290
So blades become another form.

597
00:43:50,290 --> 00:43:55,010
But a blade, what is
a razor blade made of?

598
00:43:55,010 --> 00:43:56,680
It's made of three circles--

599
00:43:56,680 --> 00:43:59,260
a primitive razor blade--

600
00:43:59,260 --> 00:44:01,900
and a rectangular outline.

601
00:44:01,900 --> 00:44:05,920
The genius of being able to
conform to a communal language

602
00:44:05,920 --> 00:44:12,070
and yet express your
particular message

603
00:44:12,070 --> 00:44:16,120
is what a city should be like.

604
00:44:16,120 --> 00:44:19,780
You should be able to promote
your individual experience,

605
00:44:19,780 --> 00:44:23,650
but live within a
communal language.

606
00:44:23,650 --> 00:44:27,010
At least that's the way I would
describe the formal attributes

607
00:44:27,010 --> 00:44:28,900
of a good city.

608
00:44:28,900 --> 00:44:30,130
Don't quote me on that.

609
00:44:34,320 --> 00:44:37,980
There are a lot of byproducts.

610
00:44:41,060 --> 00:44:44,720
Let me just mention one or
two for you to think about.

611
00:44:44,720 --> 00:44:48,560
The notion of the popular--

612
00:44:48,560 --> 00:44:52,340
the poetics of the
popular occur when

613
00:44:52,340 --> 00:45:00,060
you see African popular
art is extensive

614
00:45:00,060 --> 00:45:05,130
and ranges all the way
from tombstones in Nigeria

615
00:45:05,130 --> 00:45:11,880
to wall paintings to barbershop
advertisements and so on.

616
00:45:11,880 --> 00:45:18,210
The popular large margin
of freedom in people

617
00:45:18,210 --> 00:45:22,590
to express themselves without
the classical requirements

618
00:45:22,590 --> 00:45:26,650
of orthodoxy, it bends things.

619
00:45:26,650 --> 00:45:28,230
It changes things.

620
00:45:28,230 --> 00:45:33,270
Again, I refer you back to
the definition of classicism

621
00:45:33,270 --> 00:45:37,090
in this paragraph I isolated.

622
00:45:42,780 --> 00:45:46,840
Just before we look
at the slide images,

623
00:45:46,840 --> 00:45:50,590
Let me see if I want to focus
your attention on anything

624
00:45:50,590 --> 00:45:51,090
else.

625
00:45:56,400 --> 00:46:01,350
The role of the popular
decoration is externalization--

626
00:46:01,350 --> 00:46:05,010
the idea of the gaze, the
idea of the house looking out

627
00:46:05,010 --> 00:46:05,700
on the street.

628
00:46:12,960 --> 00:46:14,550
OK, I think this is--

629
00:46:17,490 --> 00:46:22,740
when I first showed this
material in London many years

630
00:46:22,740 --> 00:46:29,640
ago at the Institute of
Contemporary Art in London,

631
00:46:29,640 --> 00:46:35,640
somebody in the audience
stood up and said,

632
00:46:35,640 --> 00:46:43,230
was I sharing this work as if
these were drawings on ghetto

633
00:46:43,230 --> 00:46:48,660
walls, would I make an
exhibition of Jewish markings

634
00:46:48,660 --> 00:46:52,225
on Nazi war camps?

635
00:46:55,370 --> 00:46:59,450
I had always seen this
and experienced this work

636
00:46:59,450 --> 00:47:03,450
as optimistic, as
showing that people

637
00:47:03,450 --> 00:47:09,050
under extreme deprivation still
have an image of responding

638
00:47:09,050 --> 00:47:11,960
to the city through
educating themselves,

639
00:47:11,960 --> 00:47:15,290
through externalizing
themselves,

640
00:47:15,290 --> 00:47:19,370
through communalizing and so on.

641
00:47:19,370 --> 00:47:24,320
And it's curious
that the relationship

642
00:47:24,320 --> 00:47:27,530
between deprivation
and resistance

643
00:47:27,530 --> 00:47:35,900
should be seen as negative, but
I can understand the argument

644
00:47:35,900 --> 00:47:36,650
as well.

645
00:47:41,680 --> 00:47:46,780
Does the popularization of
items done by poor people

646
00:47:46,780 --> 00:47:52,600
and sold as tourist
goods enable or--

647
00:47:52,600 --> 00:47:55,030
it helps them economically?

648
00:47:55,030 --> 00:47:56,580
Does it improve their culture?

649
00:47:59,620 --> 00:48:01,750
Who knows?

650
00:48:01,750 --> 00:48:04,420
We can debate these issues.

651
00:48:04,420 --> 00:48:10,000
I think the issue of
deprivation and resistance

652
00:48:10,000 --> 00:48:13,600
has the fundamental
aspect of an iconography

653
00:48:13,600 --> 00:48:15,115
of fascinating topics.

654
00:48:18,850 --> 00:48:20,800
I was surprised--
I didn't know how

655
00:48:20,800 --> 00:48:23,080
to answer the
gentleman who asked--

656
00:48:23,080 --> 00:48:26,020
who assaulted me in London.

657
00:48:26,020 --> 00:48:28,330
I've never been assaulted since.

658
00:48:28,330 --> 00:48:34,120
This material has been shared
widely as part of the BBC film.

659
00:48:34,120 --> 00:48:41,190
And let's look at this stuff.

660
00:48:41,190 --> 00:48:46,770
I think the marginal quality of
things in an urban environment

661
00:48:46,770 --> 00:48:51,360
is the grease which
allows people often

662
00:48:51,360 --> 00:48:55,290
to engage marginally
in an activity.

663
00:48:55,290 --> 00:48:57,760
They cannot build
their own houses.

664
00:48:57,760 --> 00:49:02,640
They cannot select a house
under the Group Areas Act.

665
00:49:02,640 --> 00:49:06,100
These people decorated
their houses every year,

666
00:49:06,100 --> 00:49:09,210
despite the fact that
they were renters.

667
00:49:09,210 --> 00:49:12,780
They assumed permanent
ownership despite being

668
00:49:12,780 --> 00:49:17,620
renters because they
were there for 25 years.

669
00:49:17,620 --> 00:49:20,100
They never assumed that
they would be moved out.

670
00:49:24,080 --> 00:49:27,950
So the notion of the popular,
the notion of a fluid system

671
00:49:27,950 --> 00:49:32,750
which is generated in a city,
is an interesting idea to me.

672
00:49:32,750 --> 00:49:38,180
Because the prismatic quality
of identifying separate items

673
00:49:38,180 --> 00:49:43,250
in a city, the situationist's
view of the city,

674
00:49:43,250 --> 00:49:45,500
is interesting in that regard.

675
00:49:45,500 --> 00:49:48,920
G. Debord's notion of
Paris as being made up

676
00:49:48,920 --> 00:49:54,920
of fluid communities
and Towards Cosmopolis

677
00:49:54,920 --> 00:50:00,890
book of the other, the new
migrant environment in cities

678
00:50:00,890 --> 00:50:04,400
of permanent migrations
is interesting,

679
00:50:04,400 --> 00:50:06,695
but we'll touch on these
subjects a bit later.

680
00:50:09,200 --> 00:50:11,270
And let's look at
pictures instead.

681
00:50:11,270 --> 00:50:12,830
It's much more refreshing.

682
00:50:16,000 --> 00:50:17,780
OK.

683
00:50:17,780 --> 00:50:18,660
Turn off the lights.

684
00:50:31,920 --> 00:50:36,510
The analysis on
the right indicates

685
00:50:36,510 --> 00:50:38,730
the move towards the southwest.

686
00:50:42,330 --> 00:50:45,050
The horizontal lines
are the public sector.

687
00:50:45,050 --> 00:50:49,800
In the early stages of the
city, the mining companies

688
00:50:49,800 --> 00:50:54,060
provide housing in this
Sophiatown housing.

689
00:50:54,060 --> 00:51:03,630
As soon as the supply of Black
is too small for the market,

690
00:51:03,630 --> 00:51:08,220
you have these white
dots, squatter settlements

691
00:51:08,220 --> 00:51:12,390
take place at the beginning
of the apartheid city.

692
00:51:12,390 --> 00:51:18,150
Because the demand, the supply
of white housing is, too.

693
00:51:18,150 --> 00:51:22,740
And soon, the white housing
is completely-- at least

694
00:51:22,740 --> 00:51:25,890
the market housing is
completely eliminated.

695
00:51:25,890 --> 00:51:35,930
And Soweto, which is
these two black volumes,

696
00:51:35,930 --> 00:51:38,420
creates a second city.

697
00:51:38,420 --> 00:51:43,360
Next, this is the mining camp.

698
00:51:46,980 --> 00:51:49,250
Here's the Kaffir location--

699
00:51:49,250 --> 00:51:53,060
there's no embarrassment
about using the word Kaffir--

700
00:51:53,060 --> 00:51:55,250
next to the Coolie occasion.

701
00:51:55,250 --> 00:51:58,460
The Coolie location is
where the plague broke out

702
00:51:58,460 --> 00:51:59,930
and Gandhi intervened.

703
00:52:06,390 --> 00:52:10,790
Here are the small blocks
of the white mining camp.

704
00:52:10,790 --> 00:52:11,290
Next.

705
00:52:19,160 --> 00:52:22,690
The third city, Soweto--

706
00:52:22,690 --> 00:52:24,115
an engineer's madness.

707
00:52:27,050 --> 00:52:33,520
All houses are built like huts.

708
00:52:33,520 --> 00:52:38,710
The notion that Blacks in
Harlem in the United States

709
00:52:38,710 --> 00:52:43,960
are crime ridden
and dense housing

710
00:52:43,960 --> 00:52:47,680
produces criminal
behavior is sold

711
00:52:47,680 --> 00:52:51,550
as part of the nationalist
government's orthodoxy.

712
00:52:54,680 --> 00:52:58,010
You can see the
only public space

713
00:52:58,010 --> 00:53:02,460
are large tracts of green
space with a few isolated.

714
00:53:02,460 --> 00:53:04,970
There is no central
business area.

715
00:53:04,970 --> 00:53:05,975
There are few schools.

716
00:53:12,910 --> 00:53:15,080
Whatever it looks like, it is.

717
00:53:15,080 --> 00:53:15,580
Next.

718
00:53:22,584 --> 00:53:30,760
The building of Soweto
starts with Pimville in 1904.

719
00:53:30,760 --> 00:53:35,260
The public supply
of Black housing

720
00:53:35,260 --> 00:53:39,880
increases slowly, but
has incredible spike

721
00:53:39,880 --> 00:53:43,970
with the advent of the
nationalist government in 1948.

722
00:53:43,970 --> 00:53:49,540
So from this point onwards, the
whole governmental apparatus

723
00:53:49,540 --> 00:53:51,730
both at the national
and at the city

724
00:53:51,730 --> 00:53:58,330
level is oriented toward the
application of the Group Areas

725
00:53:58,330 --> 00:54:01,630
Act, the Pass Laws.

726
00:54:01,630 --> 00:54:06,430
The Johannesburg City
Council passed 96 acts

727
00:54:06,430 --> 00:54:10,990
dealing with the Black people
in each city in the few years

728
00:54:10,990 --> 00:54:17,085
of this second, third city.

729
00:54:17,085 --> 00:54:17,585
Next.

730
00:54:20,710 --> 00:54:26,350
The tallest building
in Africa, 52 floors,

731
00:54:26,350 --> 00:54:29,740
one of the tallest concrete
buildings in the world,

732
00:54:29,740 --> 00:54:33,280
was designed by Skidmore,
Owings, and Merrill

733
00:54:33,280 --> 00:54:35,425
with separate toilets
for whites and Blacks.

734
00:54:38,560 --> 00:54:43,000
So when I was visiting--

735
00:54:43,000 --> 00:54:47,890
were invited by the students
to come and give a lecture,

736
00:54:47,890 --> 00:54:52,480
when they were asked by students
how they could design toilets

737
00:54:52,480 --> 00:54:55,120
for whites and
Blacks separately,

738
00:54:55,120 --> 00:55:00,320
they were embarrassed
and said, well, you know,

739
00:55:00,320 --> 00:55:02,650
you have to work where you--

740
00:55:02,650 --> 00:55:07,835
the gold mining dumps are
part of the landscape.

741
00:55:07,835 --> 00:55:08,335
Next.

742
00:55:11,170 --> 00:55:13,540
The depiction of
the center of city,

743
00:55:13,540 --> 00:55:17,830
this is the drawing
for Charles Center,

744
00:55:17,830 --> 00:55:23,060
all depicting white
people as the--

745
00:55:23,060 --> 00:55:31,910
more and more, at the same
time, the everyday environment

746
00:55:31,910 --> 00:55:34,005
was that of Black people.

747
00:55:34,005 --> 00:55:34,505
Next.

748
00:55:37,390 --> 00:55:42,040
Soweto produced,
amongst its horrors,

749
00:55:42,040 --> 00:55:47,920
the use of a 19th
century fixed-line rail

750
00:55:47,920 --> 00:55:51,540
system and a bus system
to take people to work.

751
00:55:51,540 --> 00:55:53,185
Here's a line
waiting for a train.

752
00:55:55,930 --> 00:55:58,780
Springs is a suburb
of Johannesburg.

753
00:55:58,780 --> 00:56:01,360
"Whites only to springs."

754
00:56:01,360 --> 00:56:04,930
It's a bit strange
to look at this.

755
00:56:04,930 --> 00:56:08,950
If you grew up in South Africa,
this is what you grew up with.

756
00:56:08,950 --> 00:56:15,860
And it's amazing how
striking it seems now.

757
00:56:15,860 --> 00:56:16,360
Next.

758
00:56:19,260 --> 00:56:29,980
1976, the famous shooting
of this young Black boy

759
00:56:29,980 --> 00:56:37,660
by the police in this riot
against Bantu education,

760
00:56:37,660 --> 00:56:43,040
one of the beginnings of the
collapse of the rational city.

761
00:56:43,040 --> 00:56:43,540
Next.

762
00:56:48,600 --> 00:56:52,350
I just put in this diagram
of somebody's approximation

763
00:56:52,350 --> 00:56:54,240
of apartheid city.

764
00:56:54,240 --> 00:56:57,130
And sector theory
of Homer Hoyt--

765
00:56:57,130 --> 00:57:03,060
which we referred to a couple
of months ago in this class.

766
00:57:03,060 --> 00:57:09,630
The theory of Hoyt referred to
the American city segregating

767
00:57:09,630 --> 00:57:17,050
itself out in terms of
sectors, sectors moving,

768
00:57:17,050 --> 00:57:20,940
in the case of Johannesburg,
in the opposite direction

769
00:57:20,940 --> 00:57:22,320
as Blacks.

770
00:57:22,320 --> 00:57:24,600
Blacks in the
industry always are

771
00:57:24,600 --> 00:57:26,910
in the south or the southwest.

772
00:57:26,910 --> 00:57:31,440
Whites always are in the
north, moving northwards.

773
00:57:31,440 --> 00:57:33,000
Next.

774
00:57:33,000 --> 00:57:37,750
These areas here, this is
this Ciskei and the Transkei.

775
00:57:37,750 --> 00:57:41,280
And this is the Ciskei
and the Transkei

776
00:57:41,280 --> 00:57:44,720
and Zululand and Botswana.

777
00:57:44,720 --> 00:57:50,030
And these are the Bantustans.

778
00:57:50,030 --> 00:57:59,180
Here is the notion of treating
a rural population as rural,

779
00:57:59,180 --> 00:58:04,460
maintaining the
rurality, but arguing

780
00:58:04,460 --> 00:58:09,020
that industry should located
on the perimeter using

781
00:58:09,020 --> 00:58:10,580
this local population.

782
00:58:14,540 --> 00:58:18,500
This uses strange terms.

783
00:58:18,500 --> 00:58:25,010
Deconcentration points, what's
a deconcentration point?

784
00:58:25,010 --> 00:58:28,250
Industrial development
to deconcentration points

785
00:58:28,250 --> 00:58:34,730
in national states, I mean,
this is like Nazi language.

786
00:58:34,730 --> 00:58:41,420
I mean, you know,
planning language.

787
00:58:45,360 --> 00:58:49,450
Excuse me for getting a little
sentimental about all of this.

788
00:58:49,450 --> 00:58:49,950
Next.

789
00:58:52,630 --> 00:58:54,100
Western Native Township--

790
00:58:56,970 --> 00:59:03,900
2,000 houses, different
types of houses, but largely

791
00:59:03,900 --> 00:59:06,780
250 square feet.

792
00:59:06,780 --> 00:59:10,210
I'll just point out to you
a couple of other things.

793
00:59:10,210 --> 00:59:15,450
These black lines
running horizontally,

794
00:59:15,450 --> 00:59:18,780
what this community
spontaneously does,

795
00:59:18,780 --> 00:59:27,020
if the block size is too large,
the house becomes a passageway.

796
00:59:27,020 --> 00:59:27,960
There are rituals.

797
00:59:27,960 --> 00:59:29,580
You knock on the door.

798
00:59:29,580 --> 00:59:30,720
You pass through.

799
00:59:30,720 --> 00:59:32,770
And you say hello to
the woman of the house,

800
00:59:32,770 --> 00:59:34,520
and you walk out to
the back of the house.

801
00:59:37,640 --> 00:59:40,140
There are a number of
community institutions.

802
00:59:40,140 --> 00:59:44,700
There are shebeens, which
are illegal drinking--

803
00:59:44,700 --> 00:59:48,360
alcohol is barred
to Black people

804
00:59:48,360 --> 00:59:50,250
entirely under apartheid.

805
00:59:50,250 --> 00:59:52,890
You could only
drink kaffir beer,

806
00:59:52,890 --> 00:59:55,555
which was sold by the
government to get great profit.

807
00:59:58,650 --> 01:00:01,410
A stokvels is an ongoing party.

808
01:00:04,806 --> 01:00:08,360
There are all of these
self-help institutions,

809
01:00:08,360 --> 01:00:13,070
which are part of the popular
culture place of this kind.

810
01:00:16,750 --> 01:00:17,250
Next.

811
01:00:20,470 --> 01:00:26,000
Here is the house as
provided to the people.

812
01:00:26,000 --> 01:00:26,500
Next.

813
01:00:29,630 --> 01:00:38,660
A number of types of
house, it's a bit wrong.

814
01:00:38,660 --> 01:00:42,650
Almost 80% of the
houses were type B

815
01:00:42,650 --> 01:00:47,720
without the additional
dotted area at the top.

816
01:00:47,720 --> 01:00:55,490
Type B is this plus that
if your porch is enclosed.

817
01:00:55,490 --> 01:01:03,440
It's 250 plus 100.

818
01:01:03,440 --> 01:01:10,330
This is analysis of
the walls of the house.

819
01:01:10,330 --> 01:01:16,880
These solid black
indicates that the porch

820
01:01:16,880 --> 01:01:21,280
is enclosed and decorated.

821
01:01:21,280 --> 01:01:23,672
The hollow circles
are where the porch

822
01:01:23,672 --> 01:01:26,380
is enclosed, but not decorated.

823
01:01:26,380 --> 01:01:31,400
The empty lots are
nothing has happened.

824
01:01:31,400 --> 01:01:34,150
You can see the
intensity of decoration

825
01:01:34,150 --> 01:01:37,480
is larger in this
area of the township,

826
01:01:37,480 --> 01:01:43,970
large close to the outside
and entrance to the area

827
01:01:43,970 --> 01:01:46,780
and, also, because some of
the prominent families lived

828
01:01:46,780 --> 01:01:47,720
in this area.

829
01:01:47,720 --> 01:01:48,220
Next.

830
01:01:52,040 --> 01:01:54,320
That's just what I've
tried to explain.

831
01:01:54,320 --> 01:01:57,290
This is the density
of decoration.

832
01:01:57,290 --> 01:02:02,090
And this is the breakdown
of facing street

833
01:02:02,090 --> 01:02:04,250
in terms of tribe.

834
01:02:04,250 --> 01:02:06,980
I think yellow is Tswana.

835
01:02:06,980 --> 01:02:08,030
Blue is Zulu.

836
01:02:08,030 --> 01:02:11,390
And three is Tsonga.

837
01:02:11,390 --> 01:02:15,680
And four, I think, is Xhosa.

838
01:02:15,680 --> 01:02:17,930
Five is Ndebele and so on.

839
01:02:23,415 --> 01:02:23,915
Next.

840
01:02:27,820 --> 01:02:32,410
The result is that
the street is made up

841
01:02:32,410 --> 01:02:38,740
of a consistent
iconography, circles,

842
01:02:38,740 --> 01:02:42,415
sun systems, and
other sun systems,

843
01:02:42,415 --> 01:02:44,290
a half-arch plus circles.

844
01:02:47,780 --> 01:02:49,610
This is an undecorated house.

845
01:02:53,180 --> 01:02:59,030
In addition to changing
the face of the house,

846
01:02:59,030 --> 01:03:12,730
the external environment of
the fences, the mail delivery

847
01:03:12,730 --> 01:03:21,670
options, gates, trees
are added to the city.

848
01:03:21,670 --> 01:03:22,170
Next.

849
01:03:25,930 --> 01:03:31,330
Here is the original
response on the left,

850
01:03:31,330 --> 01:03:36,040
mud and using a
fork or your fingers

851
01:03:36,040 --> 01:03:39,010
to make traditional decoration.

852
01:03:39,010 --> 01:03:41,650
On the second is
the second attempt

853
01:03:41,650 --> 01:03:45,390
to enclose the porch
using throwaway material.

854
01:03:45,390 --> 01:03:47,380
Next.

855
01:03:47,380 --> 01:03:55,140
You can see everything
is taken into account

856
01:03:55,140 --> 01:03:59,760
from the mail delivery
point through to floor

857
01:03:59,760 --> 01:04:07,530
polish zone, a garden,
two half-gardens.

858
01:04:07,530 --> 01:04:09,810
The porch is not
enclosed in this case,

859
01:04:09,810 --> 01:04:12,900
but is made into
an outdoor room.

860
01:04:12,900 --> 01:04:18,840
The major wall is
decorated by a rising sun.

861
01:04:18,840 --> 01:04:23,130
You can see the
architectural ideas,

862
01:04:23,130 --> 01:04:26,445
which would make an architect
like Louis Kahn proud.

863
01:04:29,510 --> 01:04:34,830
Here is an example of
a sun system embracing

864
01:04:34,830 --> 01:04:35,910
the whole of the thing.

865
01:04:35,910 --> 01:04:37,950
The porch is enclosed.

866
01:04:37,950 --> 01:04:41,220
There's a little--
one of the problems

867
01:04:41,220 --> 01:04:47,236
was that this porch was always
asymmetrical in a facade.

868
01:04:47,236 --> 01:04:51,345
Here is a permanently parked
automobile as an external room.

869
01:04:54,230 --> 01:05:01,280
An interesting idea, you could
actually use an automobile

870
01:05:01,280 --> 01:05:04,250
as a living room.

871
01:05:04,250 --> 01:05:06,230
I think a Lexus
automobile attempts

872
01:05:06,230 --> 01:05:09,170
to be a living room,
but a mobile one.

873
01:05:09,170 --> 01:05:12,470
I think it would be interesting
in if we ever got to the state

874
01:05:12,470 --> 01:05:16,980
where we are to regard
Lexus as permanent.

875
01:05:16,980 --> 01:05:17,480
Next.

876
01:05:20,360 --> 01:05:27,190
Two other examples-- here's
a razor blade phenomenon.

877
01:05:27,190 --> 01:05:28,790
AUDIENCE: Which one's
the razor blade?

878
01:05:28,790 --> 01:05:29,940
JULIAN BEINART: The green.

879
01:05:29,940 --> 01:05:30,300
AUDIENCE: Oh, yeah.

880
01:05:30,300 --> 01:05:30,800
I see.

881
01:05:30,800 --> 01:05:31,300
Yeah.

882
01:05:33,913 --> 01:05:35,580
JULIAN BEINART: There's
a version of it,

883
01:05:35,580 --> 01:05:39,530
a more abstracted version, and
the more literal version of it

884
01:05:39,530 --> 01:05:46,630
there on top of which is a gable
and a classical attempt to--

885
01:05:46,630 --> 01:05:51,090
the sunrise of the gate.

886
01:05:51,090 --> 01:05:54,080
There's sunrise gates
all over the world.

887
01:05:54,080 --> 01:05:56,550
I know with the sunrise--

888
01:05:56,550 --> 01:06:01,010
I suppose, if you're
interested in heliocentricity.

889
01:06:01,010 --> 01:06:03,540
When I once showed
this material,

890
01:06:03,540 --> 01:06:06,830
a man who was an
Egyptian heliocentrist

891
01:06:06,830 --> 01:06:13,890
said that this was all a
subliminal sun devotion system.

892
01:06:13,890 --> 01:06:15,135
I don't understand that.

893
01:06:15,135 --> 01:06:15,635
Next.

894
01:06:18,470 --> 01:06:20,605
Here are rectangular forms.

895
01:06:24,650 --> 01:06:35,150
You find this in Florence in
decorative wooden wall systems.

896
01:06:35,150 --> 01:06:37,880
The old idea in
heliocentricity is

897
01:06:37,880 --> 01:06:41,900
that this is a skin
which is pinned down

898
01:06:41,900 --> 01:06:48,320
in the four corners, allowing
these quarter circle set backs.

899
01:06:53,280 --> 01:06:56,490
The architectural
problem was often

900
01:06:56,490 --> 01:06:59,545
dealing with the asymmetry
between the two sides.

901
01:06:59,545 --> 01:07:00,045
Next.

902
01:07:03,710 --> 01:07:09,920
Here the large
form of the facade

903
01:07:09,920 --> 01:07:13,810
is reproduced in the mailboxes.

904
01:07:16,370 --> 01:07:19,190
On the other side
is a combination

905
01:07:19,190 --> 01:07:23,070
of the rectangular system
with a circular system.

906
01:07:23,070 --> 01:07:23,570
Next.

907
01:07:27,940 --> 01:07:33,925
Difference in material--
this is all cheap concrete.

908
01:07:37,770 --> 01:07:41,100
The two circles-- next.

909
01:07:47,740 --> 01:07:52,720
The use of the color of the back
wall of the main facade wall

910
01:07:52,720 --> 01:07:57,040
and the floating of a
rectangular texture on it

911
01:07:57,040 --> 01:08:01,480
leaving the four circles in
the background is predominant.

912
01:08:01,480 --> 01:08:01,980
Next.

913
01:08:04,810 --> 01:08:07,480
Here's the razor blade.

914
01:08:07,480 --> 01:08:13,900
Three circles, four empty
circles and a rectangle

915
01:08:13,900 --> 01:08:17,500
constitutes a razor blade.

916
01:08:17,500 --> 01:08:19,828
On the right-hand side
is another version

917
01:08:19,828 --> 01:08:20,620
of the razor blade.

918
01:08:20,620 --> 01:08:22,790
We saw in the drawing.

919
01:08:22,790 --> 01:08:23,290
Next.

920
01:08:27,300 --> 01:08:32,399
The fafi saloon lady elephant
on the-- or horse I think it

921
01:08:32,399 --> 01:08:40,040
is on the right And the
communist industrial rotor

922
01:08:40,040 --> 01:08:44,580
for the ANC leader on the right.

923
01:08:44,580 --> 01:08:47,863
AUDIENCE: There are some colors
that keep repeating themselves,

924
01:08:47,863 --> 01:08:50,210
like this light blue--

925
01:08:50,210 --> 01:08:51,168
JULIAN BEINART: Yeah.

926
01:08:51,168 --> 01:08:53,210
AUDIENCE: --kind of
pistachio even and this light

927
01:08:53,210 --> 01:08:53,835
terracotta--

928
01:08:53,835 --> 01:08:54,710
JULIAN BEINART: Yeah.

929
01:08:54,710 --> 01:08:56,627
AUDIENCE: --is there a
preference in the color

930
01:08:56,627 --> 01:08:58,910
that they use?

931
01:08:58,910 --> 01:09:00,740
JULIAN BEINART: No,
not that I can answer.

932
01:09:00,740 --> 01:09:04,430
The trouble was that,
during the period

933
01:09:04,430 --> 01:09:08,960
that we studied
this community, I

934
01:09:08,960 --> 01:09:12,170
got to know this community
through the Jazz movement,

935
01:09:12,170 --> 01:09:17,779
by taking Black
musicians home at night.

936
01:09:17,779 --> 01:09:22,220
And one night, the lights
shone on these walls.

937
01:09:22,220 --> 01:09:25,250
And I said, my god, something
strange is happening here.

938
01:09:25,250 --> 01:09:26,509
I never been here.

939
01:09:26,509 --> 01:09:28,550
Whites don't go to
Black townships,

940
01:09:28,550 --> 01:09:32,715
not at that time in
South Africa's history.

941
01:09:32,715 --> 01:09:36,590
It was too dangerous.

942
01:09:36,590 --> 01:09:40,189
So by the time I
got involved in this

943
01:09:40,189 --> 01:09:44,960
was in protests which was
starting against the removal

944
01:09:44,960 --> 01:09:47,660
of Blacks from Sophiatown.

945
01:09:47,660 --> 01:09:52,439
So the demolition of Sophiatown
caused enormous Black anger.

946
01:09:52,439 --> 01:09:56,260
And I was one of the
people who was there

947
01:09:56,260 --> 01:09:59,645
as a supposedly urbanist.

948
01:10:02,630 --> 01:10:08,720
And I came back to
Western Native Township

949
01:10:08,720 --> 01:10:12,050
when the people were
starting to be moved out.

950
01:10:12,050 --> 01:10:15,470
And colored people
were being moved in

951
01:10:15,470 --> 01:10:20,940
to replace the Black
people as temporary houses.

952
01:10:20,940 --> 01:10:26,330
Some of the color system is
over painted by colored people

953
01:10:26,330 --> 01:10:30,290
on top of the Black people.

954
01:10:30,290 --> 01:10:33,230
I have no record of
what this thing looked

955
01:10:33,230 --> 01:10:35,150
like 10 years before.

956
01:10:35,150 --> 01:10:36,920
Nobody has.

957
01:10:36,920 --> 01:10:42,290
This is the only
record that exists.

958
01:10:42,290 --> 01:10:44,420
So I would have to guess.

959
01:10:44,420 --> 01:10:47,180
I think the colors would
be more restrained.

960
01:10:47,180 --> 01:10:50,690
I think the color
over painting--

961
01:10:50,690 --> 01:10:53,900
you'd see pink and
bright colors--

962
01:10:53,900 --> 01:10:57,600
is probably not the
colors that we used.

963
01:10:57,600 --> 01:10:58,100
Next.

964
01:11:00,760 --> 01:11:04,900
This is an example of
the problem of symmetry.

965
01:11:04,900 --> 01:11:09,010
This is the halfway
line in the facade

966
01:11:09,010 --> 01:11:13,180
and this incredible
architectural move

967
01:11:13,180 --> 01:11:20,590
of marking the center of
the facade by a color shift

968
01:11:20,590 --> 01:11:28,450
and still then using these
identical forms on either side.

969
01:11:28,450 --> 01:11:31,180
Next.

970
01:11:31,180 --> 01:11:34,540
The half-circle-- again
explained consistently

971
01:11:34,540 --> 01:11:37,280
as the sunrise or sunset.

972
01:11:37,280 --> 01:11:37,780
Next.

973
01:11:41,100 --> 01:11:43,170
The sun itself takes many forms.

974
01:11:45,890 --> 01:11:46,390
Next.

975
01:11:49,980 --> 01:11:55,410
That pink is a colored
painting, over-painting.

976
01:11:58,020 --> 01:12:01,680
One could do a study of the
colored temporary migration

977
01:12:01,680 --> 01:12:02,520
before.

978
01:12:02,520 --> 01:12:05,110
This township doesn't
exist anymore.

979
01:12:05,110 --> 01:12:06,440
It's gone.

980
01:12:06,440 --> 01:12:15,440
The coloreds who moved in
is a temporary phenomenon.

981
01:12:15,440 --> 01:12:19,860
AUDIENCE: So each inhabitant
of the house usually

982
01:12:19,860 --> 01:12:21,900
would design
completely their own?

983
01:12:21,900 --> 01:12:24,610
JULIAN BEINART: Yeah, yeah.

984
01:12:24,610 --> 01:12:28,460
Yeah, generally, the
woman in the house.

985
01:12:28,460 --> 01:12:29,335
AUDIENCE: I see that.

986
01:12:29,335 --> 01:12:31,270
JULIAN BEINART: The
husband was either

987
01:12:31,270 --> 01:12:35,470
too busy drinking
or earning a living

988
01:12:35,470 --> 01:12:39,220
or being a member of
a gang or whatever.

989
01:12:39,220 --> 01:12:41,852
The women in this--

990
01:12:41,852 --> 01:12:44,275
this is a very
matrilineal society.

991
01:12:50,000 --> 01:12:53,290
The people I spoke
to who seemed to know

992
01:12:53,290 --> 01:12:56,350
most about the decoration
of the houses were women.

993
01:13:05,640 --> 01:13:14,290
And often, if I asked why did
you choose the sun system,

994
01:13:14,290 --> 01:13:18,290
the answer would be the
sun represents hope.

995
01:13:18,290 --> 01:13:22,580
Or where I grew
up in the country,

996
01:13:22,580 --> 01:13:26,270
I saw the sunrise every morning.

997
01:13:26,270 --> 01:13:29,630
You know, what do you
expect people to say?

998
01:13:33,870 --> 01:13:38,230
If I were to ask you why you
have a painting in your house,

999
01:13:38,230 --> 01:13:42,775
you say, I like Piero della
Francesca, or I prefer Uccello.

1000
01:13:42,775 --> 01:13:46,930
Or I happen to have a Picasso
because my mother gave it

1001
01:13:46,930 --> 01:13:49,810
to me when I was a child.

1002
01:13:49,810 --> 01:13:54,625
Does somebody, say, give you
analysis of Picasso's painting?

1003
01:13:58,200 --> 01:14:02,775
Why do you expect these people
to know more about the way?

1004
01:14:02,775 --> 01:14:03,275
Next.

1005
01:14:07,040 --> 01:14:11,810
Two houses nearby-- these are
white middle class houses,

1006
01:14:11,810 --> 01:14:14,730
low white income, middle houses.

1007
01:14:14,730 --> 01:14:19,760
They are often referred to
as models for these people

1008
01:14:19,760 --> 01:14:24,590
to look at as a symbol
of improvement--

1009
01:14:24,590 --> 01:14:28,130
next-- whereas they
come from an environment

1010
01:14:28,130 --> 01:14:29,470
in their own countryside.

1011
01:14:29,470 --> 01:14:37,040
This is a Ndebele decoration
on the left and Zulu decoration

1012
01:14:37,040 --> 01:14:38,405
on the right.

1013
01:14:38,405 --> 01:14:40,280
Could you just turn on
the light at the back?

1014
01:14:40,280 --> 01:14:43,790
AUDIENCE: The last one is a
book of all this research?

1015
01:14:43,790 --> 01:14:45,190
JULIAN BEINART: Sorry.

1016
01:14:45,190 --> 01:14:48,510
AUDIENCE: The last slide
was a book of this research?

1017
01:14:48,510 --> 01:14:50,300
JULIAN BEINART: No,
it was published.

1018
01:14:50,300 --> 01:14:52,850
It's been published extensively.

1019
01:14:52,850 --> 01:14:55,250
I never wrote a book
because I'm too lazy--

1020
01:14:55,250 --> 01:14:56,330
[LAUGHTER]

1021
01:14:56,330 --> 01:14:58,310
--to write books.

1022
01:14:58,310 --> 01:15:01,580
I write long articles
instead of books.

1023
01:15:01,580 --> 01:15:02,982
Books are--

1024
01:15:02,982 --> 01:15:05,780
AUDIENCE: Was that normal?

1025
01:15:05,780 --> 01:15:09,296
JULIAN BEINART: It was
in Edilizia Moderna,

1026
01:15:09,296 --> 01:15:12,065
a special issue on
Africa, which I edited.

1027
01:15:15,920 --> 01:15:18,930
This appears in a number
of different forms.

1028
01:15:18,930 --> 01:15:22,130
The piece, which I gave you
in the required reading,

1029
01:15:22,130 --> 01:15:25,490
is good enough.

1030
01:15:25,490 --> 01:15:29,570
And it's got enough of
what I've said today in it.

1031
01:15:29,570 --> 01:15:32,120
It's an endless story.

1032
01:15:32,120 --> 01:15:35,030
I mean, what interests
me more is your reaction

1033
01:15:35,030 --> 01:15:38,145
to this material than
the material itself.

1034
01:15:41,960 --> 01:15:47,000
I mean can you enlarge
on this phenomenon

1035
01:15:47,000 --> 01:15:52,700
where does it make you
think of In Soweto, people

1036
01:15:52,700 --> 01:15:57,560
don't decorate the external
public facades anymore.

1037
01:15:57,560 --> 01:15:59,090
They become like all of you.

1038
01:15:59,090 --> 01:16:03,950
They buy expensive overstuffed
furniture and the television

1039
01:16:03,950 --> 01:16:05,480
set.

1040
01:16:05,480 --> 01:16:10,820
They've interiorized the
environment as we have.

1041
01:16:10,820 --> 01:16:15,230
Nobody in Manhattan cares
about the public facade

1042
01:16:15,230 --> 01:16:19,490
of the apartment block except
for the way you enter it.

1043
01:16:19,490 --> 01:16:25,370
You've got to have a canopy
and a man dressed up in uniform

1044
01:16:25,370 --> 01:16:28,460
for it to be expensive.

1045
01:16:28,460 --> 01:16:31,990
So we all have notions of
explicating our status.

1046
01:16:34,790 --> 01:16:41,300
If we were in a tribe,
in an urban tribe,

1047
01:16:41,300 --> 01:16:45,950
in a ghetto and had some
way of wanting to improve

1048
01:16:45,950 --> 01:16:47,540
our conditions, there's--

1049
01:16:47,540 --> 01:16:50,120
remember, there were seven
people in these two rooms.

1050
01:16:55,230 --> 01:17:02,140
And sometimes there were
additional items as well of

1051
01:17:02,140 --> 01:17:02,770
space.

1052
01:17:02,770 --> 01:17:09,340
But 80% of the houses
had about two rooms.

1053
01:17:09,340 --> 01:17:13,120
I think it's a very positive
enlarging phenomenon

1054
01:17:13,120 --> 01:17:16,090
that people have the capacity--

1055
01:17:16,090 --> 01:17:19,840
we regard children as having
the capacity to demonstrate

1056
01:17:19,840 --> 01:17:23,350
something unique when
they do drawings.

1057
01:17:23,350 --> 01:17:28,360
That capacity is lost
as we become adults.

1058
01:17:28,360 --> 01:17:32,500
You could say these
people are naive.

1059
01:17:32,500 --> 01:17:34,750
They are primitive.

1060
01:17:34,750 --> 01:17:39,580
They still have the
courage or whatever

1061
01:17:39,580 --> 01:17:44,050
it is to do something naive
in front of their house.

1062
01:17:44,050 --> 01:17:45,295
To them, it wasn't naive.

1063
01:17:48,660 --> 01:17:51,000
But it raises the
issue of the popular

1064
01:17:51,000 --> 01:17:53,160
in the urban phenomenon.

1065
01:17:53,160 --> 01:17:56,010
And it's, I think,
an extraordinarily

1066
01:17:56,010 --> 01:18:00,150
interesting and
important concept.

1067
01:18:00,150 --> 01:18:04,960
Why this received such
publicity when it was published

1068
01:18:04,960 --> 01:18:10,560
and I was giving lectures
all over the place

1069
01:18:10,560 --> 01:18:15,630
was because people like
John Turner here at MIT,

1070
01:18:15,630 --> 01:18:19,770
[? Jonah Brockin ?] in
Hartland before he came to MIT,

1071
01:18:19,770 --> 01:18:24,970
were talking about
changeable structures.

1072
01:18:24,970 --> 01:18:34,220
[? Jonah Brockin ?] book
says that indwelling

1073
01:18:34,220 --> 01:18:37,370
is a creative
phenomenon, that we only

1074
01:18:37,370 --> 01:18:39,230
need to build supports
for people who

1075
01:18:39,230 --> 01:18:42,170
can finish products themselves.

1076
01:18:42,170 --> 01:18:46,280
Individuation, expression
of individual identity,

1077
01:18:46,280 --> 01:18:52,450
all of these meaningful
items in urbanism

1078
01:18:52,450 --> 01:18:57,170
are what this raises for me.

1079
01:18:57,170 --> 01:19:00,480
South Africa is an extreme case.

1080
01:19:00,480 --> 01:19:03,530
If this were class
in pathology, it

1081
01:19:03,530 --> 01:19:09,485
would be like showing a case
of a dying cancer patient.

1082
01:19:13,400 --> 01:19:15,220
Look at the extreme.

1083
01:19:15,220 --> 01:19:21,790
There is no more extreme
public doctrine of racialism

1084
01:19:21,790 --> 01:19:24,010
as in South Africa.

1085
01:19:24,010 --> 01:19:27,070
And this is the response.

1086
01:19:27,070 --> 01:19:30,310
This is one of the responses.

1087
01:19:30,310 --> 01:19:37,400
Hundreds of thousands of people
died in that regime as well.

1088
01:19:37,400 --> 01:19:49,990
But I don't know.

1089
01:19:49,990 --> 01:19:54,340
What I can suggest is that you
think about this phenomenon

1090
01:19:54,340 --> 01:19:58,540
and transported into your own
understanding of the cities

1091
01:19:58,540 --> 01:20:01,840
that you live in and deal
with and make plans for.

1092
01:20:04,550 --> 01:20:07,610
If only everybody in the
world had the capacity

1093
01:20:07,610 --> 01:20:11,150
to react in this
positive way to--

1094
01:20:11,150 --> 01:20:14,110
our cities would look different.