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JULIAN BEINART: I should
thank Kevin Lynch.

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00:00:27,790 --> 00:00:31,760
37 years ago, he stopped
me in the corridor.

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00:00:31,760 --> 00:00:35,490
I was teaching in
the design program,

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00:00:35,490 --> 00:00:40,200
and that was before we
had a separate section

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00:00:40,200 --> 00:00:42,810
for architecture and urbanism.

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00:00:42,810 --> 00:00:46,770
And he said, you know, I'm going
to stop teaching this class.

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He had already
taught it since 1956.

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00:00:51,750 --> 00:00:52,620
I said, why?

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00:00:52,620 --> 00:00:54,580
It's an important class.

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00:00:54,580 --> 00:00:57,780
It's the only place where people
learn about the form of cities

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00:00:57,780 --> 00:01:00,310
in a systematic way.

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00:01:00,310 --> 00:01:05,675
And he said, no, the
students are bored by it.

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00:01:05,675 --> 00:01:09,670
There's just a
lapse in interest.

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00:01:09,670 --> 00:01:11,040
So I said, are you crazy.

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00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:13,600
He said, OK, well, you're
interested in theory,

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00:01:13,600 --> 00:01:14,100
aren't you?

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00:01:14,100 --> 00:01:16,710
And I said, well, I am not sure.

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He said--

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[LAUGHTER]

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00:01:19,350 --> 00:01:21,060
--I'll make a deal with you.

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00:01:21,060 --> 00:01:28,190
If you teach it with me for
the next period, I'll continue.

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00:01:28,190 --> 00:01:30,140
So we taught it
together for two years,

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00:01:30,140 --> 00:01:33,110
and he just announced
that he's retiring,

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00:01:33,110 --> 00:01:35,960
leaving the whole
damn thing to me.

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00:01:35,960 --> 00:01:38,900
That was 34 years ago.

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00:01:38,900 --> 00:01:47,580
I have to thank him for
giving me the opportunity.

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00:01:47,580 --> 00:01:50,090
Curiously enough,
Kevin and I have now

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00:01:50,090 --> 00:01:58,340
taught this class from 1956 to
2013, which is a long stretch.

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00:01:58,340 --> 00:02:01,340
Neither of us will have
any formal education

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00:02:01,340 --> 00:02:04,370
in urban history.

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00:02:04,370 --> 00:02:08,919
We don't teach urban
history formally.

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00:02:08,919 --> 00:02:11,020
You can do a degree
in city planning

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00:02:11,020 --> 00:02:15,220
without knowing
where Priene was.

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00:02:17,830 --> 00:02:20,920
It said neither
Harvard nor MIT have

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00:02:20,920 --> 00:02:25,100
treated urban history with
the dignity that it deserves.

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00:02:25,100 --> 00:02:29,850
We had an alphabet,
but I suppose

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00:02:29,850 --> 00:02:31,770
seeing that Lynch and I--

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00:02:31,770 --> 00:02:35,340
you will see here as I
go through this class--

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00:02:35,340 --> 00:02:38,650
how much history there is in it.

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00:02:38,650 --> 00:02:41,740
It's not history for
the sake of history.

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00:02:41,740 --> 00:02:48,320
It's based on a fundamental
idea that accumulated knowledge

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00:02:48,320 --> 00:02:52,340
makes sense critically.

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00:02:52,340 --> 00:02:54,770
The modern movement
in architecture

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00:02:54,770 --> 00:02:59,670
abjured the notion of
looking at the past.

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00:02:59,670 --> 00:03:01,650
They were so
existentially bound up

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00:03:01,650 --> 00:03:05,610
with the present, nor the
future, for that matter--

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00:03:05,610 --> 00:03:07,320
I'll be covering some of this.

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00:03:07,320 --> 00:03:09,957
I'm just digressing warming up.

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00:03:09,957 --> 00:03:11,388
[LAUGHTER]

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00:03:15,210 --> 00:03:18,430
It's a class tradition
to do the last class.

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00:03:18,430 --> 00:03:20,580
I'm not doing the last
class because it's

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00:03:20,580 --> 00:03:22,750
the last class for me.

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00:03:22,750 --> 00:03:29,130
I'm doing the last class as I've
always done it for 34 years.

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00:03:29,130 --> 00:03:31,560
That is, it's an
attempt to summarize

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00:03:31,560 --> 00:03:33,810
the material we've done.

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00:03:33,810 --> 00:03:37,590
And as difficult as
that is, I'm going

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00:03:37,590 --> 00:03:40,710
to go through it tediously.

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00:03:40,710 --> 00:03:44,910
I hope those of you who've
taken this class will forgive me

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00:03:44,910 --> 00:03:47,280
for going over what
you already know.

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00:03:49,790 --> 00:03:53,480
There are two things that
I learned from Lynch.

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The one is that when you
posit an idea or theory,

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00:03:58,250 --> 00:04:01,590
theory is perhaps
an overblown word.

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00:04:01,590 --> 00:04:04,200
I inherited the title
of this class from him

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00:04:04,200 --> 00:04:07,320
and never changed it.

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00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:13,240
You have to, where possible,
supplement it with a fact.

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00:04:13,240 --> 00:04:16,649
If you go down the corridor
to Lynch's archives,

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00:04:16,649 --> 00:04:20,970
you'll find his high school
notes on Kant and philosophers.

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00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:27,600
We always thought that
if we were teaching

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this class in France,
we would never

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00:04:31,230 --> 00:04:33,840
provide any evidence
for the theory

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00:04:33,840 --> 00:04:37,050
and just produce more theories
based on the theories that

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00:04:37,050 --> 00:04:39,950
preceded us.

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00:04:39,950 --> 00:04:43,040
So I have the Chicago
tradition to follow,

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00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:46,310
which says that you
have facts to supplement

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00:04:46,310 --> 00:04:52,620
theory-- a very American
idea, if I might say so.

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The second thing is that
details are important.

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00:04:58,210 --> 00:05:02,000
So when I tell you that
Joseph Bazalgette used

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00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:08,280
300 million bricks to build
the three cross London sewage

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00:05:08,280 --> 00:05:12,450
tunnels because of
cholera in the Thames,

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00:05:12,450 --> 00:05:17,790
you will understand 300
million is a useful figure--

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00:05:17,790 --> 00:05:19,140
for some people anyway.

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00:05:21,660 --> 00:05:28,260
The last thing that
Lynch tried to argue

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00:05:28,260 --> 00:05:32,330
was that, difficult though
it is to find evidence,

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00:05:32,330 --> 00:05:36,350
the easy relationship
between space and society,

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00:05:36,350 --> 00:05:40,310
and even if you had
to make blind cases,

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00:05:40,310 --> 00:05:43,440
it was better than
nothing at all.

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00:05:43,440 --> 00:05:48,440
So, for instance, I argue that
the invention in Birmingham

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00:05:48,440 --> 00:05:52,760
in 1830 of the mortgage
system had profound effects

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00:05:52,760 --> 00:05:54,290
on British home ownership.

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00:05:57,600 --> 00:06:00,330
The United States
lagged behind, and there

98
00:06:00,330 --> 00:06:02,010
are reasons to
believe that the Great

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00:06:02,010 --> 00:06:05,770
Depression in this country was
the cause of there only being

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00:06:05,770 --> 00:06:07,305
balloon or standard loans.

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00:06:10,510 --> 00:06:12,880
The mortgage system
provides security,

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00:06:12,880 --> 00:06:18,280
and in the absence of
curious crooked landlords,

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00:06:18,280 --> 00:06:22,420
you dealt with a bank,
which provided security,

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00:06:22,420 --> 00:06:25,240
as microfinancing
in the Third World

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00:06:25,240 --> 00:06:28,300
is now providing security
for home ownership

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00:06:28,300 --> 00:06:32,920
to people who've lived
in insecure situations

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00:06:32,920 --> 00:06:35,750
all their life.

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00:06:35,750 --> 00:06:42,910
But I can't argue that whilst I
guess that the mortgage system

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00:06:42,910 --> 00:06:47,530
reduced the density of London
by spreading it out as opposed

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00:06:47,530 --> 00:06:49,420
to Paris, which didn't--

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00:06:49,420 --> 00:06:52,060
the density of Paris
is about twice as much

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00:06:52,060 --> 00:06:53,770
as that of London--

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00:06:53,770 --> 00:06:57,250
but I have to guess that
the mortgage system has

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00:06:57,250 --> 00:06:59,410
something to do with it.

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00:06:59,410 --> 00:07:03,510
There are not many
people who attempt

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00:07:03,510 --> 00:07:07,860
the steering business of
connecting space and society.

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00:07:07,860 --> 00:07:11,760
I one edited an Italian
version of a magazine

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00:07:11,760 --> 00:07:14,980
by their name
[SPEAKING ITALIAN],,

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00:07:14,980 --> 00:07:17,970
so I guess I've
spent my life trying

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00:07:17,970 --> 00:07:20,200
to understand the relationship.

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00:07:20,200 --> 00:07:24,690
And I'm not sure after 34 years
of slogging away in this room

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00:07:24,690 --> 00:07:27,860
that I'm any clearer.

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00:07:27,860 --> 00:07:31,880
So what I'm going to do
is go through the material

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00:07:31,880 --> 00:07:33,590
we've done in this class.

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00:07:33,590 --> 00:07:35,630
I'll try to be as
brief as possible.

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00:07:35,630 --> 00:07:40,220
If you get bored, I
can't offer you a drink.

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00:07:40,220 --> 00:07:41,180
You have to wait.

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00:07:48,150 --> 00:07:50,070
I'll try to make
as many connections

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00:07:50,070 --> 00:07:53,040
as I can in the
material, but I'm

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00:07:53,040 --> 00:07:57,000
going to go through it as if
I'm talking to this class, some

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00:07:57,000 --> 00:08:02,220
of whom are here, and
they are the only ones who

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00:08:02,220 --> 00:08:05,070
are allowed to ask questions.

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00:08:05,070 --> 00:08:07,766
The rest of you
are in a time warp.

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00:08:07,766 --> 00:08:09,550
[LAUGHTER]

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00:08:11,340 --> 00:08:12,600
Remind me of that movie--

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00:08:12,600 --> 00:08:14,170
I can't remember
the title-- where

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00:08:14,170 --> 00:08:19,680
the time was changed, where
the past became the present.

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00:08:19,680 --> 00:08:21,960
It's very strange
to see all of you.

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00:08:28,280 --> 00:08:29,780
We start at the beginning.

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00:08:32,520 --> 00:08:37,080
About 1,000 miles from where
I was born, archaeologists,

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00:08:37,080 --> 00:08:39,240
such as [? Broome, ?]
Dart, and Tobias,

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00:08:39,240 --> 00:08:42,760
discovered a
3-million-year-old skull,

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00:08:42,760 --> 00:08:46,200
which they called
Australopithecus africanus,

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00:08:46,200 --> 00:08:50,310
a fundamental link
between animal and man.

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00:08:50,310 --> 00:08:52,470
The brain size of
Australopithecus

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00:08:52,470 --> 00:08:56,550
was about 400 cubic
centimeters, about 35%

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00:08:56,550 --> 00:08:58,185
of our contemporary brain size.

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00:09:00,870 --> 00:09:03,390
The argument is that the
increase of brain size

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00:09:03,390 --> 00:09:08,160
is largely due to nutritional
change, such as Leakey's

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00:09:08,160 --> 00:09:11,010
first discovery of
the first [? index ?]

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00:09:11,010 --> 00:09:14,520
in the Olduvai Gorge in
Kenya, which dates back

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00:09:14,520 --> 00:09:16,560
to about 2.6 million years.

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00:09:19,260 --> 00:09:23,700
Nutrition, and a little change,
is argued as fundamental

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00:09:23,700 --> 00:09:26,100
to brain increase.

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00:09:26,100 --> 00:09:29,130
I don't know how much larger
the human brain can become

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00:09:29,130 --> 00:09:31,140
seeing we still
reproduce children

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00:09:31,140 --> 00:09:37,371
through female organs, which
are not infinite in size,

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00:09:37,371 --> 00:09:39,440
though some people
would wish they were.

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00:09:45,640 --> 00:09:52,580
I've often wondered when the
first item for storage of food

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00:09:52,580 --> 00:09:53,080
occurred.

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00:09:53,080 --> 00:09:57,530
I think potter's wheels
must come very early.

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00:09:57,530 --> 00:10:02,680
I can't imagine any other
permanent form of change

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00:10:02,680 --> 00:10:03,520
in nutrition.

164
00:10:06,620 --> 00:10:10,040
But the British
anthropologist Robin Dunbar

165
00:10:10,040 --> 00:10:12,980
hypothesizes that human
brains grew faster

166
00:10:12,980 --> 00:10:17,390
when surrounded by 150
others, a number he still

167
00:10:17,390 --> 00:10:21,770
holds true for modern societies,
even in social media groups.

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00:10:21,770 --> 00:10:26,490
You're supposed to
know only 150 people.

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00:10:26,490 --> 00:10:29,340
His argument is that
brain size increases

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00:10:29,340 --> 00:10:31,230
when you're in a society.

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00:10:31,230 --> 00:10:33,840
It's fundamental to the
premise of the city.

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00:10:37,210 --> 00:10:42,130
He goes on to even insinuate
that gossip or grooming

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00:10:42,130 --> 00:10:45,850
of newcomers requires
language, and language

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00:10:45,850 --> 00:10:49,930
comes from that need
rather than any other.

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00:10:49,930 --> 00:10:52,420
It's often been assumed
the language derives

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00:10:52,420 --> 00:10:53,375
from men hunting.

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00:10:59,170 --> 00:11:03,760
I use this beginning to
indicate the importance

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00:11:03,760 --> 00:11:07,880
of the educative potential
of the social city.

179
00:11:07,880 --> 00:11:11,720
And secondly, despite all
the talk about the city,

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00:11:11,720 --> 00:11:14,570
it's still in its
relative infancy,

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00:11:14,570 --> 00:11:17,810
at most 10,000 years in
about 3 million years

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00:11:17,810 --> 00:11:20,630
of human development.

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00:11:20,630 --> 00:11:24,836
We've only been going
for 10,000 years at most.

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00:11:24,836 --> 00:11:27,050
It's nothing.

185
00:11:27,050 --> 00:11:30,230
It took us 3 million
years to get a big brain,

186
00:11:30,230 --> 00:11:36,540
and we've wasted it over
the last 10,000 years.

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It says that those of you who
are going to be graduating

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00:11:39,120 --> 00:11:41,610
still have a chance to improve.

189
00:11:41,610 --> 00:11:43,740
Your brain's not going
to get any larger,

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00:11:43,740 --> 00:11:48,300
but your capacity in
the use will increase.

191
00:11:51,240 --> 00:11:55,650
From there, we switch to Kevin's
three theories of city form.

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00:11:55,650 --> 00:11:59,640
The first is the so-called
cosmic view of the city.

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00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:02,020
According to
[INAUDIBLE],, archaic city

194
00:12:02,020 --> 00:12:04,470
form had to do
with centeredness,

195
00:12:04,470 --> 00:12:09,120
the celestial system,
ritual, and circular time.

196
00:12:09,120 --> 00:12:13,740
The earliest cities were
religious in nature and form,

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00:12:13,740 --> 00:12:17,040
superintended over be
omnipotent priests,

198
00:12:17,040 --> 00:12:19,290
who secluded their
treasure in secret

199
00:12:19,290 --> 00:12:23,810
in remote holy of holies,
such as the Temple of Marduk

200
00:12:23,810 --> 00:12:28,550
on the 200-foot high
tower of Babel in Babylon.

201
00:12:28,550 --> 00:12:32,540
The Tower of Babel is
at its extreme height

202
00:12:32,540 --> 00:12:37,800
for a compression structure
without independent support.

203
00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:41,520
And you put the temple of
the city at the top of it,

204
00:12:41,520 --> 00:12:45,600
as you do in--

205
00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:50,490
I did a small case of Jerusalem
to make an important point.

206
00:12:54,920 --> 00:12:59,970
I was fortunate to
work in Jerusalem,

207
00:12:59,970 --> 00:13:03,090
both for the Palestinians
and the Israelis,

208
00:13:03,090 --> 00:13:08,100
and had the chance to
autodidact a lot of its history.

209
00:13:13,820 --> 00:13:19,070
Solomon built the first temple
in Jerusalem in 1,000 BC,

210
00:13:19,070 --> 00:13:28,020
a typical compression
fortress with remote sanctuary

211
00:13:28,020 --> 00:13:30,420
and no public access.

212
00:13:30,420 --> 00:13:33,870
Sacrifice is part of the ritual.

213
00:13:33,870 --> 00:13:36,960
In the 7th, 6th
century BC, the temple

214
00:13:36,960 --> 00:13:39,990
is destroyed by
Nebuchadnezzar, and the Jews

215
00:13:39,990 --> 00:13:44,160
are taken into exile in Babylon,
the greatest city on Earth.

216
00:13:44,160 --> 00:13:47,880
There they, deprived
of a temple,

217
00:13:47,880 --> 00:13:51,630
turn to pray in homes,
schools, et cetera.

218
00:13:51,630 --> 00:13:53,760
Despite having the
prophet Ezekiel

219
00:13:53,760 --> 00:13:57,300
with them, which covers six
chapters in the Old Testament

220
00:13:57,300 --> 00:14:01,860
detailing measures of
an envisioned temple,

221
00:14:01,860 --> 00:14:05,470
they learn not to miss
the temple any longer.

222
00:14:05,470 --> 00:14:08,145
They invent a new form
of democratic religion.

223
00:14:12,840 --> 00:14:16,890
What the relationship is
between deprival and innovation

224
00:14:16,890 --> 00:14:20,390
in cities is an
interesting idea.

225
00:14:20,390 --> 00:14:23,130
It's sometimes justifies,
in theorists' minds,

226
00:14:23,130 --> 00:14:26,520
the notion that people
should be deprived.

227
00:14:26,520 --> 00:14:32,560
When I showed my work in
Johannesburg in London

228
00:14:32,560 --> 00:14:39,310
at the ICA one day
a long time ago,

229
00:14:39,310 --> 00:14:43,620
I showed the [INAUDIBLE]
Township wall paintings.

230
00:14:43,620 --> 00:14:46,380
And a man in the audience
stood up and said,

231
00:14:46,380 --> 00:14:51,330
if I were in Germany, would I
be collecting Jewish scribbles

232
00:14:51,330 --> 00:14:53,280
on walls?

233
00:14:53,280 --> 00:14:59,160
I'd always seen the anarchistic
reaction to survival

234
00:14:59,160 --> 00:15:03,250
as an important fundamental
human condition.

235
00:15:03,250 --> 00:15:05,880
He was turning it
around and saying,

236
00:15:05,880 --> 00:15:08,550
one shouldn't
record the blemishes

237
00:15:08,550 --> 00:15:11,970
of the past which have
succeeded in providing

238
00:15:11,970 --> 00:15:14,820
an avenue for improvement.

239
00:15:14,820 --> 00:15:17,460
Anyway, back to Johannesburg.

240
00:15:17,460 --> 00:15:20,940
The Jews returned from Babylon
to Jerusalem, and Ezra--

241
00:15:20,940 --> 00:15:25,890
the same name of my
grandson, not he--

242
00:15:25,890 --> 00:15:27,975
read the Bible, and
the people wept.

243
00:15:30,540 --> 00:15:32,130
Towards the end
of the millennium,

244
00:15:32,130 --> 00:15:34,440
Herod rebuilds the temple.

245
00:15:34,440 --> 00:15:37,080
Now priests, under the
embodiment of the threat

246
00:15:37,080 --> 00:15:40,260
to the priests in Germany
because the synagogue

247
00:15:40,260 --> 00:15:44,070
is appearing and democratic
religion is becoming

248
00:15:44,070 --> 00:15:46,350
an argument--

249
00:15:46,350 --> 00:15:51,630
before he dies, Christ
appears as a radical threat.

250
00:15:51,630 --> 00:15:53,400
He is the embodiment
of the threat

251
00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:54,720
to the priests in Germany.

252
00:15:57,470 --> 00:16:04,560
In his famous statement in the
forecourt of Herod's Temple,

253
00:16:04,560 --> 00:16:08,120
after years harassed
the merchants,

254
00:16:08,120 --> 00:16:11,810
he says, "Soon the
temple will be destroyed.

255
00:16:11,810 --> 00:16:12,770
Don't despair.

256
00:16:12,770 --> 00:16:17,030
From then on, my body
will be your temple."

257
00:16:17,030 --> 00:16:23,060
Here is a form of substitution,
from autocracy to democracy.

258
00:16:26,640 --> 00:16:29,130
This is the origin
of the church,

259
00:16:29,130 --> 00:16:32,760
the origin of the mosque,
the origin of the synagogue,

260
00:16:32,760 --> 00:16:36,090
the origin of any form
of communal prayer--

261
00:16:36,090 --> 00:16:38,790
at least in my view it is.

262
00:16:38,790 --> 00:16:42,360
I, therefore, not
as a Christian,

263
00:16:42,360 --> 00:16:46,900
do not think Christ's death
is terribly important.

264
00:16:46,900 --> 00:16:50,350
It's only important
as a major transition

265
00:16:50,350 --> 00:16:54,730
from the archaic
state of the world

266
00:16:54,730 --> 00:16:58,960
to a beginning of a
new communal democracy,

267
00:16:58,960 --> 00:17:01,190
at least in religion,
not in society.

268
00:17:05,790 --> 00:17:08,730
70 years later, the Romans
destroyed the temple,

269
00:17:08,730 --> 00:17:12,970
and the Jews had a temple again.

270
00:17:12,970 --> 00:17:18,010
The Jews lived in diaspora
with their synagogue and book,

271
00:17:18,010 --> 00:17:22,780
the Christians with the
celebration of Christ's body.

272
00:17:22,780 --> 00:17:26,980
The Catholic church
still, in miraculous ways,

273
00:17:26,980 --> 00:17:30,040
uses the mass to
celebrate Christ's body.

274
00:17:30,040 --> 00:17:34,210
And my argument is that
it comes from this time.

275
00:17:34,210 --> 00:17:39,340
I'm not a Christian, so I can
be scatological about religion.

276
00:17:39,340 --> 00:17:42,670
I keep on being that way.

277
00:17:42,670 --> 00:17:44,410
Nothing convinces me.

278
00:17:44,410 --> 00:17:48,580
Nobody uses this argument in
the literature that I read,

279
00:17:48,580 --> 00:17:54,950
because it's also theocratically
ordered that it can't--

280
00:17:54,950 --> 00:17:57,130
this is a classic
case in which nobody's

281
00:17:57,130 --> 00:18:02,100
making the radical argument
that the Son of God

282
00:18:02,100 --> 00:18:05,190
can, in fact, change
an important function

283
00:18:05,190 --> 00:18:05,870
in the world.

284
00:18:08,470 --> 00:18:14,420
We briefly discus the cosmic
idea in China and India.

285
00:18:14,420 --> 00:18:19,240
We also point to the wide use of
the idea in urban metaphysics,

286
00:18:19,240 --> 00:18:21,520
for instance, when
Joseph Reckford refers

287
00:18:21,520 --> 00:18:26,350
to the rationalist Roman town as
a dream, when Aldo Rossi refers

288
00:18:26,350 --> 00:18:30,970
to two perceived cities, the
real and the simultaneously

289
00:18:30,970 --> 00:18:35,500
ideally imagined, when the
French sociologist Maurice

290
00:18:35,500 --> 00:18:38,470
Hauriou refers to
the stabilizing power

291
00:18:38,470 --> 00:18:42,490
of urban memory, and so on.

292
00:18:42,490 --> 00:18:45,100
Lynch's second
theoretical model--

293
00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:48,020
I'm going to have
to go on quickly,

294
00:18:48,020 --> 00:18:49,415
because there's a lot of stuff.

295
00:18:52,700 --> 00:18:56,984
Fall asleep if you need to.

296
00:18:56,984 --> 00:19:00,740
Lynch's second
theoretical model,

297
00:19:00,740 --> 00:19:04,040
the mechanical model
or the machine model,

298
00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:07,970
covers a wide range of places
built for rapid construction,

299
00:19:07,970 --> 00:19:11,870
often for colonial settlements,
be they for Egyptian

300
00:19:11,870 --> 00:19:15,920
[? watery-side ?] workers,
Greek colonies where [INAUDIBLE]

301
00:19:15,920 --> 00:19:19,740
links the colonial grid and
the needs of modern commerce,

302
00:19:19,740 --> 00:19:23,890
Roman castramentation
and centuriation.

303
00:19:23,890 --> 00:19:30,040
The Romans built 5,627
separate civic bodies

304
00:19:30,040 --> 00:19:34,860
across the world's
vast empire largely

305
00:19:34,860 --> 00:19:37,530
through a central
financing system

306
00:19:37,530 --> 00:19:42,880
and a central spatial system
which encompassed both city

307
00:19:42,880 --> 00:19:44,290
and country--

308
00:19:44,290 --> 00:19:48,160
castramentation is towards
the form of the city,

309
00:19:48,160 --> 00:19:53,840
centuriation is a
continuation into standard.

310
00:19:53,840 --> 00:19:57,970
If you look at the area around
Imola in Italy, for instance,

311
00:19:57,970 --> 00:20:01,870
you can still see these
Roman traces of squares,

312
00:20:01,870 --> 00:20:12,100
each made by what an ox can do
in one day using a site chosen

313
00:20:12,100 --> 00:20:17,990
by an [INAUDIBLE].

314
00:20:17,990 --> 00:20:22,445
Roman centuriation or Roman--

315
00:20:22,445 --> 00:20:23,315
[DOOR OPENING]

316
00:20:27,275 --> 00:20:28,265
[LAUGHTER]

317
00:20:29,750 --> 00:20:31,892
I don't know who you are.

318
00:20:31,892 --> 00:20:33,170
AUDIENCE: Oh, Andrew Woodmore.

319
00:20:33,170 --> 00:20:35,886
JULIAN BEINART: Andrew,
you've lost your hair.

320
00:20:35,886 --> 00:20:37,275
[LAUGHTER]

321
00:20:39,090 --> 00:20:43,120
AUDIENCE: Yeah, it depends
on your [INAUDIBLE]..

322
00:20:43,120 --> 00:20:44,100
It's good to see you.

323
00:20:44,100 --> 00:20:45,570
[LAUGHTER]

324
00:20:50,970 --> 00:20:55,780
JULIAN BEINART: And Andrew is
one of our numerous illustrious

325
00:20:55,780 --> 00:20:57,390
graduates.

326
00:20:57,390 --> 00:21:03,170
He did his PhD at
UCLA, and he just

327
00:21:03,170 --> 00:21:05,850
published a book
with Sam Bass Warner,

328
00:21:05,850 --> 00:21:07,040
which you should all have.

329
00:21:10,550 --> 00:21:14,240
We go on to other examples
of the mechanical model--

330
00:21:14,240 --> 00:21:18,380
the French Bastide towns
in the southwest of France,

331
00:21:18,380 --> 00:21:21,470
and the enormous impact of
the Spanish laws of the Indies

332
00:21:21,470 --> 00:21:23,750
on Latin American cities.

333
00:21:23,750 --> 00:21:27,080
Spanish Latin
American cities are

334
00:21:27,080 --> 00:21:30,290
founded on the rules of
the laws of the Indies.

335
00:21:30,290 --> 00:21:32,630
And still today, have--

336
00:21:32,630 --> 00:21:39,570
you take a-- it's not take.

337
00:21:39,570 --> 00:21:41,850
In the United States,
the laws of the Indies

338
00:21:41,850 --> 00:21:46,320
were pronounced from
St. Augustine in Florida

339
00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:52,120
in 1565 to Los Angeles in 1781.

340
00:21:52,120 --> 00:21:54,930
You take a town
like Albuquerque,

341
00:21:54,930 --> 00:21:57,810
which is the subject
of one of our theses,

342
00:21:57,810 --> 00:22:02,750
you will see it is
a hybrid town, mixed

343
00:22:02,750 --> 00:22:06,140
using the rules of the
laws of the Indies.

344
00:22:06,140 --> 00:22:10,230
One of the rules of the laws
of the Indies is interesting.

345
00:22:10,230 --> 00:22:12,080
It refuses to allow--

346
00:22:12,080 --> 00:22:14,750
it forbids Indians to
be allowed to enter

347
00:22:14,750 --> 00:22:19,340
the stockade before the
Spanish cathedral is completed.

348
00:22:19,340 --> 00:22:21,980
A perfect example of
architectural and urban

349
00:22:21,980 --> 00:22:25,700
form serving a mixture of
blatant colonial, financial,

350
00:22:25,700 --> 00:22:28,880
and missionary purposes.

351
00:22:28,880 --> 00:22:30,650
It's not different,
very different,

352
00:22:30,650 --> 00:22:35,410
from Edwin LaChance's use
of classical form in Delhi.

353
00:22:35,410 --> 00:22:39,620
LaChance, after all, claimed
the Native Indians didn't

354
00:22:39,620 --> 00:22:42,260
have any talent
at all, and if he

355
00:22:42,260 --> 00:22:45,140
were asked to do a
capital in Australia,

356
00:22:45,140 --> 00:22:48,170
he wondered whether he would
use the marsupial style.

357
00:22:51,350 --> 00:22:54,400
We also briefly reviewed
on numerous examples

358
00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:58,040
of the application of
machine ideas to city form,

359
00:22:58,040 --> 00:23:01,480
be they as distant to each
other as Captain Chambless'

360
00:23:01,480 --> 00:23:05,800
moving linear American city
and the brutally efficient

361
00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:08,200
consignment of Africans
in Johannesburg

362
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:10,990
to the barren land
of Soweto using

363
00:23:10,990 --> 00:23:18,610
one model of a horse as its
basis and repeating endlessly.

364
00:23:18,610 --> 00:23:21,610
The organic model, the
third of Lynch's models,

365
00:23:21,610 --> 00:23:24,010
focus on the
interpretation of nature

366
00:23:24,010 --> 00:23:28,000
in some form or other as an
adequate lesson in the making

367
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:31,420
of city form at
some scalar another,

368
00:23:31,420 --> 00:23:34,730
either as real or
synthetic landscape.

369
00:23:34,730 --> 00:23:37,600
The other class focused
on a few theories,

370
00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:41,830
none as significant as the
great Scottish biologist,

371
00:23:41,830 --> 00:23:43,330
Patrick Gedde's--

372
00:23:43,330 --> 00:23:47,560
whose work I've attempted
to follow as best I could--

373
00:23:47,560 --> 00:23:50,920
whose writings and work
in Palestine and in India

374
00:23:50,920 --> 00:23:53,110
introduced the
central application

375
00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:57,940
of sensitive urban surgery, the
derivation of local culture,

376
00:23:57,940 --> 00:24:01,670
the stable valley
section, and others.

377
00:24:01,670 --> 00:24:06,410
I regard he and his son-in-laws
plan for the Hebrew University

378
00:24:06,410 --> 00:24:10,190
in Jerusalem as one of the
great pieces of organic

379
00:24:10,190 --> 00:24:11,930
architecture--

380
00:24:11,930 --> 00:24:20,630
not biomorphism, which I hate,
and find silly, and elusive.

381
00:24:20,630 --> 00:24:26,000
But the design for the Hebrew
University was much like MIT's.

382
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:29,990
It is a set of corridor
systems oriented

383
00:24:29,990 --> 00:24:32,280
towards a single center.

384
00:24:32,280 --> 00:24:36,210
You move from one discipline
through another to another,

385
00:24:36,210 --> 00:24:40,700
much like you do or your
body seems to operate.

386
00:24:40,700 --> 00:24:45,220
At the center, you have
a dome as the coverage.

387
00:24:45,220 --> 00:24:46,690
The dome is not trivial.

388
00:24:46,690 --> 00:24:51,290
The dome is a biological
version of what

389
00:24:51,290 --> 00:24:53,900
all religions appreciate.

390
00:24:53,900 --> 00:24:59,820
It's the architectural
synthesis for Arabs, Jews,

391
00:24:59,820 --> 00:25:02,140
and Christians.

392
00:25:02,140 --> 00:25:09,080
So this is, to me, a brilliant
and logical use of an idea.

393
00:25:09,080 --> 00:25:13,100
He doesn't have to have
curved forms, like biomorphist

394
00:25:13,100 --> 00:25:16,090
architectures do,
in order to satisfy

395
00:25:16,090 --> 00:25:17,575
the deep structure of biology.

396
00:25:21,280 --> 00:25:24,030
It's one of my
favorite buildings.

397
00:25:24,030 --> 00:25:29,350
It's never built.

398
00:25:29,350 --> 00:25:32,020
To examine the
relativity of nature,

399
00:25:32,020 --> 00:25:35,890
we examine the USA's most
significant regional plan,

400
00:25:35,890 --> 00:25:40,690
the TVA, and as many as
seven different [INAUDIBLE]

401
00:25:40,690 --> 00:25:43,320
attributed to nature.

402
00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:47,850
The pre-TVA, Southern
agrarian resistant to change.

403
00:25:47,850 --> 00:25:50,310
Prior to '33, Roosevelt.

404
00:25:50,310 --> 00:25:54,360
Henry Ford's view of nature's
embedded in agriculture.

405
00:25:54,360 --> 00:25:57,480
His belief that American
industrialization,

406
00:25:57,480 --> 00:26:00,180
such as Detroit,
without agriculture

407
00:26:00,180 --> 00:26:02,730
was a threat to the
survival of this country,

408
00:26:02,730 --> 00:26:05,350
the good survival
of this country.

409
00:26:05,350 --> 00:26:09,120
He proposed buying from
Congress one of the dams

410
00:26:09,120 --> 00:26:14,700
at Muscle Shoals in Alabama,
the southern end of the TVA,

411
00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:21,750
and building a 75-mile
linear city combining

412
00:26:21,750 --> 00:26:25,350
agriculture and industry.

413
00:26:25,350 --> 00:26:29,850
His view of nature
was agricultural.

414
00:26:29,850 --> 00:26:33,240
Roosevelt's vision of the
recuperative power of water

415
00:26:33,240 --> 00:26:40,720
and green-- he used the term
water and green in 1933--

416
00:26:40,720 --> 00:26:43,920
as beneficent to nature.

417
00:26:43,920 --> 00:26:47,370
The locating of the anti-nature
war-oriented research

418
00:26:47,370 --> 00:26:53,820
of Oak Ridge in the TVA caused
another reading of anti-nature.

419
00:26:53,820 --> 00:26:58,020
The replacement of water supply,
energy by coal, and ensuring

420
00:26:58,020 --> 00:27:01,980
coal ash disaster
in Kingston in 2008

421
00:27:01,980 --> 00:27:05,310
caused The New York Times
to call this the greatest

422
00:27:05,310 --> 00:27:08,640
environmental disaster
in America's history.

423
00:27:08,640 --> 00:27:10,470
This is also in--

424
00:27:10,470 --> 00:27:12,630
nature is both a
beauty and a beast.

425
00:27:17,420 --> 00:27:20,480
We tend only to see
the beauty in nature.

426
00:27:20,480 --> 00:27:23,460
Survival sees the beast as well.

427
00:27:23,460 --> 00:27:31,330
Why did archaic people look up
to the stability of the stars

428
00:27:31,330 --> 00:27:32,860
and the sun system?

429
00:27:32,860 --> 00:27:39,220
Why is the God Ra in
Egypt a permanent sign

430
00:27:39,220 --> 00:27:41,470
of heliocentricity?

431
00:27:41,470 --> 00:27:44,071
Because it's stable.

432
00:27:44,071 --> 00:27:46,440
If you don't understand
half the things that

433
00:27:46,440 --> 00:27:48,600
happen to you when
you have to survive,

434
00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:50,610
you look for stability.

435
00:27:50,610 --> 00:27:52,580
Tenancy is a security.

436
00:27:55,590 --> 00:27:59,790
Much though Hoover and Roosevelt
promoted taxation policies

437
00:27:59,790 --> 00:28:03,960
for making homeownership
easy in the United States

438
00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:07,630
and abjuring the
notion of rentership,

439
00:28:07,630 --> 00:28:13,150
the argument was that a stable
world comes from a world which

440
00:28:13,150 --> 00:28:15,550
owns land and property.

441
00:28:15,550 --> 00:28:19,180
In the case of Diadema in Sao
Paulo, which I will talk about

442
00:28:19,180 --> 00:28:21,430
at the end, you
will see the return

443
00:28:21,430 --> 00:28:25,310
to this fundamental notion.

444
00:28:25,310 --> 00:28:29,830
Really, in some ways, ideas
don't change that much.

445
00:28:29,830 --> 00:28:32,040
They're just
reinterpreted differently.

446
00:28:35,460 --> 00:28:38,070
Back to the TVA, the
victory of the snail

447
00:28:38,070 --> 00:28:42,510
darter by environmentalists
taken to the Supreme Court,

448
00:28:42,510 --> 00:28:45,810
and causing America
to pay more attention

449
00:28:45,810 --> 00:28:51,150
to endangered species, was
the first great victory

450
00:28:51,150 --> 00:28:53,580
for modern environmentalism
in this country.

451
00:28:59,760 --> 00:29:03,120
Today, water supplies
only about 20%

452
00:29:03,120 --> 00:29:06,670
of the energy
requirements in the TVA.

453
00:29:06,670 --> 00:29:12,490
Nuclear energy and
coal supply the rest.

454
00:29:12,490 --> 00:29:17,680
Another ecological perspective
on nature at the moment

455
00:29:17,680 --> 00:29:21,550
is pressing the
contemporary TVA to use

456
00:29:21,550 --> 00:29:24,040
appropriate sources of energy.

457
00:29:24,040 --> 00:29:25,840
Tomorrow, for those of you--

458
00:29:25,840 --> 00:29:28,960
you can see [? Kristen ?]
[? Zibert's ?] thesis on what

459
00:29:28,960 --> 00:29:31,600
to do about the TVA today.

460
00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:35,530
I only use the TVA as an
example of the often radically

461
00:29:35,530 --> 00:29:37,990
different uses that
the idea of nature

462
00:29:37,990 --> 00:29:42,960
has to supplement an
ideological position--

463
00:29:42,960 --> 00:29:46,710
not an ideological-- perhaps
a scientifically ideological

464
00:29:46,710 --> 00:29:49,320
position.

465
00:29:49,320 --> 00:29:57,320
We spend two classes looking
at other theories of city form

466
00:29:57,320 --> 00:29:58,280
other than Lynch's.

467
00:30:02,880 --> 00:30:07,330
Wherever possible, the theory
was connected to an example.

468
00:30:07,330 --> 00:30:11,680
So, for example, when we looked
at the apparently value-free

469
00:30:11,680 --> 00:30:14,550
[INAUDIBLE]
agricultural production

470
00:30:14,550 --> 00:30:17,780
map in Southern
Germany, we locate

471
00:30:17,780 --> 00:30:21,660
it next to Gedde's
good valley section.

472
00:30:21,660 --> 00:30:25,050
When we spoke of the
zone of transition

473
00:30:25,050 --> 00:30:29,700
in the Chicago school concentric
circle model of a city,

474
00:30:29,700 --> 00:30:34,230
we saw its zone of transition
as an important element

475
00:30:34,230 --> 00:30:41,860
in the successful fulfillment
of the invasion succession model

476
00:30:41,860 --> 00:30:43,040
in the American city.

477
00:30:43,040 --> 00:30:48,540
The American city has been built
by invasion and succession.

478
00:30:48,540 --> 00:30:52,890
And when Homer Hoyt ransacked
a model of the American city,

479
00:30:52,890 --> 00:30:56,070
we mapped it against a plan
of apartheid Johannesburg

480
00:30:56,070 --> 00:30:58,380
and Atlanta.

481
00:30:58,380 --> 00:31:04,030
And when Manual Castells,
in one of his wilder days,

482
00:31:04,030 --> 00:31:08,590
used the term with The Wild City
to apply to the American city,

483
00:31:08,590 --> 00:31:12,770
we argued it in the light
of American consumerism.

484
00:31:12,770 --> 00:31:15,380
We also looked at a
number of architects

485
00:31:15,380 --> 00:31:21,245
who've made recent
propositions about the city

486
00:31:21,245 --> 00:31:25,550
as theory, on the one hand,
and practice, on the other,

487
00:31:25,550 --> 00:31:27,950
other than Lynch,
Alexander, [INAUDIBLE],,

488
00:31:27,950 --> 00:31:31,740
and Martin, and [INAUDIBLE].

489
00:31:31,740 --> 00:31:35,040
I want to get on to
the next section,

490
00:31:35,040 --> 00:31:41,340
and the next section deals
with the 19th century.

491
00:31:41,340 --> 00:31:43,710
In starting this
section of the class,

492
00:31:43,710 --> 00:31:47,910
I argued that the 19th century
was the most important century

493
00:31:47,910 --> 00:31:50,480
for you and urbanism.

494
00:31:50,480 --> 00:31:52,650
The so-called
Industrial Revolution

495
00:31:52,650 --> 00:31:54,840
was the biggest event
in human history.

496
00:31:54,840 --> 00:32:00,040
Again, I dispute Muhammad, and
Christ, and all of these guys--

497
00:32:00,040 --> 00:32:03,040
all of these gods--

498
00:32:03,040 --> 00:32:07,840
and reply, the reality which
so fascinated Engels and Marx

499
00:32:07,840 --> 00:32:11,830
in London and
Manchester was a reality

500
00:32:11,830 --> 00:32:15,160
which was the most
inevitably transforming

501
00:32:15,160 --> 00:32:19,000
of human civilization.

502
00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:21,280
I think sometimes
this is possible,

503
00:32:21,280 --> 00:32:24,700
because I studied the history of
modern architecture at Harvard

504
00:32:24,700 --> 00:32:27,790
with Sigfried Giedion,
who discredited

505
00:32:27,790 --> 00:32:29,235
the 19th century completely.

506
00:32:29,235 --> 00:32:32,770
He used to come back
from weekends in Zurich

507
00:32:32,770 --> 00:32:36,400
and say that he arrived on
Sunday and walked around Boston

508
00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:42,500
and saw the horrible
furniture in the stores

509
00:32:42,500 --> 00:32:44,420
in Boston's windows.

510
00:32:44,420 --> 00:32:48,970
They weren't any
modern shops yet.

511
00:32:48,970 --> 00:32:52,180
He was filled with energy
about the bad smell

512
00:32:52,180 --> 00:32:57,810
of the ruling taste in
European 19th century design.

513
00:32:57,810 --> 00:33:01,260
He said the only light
was the light sought

514
00:33:01,260 --> 00:33:05,550
by the French painters
and by the good form

515
00:33:05,550 --> 00:33:09,105
of the British Swiss
builders of bridges.

516
00:33:09,105 --> 00:33:12,550
That the French painters
were interested in a wider

517
00:33:12,550 --> 00:33:17,570
range of things
than Giedion didn't

518
00:33:17,570 --> 00:33:19,250
illuminate his discourse.

519
00:33:22,800 --> 00:33:29,590
So perhaps I'm a 19th
centuriest by exclusion.

520
00:33:32,680 --> 00:33:35,320
The sudden advent of
modern industrialism

521
00:33:35,320 --> 00:33:40,060
and its occurrence in England
has never been fully explained.

522
00:33:40,060 --> 00:33:44,200
So we refer to a recent widely
published version of this,

523
00:33:44,200 --> 00:33:47,980
the work of Greg Clark,
who argues, amongst others,

524
00:33:47,980 --> 00:33:50,560
in studying wills
and other evidence,

525
00:33:50,560 --> 00:33:54,760
that many, many
behaviors in the English

526
00:33:54,760 --> 00:33:57,880
were transmitted throughout
their society which

527
00:33:57,880 --> 00:34:01,000
led to the acceptance of
regular working hours,

528
00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:03,460
less fighting,
and the acceptance

529
00:34:03,460 --> 00:34:07,960
of other social norms suited
to the industrial process.

530
00:34:07,960 --> 00:34:12,580
He argues this in a
kind of biogenetic model

531
00:34:12,580 --> 00:34:16,330
and the transfer from the
wealthy, who lived longer,

532
00:34:16,330 --> 00:34:19,000
to the poor, who lived shorter.

533
00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:21,100
He doesn't exactly
say how it works,

534
00:34:21,100 --> 00:34:25,880
but it's a very
controversial new version.

535
00:34:25,880 --> 00:34:28,690
So, for instance,
cruelty to animals,

536
00:34:28,690 --> 00:34:31,630
common in medieval games,
such as bearfighting

537
00:34:31,630 --> 00:34:34,810
and cockfighting-- you'll
remember that Hemingway called

538
00:34:34,810 --> 00:34:37,360
bullfighting the most
vestigial sport--

539
00:34:40,260 --> 00:34:42,780
was forsworn.

540
00:34:42,780 --> 00:34:47,310
And activities, such as
boxing, fought between dwarves

541
00:34:47,310 --> 00:34:52,590
and giants to amuse medieval
crowds on Sunday or Saturday,

542
00:34:52,590 --> 00:34:59,900
whichever day they chose,
was rationalized in 1850s

543
00:34:59,900 --> 00:35:02,630
by rules of equal
weights and times.

544
00:35:02,630 --> 00:35:06,200
More happened in
London between 1851--

545
00:35:06,200 --> 00:35:08,990
the Crystal Palace, the
most significant building

546
00:35:08,990 --> 00:35:10,670
of the 19th century--

547
00:35:10,670 --> 00:35:18,740
and 1965 or '76 than
happened in history

548
00:35:18,740 --> 00:35:23,360
in one city in its time.

549
00:35:23,360 --> 00:35:25,190
I'll go through
London in a minute.

550
00:35:30,690 --> 00:35:34,620
This industrial story
has had many tellings.

551
00:35:34,620 --> 00:35:37,830
The denial of the
long-standing Malthusian trap

552
00:35:37,830 --> 00:35:40,770
is one of the most significant.

553
00:35:40,770 --> 00:35:44,370
You'll recall that the
Malthusian trap consists

554
00:35:44,370 --> 00:35:47,880
of the equation, the
demographic equation,

555
00:35:47,880 --> 00:35:52,050
that population can only grow
when there's a food supply.

556
00:35:52,050 --> 00:35:56,140
And this has not
been possible until--

557
00:35:56,140 --> 00:35:59,760
well, Malthus wrote in 1799.

558
00:35:59,760 --> 00:36:02,820
He was still preoccupied by
the presence of the Malthusian.

559
00:36:02,820 --> 00:36:06,900
The Malthusian trap was totally
destroyed by industrialism,

560
00:36:06,900 --> 00:36:09,170
and cities began to grow.

561
00:36:12,220 --> 00:36:15,370
So the denial of the
long-standing Malthusian trap,

562
00:36:15,370 --> 00:36:17,680
the increases in
per capita income,

563
00:36:17,680 --> 00:36:19,870
the massive
industrial-technological

564
00:36:19,870 --> 00:36:23,320
advances, the
organization of labor,

565
00:36:23,320 --> 00:36:29,030
the rise of
participatory democracy,

566
00:36:29,030 --> 00:36:32,600
Engels in Manchester
watched, with Marx,

567
00:36:32,600 --> 00:36:35,010
the rise of English democracy.

568
00:36:35,010 --> 00:36:37,200
They were bored by it.

569
00:36:37,200 --> 00:36:40,250
Engels' relationship to
the chartist movement

570
00:36:40,250 --> 00:36:41,540
is interesting.

571
00:36:41,540 --> 00:36:44,430
You see, they were
asking for too little.

572
00:36:44,430 --> 00:36:46,470
Eventually, of course,
they were moved

573
00:36:46,470 --> 00:36:52,170
to advocate revolution, which
they failed in 1848 in Paris.

574
00:36:52,170 --> 00:36:56,220
And then subsequently,
Engels traipsed around Europe

575
00:36:56,220 --> 00:36:57,645
selling a new dogma--

576
00:37:00,460 --> 00:37:06,530
the elimination of
epidemic disease.

577
00:37:11,770 --> 00:37:16,720
Jon Snow discovery three
years after the Crystal Palace

578
00:37:16,720 --> 00:37:23,510
of the bacillus, which caused
the Thames to be a shit hole

579
00:37:23,510 --> 00:37:29,230
and produce the
bacillus of cholera

580
00:37:29,230 --> 00:37:32,290
in waves across
England, particularly

581
00:37:32,290 --> 00:37:38,110
London, the Soho part of London,
John Snow's identification

582
00:37:38,110 --> 00:37:43,360
of the bacillus led to
the immediate construction

583
00:37:43,360 --> 00:37:49,550
of a bypass system to remove
garbage from the Thames.

584
00:37:49,550 --> 00:37:54,020
The 400 million bricks
that Joseph Bazalgette used

585
00:37:54,020 --> 00:38:00,560
to build, finish in 1865 of
the three east-west tunnels

586
00:38:00,560 --> 00:38:02,480
and the two embankments--

587
00:38:02,480 --> 00:38:04,190
one of the things
about cities is

588
00:38:04,190 --> 00:38:08,173
that you perceive them through
your eyes, not your feet.

589
00:38:08,173 --> 00:38:09,715
If you walk on the
Thames embankment,

590
00:38:09,715 --> 00:38:12,590
do you realize that
it's one of Bazalgette's

591
00:38:12,590 --> 00:38:16,980
last, final attempt
to capture sewage

592
00:38:16,980 --> 00:38:18,450
before it reaches the river?

593
00:38:22,830 --> 00:38:26,470
I shouldn't denounce the visual.

594
00:38:26,470 --> 00:38:33,690
42% of the brain is occupied
with visual perception.

595
00:38:33,690 --> 00:38:39,040
There are 10 to the
12 neurons, each

596
00:38:39,040 --> 00:38:42,310
connected to 5,000
other cells which

597
00:38:42,310 --> 00:38:47,000
equip us to see intelligently.

598
00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:50,450
When Charles
[INAUDIBLE] and I worked

599
00:38:50,450 --> 00:38:54,710
on the design of the brain in
the cognitive science center,

600
00:38:54,710 --> 00:38:56,840
I learned a bit of this stuff.

601
00:38:56,840 --> 00:38:59,750
And amazing business
that goes on,

602
00:38:59,750 --> 00:39:04,670
if you've seen [INAUDIBLE]
research and how we see.

603
00:39:04,670 --> 00:39:06,500
We don't see pictures.

604
00:39:06,500 --> 00:39:09,230
We see billions of
pixels appearing

605
00:39:09,230 --> 00:39:11,660
on the screen of
our eyes, and we

606
00:39:11,660 --> 00:39:16,070
have to make sense of what
is static and what is moving,

607
00:39:16,070 --> 00:39:19,370
what is new, what is not,
what happens to that.

608
00:39:19,370 --> 00:39:24,000
All of this is coded into the
electrical system of the brain.

609
00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:27,880
It is to make--

610
00:39:27,880 --> 00:39:31,000
I can't remember who said it.

611
00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:34,030
Maybe Leon Wieseltier--
I don't know.

612
00:39:34,030 --> 00:39:35,170
Peter, you would know.

613
00:39:40,730 --> 00:39:47,090
Seeing is not--
oh, I don't know.

614
00:39:47,090 --> 00:39:47,690
Forgive me.

615
00:39:47,690 --> 00:39:48,770
I don't know everything.

616
00:39:48,770 --> 00:39:50,243
[LAUGHTER]

617
00:40:01,050 --> 00:40:05,190
The evil side in the 19th
century was also on display.

618
00:40:05,190 --> 00:40:07,650
Engels wrote about
Manchester's poverty

619
00:40:07,650 --> 00:40:11,625
with aid of his illiterate Irish
worker mistress, Mary Burns.

620
00:40:15,370 --> 00:40:17,370
Engels did something--

621
00:40:17,370 --> 00:40:19,620
I mean, I'm sorry to
go on about Engels,

622
00:40:19,620 --> 00:40:23,080
but the condition of the
working class in England

623
00:40:23,080 --> 00:40:28,510
in your book written in your
20s is not a bad piece of legacy

624
00:40:28,510 --> 00:40:30,190
to leave.

625
00:40:30,190 --> 00:40:32,306
But what Engels did--

626
00:40:32,306 --> 00:40:36,590
and I often compare
him to John Ruskin--

627
00:40:36,590 --> 00:40:41,250
Engels walked in the city.

628
00:40:41,250 --> 00:40:44,070
He tried to use his
body to pick up.

629
00:40:44,070 --> 00:40:49,860
He asked his-- he would ask his
illiterate Irish worker friend,

630
00:40:49,860 --> 00:40:53,340
why do they have no windows?

631
00:40:53,340 --> 00:40:54,420
She'd give an answer.

632
00:40:54,420 --> 00:40:58,640
He'd say, why do the main roads
not pass through the town,

633
00:40:58,640 --> 00:41:00,720
through the slums?

634
00:41:00,720 --> 00:41:03,550
She'd give him an answer.

635
00:41:03,550 --> 00:41:07,580
John Ruskin, who
later in his life

636
00:41:07,580 --> 00:41:12,440
after becoming the poet laureate
of England, wrote books like,

637
00:41:12,440 --> 00:41:18,110
Unto This Last, for the
working class of England,

638
00:41:18,110 --> 00:41:20,690
both combined a
social intelligence

639
00:41:20,690 --> 00:41:22,910
with a physical intelligence--

640
00:41:22,910 --> 00:41:25,280
not Raskin so much.

641
00:41:25,280 --> 00:41:28,700
Raskin says he learned
to see by looking

642
00:41:28,700 --> 00:41:32,120
through the window of
his childhood bedroom

643
00:41:32,120 --> 00:41:36,190
and counting the bricks
on the building next door.

644
00:41:36,190 --> 00:41:39,190
For somebody who wrote
the conditional-- at least

645
00:41:39,190 --> 00:41:41,890
the first book on
English painting,

646
00:41:41,890 --> 00:41:47,710
on English contemporary
painting, it's a lot.

647
00:41:47,710 --> 00:41:49,240
Anyway, I'm losing my way.

648
00:41:49,240 --> 00:41:51,280
I'm getting carried away.

649
00:41:51,280 --> 00:41:53,120
I always do.

650
00:41:53,120 --> 00:41:55,960
There's something in
my brain which suggests

651
00:41:55,960 --> 00:41:58,670
stories rather than evidence.

652
00:41:58,670 --> 00:42:00,050
[LAUGHTER]

653
00:42:00,970 --> 00:42:05,580
Stories are always
much more fun to tell.

654
00:42:05,580 --> 00:42:07,980
The extraordinary thing
about the British Industrial

655
00:42:07,980 --> 00:42:12,720
Revolution, and why I'm so
fascinated by these tropes,

656
00:42:12,720 --> 00:42:17,490
is that between Peterloo
in 1819 and Bloody Sunday

657
00:42:17,490 --> 00:42:20,250
in Northern Ireland in 1972--

658
00:42:20,250 --> 00:42:23,040
that's a 150-year period--

659
00:42:23,040 --> 00:42:28,350
British troops nor police
killed no more than 11 citizens.

660
00:42:28,350 --> 00:42:32,640
It's an extraordinary--
it transformed the world

661
00:42:32,640 --> 00:42:35,190
at the cost of 11 people.

662
00:42:35,190 --> 00:42:39,090
Oh, people died in
poverty and in childbirth.

663
00:42:39,090 --> 00:42:42,330
I'll later tell you
the story of Ann Lee.

664
00:42:42,330 --> 00:42:45,020
Who is Ann Lee?

665
00:42:45,020 --> 00:42:47,766
Somebody in this class
must remember something.

666
00:42:51,240 --> 00:42:52,890
Who is Ann Lee?

667
00:42:52,890 --> 00:42:53,670
AUDIENCE: Shakers.

668
00:42:53,670 --> 00:42:54,270
JULIAN BEINART: Yes.

669
00:42:54,270 --> 00:42:54,900
Good.

670
00:42:54,900 --> 00:42:55,680
There we go.

671
00:43:02,020 --> 00:43:06,710
Ann Lee worked 10 hours
a day when she was a kid.

672
00:43:06,710 --> 00:43:08,720
She gave birth to four--

673
00:43:08,720 --> 00:43:09,950
no, not stillborn.

674
00:43:09,950 --> 00:43:11,330
One was stillborn.

675
00:43:11,330 --> 00:43:14,070
Three died in infancy.

676
00:43:14,070 --> 00:43:17,100
She screamed out that
sexual intercourse

677
00:43:17,100 --> 00:43:19,200
is the evil of the world.

678
00:43:19,200 --> 00:43:23,550
She got onto a boat in
1774, and came to New York,

679
00:43:23,550 --> 00:43:28,840
and started the anti-sex
movement called Shakerdom.

680
00:43:28,840 --> 00:43:32,350
This is part of our
tradition of the transference

681
00:43:32,350 --> 00:43:34,000
from physical--

682
00:43:38,200 --> 00:43:45,230
not perversion-- physical
pain to social behavior.

683
00:43:50,240 --> 00:43:54,700
The Enclosure Acts, the
violence of the Enclosure Acts,

684
00:43:54,700 --> 00:43:59,280
removing independent agriculture
from the disenfranchised,

685
00:43:59,280 --> 00:44:03,570
and the invention of
charity, British charity,

686
00:44:03,570 --> 00:44:06,990
which never could,
and as it never can,

687
00:44:06,990 --> 00:44:09,070
compensate for
the amassed wealth

688
00:44:09,070 --> 00:44:11,295
that Marx started
calling capital.

689
00:44:15,020 --> 00:44:19,730
I decided that the way to
respond to these conditions

690
00:44:19,730 --> 00:44:22,670
was not as general
as this, but to look

691
00:44:22,670 --> 00:44:28,180
at five cities and the
reaction to these conditions.

692
00:44:28,180 --> 00:44:30,830
The first was London.

693
00:44:30,830 --> 00:44:32,300
London was the world's large--

694
00:44:32,300 --> 00:44:34,840
I'm watching my--

695
00:44:34,840 --> 00:44:41,230
London is the world's largest
in 1850, and so on, and so on.

696
00:44:41,230 --> 00:44:44,080
I've spoken of a
Joseph Basalgette.

697
00:44:44,080 --> 00:44:46,690
The greatest stage that's
provided for the emerging

698
00:44:46,690 --> 00:44:50,230
middle class, the first
subway ran from Paddington

699
00:44:50,230 --> 00:44:57,400
to Finches Street in 1876,
making the first stage

700
00:44:57,400 --> 00:45:01,570
in the world's best metropolitan
public transport system.

701
00:45:04,390 --> 00:45:08,530
That, in part, enabled
London some 20 years later

702
00:45:08,530 --> 00:45:11,380
to invest in automobile pricing.

703
00:45:11,380 --> 00:45:18,070
Charles Booth made the first
map showing urban poverty,

704
00:45:18,070 --> 00:45:20,830
and the effects of the invention
of the residential mortgage

705
00:45:20,830 --> 00:45:24,760
system were an effect.

706
00:45:24,760 --> 00:45:29,170
Paris, in contrast,
followed centuries

707
00:45:29,170 --> 00:45:31,210
of royal preoccupation.

708
00:45:31,210 --> 00:45:34,900
Distances in France is still
measured from the center.

709
00:45:34,900 --> 00:45:38,480
Unlike London, again, Paris
kept building-- unlike London,

710
00:45:38,480 --> 00:45:39,280
which had only--

711
00:45:41,800 --> 00:45:47,450
the further west you go, the
less you need in Europe for--

712
00:45:47,450 --> 00:45:52,490
the biggest walls start
appearing in Vienna and Cyprus.

713
00:45:52,490 --> 00:45:55,640
London hardly had any
walls to contend with.

714
00:45:55,640 --> 00:46:02,170
Paris kept on building walls
into the 19th century, often--

715
00:46:02,170 --> 00:46:03,620
I won't make the relationship.

716
00:46:03,620 --> 00:46:05,450
It's a tangentious one.

717
00:46:11,170 --> 00:46:14,860
Paris reforming
largely due to 20 years

718
00:46:14,860 --> 00:46:16,990
of a new form of
urban management

719
00:46:16,990 --> 00:46:20,710
under the Prefect of the Seine,
who is allowed, after others

720
00:46:20,710 --> 00:46:28,580
refused to engage in
the act, to engage

721
00:46:28,580 --> 00:46:30,770
in a new form of
financing, namely,

722
00:46:30,770 --> 00:46:33,590
borrowing capital to be
repaid on the increased

723
00:46:33,590 --> 00:46:36,110
value of the improved city.

724
00:46:36,110 --> 00:46:40,280
The idea of deficit spending
used here for the first time

725
00:46:40,280 --> 00:46:43,460
has become current track
urban practice now.

726
00:46:43,460 --> 00:46:45,750
It's national practice as well.

727
00:46:45,750 --> 00:46:49,880
In fact, it separates
ideologies in this country

728
00:46:49,880 --> 00:46:54,230
around the size of the debt
that we are allowed to carry.

729
00:46:54,230 --> 00:46:58,670
Economists are only
right in one sense.

730
00:46:58,670 --> 00:47:01,790
The other's all wrong.

731
00:47:01,790 --> 00:47:03,710
For Haussmann, an
immutable budget

732
00:47:03,710 --> 00:47:07,760
was never adequate to account
for the wealthy of the city.

733
00:47:07,760 --> 00:47:10,970
It's a brilliant idea.

734
00:47:10,970 --> 00:47:16,580
It's the idea that you see only
an idea of economic progress

735
00:47:16,580 --> 00:47:19,960
and investment.

736
00:47:19,960 --> 00:47:22,470
So in line with banks
also finding their way

737
00:47:22,470 --> 00:47:26,250
in the new real estate, Paris
engaged in municipal loans

738
00:47:26,250 --> 00:47:29,830
paid back only 60 years later.

739
00:47:29,830 --> 00:47:33,050
Haussmann didn't invent
a plan for the city.

740
00:47:33,050 --> 00:47:37,370
He's often accused of
inventing a plan for the city.

741
00:47:37,370 --> 00:47:42,020
The idea of boulevards was
taken by Marie de Medici

742
00:47:42,020 --> 00:47:45,320
from Raynaud's Renaissance
Florence, where

743
00:47:45,320 --> 00:47:48,320
the old idea of
playing in streets

744
00:47:48,320 --> 00:47:50,570
was part of the
construction of streets.

745
00:47:53,680 --> 00:47:58,330
The etymology of the
word, the American word,

746
00:47:58,330 --> 00:48:02,050
"mall," a place
where you go to shop,

747
00:48:02,050 --> 00:48:05,790
comes from the
Italian words used

748
00:48:05,790 --> 00:48:11,940
to describe the playing
of games in streets.

749
00:48:11,940 --> 00:48:16,480
[SPEAKING ITALIAN] Is
that right, Antonio?

750
00:48:16,480 --> 00:48:20,230
[SPEAKING ITALIAN]
"to hit the ball."

751
00:48:20,230 --> 00:48:23,350
Pall Mall in London
and the American mall

752
00:48:23,350 --> 00:48:27,070
come from the idea of
playing in streets.

753
00:48:27,070 --> 00:48:30,100
Maybe there's some
metaphysical relationship

754
00:48:30,100 --> 00:48:34,210
between playing in streets
and shopping in a mall.

755
00:48:34,210 --> 00:48:35,000
I don't know.

756
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:36,050
I never discovered it.

757
00:48:39,000 --> 00:48:42,030
Haussmann didn't invent
a new plan for the city.

758
00:48:42,030 --> 00:48:48,810
One existed-- the whole idea
of making a town like a forest.

759
00:48:48,810 --> 00:48:52,620
Like a [INAUDIBLE] system,
it was very fundamental.

760
00:48:52,620 --> 00:48:59,010
And there were competitions
in the 18th century for Paris,

761
00:48:59,010 --> 00:49:02,100
and the famous one,
after the Revolution,

762
00:49:02,100 --> 00:49:05,830
a commission of artist plan.

763
00:49:05,830 --> 00:49:08,980
So Paris added boulevards,
avenues, trees, parks,

764
00:49:08,980 --> 00:49:12,250
improved public transport
services, buildings,

765
00:49:12,250 --> 00:49:13,960
extended street enclosure.

766
00:49:16,630 --> 00:49:23,300
Haussmann, despite all
of the negative qualities

767
00:49:23,300 --> 00:49:26,360
that he arouses in
architecture, at least

768
00:49:26,360 --> 00:49:29,870
had and made an attempt
to adjust architecture

769
00:49:29,870 --> 00:49:32,540
to urban situations.

770
00:49:32,540 --> 00:49:37,390
He believed that the
city needed to look

771
00:49:37,390 --> 00:49:40,630
and believed that
architecture could render it.

772
00:49:40,630 --> 00:49:44,620
Since the individualism of
architecture is so rampant

773
00:49:44,620 --> 00:49:48,520
and so few people
attempt, even today,

774
00:49:48,520 --> 00:49:53,290
to create an architecture
based on an urban identity,

775
00:49:53,290 --> 00:49:57,130
however, an identity is
created by great stars,

776
00:49:57,130 --> 00:50:00,910
individualists like
Zaha Hadid, when

777
00:50:00,910 --> 00:50:04,870
it comes to making
a plan for Istanbul,

778
00:50:04,870 --> 00:50:08,910
does the most awful
inappropriate pieces

779
00:50:08,910 --> 00:50:09,410
of nonsense.

780
00:50:14,030 --> 00:50:17,440
So I'm more of a supporter
of Haussmann's thinking

781
00:50:17,440 --> 00:50:20,990
perhaps more than his acts.

782
00:50:20,990 --> 00:50:26,210
I disagree with Richard
Sennett on that score.

783
00:50:26,210 --> 00:50:31,640
Bracketed between two
communal uprisings,

784
00:50:31,640 --> 00:50:34,250
the [INAUDIBLE] to the
north remains unformed,

785
00:50:34,250 --> 00:50:37,550
and it's not been helped much
by the recent international

786
00:50:37,550 --> 00:50:41,110
competition for its reshaping.

787
00:50:41,110 --> 00:50:42,910
We'll go onto Vienna.

788
00:50:42,910 --> 00:50:47,290
Vienna's is largely
one of captivating

789
00:50:47,290 --> 00:50:50,740
unused infrastructure,
the mess of wards

790
00:50:50,740 --> 00:50:54,700
and [INAUDIBLE] surrounding
the city from Danube to Danube,

791
00:50:54,700 --> 00:50:58,190
fortifications that barely
resisted the Muslim attacks

792
00:50:58,190 --> 00:51:01,510
some 200 years before.

793
00:51:01,510 --> 00:51:03,460
The world would
have been enormously

794
00:51:03,460 --> 00:51:08,410
different had one day
not taken place in 1683

795
00:51:08,410 --> 00:51:10,720
when the Muslims
almost captured Vienna.

796
00:51:10,720 --> 00:51:13,840
Vienna had been dug
under, the walls,

797
00:51:13,840 --> 00:51:16,900
and had it not been
the Catholic world--

798
00:51:16,900 --> 00:51:20,590
it would have been impossible
to stop Islam had it not

799
00:51:20,590 --> 00:51:25,630
been for the intervention
of the Polish King Sobieski,

800
00:51:25,630 --> 00:51:28,540
with his armed troops
coming from the north.

801
00:51:28,540 --> 00:51:32,065
The Muslims always attacked
the city from the south.

802
00:51:35,360 --> 00:51:41,360
Christianity prevailed
over Islam in 1683,

803
00:51:41,360 --> 00:51:45,860
and the walls and their removal
have always played a role

804
00:51:45,860 --> 00:51:49,980
in the psyche of the city.

805
00:51:49,980 --> 00:51:54,640
The renovations of the walls and
the [INAUDIBLE] took the form

806
00:51:54,640 --> 00:52:03,270
of a long string of a street,
called the Ringstrassa,

807
00:52:03,270 --> 00:52:10,350
with all kinds of non-religious,
liberal enterprises--

808
00:52:10,350 --> 00:52:16,420
government, education,
music, culture, housing--

809
00:52:16,420 --> 00:52:18,200
along its street.

810
00:52:18,200 --> 00:52:24,100
This is a continuous system of
urbanism, much an elevated form

811
00:52:24,100 --> 00:52:28,370
of the American strip.

812
00:52:28,370 --> 00:52:32,060
It puts into question
two great theoriests--

813
00:52:32,060 --> 00:52:35,390
well, not such a great
theorist, but a builder--

814
00:52:35,390 --> 00:52:41,360
Otto Wagner, who conceived
of these plans for Vienna

815
00:52:41,360 --> 00:52:43,400
as being modern.

816
00:52:43,400 --> 00:52:47,060
There's an expandable
endless stretching

817
00:52:47,060 --> 00:52:52,100
out looking outwards versus
Camillo Sitte, who's, I think,

818
00:52:52,100 --> 00:52:56,460
wrongly described by
Schorske as an archaist.

819
00:52:56,460 --> 00:52:58,290
He wasn't an archaist.

820
00:52:58,290 --> 00:53:01,700
He was somebody who believed
in the limited experience

821
00:53:01,700 --> 00:53:05,360
of human perception,
and therefore,

822
00:53:05,360 --> 00:53:08,990
wanted the Ringstrassa
to be a set of monuments,

823
00:53:08,990 --> 00:53:12,650
each associated with
an enclosed open space.

824
00:53:12,650 --> 00:53:16,460
His idea for the ideal
piazza was an enclosure, not

825
00:53:16,460 --> 00:53:17,585
a system of movement.

826
00:53:22,730 --> 00:53:29,470
Barcelona-- the most common
approach to urban expansion,

827
00:53:29,470 --> 00:53:33,010
to 19th century
urban expansion, took

828
00:53:33,010 --> 00:53:36,820
the form of taking down
this old city walls

829
00:53:36,820 --> 00:53:38,800
and expanding the
city horizontally

830
00:53:38,800 --> 00:53:44,550
onto flat land where possible.

831
00:53:44,550 --> 00:53:48,150
You have plans, like Antonelli's
plan for Torino, [INAUDIBLE]

832
00:53:48,150 --> 00:53:49,920
plan for Bali.

833
00:53:49,920 --> 00:53:52,800
In the Barcelona example,
you have the largest housing

834
00:53:52,800 --> 00:53:54,870
development in Europe.

835
00:53:54,870 --> 00:53:59,550
[INAUDIBLE],, an engineer,
returns to Barcelona,

836
00:53:59,550 --> 00:54:02,910
but does extensive research
on the terrible conditions

837
00:54:02,910 --> 00:54:04,500
in the old city first.

838
00:54:04,500 --> 00:54:09,720
He even studies health
and nutrition, diet, age.

839
00:54:09,720 --> 00:54:12,870
He enters a competition for
the city's expansion plan.

840
00:54:12,870 --> 00:54:18,360
He wins it despite Trias'
neoclassical entry.

841
00:54:18,360 --> 00:54:23,460
Cerdás' plan is a set of
truncated 113 meter squared

842
00:54:23,460 --> 00:54:27,150
blocks, each with
open green space,

843
00:54:27,150 --> 00:54:30,420
stretching far beyond its
connection with the walless old

844
00:54:30,420 --> 00:54:34,230
city, with avenues, such
like the Passeig de Grácia,

845
00:54:34,230 --> 00:54:37,860
one of Europe's great streets
reaching to the village

846
00:54:37,860 --> 00:54:41,050
of Grácia in the hills.

847
00:54:41,050 --> 00:54:45,250
The Ensanche, as it's
called, is not so successful,

848
00:54:45,250 --> 00:54:48,790
but it's been built at many
times the density and coverage

849
00:54:48,790 --> 00:54:53,560
of Cerdá by subsequent
city authorities.

850
00:54:53,560 --> 00:54:54,520
Who was right?

851
00:54:57,490 --> 00:55:01,570
Was the city right to grant
development privileges

852
00:55:01,570 --> 00:55:06,370
to the subsequent builders,
both of height and density,

853
00:55:06,370 --> 00:55:09,580
obliterating much
of the green space?

854
00:55:09,580 --> 00:55:14,810
To what is the-- we don't know
how to measure these things.

855
00:55:14,810 --> 00:55:18,500
Maybe Cerdás' plan would have
been very boring at the density

856
00:55:18,500 --> 00:55:19,910
that he proposed--

857
00:55:19,910 --> 00:55:22,130
too much green space.

858
00:55:22,130 --> 00:55:26,210
Would the Passeig de Grácia
be as great a street as it is

859
00:55:26,210 --> 00:55:27,800
if it weren't as dense?

860
00:55:27,800 --> 00:55:29,860
We're dumb.

861
00:55:29,860 --> 00:55:34,180
In Barcelona, they can do
nothing else but cheer Cerdá

862
00:55:34,180 --> 00:55:35,935
as much as a hero as Guadí.

863
00:55:39,150 --> 00:55:43,790
There's a story, which I
haven't got time to tell,

864
00:55:43,790 --> 00:55:47,000
which the Barcelonans
don't like,

865
00:55:47,000 --> 00:55:50,220
and that is of Cerdá
belonging to a socialist group

866
00:55:50,220 --> 00:55:57,000
in Barcelona influenced by
a crazy French communalist,

867
00:55:57,000 --> 00:56:01,260
called Étienne Cabet, who
came to the United States with

868
00:56:01,260 --> 00:56:05,790
a group of people, including
one of Cerdá's colleagues,

869
00:56:05,790 --> 00:56:13,180
and bought a piece of land
in New Orleans, almost died.

870
00:56:13,180 --> 00:56:16,360
They moved northwards and
bought the town of Nouveau

871
00:56:16,360 --> 00:56:22,120
in Illinois, which had been the
site of one of the Mormon treks

872
00:56:22,120 --> 00:56:22,810
westward--

873
00:56:27,330 --> 00:56:30,390
almost Stalinist plan of a town.

874
00:56:30,390 --> 00:56:35,910
But God learn us, that it had
anything to do with Cerdás.

875
00:56:35,910 --> 00:56:38,850
Each of these city forms
that I've just discussed

876
00:56:38,850 --> 00:56:42,250
produced a unique housing type.

877
00:56:42,250 --> 00:56:47,200
It's another strange connection,
that if you do urbanism well,

878
00:56:47,200 --> 00:56:52,520
you produce a good
version of shelter.

879
00:56:52,520 --> 00:56:55,610
There is a residential
square in London,

880
00:56:55,610 --> 00:57:00,290
the boulevard apartment
in Paris, the [INAUDIBLE]

881
00:57:00,290 --> 00:57:01,850
and the Hof in Vienna.

882
00:57:01,850 --> 00:57:05,630
I haven't got time to go into
the invention of Karl-Marx-Hof

883
00:57:05,630 --> 00:57:09,660
in [INAUDIBLE] in 1927--

884
00:57:09,660 --> 00:57:16,280
the reaction to the war
and the establishment

885
00:57:16,280 --> 00:57:22,280
of Red Vienna building
communal environments even

886
00:57:22,280 --> 00:57:28,100
before the Russians attempted
the social condensers

887
00:57:28,100 --> 00:57:29,880
and [INAUDIBLE].

888
00:57:32,630 --> 00:57:35,360
I'll just take a
detour with Chicago.

889
00:57:38,910 --> 00:57:42,880
Chicago is one of the few cities
established in the 19th century

890
00:57:42,880 --> 00:57:45,180
like Johannesburg.

891
00:57:45,180 --> 00:57:47,697
The name of Chicago is
taken from the tribe

892
00:57:47,697 --> 00:57:48,405
that lived there.

893
00:57:48,405 --> 00:57:50,925
It means wild garlic
in whatever language.

894
00:57:54,260 --> 00:57:58,940
The big idea of Chicago
was to link the Great

895
00:57:58,940 --> 00:58:00,860
Lakes and the Mississippi.

896
00:58:00,860 --> 00:58:03,740
Thus, providing a
continuous water system

897
00:58:03,740 --> 00:58:06,990
from Europe to the east.

898
00:58:06,990 --> 00:58:15,100
Well, that's before the canal,
the South American canal.

899
00:58:15,100 --> 00:58:16,390
This never worked.

900
00:58:16,390 --> 00:58:20,350
But in 1830, it established
the beginning of a market

901
00:58:20,350 --> 00:58:27,350
for residential land,
which was endless.

902
00:58:27,350 --> 00:58:31,250
In 1848, this was
amplified by the building

903
00:58:31,250 --> 00:58:36,590
of the United States
cross-country railroad system.

904
00:58:36,590 --> 00:58:42,180
125th of the world's railroads
crossed in Chicago in 1893.

905
00:58:42,180 --> 00:58:44,910
This is in 50 years.

906
00:58:44,910 --> 00:58:51,580
Chicago's notion of
breadths of politicians

907
00:58:51,580 --> 00:58:54,340
is not associated with wind.

908
00:58:54,340 --> 00:58:57,480
It's associated with hubris.

909
00:58:57,480 --> 00:58:59,040
This is the most--

910
00:58:59,040 --> 00:59:02,070
I don't know what the
adjective of hubris is.

911
00:59:02,070 --> 00:59:07,440
This is the most hubrist city.

912
00:59:07,440 --> 00:59:09,570
It's the capitalist model.

913
00:59:09,570 --> 00:59:14,310
Hoyt described 100 years
of land values in Chicago

914
00:59:14,310 --> 00:59:20,250
according to peaks and valleys
in a very cyclical model.

915
00:59:20,250 --> 00:59:25,470
For every great
absolute mad investment

916
00:59:25,470 --> 00:59:26,910
follows a depression.

917
00:59:30,650 --> 00:59:34,400
Nothing fascinates me more
than the immense authority

918
00:59:34,400 --> 00:59:37,220
of the private sector.

919
00:59:37,220 --> 00:59:40,565
I think Frank Lloyd Wright
was fascinated by his clients,

920
00:59:40,565 --> 00:59:45,620
or so the book about
his clients suggests.

921
00:59:45,620 --> 00:59:50,270
People who had the
gumption to invent zippers

922
00:59:50,270 --> 00:59:55,230
had the gumption
to buy his houses.

923
00:59:55,230 --> 00:59:58,100
Everybody was in a mad
sense of invention.

924
01:00:00,890 --> 01:00:03,170
The most extraordinary
story is the building

925
01:00:03,170 --> 01:00:05,930
of 60 miles of illegal
subway at night

926
01:00:05,930 --> 01:00:08,345
as if lying telephone cables.

927
01:00:08,345 --> 01:00:13,160
The idea that you can build
the underneath of a city for 60

928
01:00:13,160 --> 01:00:16,010
miles of illegal subway--

929
01:00:16,010 --> 01:00:18,590
people were being killed on
the surface of the streets,

930
01:00:18,590 --> 01:00:21,760
because there was
no traffic plan.

931
01:00:21,760 --> 01:00:27,940
So the merchant class
decided to dig in the mud.

932
01:00:27,940 --> 01:00:29,890
It's a mud city.

933
01:00:29,890 --> 01:00:32,050
So the soft
underbelly of the city

934
01:00:32,050 --> 01:00:34,930
can be excavated over time.

935
01:00:34,930 --> 01:00:38,410
This was only
discovered in 1962,

936
01:00:38,410 --> 01:00:41,200
when the thing started
flooding and nobody knew

937
01:00:41,200 --> 01:00:44,380
where the floods
came from in Chicago,

938
01:00:44,380 --> 01:00:45,350
because of an accident.

939
01:00:48,390 --> 01:00:50,840
Now, Cronon's book,
Nature's Metropolis,

940
01:00:50,840 --> 01:00:56,790
is a sardonic reference
to the use of anti-nature.

941
01:00:56,790 --> 01:00:59,880
You can see I'm not
a lover of nature.

942
01:00:59,880 --> 01:01:01,380
I'm afraid of nature.

943
01:01:01,380 --> 01:01:04,088
It causes you to die.

944
01:01:04,088 --> 01:01:05,904
[LAUGHTER]

945
01:01:09,010 --> 01:01:11,555
I suppose I shouldn't say
that on my last class.

946
01:01:16,210 --> 01:01:20,320
But 20 skyscrapers were
already built in 1893

947
01:01:20,320 --> 01:01:22,870
by the time of the
Colombian exhibition, all

948
01:01:22,870 --> 01:01:24,630
of these on sand.

949
01:01:24,630 --> 01:01:28,360
Where is a less propitious
place to build a skyscraper

950
01:01:28,360 --> 01:01:31,080
than in Chicago on mud?

951
01:01:31,080 --> 01:01:32,160
And yet, they did it.

952
01:01:40,550 --> 01:01:43,490
One of the lessons
from the private sector

953
01:01:43,490 --> 01:01:47,830
investment in Chicago is
there was no attention.

954
01:01:47,830 --> 01:01:53,400
There was a needless attention
to be paid to the public.

955
01:01:53,400 --> 01:01:57,480
It's perhaps best
explained in the novel,

956
01:01:57,480 --> 01:02:04,170
Devil in the White City, which
targets Holmes, the psychopath,

957
01:02:04,170 --> 01:02:10,510
who took over a hotel
outside the grand ensemble

958
01:02:10,510 --> 01:02:17,240
of the World's Fair and
started killing women.

959
01:02:17,240 --> 01:02:21,590
There was no public authority
to supervise this man.

960
01:02:21,590 --> 01:02:23,960
There was no police
force to investigate it.

961
01:02:23,960 --> 01:02:26,450
Women just disappeared,
young women, who

962
01:02:26,450 --> 01:02:28,460
came innocently to the fair.

963
01:02:32,310 --> 01:02:38,550
Holmes was not eventually traced
for all his murders by Chicago.

964
01:02:38,550 --> 01:02:43,590
He was traced by an insurance
consultant in Philadelphia

965
01:02:43,590 --> 01:02:46,560
who couldn't explain
some of these deaths.

966
01:02:46,560 --> 01:02:51,300
It's an enormous
disadvertisement

967
01:02:51,300 --> 01:02:56,960
for a city which is built,
as some cities are today,

968
01:02:56,960 --> 01:03:04,960
on the apparently creative
impulse of the private sector.

969
01:03:04,960 --> 01:03:10,260
It's a dramatic economic system.

970
01:03:10,260 --> 01:03:14,290
But it pays its
prices in other ways.

971
01:03:14,290 --> 01:03:16,050
Chicago politics is--

972
01:03:16,050 --> 01:03:18,540
I shouldn't talk about
Chicago politics.

973
01:03:18,540 --> 01:03:19,995
I know nothing
about its history.

974
01:03:24,960 --> 01:03:29,040
Burnham, the great manager
of the Chicago World's Fair,

975
01:03:29,040 --> 01:03:34,950
proposed a plan in a
number of years afterwards.

976
01:03:34,950 --> 01:03:40,870
His plan was to
build a six-mile arch

977
01:03:40,870 --> 01:03:47,390
around the grid to centralize
the city to give it culture.

978
01:03:47,390 --> 01:03:49,570
Some people have
taken on the idea

979
01:03:49,570 --> 01:03:52,960
that it's important in
developing countries

980
01:03:52,960 --> 01:03:56,530
to build a city
first to make money,

981
01:03:56,530 --> 01:04:00,350
and then to invest the money
in upgrading its culture.

982
01:04:00,350 --> 01:04:04,560
It's a sort of transformative
staged process.

983
01:04:04,560 --> 01:04:06,340
It may have some merit.

984
01:04:06,340 --> 01:04:12,220
In Chicago, the idea of Louis
Sullivan's grand auditorium

985
01:04:12,220 --> 01:04:18,190
building with the most wonderful
toilets in the world attracting

986
01:04:18,190 --> 01:04:21,880
people who walk through the
mud is an interesting kind

987
01:04:21,880 --> 01:04:22,960
of combination.

988
01:04:25,870 --> 01:04:29,290
I disagree with Mumford
and Sennett's view

989
01:04:29,290 --> 01:04:32,800
of the capitalist
grid as commodity.

990
01:04:32,800 --> 01:04:38,560
There was as much speculation
in Boston with its non-grid city

991
01:04:38,560 --> 01:04:41,450
as there was in Chicago.

992
01:04:41,450 --> 01:04:43,880
Reducing space to
a commodity is not

993
01:04:43,880 --> 01:04:46,310
only a capitalist phenomenon.

994
01:04:46,310 --> 01:04:51,110
It is an intriguing aspect
of the devaluation of land.

995
01:04:54,280 --> 01:04:58,420
I'm going to have to speed up.

996
01:04:58,420 --> 01:05:00,040
We've got a lot still to cover.

997
01:05:05,070 --> 01:05:08,550
We took a look at panopticism
and the idea of the gays.

998
01:05:08,550 --> 01:05:12,180
This was largely helped
by David Friedman's work

999
01:05:12,180 --> 01:05:14,820
on the evolution of the
late medieval street,

1000
01:05:14,820 --> 01:05:19,050
from a street of work and
multiple invasions to a street

1001
01:05:19,050 --> 01:05:22,030
dedicated to image and control.

1002
01:05:22,030 --> 01:05:24,830
As examples, we
compared, in some detail,

1003
01:05:24,830 --> 01:05:29,020
the multi-monumental and
multi-use Nevsky Prospect

1004
01:05:29,020 --> 01:05:32,770
in St. Petersburg, and Hitler
and Albert Speers' proposed

1005
01:05:32,770 --> 01:05:35,850
central axis for Berlin.

1006
01:05:35,850 --> 01:05:38,940
We also took a brief
look at utopianism.

1007
01:05:38,940 --> 01:05:41,490
I must say, I suffer
from a disinterest

1008
01:05:41,490 --> 01:05:43,530
in utopian speculation.

1009
01:05:43,530 --> 01:05:47,280
I find it either like as
dull as science fiction,

1010
01:05:47,280 --> 01:05:56,160
and as absolutely devoid
of understanding of cities

1011
01:05:56,160 --> 01:05:57,810
as most science fiction is.

1012
01:06:00,830 --> 01:06:04,250
But we covered some
of the territory.

1013
01:06:04,250 --> 01:06:07,790
I was fascinated by Thomas
Moore's invention of the word

1014
01:06:07,790 --> 01:06:09,050
utopia.

1015
01:06:09,050 --> 01:06:14,090
It has both the prefix e-topia
and the prefix e-u-topia,

1016
01:06:14,090 --> 01:06:16,130
which mean different
things in Greek.

1017
01:06:16,130 --> 01:06:17,900
Who is our Greek friend?

1018
01:06:17,900 --> 01:06:21,580
One is good and one is what?

1019
01:06:21,580 --> 01:06:22,300
Nowhere.

1020
01:06:22,300 --> 01:06:24,080
AUDIENCE: Utopia?

1021
01:06:24,080 --> 01:06:25,420
[INAUDIBLE]

1022
01:06:25,420 --> 01:06:26,640
JULIAN BEINART: Yeah.

1023
01:06:26,640 --> 01:06:28,900
One is good and one is nowhere.

1024
01:06:28,900 --> 01:06:36,220
So Thomas Moore's island,
1516 book, is about an island.

1025
01:06:36,220 --> 01:06:38,450
It's nowhere.

1026
01:06:38,450 --> 01:06:44,060
It has shared-- it is a
socialist republic, which

1027
01:06:44,060 --> 01:06:49,000
God learn us, how you
thought about it in 1516.

1028
01:06:49,000 --> 01:06:51,370
There's terminal
limits to the amount

1029
01:06:51,370 --> 01:06:54,230
of the houses you can occupy.

1030
01:06:54,230 --> 01:06:56,650
It reminds me of a
little-- oh, forget

1031
01:06:56,650 --> 01:06:57,910
about what it reminds me of.

1032
01:06:57,910 --> 01:06:59,870
[LAUGHTER]

1033
01:07:05,760 --> 01:07:07,830
We looked at a number
of other cases--

1034
01:07:07,830 --> 01:07:13,130
Pullman, Illinois,
Ann Lee and Shakerdom.

1035
01:07:13,130 --> 01:07:14,825
We also examined
three architects

1036
01:07:14,825 --> 01:07:17,510
with utopian propensities--

1037
01:07:17,510 --> 01:07:21,230
Le Corbusier and his endless
search for the right plan,

1038
01:07:21,230 --> 01:07:25,670
be it in 1922 for Paris
with a capitalist center,

1039
01:07:25,670 --> 01:07:28,220
later for Moscow
after the revolution

1040
01:07:28,220 --> 01:07:32,660
there was a syndicalist plan,
and later in frustration

1041
01:07:32,660 --> 01:07:36,590
because the citizens of Algiers
refused his many [INAUDIBLE]

1042
01:07:36,590 --> 01:07:37,100
plans.

1043
01:07:37,100 --> 01:07:40,610
He appealed for help to the
fascist Vichy government

1044
01:07:40,610 --> 01:07:44,370
and eventually to
Mussolini for help.

1045
01:07:44,370 --> 01:07:47,570
This is the strange
notion that--

1046
01:07:47,570 --> 01:07:50,090
it's not so strange if
you're an architect--

1047
01:07:50,090 --> 01:07:54,560
you find a solution which
emanates out of your soul.

1048
01:07:54,560 --> 01:07:57,140
It brings together
almost everything

1049
01:07:57,140 --> 01:07:58,985
that is creative about all.

1050
01:07:58,985 --> 01:08:00,530
All your juices are flowing.

1051
01:08:00,530 --> 01:08:01,640
It's the right one.

1052
01:08:01,640 --> 01:08:05,400
You examined 1,000, and
this is the right one.

1053
01:08:05,400 --> 01:08:09,090
Whoever is going to buy
the right one is OK.

1054
01:08:09,090 --> 01:08:10,920
Ideology doesn't matter.

1055
01:08:10,920 --> 01:08:12,420
Society doesn't matter.

1056
01:08:12,420 --> 01:08:14,340
Space is what matters.

1057
01:08:14,340 --> 01:08:16,859
This is what drove
Lynch crazy when

1058
01:08:16,859 --> 01:08:19,529
I had the only argument
I ever had with him

1059
01:08:19,529 --> 01:08:24,189
in this class, which we
jointly taught for two years,

1060
01:08:24,189 --> 01:08:26,830
about Aldo Rossi.

1061
01:08:26,830 --> 01:08:29,560
When I introduced Aldo
Rossi's book, The Architect

1062
01:08:29,560 --> 01:08:33,319
in the City, in this class,
Kevin writes about it,

1063
01:08:33,319 --> 01:08:36,344
in fact, his anger.

1064
01:08:36,344 --> 01:08:36,844
Sorry.

1065
01:08:42,330 --> 01:08:45,300
We looked at Frank Lloyd
Wright's tiny Broadacre City

1066
01:08:45,300 --> 01:08:48,750
as an evocation of
usonian democracy, which

1067
01:08:48,750 --> 01:08:52,200
used Henry George's
mantra of profit made

1068
01:08:52,200 --> 01:08:55,140
by development in the city
needing to be returned

1069
01:08:55,140 --> 01:08:58,319
to the public good.

1070
01:08:58,319 --> 01:09:01,250
We looked then briefly at
20th century resolutions.

1071
01:09:01,250 --> 01:09:05,060
We looked to Great Britain,
the New Towns expansion program

1072
01:09:05,060 --> 01:09:08,930
from the small towns of cities--

1073
01:09:08,930 --> 01:09:10,640
30,000.

1074
01:09:10,640 --> 01:09:16,180
By the way, there's
another curious phenomenon.

1075
01:09:16,180 --> 01:09:19,120
Plato's ideal size
for a city is 30,000.

1076
01:09:19,120 --> 01:09:21,220
Leonardo's is 30,000.

1077
01:09:21,220 --> 01:09:26,050
Ebenezer Howard, in 1910, later
within in London Garden City,

1078
01:09:26,050 --> 01:09:27,080
are 30,000.

1079
01:09:27,080 --> 01:09:27,580
Why?

1080
01:09:30,520 --> 01:09:32,290
It's demographic, I'm sure.

1081
01:09:32,290 --> 01:09:35,410
30,000 is probably
the amount of people

1082
01:09:35,410 --> 01:09:38,950
that you could, in
disease-prone society,

1083
01:09:38,950 --> 01:09:42,340
maintain a certain size.

1084
01:09:42,340 --> 01:09:44,574
Given the Malthusian
trap situation,

1085
01:09:44,574 --> 01:09:47,410
it probably works that way.

1086
01:09:47,410 --> 01:09:51,540
So the British built their
first new towns, likely

1087
01:09:51,540 --> 01:09:54,450
Corby and Harlow, at what size?

1088
01:09:54,450 --> 01:09:59,620
30,000.

1089
01:09:59,620 --> 01:10:04,480
They became tired
of 30,000 size.

1090
01:10:04,480 --> 01:10:07,970
Space-time suggested
larger size.

1091
01:10:07,970 --> 01:10:14,020
So mark two shifts to 50 to
100,000, the towns of Hook--

1092
01:10:14,020 --> 01:10:15,760
the best book on
New Town planning

1093
01:10:15,760 --> 01:10:19,340
studies, the book of Hook--

1094
01:10:19,340 --> 01:10:27,200
Runcorn, Cumbernauld,
and the mark three towns

1095
01:10:27,200 --> 01:10:30,990
of Milton Keynes, now 250,000.

1096
01:10:30,990 --> 01:10:35,700
Milton Keynes is a
postmodern attempt at a city,

1097
01:10:35,700 --> 01:10:39,440
mixed land use is using
performance dimensions instead

1098
01:10:39,440 --> 01:10:44,640
of zoning, a 1 kilometer by
1 kilometer space frame grids

1099
01:10:44,640 --> 01:10:47,790
to take maximum traffic loads.

1100
01:10:47,790 --> 01:10:53,110
The earlier towns had no
predictive mix and tight fit.

1101
01:10:53,110 --> 01:10:56,800
Cumbernauld Center was recently
voted the ugliest building

1102
01:10:56,800 --> 01:10:59,690
in England.

1103
01:10:59,690 --> 01:11:04,170
We looked at Russia
between 1918 and 1932.

1104
01:11:04,170 --> 01:11:08,750
We looked at the work
of urbanists looking

1105
01:11:08,750 --> 01:11:11,150
at the possibilities
of new urbanism

1106
01:11:11,150 --> 01:11:16,810
in the state which had
clients controlling

1107
01:11:16,810 --> 01:11:20,580
the means of production,
land use, and apparently

1108
01:11:20,580 --> 01:11:24,500
illuminated and
dedicated population.

1109
01:11:24,500 --> 01:11:27,240
Little gardens came from Marx.

1110
01:11:27,240 --> 01:11:32,680
A time of great experimentation,
the acronyms [INAUDIBLE],,

1111
01:11:32,680 --> 01:11:36,520
the invention of the essential
social condenser in housing

1112
01:11:36,520 --> 01:11:39,100
taken from the French
Fourier utopias.

1113
01:11:41,860 --> 01:11:43,975
I'm tempted to tell
this little story.

1114
01:11:46,870 --> 01:11:48,820
The Republican Party
in this country

1115
01:11:48,820 --> 01:11:53,290
was started in a town
called Ripon in Wisconsin.

1116
01:11:53,290 --> 01:11:58,240
Ripon was started by a
bunch of Fourier socialists.

1117
01:12:01,915 --> 01:12:05,990
The Ripon Society is still a
branch of the Republican Party.

1118
01:12:05,990 --> 01:12:07,790
I'm not explaining
the full transition.

1119
01:12:07,790 --> 01:12:13,660
I haven't got time, but
the overlapping of systems

1120
01:12:13,660 --> 01:12:17,000
is one thing that
keeps on intriguing me.

1121
01:12:17,000 --> 01:12:20,480
One of the great adventures
of contemporary urbanism

1122
01:12:20,480 --> 01:12:23,600
is its search for
overlappingness

1123
01:12:23,600 --> 01:12:27,950
and multi-purposeness,
as both an avenue

1124
01:12:27,950 --> 01:12:34,840
to deal with complexity
and the unknown future.

1125
01:12:38,350 --> 01:12:40,860
I'm just going to
skip a lot of this.

1126
01:12:40,860 --> 01:12:45,225
We look at the La Ville
[? Vale ?] competition,

1127
01:12:45,225 --> 01:12:52,850
a competition for tired workers
to escape from their daily work

1128
01:12:52,850 --> 01:12:53,990
routine.

1129
01:12:53,990 --> 01:13:00,760
And Melnikov-- the great genius
architect who invented the idea

1130
01:13:00,760 --> 01:13:06,040
of sleep enhancement so that
the Radio City Music Hall people

1131
01:13:06,040 --> 01:13:09,670
came running to Russia to see
whether they should put smells

1132
01:13:09,670 --> 01:13:14,350
in Rockefeller Center--

1133
01:13:14,350 --> 01:13:18,635
he allowed that wild animals
should patrol the streets.

1134
01:13:21,350 --> 01:13:25,760
Anyway, I'd like to go on
about the later reactions,

1135
01:13:25,760 --> 01:13:31,340
Khrushchev's 1956
edicts, and so on.

1136
01:13:31,340 --> 01:13:34,970
The next section dealt
with a question, what's

1137
01:13:34,970 --> 01:13:36,680
the relationship between--

1138
01:13:36,680 --> 01:13:38,840
is there any
significant relationship

1139
01:13:38,840 --> 01:13:42,020
between how a city
is made and its form?

1140
01:13:42,020 --> 01:13:45,320
Nine categories were
listed as possible methods

1141
01:13:45,320 --> 01:13:51,770
of city management and four
selected for close examination.

1142
01:13:51,770 --> 01:13:54,920
First of all, they're
relying on a super figure.

1143
01:13:54,920 --> 01:13:58,610
We examine the effects of
Robert Moses, the greatest

1144
01:13:58,610 --> 01:14:02,400
builder in American history,
on the form of New York.

1145
01:14:02,400 --> 01:14:05,420
We also took as a
case study the process

1146
01:14:05,420 --> 01:14:08,730
for the replacement of
the World Trade towers

1147
01:14:08,730 --> 01:14:12,570
and conjured how different it
would have been under Moses--

1148
01:14:12,570 --> 01:14:14,370
an interesting speculation.

1149
01:14:18,780 --> 01:14:22,230
We looked at the role of the
media, the media participation

1150
01:14:22,230 --> 01:14:26,580
system, S-O-M, and
Silverstein, on and so,

1151
01:14:26,580 --> 01:14:28,980
and a whole bunch of
things, and didn't

1152
01:14:28,980 --> 01:14:30,520
come to much of a conclusion.

1153
01:14:33,830 --> 01:14:36,170
The idea that a
single architect who

1154
01:14:36,170 --> 01:14:39,200
hadn't taken part in the
so-called competition

1155
01:14:39,200 --> 01:14:43,550
would be chosen as the final
client, final architect,

1156
01:14:43,550 --> 01:14:50,000
is an interesting resolution.

1157
01:14:50,000 --> 01:14:52,370
In reducing social
imbalances, we

1158
01:14:52,370 --> 01:14:57,500
discussed the idea
of advocacy planning

1159
01:14:57,500 --> 01:15:00,510
using the Cambridge and the
freeway connectors, our case

1160
01:15:00,510 --> 01:15:01,010
study.

1161
01:15:04,380 --> 01:15:06,570
Thirdly, will reviewed
the many notions

1162
01:15:06,570 --> 01:15:12,370
of changing people as a modality
to urban change, projects

1163
01:15:12,370 --> 01:15:16,840
such as potteries,
[INAUDIBLE] schools

1164
01:15:16,840 --> 01:15:20,560
without walls, [INAUDIBLE]
situations in Paris,

1165
01:15:20,560 --> 01:15:23,140
metro education in
Montreal, and so on.

1166
01:15:29,170 --> 01:15:32,900
OK, I'm going to jump things.

1167
01:15:32,900 --> 01:15:36,700
We're going to finish
a little after 2:00.

1168
01:15:36,700 --> 01:15:41,950
I thought there was too much
in 40 hours to condense to--

1169
01:15:41,950 --> 01:15:43,540
what do you do?

1170
01:15:43,540 --> 01:15:45,420
Maybe we can go on
for a few minutes.

1171
01:15:49,040 --> 01:15:51,560
Dealing with the difficult
question, the relationship

1172
01:15:51,560 --> 01:15:55,400
between social structure
and spatial structure,

1173
01:15:55,400 --> 01:15:59,030
I decided to review
the literature.

1174
01:15:59,030 --> 01:16:03,870
And it was too difficult to
isolate the relationship.

1175
01:16:03,870 --> 01:16:08,720
So I decided, as a professor
of pathology would do,

1176
01:16:08,720 --> 01:16:14,530
to take extreme cases
in order to learn

1177
01:16:14,530 --> 01:16:17,207
about this more trivial cases.

1178
01:16:17,207 --> 01:16:18,423
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

1179
01:16:18,423 --> 01:16:19,840
JULIAN BEINART:
Sure, don't worry.

1180
01:16:19,840 --> 01:16:20,980
Don't worry.

1181
01:16:20,980 --> 01:16:23,804
I'm in an emergency as well.

1182
01:16:23,804 --> 01:16:25,250
[LAUGHTER]

1183
01:16:31,040 --> 01:16:33,580
So I invented the
notion of bipolarity,

1184
01:16:33,580 --> 01:16:37,525
where I could isolate
significant aspects of space

1185
01:16:37,525 --> 01:16:41,570
and society and see them
in some relationship.

1186
01:16:41,570 --> 01:16:43,910
We analyzed five
cities on this basis,

1187
01:16:43,910 --> 01:16:47,300
and I'm going to have to go
very quickly through these.

1188
01:16:47,300 --> 01:16:51,360
Jerusalem-- the
assembly of polarities

1189
01:16:51,360 --> 01:16:54,420
ranging from religion,
ethnicity, nationalism,

1190
01:16:54,420 --> 01:16:55,950
history, and others.

1191
01:16:55,950 --> 01:16:58,500
Jerusalem, by the
way, has never been

1192
01:16:58,500 --> 01:17:03,660
the capital of any country other
than the Crusaders and Israel.

1193
01:17:06,380 --> 01:17:09,380
So it's a rather
remarkable status.

1194
01:17:12,840 --> 01:17:14,800
To conjure up a
solution which was

1195
01:17:14,800 --> 01:17:19,780
shared equitably by all allowed
free access to religious sites

1196
01:17:19,780 --> 01:17:23,040
and performed as a capital
city for two nations,

1197
01:17:23,040 --> 01:17:28,320
despite problems securing
customs was attempted.

1198
01:17:28,320 --> 01:17:31,530
This is a difficult
piece of work.

1199
01:17:31,530 --> 01:17:35,160
We had to go through the
history from David onwards,

1200
01:17:35,160 --> 01:17:38,130
even dispute the
history of David

1201
01:17:38,130 --> 01:17:43,370
that the Jews give as opposed
to the Palestinian history

1202
01:17:43,370 --> 01:17:43,870
of David.

1203
01:17:46,650 --> 01:17:49,140
The idea of David
building a temple as

1204
01:17:49,140 --> 01:17:55,680
opposed to circulating the
ark amongst a nomadic people

1205
01:17:55,680 --> 01:17:56,550
was discussed.

1206
01:17:56,550 --> 01:18:01,910
Corbusier does a wonderful
drawing of the Jews

1207
01:18:01,910 --> 01:18:03,165
as nomadic people.

1208
01:18:05,810 --> 01:18:08,585
All of this came into our
vacation and understanding

1209
01:18:08,585 --> 01:18:10,040
of Jerusalem.

1210
01:18:10,040 --> 01:18:12,620
How successfully, I didn't know.

1211
01:18:12,620 --> 01:18:14,330
The world doesn't
have a solution

1212
01:18:14,330 --> 01:18:16,160
to the problems of Jerusalem.

1213
01:18:16,160 --> 01:18:19,125
Why should we?

1214
01:18:19,125 --> 01:18:21,410
We are an advanced
class in urbanism,

1215
01:18:21,410 --> 01:18:24,700
but we can't do magic.

1216
01:18:24,700 --> 01:18:28,750
After all, Jerusalem has
been going for 3,000 years.

1217
01:18:28,750 --> 01:18:31,990
It's gone through-- it's
been the most disabled city

1218
01:18:31,990 --> 01:18:35,770
in history, the most
destroyed, the most rebuilt.

1219
01:18:35,770 --> 01:18:41,890
It may well suffer as a cross
for the rest of the world.

1220
01:18:41,890 --> 01:18:45,160
It's an interesting
idea, that it's

1221
01:18:45,160 --> 01:18:49,570
destined to be a kind of
crucible of some kind.

1222
01:18:49,570 --> 01:18:52,720
In Johannesburg,
the second city,

1223
01:18:52,720 --> 01:18:55,540
we looked at the
spatial pattern.

1224
01:18:55,540 --> 01:19:01,170
We traced explicitly on
race, and with it, income.

1225
01:19:01,170 --> 01:19:04,260
We traced the city
through its first stages

1226
01:19:04,260 --> 01:19:13,140
to its absolute distinction
of race in 1948,

1227
01:19:13,140 --> 01:19:16,740
locating population
to the southwest,

1228
01:19:16,740 --> 01:19:18,460
and finally, and so on.

1229
01:19:18,460 --> 01:19:21,690
We also did a study of municipal
waste in the native township,

1230
01:19:21,690 --> 01:19:25,080
a black community
of 15,000 renters,

1231
01:19:25,080 --> 01:19:29,970
who were being removed
after 50 years to Soweto,

1232
01:19:29,970 --> 01:19:32,220
improve their housing
over the 50 years

1233
01:19:32,220 --> 01:19:35,400
with additions in a communal
language of wall decoration.

1234
01:19:39,580 --> 01:19:44,170
It's a study I did in
Johannesburg, which

1235
01:19:44,170 --> 01:19:46,870
was on the cover of three
architectural magazines

1236
01:19:46,870 --> 01:19:50,230
in September 1966.

1237
01:19:50,230 --> 01:19:54,010
We studied the 11 [INAUDIBLE]
cities on the 2000-mile border

1238
01:19:54,010 --> 01:19:56,680
between the US
and Mexico looking

1239
01:19:56,680 --> 01:19:58,990
at the polarities
of nationality,

1240
01:19:58,990 --> 01:20:02,390
and culture, and
so-called development.

1241
01:20:02,390 --> 01:20:05,350
We looked at El Paso,
Juarez, operating

1242
01:20:05,350 --> 01:20:09,490
as a single major
metropolitan area,

1243
01:20:09,490 --> 01:20:12,430
with each sector choosing
to maximize its options

1244
01:20:12,430 --> 01:20:15,770
on either side of the border.

1245
01:20:15,770 --> 01:20:21,180
We looked at colonial
Delhi and New Delhi

1246
01:20:21,180 --> 01:20:24,870
as sites of distance
between colonial and native

1247
01:20:24,870 --> 01:20:28,710
as polarities, the form
of the colonial settlement

1248
01:20:28,710 --> 01:20:31,110
conscious of difference,
chose amalgams

1249
01:20:31,110 --> 01:20:32,970
of nature architecture.

1250
01:20:32,970 --> 01:20:36,660
The bungalow, on the one
hand, is suitable for climate,

1251
01:20:36,660 --> 01:20:41,010
while using formal
facades to indicate

1252
01:20:41,010 --> 01:20:43,410
separateness and superiority--

1253
01:20:43,410 --> 01:20:47,580
the same phenomenon we found
in the laws of the Indies.

1254
01:20:47,580 --> 01:20:51,980
Similarly, the many
plans for New Delhi--

1255
01:20:51,980 --> 01:20:54,080
forget about [INAUDIBLE]
and New Delhi.

1256
01:20:57,310 --> 01:21:01,600
We did a short trip to the
dialectical relationship

1257
01:21:01,600 --> 01:21:05,260
between country and
city in Havana and Cuba.

1258
01:21:05,260 --> 01:21:08,890
After the revolution, Havana
was deemed a frustrated city,

1259
01:21:08,890 --> 01:21:12,470
while agricultural land,
such as the Picardura Valley,

1260
01:21:12,470 --> 01:21:14,740
it was deemed by
the state to be more

1261
01:21:14,740 --> 01:21:19,240
important in the national
consciousness and economy.

1262
01:21:19,240 --> 01:21:20,680
It's interesting.

1263
01:21:20,680 --> 01:21:26,050
Henry Ford, who is an arch
anti-communist and anti-Semite,

1264
01:21:26,050 --> 01:21:28,070
by the way, at the same time--

1265
01:21:28,070 --> 01:21:29,700
interesting that
you can be both--

1266
01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:37,630
argued for the same advancement
of agricultural form

1267
01:21:37,630 --> 01:21:41,250
in relation to industrial form.

1268
01:21:41,250 --> 01:21:43,380
Curious patterns
that emerge when

1269
01:21:43,380 --> 01:21:48,430
you go through this kind of
survey and look for these.

1270
01:21:51,430 --> 01:21:56,200
So it's not unusual that
Lenin Park outside Havana

1271
01:21:56,200 --> 01:21:58,840
places the major
recreational element

1272
01:21:58,840 --> 01:22:01,450
of the city on the
outskirts of the city,

1273
01:22:01,450 --> 01:22:04,330
much like [INAUDIBLE]
plan for Moscow.

1274
01:22:04,330 --> 01:22:06,610
If you compare [INAUDIBLE]
plan for Moscow,

1275
01:22:06,610 --> 01:22:10,120
one of the post-1918
plans, you can

1276
01:22:10,120 --> 01:22:13,900
see a similar configuration.

1277
01:22:13,900 --> 01:22:16,650
The last section of class--
and thank God we've got here--

1278
01:22:19,420 --> 01:22:23,435
looks at four models,
contemporary or recent four

1279
01:22:23,435 --> 01:22:23,935
models.

1280
01:22:26,930 --> 01:22:29,420
We first deal with the
modern movement's interest

1281
01:22:29,420 --> 01:22:31,520
in the form of cities.

1282
01:22:31,520 --> 01:22:34,190
The class follows
the discourse of CIAM

1283
01:22:34,190 --> 01:22:39,200
from La Sarraz in 1928
to Waterloo in 1960,

1284
01:22:39,200 --> 01:22:46,630
and the conception of the
city as a pristine assembly

1285
01:22:46,630 --> 01:22:50,620
of distinctly different parts,
as evidenced by Jose Sert's

1286
01:22:50,620 --> 01:22:55,790
book, Can Our City Survive,
for which Lewis Mumford refused

1287
01:22:55,790 --> 01:22:56,665
to write the forward.

1288
01:22:59,550 --> 01:23:02,030
So this notion of
the city refused

1289
01:23:02,030 --> 01:23:04,700
to admit any
knowledge of the past.

1290
01:23:04,700 --> 01:23:07,640
Rather, Corbusier tossed
out the traditional streets

1291
01:23:07,640 --> 01:23:10,940
in his books and replaced
it in his [INAUDIBLE] plan

1292
01:23:10,940 --> 01:23:13,040
with elevated highways.

1293
01:23:13,040 --> 01:23:16,295
It also refused the idea that
cities inevitably change.

1294
01:23:19,010 --> 01:23:20,960
Its source of learning
about the city

1295
01:23:20,960 --> 01:23:23,780
was not in response
to everyday life,

1296
01:23:23,780 --> 01:23:29,640
but to a technical adjustments,
such as extents minimums.

1297
01:23:29,640 --> 01:23:36,510
When [INAUDIBLE]---- forget
about [INAUDIBLE],, and so on.

1298
01:23:36,510 --> 01:23:39,390
One of the first reactions
to the urban conventions

1299
01:23:39,390 --> 01:23:42,180
of the modern movement is
a group of young European

1300
01:23:42,180 --> 01:23:47,070
architects, who [INAUDIBLE]
many [INAUDIBLE],,

1301
01:23:47,070 --> 01:23:51,360
advocating intense
interactionism--

1302
01:23:51,360 --> 01:23:54,540
[INAUDIBLE]

1303
01:23:54,540 --> 01:23:57,270
Smithson's doubling up
of streets in the Berlin

1304
01:23:57,270 --> 01:23:59,970
Hauptstadt competition
or the making

1305
01:23:59,970 --> 01:24:02,580
wide residential
corridors to resemble

1306
01:24:02,580 --> 01:24:07,480
continuous pedestrian streets
in Parkhill, Sheffield.

1307
01:24:07,480 --> 01:24:10,110
The urban world had to be
understood as a more complex

1308
01:24:10,110 --> 01:24:13,080
reality, seeking
merit in change,

1309
01:24:13,080 --> 01:24:16,770
both short-term and long-term,
and users playing a role

1310
01:24:16,770 --> 01:24:20,310
in the making environment,
a phenomenon they called,

1311
01:24:20,310 --> 01:24:23,640
the wonderful word,
"socio-plastics."

1312
01:24:23,640 --> 01:24:26,310
Perhaps we all engage
in socio-plastics.

1313
01:24:29,610 --> 01:24:37,430
We looked at a
number of attempts

1314
01:24:37,430 --> 01:24:40,700
to theorize about this period,
the [INAUDIBLE] adaptive

1315
01:24:40,700 --> 01:24:44,150
urbanism, strategy for
dealing with growth,

1316
01:24:44,150 --> 01:24:50,060
[INAUDIBLE] work at the
MIT on the MIT campus

1317
01:24:50,060 --> 01:24:54,574
extending itself systematically
with a kind of intricate DNA

1318
01:24:54,574 --> 01:25:02,030
of corridor with single-centered
staircases, facades, and so on.

1319
01:25:02,030 --> 01:25:04,370
We followed with
three case study--

1320
01:25:04,370 --> 01:25:08,030
the first of New University
plans from the orthodox Sussex

1321
01:25:08,030 --> 01:25:11,450
campus plan through
the universal 50 foot

1322
01:25:11,450 --> 01:25:15,060
by 50 foot by 13 foot
high Loughborough

1323
01:25:15,060 --> 01:25:18,770
model, the whole idea being
here that a university can

1324
01:25:18,770 --> 01:25:20,690
be predicted--

1325
01:25:20,690 --> 01:25:24,815
use can be predicted in
the USA by preventing--

1326
01:25:24,815 --> 01:25:28,490
by oversupplying
each regular item

1327
01:25:28,490 --> 01:25:31,070
with sufficient
energy and system

1328
01:25:31,070 --> 01:25:34,520
to allow it to change freely--

1329
01:25:34,520 --> 01:25:39,230
not a very sophisticated
idea, ultimately to the Free

1330
01:25:39,230 --> 01:25:42,620
University in Berlin, where the
designers predicted a future

1331
01:25:42,620 --> 01:25:45,950
form to be created by
the university users.

1332
01:25:45,950 --> 01:25:51,600
So this is the ultimate
dedication to the idea

1333
01:25:51,600 --> 01:25:57,730
that anybody can design
without any rules,

1334
01:25:57,730 --> 01:26:03,490
that, as Chomsky suggests we are
dedicated learners of language,

1335
01:26:03,490 --> 01:26:06,010
we are dedicated
learners of building.

1336
01:26:06,010 --> 01:26:10,540
It's a very current idea in
the work of Slum Dwellers

1337
01:26:10,540 --> 01:26:14,350
International, the great new
paradigm for the Third World.

1338
01:26:16,960 --> 01:26:22,910
We have-- I hope I've got time
to do a very brief case study

1339
01:26:22,910 --> 01:26:27,820
of Diadema with you at the end.

1340
01:26:27,820 --> 01:26:31,990
We looked at the idea of
temporary accommodation

1341
01:26:31,990 --> 01:26:33,520
in two cases.

1342
01:26:33,520 --> 01:26:36,970
The live-in Euro rotation
cycle of temporary exhibitions

1343
01:26:36,970 --> 01:26:41,920
in the center of Paris
from 1855 to 2000.

1344
01:26:41,920 --> 01:26:45,280
Almost every 11 years,
Paris was transformed

1345
01:26:45,280 --> 01:26:48,970
in its center in want the
playwright, [INAUDIBLE],,

1346
01:26:48,970 --> 01:26:54,220
calls a transvestite center
to a stone site city.

1347
01:26:54,220 --> 01:26:56,920
You can see Kevin
Lynch's interest

1348
01:26:56,920 --> 01:27:00,340
in time zoning in What
Time Is This Place?

1349
01:27:00,340 --> 01:27:04,270
That the city adjusts
at different rates,

1350
01:27:04,270 --> 01:27:06,040
that you build at
different rates,

1351
01:27:06,040 --> 01:27:14,170
that you associate
space with time in a--

1352
01:27:14,170 --> 01:27:18,850
I'm saying ritualistic manner,
not in the archaic ritualism

1353
01:27:18,850 --> 01:27:21,830
of Madurai.

1354
01:27:21,830 --> 01:27:23,000
This is the wrong class.

1355
01:27:25,660 --> 01:27:27,550
Sorry.

1356
01:27:27,550 --> 01:27:30,530
Hey, it's Alexander.

1357
01:27:30,530 --> 01:27:32,060
I couldn't see you that far.

1358
01:27:32,060 --> 01:27:34,220
I've got my glasses on.

1359
01:27:34,220 --> 01:27:35,360
Fine, then.

1360
01:27:35,360 --> 01:27:39,050
Come and sit here in front.

1361
01:27:39,050 --> 01:27:40,250
We're just about done.

1362
01:27:43,490 --> 01:27:46,760
We looked at the idea of
the role of temporariness

1363
01:27:46,760 --> 01:27:51,380
in cities, in major cities,
as I said, with the 1855

1364
01:27:51,380 --> 01:27:56,030
to 2000 cycle, changes
to the center of Paris.

1365
01:27:56,030 --> 01:27:59,900
Curiously enough,
this time-centeredness

1366
01:27:59,900 --> 01:28:03,350
is evident again in
the various attempts

1367
01:28:03,350 --> 01:28:05,930
to build these
temporary exhibitions.

1368
01:28:08,540 --> 01:28:14,400
The building across the Seine
looks like a wedding cake.

1369
01:28:14,400 --> 01:28:17,940
The Eiffel Tower is finally
allowed to be built,

1370
01:28:17,940 --> 01:28:19,830
because it looks temporary.

1371
01:28:19,830 --> 01:28:23,100
The Eiffel Tower remains as
the major producer of income

1372
01:28:23,100 --> 01:28:27,340
for Paris other than taxes.

1373
01:28:27,340 --> 01:28:30,150
The rest is disappeared.

1374
01:28:30,150 --> 01:28:37,820
So what looks to them temporary
is plaster and wood or metal,

1375
01:28:37,820 --> 01:28:40,010
and what is temporary
becomes permanent.

1376
01:28:42,580 --> 01:28:47,140
And the third case,
the second case,

1377
01:28:47,140 --> 01:28:50,410
is we follow the Olympic
games, which over a century

1378
01:28:50,410 --> 01:28:53,050
now has become a four-year
temporary visit to world

1379
01:28:53,050 --> 01:28:54,070
cities.

1380
01:28:54,070 --> 01:28:59,090
We looked at it from
1896 to London again.

1381
01:28:59,090 --> 01:29:01,550
London has had it three times.

1382
01:29:01,550 --> 01:29:05,990
We looked at St. Louis
in 1904, Paris in 1900,

1383
01:29:05,990 --> 01:29:10,100
the invention of the first
Olympic games housing

1384
01:29:10,100 --> 01:29:14,870
project in Los Angeles in
'32, the greatest games

1385
01:29:14,870 --> 01:29:19,760
of all in '32 in Los Angeles.

1386
01:29:19,760 --> 01:29:22,590
We looked at the
reciprocal version of it

1387
01:29:22,590 --> 01:29:26,120
in '36 in Berlin, all
seen as temporary.

1388
01:29:26,120 --> 01:29:30,860
Hitler, of course, didn't
understand temporariness.

1389
01:29:30,860 --> 01:29:32,790
He pulled down the glass.

1390
01:29:32,790 --> 01:29:36,620
He had the glass taken out of
the stadium which they used

1391
01:29:36,620 --> 01:29:40,460
and replaced with concrete.

1392
01:29:40,460 --> 01:29:45,380
Albert Speer designed a new
stadium for 400,000 people,

1393
01:29:45,380 --> 01:29:51,290
admitting that you
couldn't see anything,

1394
01:29:51,290 --> 01:29:53,750
but only admitting
that you'd have

1395
01:29:53,750 --> 01:29:56,060
to change the rules
of the Olympic games

1396
01:29:56,060 --> 01:29:57,610
in order to hold it there.

1397
01:29:57,610 --> 01:29:59,415
Hitler said, don't worry.

1398
01:29:59,415 --> 01:30:01,040
It's going to be--
in four years' time,

1399
01:30:01,040 --> 01:30:03,170
it's going to be
in Tokyo, and then

1400
01:30:03,170 --> 01:30:04,580
it's going to return to Berlin.

1401
01:30:04,580 --> 01:30:06,440
It won't be
temporary any longer.

1402
01:30:06,440 --> 01:30:08,690
It will be in Berlin forever.

1403
01:30:08,690 --> 01:30:11,900
Hitler was an
extraordinary urban mind.

1404
01:30:11,900 --> 01:30:16,850
He understand that to devise
the '36 games, at the time,

1405
01:30:16,850 --> 01:30:21,720
that the concentration camps
with Avery Brundage, the leader

1406
01:30:21,720 --> 01:30:25,550
of the Americans,
denounced this fact

1407
01:30:25,550 --> 01:30:32,950
by accusing America to be run by
The New York Times and by Jews.

1408
01:30:32,950 --> 01:30:38,740
What a fairly common ploy.

1409
01:30:38,740 --> 01:30:44,380
OK, we dealt with--

1410
01:30:47,440 --> 01:30:49,980
I'm sorry, we need
another five minute.

1411
01:30:49,980 --> 01:30:51,180
AUDIENCE: It's 2:00, though.

1412
01:30:51,180 --> 01:30:52,138
JULIAN BEINART: I know.

1413
01:30:52,138 --> 01:30:53,998
This is a special class.

1414
01:30:53,998 --> 01:30:55,492
[LAUGHTER]

1415
01:30:58,480 --> 01:31:05,560
OK, we looked at Aldo Rossi's
philosophy about permanence,

1416
01:31:05,560 --> 01:31:10,370
and Léon Krier's advertisement
for classicism is a timely

1417
01:31:10,370 --> 01:31:12,850
solution to urban development.

1418
01:31:12,850 --> 01:31:15,190
I became intrigued
by the two forms

1419
01:31:15,190 --> 01:31:18,370
of knowledge of the
past, history and memory,

1420
01:31:18,370 --> 01:31:20,640
at the conference I
chaired in Jerusalem.

1421
01:31:25,230 --> 01:31:30,750
Memory has a long association
with the physical environment.

1422
01:31:30,750 --> 01:31:35,010
Ruskin's memory is one of his
seven lamps of architecture.

1423
01:31:35,010 --> 01:31:38,970
The mnemonic was used in
architecture in Greek times.

1424
01:31:38,970 --> 01:31:44,340
People paraded in the book on
the magical palace of Matteo

1425
01:31:44,340 --> 01:31:47,880
Ricci, you learn to debate
by entering a house,

1426
01:31:47,880 --> 01:31:51,570
making your argument in the
center, going to the right

1427
01:31:51,570 --> 01:31:53,650
to make cause, going
back to the center

1428
01:31:53,650 --> 01:31:56,027
to reinforce your argument,
going up the stairs,

1429
01:31:56,027 --> 01:31:57,360
going to the left and the right.

1430
01:32:00,250 --> 01:32:05,470
We know very little about the
relationship between memory,

1431
01:32:05,470 --> 01:32:09,130
and architecture, and urbanism.

1432
01:32:09,130 --> 01:32:13,140
We know that about
Paradise Lost and Cain

1433
01:32:13,140 --> 01:32:17,450
calling his first city in the
Bible after his son, Enoch.

1434
01:32:17,450 --> 01:32:20,015
The great French sociologist,
Maurice Halbwachs,

1435
01:32:20,015 --> 01:32:22,310
and the power of
collective memory--

1436
01:32:22,310 --> 01:32:24,110
I haven't got time
to go into it--

1437
01:32:24,110 --> 01:32:28,670
one of my most
fascinating stories--

1438
01:32:28,670 --> 01:32:30,770
not stories-- a great theorist.

1439
01:32:30,770 --> 01:32:34,800
He wrote the book,
Collective Memory, and is

1440
01:32:34,800 --> 01:32:38,310
I think the single
most penetrating mind

1441
01:32:38,310 --> 01:32:42,100
about urban metaphysics in all.

1442
01:32:42,100 --> 01:32:44,250
That's saying a lot.

1443
01:32:44,250 --> 01:32:48,440
I didn't talk about
contemporary memory systems.

1444
01:32:48,440 --> 01:32:50,960
Robert Musso's claim
that nothing becomes

1445
01:32:50,960 --> 01:32:53,270
more invisible than a monument.

1446
01:32:53,270 --> 01:32:56,390
The Navy and Air Force,
which are-- the Air Force

1447
01:32:56,390 --> 01:33:00,890
Memorial in Washington, which
I had something to do with,

1448
01:33:00,890 --> 01:33:05,990
having the notion of updating a
system of keeping up with time.

1449
01:33:10,120 --> 01:33:22,110
I go into the apparent dichotomy
between public and private,

1450
01:33:22,110 --> 01:33:24,910
using a metrics of
user ownership, access,

1451
01:33:24,910 --> 01:33:27,600
meaning to demonstrate
the overlapping

1452
01:33:27,600 --> 01:33:30,120
between public and private.

1453
01:33:30,120 --> 01:33:33,420
I shall talk about
the private law

1454
01:33:33,420 --> 01:33:35,700
courts in the anonymous
states [INAUDIBLE]

1455
01:33:35,700 --> 01:33:39,780
in Boston and the federal court
building, which faces the sea,

1456
01:33:39,780 --> 01:33:43,930
and only McDonald's
faces the public city.

1457
01:33:43,930 --> 01:33:48,040
We then go on and on
about the American spirit,

1458
01:33:48,040 --> 01:33:51,950
the various agencies,
which contest--

1459
01:33:51,950 --> 01:33:57,185
I spend a few minutes
denouncing the new urbanism

1460
01:33:57,185 --> 01:34:02,350
as a solution to social
equity and to transportation.

1461
01:34:02,350 --> 01:34:05,265
I then, in the last class,
deal with the global South.

1462
01:34:09,550 --> 01:34:12,180
The statistics are alarming.

1463
01:34:12,180 --> 01:34:14,940
I just have time to
quote one or two.

1464
01:34:14,940 --> 01:34:17,970
Almost half the global
population lives on less than

1465
01:34:17,970 --> 01:34:19,920
$2.50 a day.

1466
01:34:19,920 --> 01:34:23,250
That is more than 3
billion people, almost all

1467
01:34:23,250 --> 01:34:24,930
in developing countries.

1468
01:34:24,930 --> 01:34:27,540
According to The World
Bank, the richest 20%

1469
01:34:27,540 --> 01:34:29,580
of the world's
population accounts

1470
01:34:29,580 --> 01:34:34,140
for 76% of all consumption,
while the bottom 40%

1471
01:34:34,140 --> 01:34:37,290
account for only 1.5%.

1472
01:34:37,290 --> 01:34:40,170
The world will have to build
1 city of 1 million people

1473
01:34:40,170 --> 01:34:45,450
every 5 days for
the next 42 years.

1474
01:34:45,450 --> 01:34:47,700
It predicts that
31 villagers will

1475
01:34:47,700 --> 01:34:51,900
arrive in an Indian city every
minute for the next 43 years--

1476
01:34:51,900 --> 01:34:55,740
700 million people in all.

1477
01:34:55,740 --> 01:34:59,760
Coupled with climate change,
40% of the world's population

1478
01:34:59,760 --> 01:35:04,320
lives on or near coastlines.

1479
01:35:04,320 --> 01:35:08,790
The combination of
poverty and climate change

1480
01:35:08,790 --> 01:35:16,130
is a drastic disaster
token for the next phase

1481
01:35:16,130 --> 01:35:18,510
of world urbanism.

1482
01:35:18,510 --> 01:35:23,520
I try to talk about the
Slum Dwellers International

1483
01:35:23,520 --> 01:35:29,250
paradigm of self-help
instead of governmental help.

1484
01:35:29,250 --> 01:35:33,210
I talk about the
lack of hope that we

1485
01:35:33,210 --> 01:35:35,690
have in world agreements.

1486
01:35:35,690 --> 01:35:38,570
I remember Woodrow
Wilson in Paris.

1487
01:35:38,570 --> 01:35:42,650
Woodrow Wilson in 1919
attracted the largest crowd

1488
01:35:42,650 --> 01:35:44,330
in the history of
Paris, because he

1489
01:35:44,330 --> 01:35:48,110
came to cement the
League of Nations

1490
01:35:48,110 --> 01:35:51,290
as an international
governing phenomenon.

1491
01:35:51,290 --> 01:35:56,060
We haven't, with Kyoto, a
miserable Kyoto in Copenhagen,

1492
01:35:56,060 --> 01:36:00,750
we haven't even reached a crowd.

1493
01:36:00,750 --> 01:36:05,130
I talk about microfinancing
and then talk about the success

1494
01:36:05,130 --> 01:36:07,530
of microenvironments.

1495
01:36:07,530 --> 01:36:14,400
Diadema, a slum 15
kilometers from Sao Paulo,

1496
01:36:14,400 --> 01:36:17,960
and its success, it's just
attracted its first shopping

1497
01:36:17,960 --> 01:36:22,100
center there-- the fifth
most violent homicide

1498
01:36:22,100 --> 01:36:24,680
rate in Brazil.

1499
01:36:24,680 --> 01:36:28,680
Education rates were pathetic.

1500
01:36:28,680 --> 01:36:32,290
Child birth rates
were off the charts.

1501
01:36:32,290 --> 01:36:36,510
It's now reversed
all of these indices.

1502
01:36:36,510 --> 01:36:42,180
It's used the Workers'
Party to stimulate trust

1503
01:36:42,180 --> 01:36:45,510
to find financing
mechanisms for new housing

1504
01:36:45,510 --> 01:36:49,640
for the subdivision of land
for the creation of tenure.

1505
01:36:49,640 --> 01:36:56,220
Trust and security
are what a writer

1506
01:36:56,220 --> 01:36:58,500
about microfinancing
from Thailand

1507
01:36:58,500 --> 01:37:02,580
suggests is what helps develop--

1508
01:37:02,580 --> 01:37:06,240
is one of the sources of
development for the future city

1509
01:37:06,240 --> 01:37:09,020
in the poverty world.

1510
01:37:09,020 --> 01:37:11,540
I'm sorry it's been so rushed.

1511
01:37:11,540 --> 01:37:14,330
I'm sorry that I have
to keep people outside,

1512
01:37:14,330 --> 01:37:17,740
but we've got a story to tell.

1513
01:37:17,740 --> 01:37:20,030
Thanks, again, for
all of you for coming.

1514
01:37:20,030 --> 01:37:21,970
I hope it hasn't
been boring listening

1515
01:37:21,970 --> 01:37:25,510
to what you heard 34 years ago.

1516
01:37:25,510 --> 01:37:26,710
I hope I've changed.

1517
01:37:26,710 --> 01:37:34,500
In the meantime, I've become
more arrogant and more angry

1518
01:37:34,500 --> 01:37:39,660
with large theories about things
without Lynch's attachment

1519
01:37:39,660 --> 01:37:42,070
to detail.

1520
01:37:42,070 --> 01:37:44,400
OK, thanks a lot.

1521
01:37:44,400 --> 01:37:46,500
[APPLAUSE]