1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,520 The following content is provided under a Creative 2 00:00:02,520 --> 00:00:03,970 Commons license. 3 00:00:03,970 --> 00:00:06,360 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 4 00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:10,660 continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,660 --> 00:00:13,350 To make a donation or view additional materials 6 00:00:13,350 --> 00:00:15,810 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit 7 00:00:15,810 --> 00:00:17,930 mitopencourseware@ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:28,945 --> 00:00:30,960 JULIAN BEINART: The next three classes 9 00:00:30,960 --> 00:00:36,270 deal with a discussion of three models, which we developed 10 00:00:36,270 --> 00:00:43,020 in this class with Kevin Lynch, and I've subsequently 11 00:00:43,020 --> 00:00:46,260 changed and added to. 12 00:00:46,260 --> 00:00:49,200 The three models are not unique. 13 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:52,620 They are examples of models which 14 00:00:52,620 --> 00:00:57,740 inform the form of the city, have instructions 15 00:00:57,740 --> 00:01:05,880 as who should take part, have premises of materialism 16 00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:09,180 or theism associated with them. 17 00:01:12,560 --> 00:01:15,780 I'll go through the first one today, 18 00:01:15,780 --> 00:01:19,450 what we call the cosmic model. 19 00:01:19,450 --> 00:01:26,100 And you can see that the definitions of states 20 00:01:26,100 --> 00:01:35,730 is subjective, control science, nature, type, and form 21 00:01:35,730 --> 00:01:40,365 tools will be what we will discuss in this class. 22 00:01:44,930 --> 00:01:50,390 The most common theory associated 23 00:01:50,390 --> 00:01:56,870 with the beginning of cities has a materialist basis. 24 00:01:56,870 --> 00:02:00,170 This is of course wrong. 25 00:02:00,170 --> 00:02:06,020 The materialist basis is based on the notion 26 00:02:06,020 --> 00:02:09,590 that a surplus is produced through agriculture. 27 00:02:09,590 --> 00:02:16,190 And a surplus requires a system of bureaucracy, a literature, 28 00:02:16,190 --> 00:02:24,260 or literal elite, a method for controlling irrigation systems, 29 00:02:24,260 --> 00:02:27,380 and so on, and the primitive notions of trade. 30 00:02:31,640 --> 00:02:35,000 Why don't I just read you a standard explanation 31 00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:39,140 of surplus, because you should remember the word. 32 00:02:39,140 --> 00:02:42,320 It's an important word in the theory 33 00:02:42,320 --> 00:02:46,700 of city form, the notion of the production of more 34 00:02:46,700 --> 00:02:48,470 than you need. 35 00:02:48,470 --> 00:02:52,700 It involves storage, it involves the world of-- 36 00:02:52,700 --> 00:02:57,680 that's why I regard the invention of the potter's wheel 37 00:02:57,680 --> 00:03:03,470 is one of the more significant inventions of humankind. 38 00:03:03,470 --> 00:03:04,670 How do you store food? 39 00:03:09,810 --> 00:03:11,610 What do you do with the surplus of food 40 00:03:11,610 --> 00:03:14,070 unless you have commodities or containers that 41 00:03:14,070 --> 00:03:19,155 can separate the food from the corrosion forces of nature-- 42 00:03:21,810 --> 00:03:22,395 the surplus. 43 00:03:28,900 --> 00:03:31,750 "Surplus production beyond the immediate needs 44 00:03:31,750 --> 00:03:35,950 of the community made possible the emancipation of some people 45 00:03:35,950 --> 00:03:38,470 from the toils of the land." 46 00:03:38,470 --> 00:03:43,270 Here's an interesting observation-- 47 00:03:43,270 --> 00:03:48,040 that if you produce excess, you relieve certain people 48 00:03:48,040 --> 00:03:51,550 of conventional duties. 49 00:03:51,550 --> 00:03:54,790 We have excess which relieves a man 50 00:03:54,790 --> 00:03:58,120 to become the conductor of the New York Philharmonic 51 00:03:58,120 --> 00:03:59,890 Orchestra. 52 00:03:59,890 --> 00:04:05,920 It's only when you have a surplus which 53 00:04:05,920 --> 00:04:11,050 is not taken into account in much of our modern economics. 54 00:04:11,050 --> 00:04:14,230 "But this creates the opportunity 55 00:04:14,230 --> 00:04:16,060 for specialized source and groups 56 00:04:16,060 --> 00:04:21,490 associated with namely scribes, craftsmen, priests, warriors. 57 00:04:21,490 --> 00:04:24,190 Surplus production presumes irrigation 58 00:04:24,190 --> 00:04:28,600 and efficient irrigation system produces a complex bureaucracy. 59 00:04:28,600 --> 00:04:31,390 And that means cities." 60 00:04:31,390 --> 00:04:38,290 This theory, materialist theory, is best written 61 00:04:38,290 --> 00:04:42,580 about in Gideon Sjoberg's book, The Preindustrial City-- 62 00:04:42,580 --> 00:04:49,330 S-J-O-B-E-R-G-- and in Gordon Child, an Australian writer, 63 00:04:49,330 --> 00:04:52,370 who wrote a book called Man Makes Himself. 64 00:04:52,370 --> 00:04:55,360 These are classic depictions of surplus theory. 65 00:04:58,440 --> 00:05:01,060 There's a version of surplus subdivision, 66 00:05:01,060 --> 00:05:04,730 of surplus theory into two kinds. 67 00:05:04,730 --> 00:05:08,140 One held by Jane Jacobs in her book 68 00:05:08,140 --> 00:05:11,620 The Economy of Cities, which argues that 69 00:05:11,620 --> 00:05:14,530 in the town of Catalhuyuk-- 70 00:05:14,530 --> 00:05:21,100 C-A-T-A-L-H-U-Y-U-K, was the center for industrial 71 00:05:21,100 --> 00:05:23,410 production of obsidian. 72 00:05:23,410 --> 00:05:27,040 And agricultural served, as it does conventionally 73 00:05:27,040 --> 00:05:33,250 in our societies, as the source of production 74 00:05:33,250 --> 00:05:38,380 for industrial commodities such as obsidian. 75 00:05:38,380 --> 00:05:42,460 This is different from the agricultural surplus, which 76 00:05:42,460 --> 00:05:45,610 regards agriculture as the primary function 77 00:05:45,610 --> 00:05:49,390 and pays no attention to material production. 78 00:05:54,900 --> 00:05:58,740 Most students of the origin of cities 79 00:05:58,740 --> 00:06:02,380 now don't believe in either of these two propositions. 80 00:06:02,380 --> 00:06:04,530 So forget them. 81 00:06:04,530 --> 00:06:07,670 They're not important. 82 00:06:07,670 --> 00:06:15,530 The common version of this new theory 83 00:06:15,530 --> 00:06:21,950 suggests that original cities were ceremonial centers, places 84 00:06:21,950 --> 00:06:26,300 of holy ritual, which explains the risky force of nature 85 00:06:26,300 --> 00:06:29,340 and secured them for human benefit. 86 00:06:29,340 --> 00:06:31,520 Peasants supported them voluntarily, 87 00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:34,020 attracted by their holy power, thus 88 00:06:34,020 --> 00:06:41,420 arose a permanent priestly class, awesome and seductive. 89 00:06:41,420 --> 00:06:45,290 Only later did the marks of urban civilization appear-- 90 00:06:45,290 --> 00:06:49,970 ore, trade, writing, extensive cross-specialization, and so 91 00:06:49,970 --> 00:06:51,090 on. 92 00:06:51,090 --> 00:06:54,230 So that the first cities were mental weapons, not 93 00:06:54,230 --> 00:06:57,290 physical forces. 94 00:06:57,290 --> 00:07:04,510 Now, let's look at some of this a bit more carefully. 95 00:07:11,290 --> 00:07:17,590 Joseph Rykwert in a book called The Idea of a Town writing 96 00:07:17,590 --> 00:07:22,390 about the definition of Roman cities-- 97 00:07:22,390 --> 00:07:27,390 "the Romans are considered to be the prime rationalists 98 00:07:27,390 --> 00:07:32,680 of ancient times and the towns are often 99 00:07:32,680 --> 00:07:37,570 seen as rational outcomes of surveying technique 100 00:07:37,570 --> 00:07:46,370 and military fortification. 101 00:07:46,370 --> 00:07:50,390 I quote, Rykwert says, "the town is not really 102 00:07:50,390 --> 00:07:53,810 a natural phenomenon," here setting up 103 00:07:53,810 --> 00:08:00,140 a distinction between the form of the town and nature. 104 00:08:00,140 --> 00:08:03,230 We'll get into the fallacies of biomorphosis 105 00:08:03,230 --> 00:08:05,780 and so on as we go through this class. 106 00:08:05,780 --> 00:08:09,440 You will understand that I'm not a naturalist. 107 00:08:09,440 --> 00:08:14,330 I understand that everything that happens around us 108 00:08:14,330 --> 00:08:18,020 is processed by the amount of material, 109 00:08:18,020 --> 00:08:22,190 the 1,250 cubic centimeters in the human brain. 110 00:08:25,150 --> 00:08:30,190 It's interesting in talking about the cosmic model 111 00:08:30,190 --> 00:08:35,169 to notice the definition in formal religion 112 00:08:35,169 --> 00:08:37,610 of the idea of heaven. 113 00:08:37,610 --> 00:08:40,200 Heaven is only a concept of humankind. 114 00:08:43,720 --> 00:08:45,515 We'll touch on that a bit later. 115 00:08:50,560 --> 00:08:55,925 Lewis Mumford-- just choosing little bits from these 116 00:08:55,925 --> 00:08:56,425 sources-- 117 00:09:00,010 --> 00:09:02,740 "the original aspects of temporary settlements 118 00:09:02,740 --> 00:09:05,440 have to do with sacred things, not just 119 00:09:05,440 --> 00:09:07,720 with the physical environment. 120 00:09:07,720 --> 00:09:12,250 They relate to a more valuable and meaningful kind of life 121 00:09:12,250 --> 00:09:17,260 where a consciousness that entertains past and future 122 00:09:17,260 --> 00:09:20,920 apprehensive primal mysteries of sexual generation 123 00:09:20,920 --> 00:09:23,050 and the ultimate mystery of death 124 00:09:23,050 --> 00:09:25,720 and what may lie beyond death. 125 00:09:25,720 --> 00:09:29,140 These central concerns about is the very reason 126 00:09:29,140 --> 00:09:32,110 for the city's existence, inseparable 127 00:09:32,110 --> 00:09:37,960 from the economic substance that makes it possible." 128 00:09:37,960 --> 00:09:43,240 Another item from Mumford talking 129 00:09:43,240 --> 00:09:48,190 about the exaggerated height and thickness 130 00:09:48,190 --> 00:09:51,760 of walls in earlier cities. 131 00:09:51,760 --> 00:09:56,410 The wall of Khorsabad which is an Assyrian town, 132 00:09:56,410 --> 00:10:00,790 the fourth capital city of the Kingdom of Assyria, 133 00:10:00,790 --> 00:10:04,330 built around 700 BC-- 134 00:10:04,330 --> 00:10:07,270 the walls are 75 feet thick. 135 00:10:07,270 --> 00:10:13,840 There is no possibility that you build 75 feet thick walls 136 00:10:13,840 --> 00:10:16,380 for military purposes. 137 00:10:16,380 --> 00:10:20,110 In Mumford's term, it is only for the gods 138 00:10:20,110 --> 00:10:24,250 that men exert themselves so extravagantly. 139 00:10:24,250 --> 00:10:25,390 It's a wonderful phrase. 140 00:10:25,390 --> 00:10:27,980 Remember it, never forget it. 141 00:10:27,980 --> 00:10:31,540 It's only for the gods that men, if you 142 00:10:31,540 --> 00:10:34,600 wish to enlarge the notion of gods, 143 00:10:34,600 --> 00:10:40,690 and I'll discussed the notion of a god gene a bit later. 144 00:10:43,630 --> 00:10:49,000 What we do is not only based on simple postulates of function. 145 00:10:52,390 --> 00:11:00,490 It's central to architecture as a discipline 146 00:11:00,490 --> 00:11:04,930 that it's only for gods that men exerts 147 00:11:04,930 --> 00:11:07,570 themselves so extensively. 148 00:11:07,570 --> 00:11:13,760 Quoting from another source, "every feature of the city 149 00:11:13,760 --> 00:11:18,040 reveals the belief that man was created for no other purpose 150 00:11:18,040 --> 00:11:21,190 than to magnify and serve his gods. 151 00:11:21,190 --> 00:11:26,738 That was the city's ultimate reason for being." 152 00:11:26,738 --> 00:11:30,610 Now here you have two postulates. 153 00:11:30,610 --> 00:11:34,960 You have to survive, you're at the birth 154 00:11:34,960 --> 00:11:42,550 of an instrument, a city, which both has to deal with-- so 155 00:11:42,550 --> 00:11:46,420 your survival possibility. 156 00:11:46,420 --> 00:11:49,000 You look to the stars. 157 00:11:49,000 --> 00:11:52,640 The stars are permanent. 158 00:11:52,640 --> 00:11:57,280 It's not really difficult to erect a vertical stick, 159 00:11:57,280 --> 00:12:01,840 a gnomon, in Mesopotamia. 160 00:12:01,840 --> 00:12:08,890 And at noon, the stick will cast a shadow to the north. 161 00:12:08,890 --> 00:12:13,210 You'll be able to build a compass around that. 162 00:12:13,210 --> 00:12:15,170 At the same time it's doing that, 163 00:12:15,170 --> 00:12:23,110 you will wonder why the town of Chang'an in 190 BC in China is 164 00:12:23,110 --> 00:12:27,400 built according to the stars of the Dipper. 165 00:12:27,400 --> 00:12:29,290 I will show you a slide of that plan. 166 00:12:29,290 --> 00:12:33,160 It's one of the remarkable plans. 167 00:12:33,160 --> 00:12:42,970 So the stability of astronomy in the earliest cycles of cities 168 00:12:42,970 --> 00:12:50,110 and the creation of a deity significance in relation 169 00:12:50,110 --> 00:12:54,580 to each of these acts, it's one thing to know where north is. 170 00:12:54,580 --> 00:12:57,520 It's another thing to build your city according 171 00:12:57,520 --> 00:13:02,170 to the primary objectives of religion. 172 00:13:02,170 --> 00:13:06,990 We'll go on a little, but picking up little aspect 173 00:13:06,990 --> 00:13:07,540 to this. 174 00:13:12,330 --> 00:13:14,430 Most of the significant buildings 175 00:13:14,430 --> 00:13:20,290 built in archaic times involve enormous amounts 176 00:13:20,290 --> 00:13:23,200 of human labor. 177 00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:26,350 For the Pyramid of Cheops, which has nothing 178 00:13:26,350 --> 00:13:29,040 to do with function whatsoever. 179 00:13:29,040 --> 00:13:31,180 It has nothing to do with materialism. 180 00:13:31,180 --> 00:13:35,140 It is in fact such an exhaustion of materialism. 181 00:13:38,140 --> 00:13:45,400 The Pyramid of Cheops took 100,000 men 20 years to build. 182 00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:47,830 The Great Pyramid of Cheops was built 183 00:13:47,830 --> 00:13:54,310 with about 2,300,000 blocks of stone, totaling about six 184 00:13:54,310 --> 00:13:56,410 million tons in weight. 185 00:13:56,410 --> 00:14:00,550 They have blocks that average two and 1/2 tons, but range up 186 00:14:00,550 --> 00:14:04,960 to 15 tons, which have to be quarried, 187 00:14:04,960 --> 00:14:09,040 handled, and transported up a river, 188 00:14:09,040 --> 00:14:12,280 lifted 100 feet to the level of the site 189 00:14:12,280 --> 00:14:16,090 with sledges, rollers, sleepers, ropes, and levers. 190 00:14:16,090 --> 00:14:19,780 You don't do that for anything other 191 00:14:19,780 --> 00:14:26,035 than the belief in the post-secular life. 192 00:14:28,780 --> 00:14:32,620 Egypt didn't produce any large cities 193 00:14:32,620 --> 00:14:37,400 for various reasons, which we'll talk about later in this class. 194 00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:47,560 But many argue that much of the disposition of resources 195 00:14:47,560 --> 00:14:49,720 consequently centered on the building 196 00:14:49,720 --> 00:14:55,295 of post-contemporary life. 197 00:15:02,500 --> 00:15:08,050 The most significant buildings in most of these early cities 198 00:15:08,050 --> 00:15:09,885 are religious buildings. 199 00:15:09,885 --> 00:15:14,080 They're generally built out of compression structures. 200 00:15:14,080 --> 00:15:20,140 Solomon's Temple at 1000 BC in Jerusalem, 201 00:15:20,140 --> 00:15:25,270 Herod's Temple, 70 years before the birth of Christ-- 202 00:15:25,270 --> 00:15:28,960 both enormous compression structures. 203 00:15:28,960 --> 00:15:31,450 Associated with these compression structures, 204 00:15:31,450 --> 00:15:34,600 which in generally can't go up to more than 200 205 00:15:34,600 --> 00:15:38,690 to 300 feet in height. 206 00:15:38,690 --> 00:15:43,450 The temples of Chichen Itza in Mesoamerica-- about 200 feet. 207 00:15:43,450 --> 00:15:48,230 The Tower of Babel is about 200 feet in height. 208 00:15:48,230 --> 00:15:50,680 The Tower of Babel has the Temple of Marduk 209 00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:52,720 on the top of the Tower of Babel. 210 00:15:55,800 --> 00:15:58,440 All of this is synchronous with the fact 211 00:15:58,440 --> 00:16:02,670 that religion was interpreted not by every person 212 00:16:02,670 --> 00:16:08,430 but by gurus, by priests, people who achieved enormous power, 213 00:16:08,430 --> 00:16:12,750 but didn't distribute the secrets of their power. 214 00:16:12,750 --> 00:16:15,870 The Holy of Holies in Solomon's Temple 215 00:16:15,870 --> 00:16:21,810 is still being sought for by filmmakers and people who 216 00:16:21,810 --> 00:16:25,710 want to excavate under the Holy Mountain in Jerusalem. 217 00:16:25,710 --> 00:16:31,485 Of course, something which is prohibited by political forces. 218 00:16:34,620 --> 00:16:40,050 The origin of the mosque, the church, and the synagogue 219 00:16:40,050 --> 00:16:44,370 is later, in my view. 220 00:16:44,370 --> 00:16:54,990 The democracy of religion, which we all know utilized, I think 221 00:16:54,990 --> 00:16:58,380 comes in a different pattern. 222 00:16:58,380 --> 00:17:03,860 The first action that I think in this direction 223 00:17:03,860 --> 00:17:08,989 comes from the Jewish exile in 700 BC. 224 00:17:11,660 --> 00:17:14,240 Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonian Army 225 00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:17,660 destroys the first Solomon's Temple. 226 00:17:17,660 --> 00:17:21,200 He takes the Jews in exile to Babylon. 227 00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:25,579 Babylon is the greatest city in the world at the time. 228 00:17:25,579 --> 00:17:27,950 The Jews don't abandon their religion, 229 00:17:27,950 --> 00:17:30,830 despite the fact that they don't have a temple 230 00:17:30,830 --> 00:17:34,940 and they don't have priests. 231 00:17:34,940 --> 00:17:38,900 They start praying in schools, in homes. 232 00:17:38,900 --> 00:17:44,150 Ezekiel appears as part of-- 233 00:17:44,150 --> 00:17:46,880 how many chapters of Ezekiel are in the beginning 234 00:17:46,880 --> 00:17:49,280 of the Old Testament? 235 00:17:49,280 --> 00:17:50,540 A whole bunch of them. 236 00:17:50,540 --> 00:17:52,400 What are they about? 237 00:17:52,400 --> 00:17:58,040 They are all about measurements of a temple. 238 00:17:58,040 --> 00:18:00,140 These measurements have been interpreted 239 00:18:00,140 --> 00:18:03,200 in all kinds of ways over time. 240 00:18:03,200 --> 00:18:07,070 The fact is that when the Jews were released from Babylon 241 00:18:07,070 --> 00:18:10,490 in exile, they returned to Jerusalem 242 00:18:10,490 --> 00:18:15,270 and Israel read the Bible to the people for the first time. 243 00:18:15,270 --> 00:18:18,230 Later on, I think one of the conflicts about Jesus, 244 00:18:18,230 --> 00:18:21,560 in my view-- and I will go into this in more detail 245 00:18:21,560 --> 00:18:23,120 in the story of Jerusalem-- 246 00:18:27,170 --> 00:18:31,250 is the fact that the synagogue and the democratic religion 247 00:18:31,250 --> 00:18:35,270 was growing in power under the Pharisees 248 00:18:35,270 --> 00:18:40,760 and that Herod's Temple was the last resort 249 00:18:40,760 --> 00:18:43,910 of the power of the priests. 250 00:18:43,910 --> 00:18:49,250 And Jesus was a confrontation to the priests, 251 00:18:49,250 --> 00:18:54,290 to the Jewish priests, who are on the way out. 252 00:18:54,290 --> 00:19:04,000 And his death was the mark of the transition in Christianity 253 00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:08,890 from, well, the birth of Christianity to the church-- 254 00:19:08,890 --> 00:19:13,990 and later on, 700 years later, to the mosque. 255 00:19:13,990 --> 00:19:18,010 So we have an image of the pre-democratic church 256 00:19:18,010 --> 00:19:21,700 environment as buildings of compression, 257 00:19:21,700 --> 00:19:25,720 no penetration of the building by the people, 258 00:19:25,720 --> 00:19:28,600 the slaughtering of animals. 259 00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:32,020 At Solomon's Temple, I think 200,000 animals 260 00:19:32,020 --> 00:19:34,390 were slaughtered, or 20,000. 261 00:19:34,390 --> 00:19:35,180 It doesn't matter. 262 00:19:35,180 --> 00:19:36,970 It's just a number. 263 00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:45,690 The giving a gift at the birth of a ritual 264 00:19:45,690 --> 00:19:48,590 is also part of that same phenomenon. 265 00:19:51,110 --> 00:19:54,170 Many of these priestly directions 266 00:19:54,170 --> 00:19:58,100 still occur in some ways in contemporary religion. 267 00:19:58,100 --> 00:20:04,370 Anyway, so we have an image of a town 268 00:20:04,370 --> 00:20:09,080 as a pristine object which changes very 269 00:20:09,080 --> 00:20:11,570 regularly and under control. 270 00:20:11,570 --> 00:20:16,190 It doesn't change sporadically, it stays the same. 271 00:20:16,190 --> 00:20:20,525 Population growth is very low, death rates are high. 272 00:20:23,390 --> 00:20:27,980 Population growth rates in medieval Europe due to disease 273 00:20:27,980 --> 00:20:31,320 was something like 0.6% per annum. 274 00:20:31,320 --> 00:20:35,990 So the idea that things change very radically and very rapidly 275 00:20:35,990 --> 00:20:38,210 is a very contemporary idea. 276 00:20:38,210 --> 00:20:41,510 You could build a city in which everything roughly was 277 00:20:41,510 --> 00:20:43,070 the same. 278 00:20:43,070 --> 00:20:45,920 And the routines for understanding it and managing 279 00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:48,860 it are also more or less the same. 280 00:20:48,860 --> 00:20:55,460 This kind of city is a mental force in itself. 281 00:20:55,460 --> 00:20:59,000 It accumulates the understanding of it, 282 00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:01,265 it's perpetuated through rituals. 283 00:21:03,800 --> 00:21:09,650 Rituals, according to Mircea Eliade, E-L-I-A-D-E, 284 00:21:09,650 --> 00:21:15,800 a Romanian religious philosopher whom I will quote for in a few 285 00:21:15,800 --> 00:21:20,840 minutes, these are distinct-- oh, 286 00:21:20,840 --> 00:21:22,580 let's wait until we get there. 287 00:21:27,500 --> 00:21:33,440 Human life is thereby given a secure and permanent place. 288 00:21:33,440 --> 00:21:36,090 The gods [INAUDIBLE] is kept often, 289 00:21:36,090 --> 00:21:39,215 not incidentally, the structure of human power, 290 00:21:39,215 --> 00:21:44,600 of priests and kings, and abilities is also maintained. 291 00:21:49,410 --> 00:21:58,750 Let's listen to Eliade's depiction of archaic man. 292 00:21:58,750 --> 00:22:02,350 "If we observe the general behavior of archaic man, 293 00:22:02,350 --> 00:22:05,020 we are struck by the following fact-- 294 00:22:05,020 --> 00:22:07,570 neither the objects of the external world 295 00:22:07,570 --> 00:22:10,420 nor human act, properly speaking, 296 00:22:10,420 --> 00:22:13,780 have any autonomous intrinsic value. 297 00:22:13,780 --> 00:22:20,880 Objects or acts acquire the significance 298 00:22:20,880 --> 00:22:24,270 and become real because they reenact 299 00:22:24,270 --> 00:22:29,160 after one fashion or another a reality that transcends them." 300 00:22:29,160 --> 00:22:31,650 This is difficult stuff to understand. 301 00:22:31,650 --> 00:22:36,510 "Amongst my countless stones, one stone becomes sacred, 302 00:22:36,510 --> 00:22:40,410 and then instantly becomes saturated with being. 303 00:22:40,410 --> 00:22:44,760 It becomes reality as opposed to an everyday reality. 304 00:22:44,760 --> 00:22:51,750 It constitutes a hierophany H-I-E-R-O-P-H-N-E-Y, 305 00:22:51,750 --> 00:22:55,900 because it commemorates a mythical act, and so on. 306 00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:59,700 The object appears as the receptacle of an external force 307 00:22:59,700 --> 00:23:06,920 to differentiate it from the crude product of nature. 308 00:23:06,920 --> 00:23:09,620 The object fashioned by the industry of man 309 00:23:09,620 --> 00:23:12,560 acquire the reality, the identity, 310 00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:16,310 only to the extent of their participation 311 00:23:16,310 --> 00:23:20,360 in a transcendent reality." 312 00:23:20,360 --> 00:23:24,170 In relation to the form of cities, 313 00:23:24,170 --> 00:23:28,080 Eliade talks about three things. 314 00:23:28,080 --> 00:23:30,350 Reality is a function of the imitation 315 00:23:30,350 --> 00:23:32,990 of a celestial archetype. 316 00:23:32,990 --> 00:23:35,300 I mentioned before. 317 00:23:35,300 --> 00:23:38,250 Number 2, the symbolism of the center. 318 00:23:42,970 --> 00:23:46,710 Why a center? 319 00:23:46,710 --> 00:23:52,410 The word Babylon means the conjunction of the heaven 320 00:23:52,410 --> 00:23:55,710 and earth and the subterranean. 321 00:23:55,710 --> 00:24:01,290 Jerusalem is known for its being a city on the ground. 322 00:24:01,290 --> 00:24:07,080 In Christianic terms, there's a city 15 miles above. 323 00:24:07,080 --> 00:24:13,620 Raphael paints a wonderful picture of the earthly city, 324 00:24:13,620 --> 00:24:16,380 heavenly city. 325 00:24:16,380 --> 00:24:22,530 Pope Urban II in 1080 in talking to the Crusades in Europe 326 00:24:22,530 --> 00:24:26,580 before they set off for Jerusalem talks 327 00:24:26,580 --> 00:24:33,660 to them about taking the earthly city and the heavenly city. 328 00:24:33,660 --> 00:24:38,320 The invention of heaven is a human invention. 329 00:24:38,320 --> 00:24:50,280 The Hebrews, the Jews didn't in early accept the idea of a life 330 00:24:50,280 --> 00:24:56,340 beyond the normal daily experience of life. 331 00:24:56,340 --> 00:25:01,110 The center is not only the position 332 00:25:01,110 --> 00:25:05,490 of maximum concentration, it is the position 333 00:25:05,490 --> 00:25:10,020 of maximum identification. 334 00:25:10,020 --> 00:25:16,680 It's described in many of these terms in cosmic terms 335 00:25:16,680 --> 00:25:20,620 not only as a functional economic center, but as 336 00:25:20,620 --> 00:25:24,390 the central place which distinguishes itself 337 00:25:24,390 --> 00:25:26,670 from other place. 338 00:25:26,670 --> 00:25:32,460 In Eliade's terms, there's a difference between the sacred 339 00:25:32,460 --> 00:25:34,380 and the profane. 340 00:25:34,380 --> 00:25:38,190 The profane is the everyday world. 341 00:25:38,190 --> 00:25:44,040 Reverse it, our secular world is not in our terms profane. 342 00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:48,810 But in archaic times, he argues, the secular world is profane. 343 00:25:48,810 --> 00:25:53,130 The religious world, the only world, 344 00:25:53,130 --> 00:25:57,510 purposely created through hierophany of significance. 345 00:26:03,640 --> 00:26:09,070 Eliade argues that the third impact on the form of towns 346 00:26:09,070 --> 00:26:13,210 were rituals, significant gestures 347 00:26:13,210 --> 00:26:17,500 to acquire meaning attributed to them. 348 00:26:17,500 --> 00:26:22,990 I might not have time to go into these examples in China, India, 349 00:26:22,990 --> 00:26:24,670 and Mesoamerica. 350 00:26:24,670 --> 00:26:30,250 But in the town of Madurai in Southern India, 351 00:26:30,250 --> 00:26:34,960 I will show you a slide of the ritual still practiced today 352 00:26:34,960 --> 00:26:38,980 of each cycle of time as time passes. 353 00:26:38,980 --> 00:26:44,230 According to Eliade, progress does not seen in terms of time 354 00:26:44,230 --> 00:26:46,060 by archaic man. 355 00:26:46,060 --> 00:26:47,350 Time was not linear-- 356 00:26:47,350 --> 00:26:49,070 time was circular. 357 00:26:49,070 --> 00:26:54,020 There's no notion about the past. 358 00:26:54,020 --> 00:26:57,520 The present, the existence of important things 359 00:26:57,520 --> 00:27:04,270 is very much in association with the security 360 00:27:04,270 --> 00:27:05,740 that you give to everything. 361 00:27:08,810 --> 00:27:10,880 I'm just conscious of time so I'm 362 00:27:10,880 --> 00:27:14,240 going to go through, skip some of this stuff 363 00:27:14,240 --> 00:27:18,080 and try to concentrate on a few of the items. 364 00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:34,330 What I'd like to do is in relation-- 365 00:27:34,330 --> 00:27:36,940 oh, I didn't tell you what I handed out to you. 366 00:27:36,940 --> 00:27:37,690 I'm sorry. 367 00:27:43,650 --> 00:27:48,970 This is an image of a town. 368 00:27:48,970 --> 00:27:49,830 Where is it? 369 00:27:55,750 --> 00:27:58,860 It's a rather famous city. 370 00:27:58,860 --> 00:28:02,290 It's a classical city. 371 00:28:02,290 --> 00:28:02,860 It's Athens. 372 00:28:07,310 --> 00:28:11,030 The image shows Athens is being built largely 373 00:28:11,030 --> 00:28:21,470 around an elevated system of space 374 00:28:21,470 --> 00:28:26,840 called the Acropolis, a religious god. 375 00:28:26,840 --> 00:28:38,180 And its extension to the water around the town of Pireas, 376 00:28:38,180 --> 00:28:43,380 the Harbor of Pireas, depicts the implication 377 00:28:43,380 --> 00:28:48,300 of building a town whose form is much more mechanical and much 378 00:28:48,300 --> 00:28:51,630 more of the kind that we will talk about next Tuesday. 379 00:28:51,630 --> 00:28:57,900 We have two forms of the same system, one dedicated. 380 00:28:57,900 --> 00:29:06,630 We know Pireas is purely a place in conjunction with an expanded 381 00:29:06,630 --> 00:29:09,630 view of the Mediterranean-- 382 00:29:09,630 --> 00:29:14,040 the Acropolis of Athens plus the monuments of gods 383 00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:14,925 all over Athens. 384 00:29:20,010 --> 00:29:24,240 Depicts a consciousness of what we 385 00:29:24,240 --> 00:29:29,430 might call the religious gene. 386 00:29:29,430 --> 00:29:33,870 The greatest gene is a term taken from archaeology 387 00:29:33,870 --> 00:29:36,150 relatively recently. 388 00:29:36,150 --> 00:29:42,120 And based on excavations in the Mayan world, which 389 00:29:42,120 --> 00:29:45,075 argues that belonging to religions 390 00:29:45,075 --> 00:29:48,270 was a very, very early phenomenon, largely 391 00:29:48,270 --> 00:29:51,540 because of the security the community gave-- 392 00:29:51,540 --> 00:29:56,340 belonging to the same thing provided fundamental security. 393 00:29:56,340 --> 00:30:02,290 And the god gene, in a Darwinian sense, is built into all of us. 394 00:30:02,290 --> 00:30:06,600 Those of us who don't believe in god 395 00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:10,140 are not part of the Darwinian bet-- 396 00:30:10,140 --> 00:30:15,780 we are creatures of obstinance-- 397 00:30:15,780 --> 00:30:18,240 and since the Enlightenment have been 398 00:30:18,240 --> 00:30:22,350 free to criticize whatever we want to based 399 00:30:22,350 --> 00:30:25,230 on fact or on mythology. 400 00:30:25,230 --> 00:30:27,750 I'm going to go through the components 401 00:30:27,750 --> 00:30:29,970 of a theory on the second page. 402 00:30:29,970 --> 00:30:31,090 AUDIENCE: I have question. 403 00:30:31,090 --> 00:30:32,300 JULIAN BEINART: Yes. 404 00:30:32,300 --> 00:30:35,280 AUDIENCE: Regarding the layout of having both Athens 405 00:30:35,280 --> 00:30:36,715 and Pireas at the same time. 406 00:30:36,715 --> 00:30:37,590 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 407 00:30:37,590 --> 00:30:42,440 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] social division between them? 408 00:30:42,440 --> 00:30:45,480 And if so, what were the different types 409 00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:50,750 of social groups, like division one versus the other? 410 00:30:50,750 --> 00:30:54,940 JULIAN BEINART: Athens during the fifth century, and only 411 00:30:54,940 --> 00:30:59,740 for one century, experimented with democracy. 412 00:30:59,740 --> 00:31:03,850 At that time, all citizens were considered equal, 413 00:31:03,850 --> 00:31:05,475 except for women or slaves. 414 00:31:08,500 --> 00:31:12,140 There's a machine in the museum in Athens 415 00:31:12,140 --> 00:31:15,580 which is almost like a machine in which you 416 00:31:15,580 --> 00:31:19,720 put in your fingerprint and it registers you for voting. 417 00:31:22,550 --> 00:31:29,500 So in Democratic Athens, as Socrates would explain, 418 00:31:29,500 --> 00:31:34,330 all people were considered equal in the first notion 419 00:31:34,330 --> 00:31:36,310 of a crude democracy. 420 00:31:36,310 --> 00:31:39,460 It didn't last very long. 421 00:31:39,460 --> 00:31:47,180 Athens is situated in rocky country, very poor agriculture. 422 00:31:47,180 --> 00:31:52,780 So it's dependent on other sources of basic supply 423 00:31:52,780 --> 00:31:57,610 of food, such as wheat. 424 00:31:57,610 --> 00:31:59,860 In later years, it was so desperate 425 00:31:59,860 --> 00:32:05,470 that it tried to attacked Sicily, which has always been 426 00:32:05,470 --> 00:32:09,220 a center of wheat production. 427 00:32:09,220 --> 00:32:15,160 So Pireas was part of the extension of Athens for food. 428 00:32:15,160 --> 00:32:19,120 It was purely a machine-like enterprise. 429 00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:24,100 It only had to produce goods for the service 430 00:32:24,100 --> 00:32:28,330 of the democratic capital, which was experimenting 431 00:32:28,330 --> 00:32:31,270 with all kinds of ways of life, including 432 00:32:31,270 --> 00:32:36,940 the purposeful application of democracy. 433 00:32:36,940 --> 00:32:41,650 Within Athens, democratic Athens itself, yes, there 434 00:32:41,650 --> 00:32:44,350 were areas where the more powerful 435 00:32:44,350 --> 00:32:47,350 lived and there were areas with the less powerful. 436 00:32:47,350 --> 00:32:50,590 Socrates himself used to walk through Athens 437 00:32:50,590 --> 00:32:52,390 on a daily basis. 438 00:32:52,390 --> 00:32:54,700 It was small enough to do that. 439 00:32:54,700 --> 00:32:57,490 And he would go through different neighborhoods, 440 00:32:57,490 --> 00:32:59,740 according to his own descriptions. 441 00:32:59,740 --> 00:33:02,020 Socrates never wrote, of course. 442 00:33:02,020 --> 00:33:07,320 So it's all told by Plato and other people. 443 00:33:07,320 --> 00:33:11,275 But that's the short answer to a long question. 444 00:33:14,110 --> 00:33:22,880 The history of Athens is an interesting story in itself. 445 00:33:22,880 --> 00:33:25,090 And I hope we'll have some chance in this class 446 00:33:25,090 --> 00:33:26,570 to deal with it. 447 00:33:26,570 --> 00:33:29,590 I'm not sure that I am going to, but we'll try. 448 00:33:35,890 --> 00:33:45,030 The other sheet is a plan of Angkor Wat, 13th, 14th century 449 00:33:45,030 --> 00:33:50,010 city in Cambodia, which I want to use 450 00:33:50,010 --> 00:33:55,320 as an illustration of the conjunction between built 451 00:33:55,320 --> 00:33:59,010 form associated with religion, built form also 452 00:33:59,010 --> 00:34:03,880 at the same time serving practical purposes. 453 00:34:03,880 --> 00:34:10,860 The feng shui in China faces houses to the south. 454 00:34:10,860 --> 00:34:16,320 You are the lady who knows more about China than I do. 455 00:34:16,320 --> 00:34:21,179 Feng shui is a mystical system for the selection 456 00:34:21,179 --> 00:34:26,850 of the site for the location of buildings 457 00:34:26,850 --> 00:34:33,719 which, practically speaking, faces in the right direction. 458 00:34:33,719 --> 00:34:36,630 Feng shui would be hopeless if it faced houses 459 00:34:36,630 --> 00:34:41,550 towards the north in a climate in the northern hemisphere. 460 00:34:41,550 --> 00:34:46,739 The same with my description of the Hindu structure 461 00:34:46,739 --> 00:34:50,219 of Angkor Wat. 462 00:34:50,219 --> 00:34:54,479 Let's look at some of these components of a theory. 463 00:35:04,430 --> 00:35:06,500 First of all, the notion of returning. 464 00:35:10,140 --> 00:35:14,730 If there is discrimination in places 465 00:35:14,730 --> 00:35:18,480 which have been struck by hierophany and therefore 466 00:35:18,480 --> 00:35:23,610 more significant, they would be relatively few of them. 467 00:35:23,610 --> 00:35:28,020 And some would be given particular mythological 468 00:35:28,020 --> 00:35:35,220 significance, and the idea of retaining would be significant. 469 00:35:35,220 --> 00:35:38,010 Mumford says, in the history of cities 470 00:35:38,010 --> 00:35:42,300 the magnet comes before the container. 471 00:35:42,300 --> 00:35:45,780 It's an interesting sentence to remember. 472 00:35:45,780 --> 00:35:49,200 Movement towards cities, called urbanization 473 00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:54,060 in contemporary times, is a reenactment 474 00:35:54,060 --> 00:35:59,550 of a ritual of movement to special places-- 475 00:35:59,550 --> 00:36:04,110 in our case is now to secular capital cities 476 00:36:04,110 --> 00:36:06,375 or industrial cities or economic cities. 477 00:36:12,650 --> 00:36:15,080 I will show you a slide of Olympia 478 00:36:15,080 --> 00:36:19,670 in Greece, the birth of the Olympic games, 479 00:36:19,670 --> 00:36:26,090 held every four years from 776 BC, a place to which 480 00:36:26,090 --> 00:36:30,140 we return in only four years. 481 00:36:30,140 --> 00:36:35,000 The contemporary Olympic games has also 482 00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:38,300 maintained the cycle of returning to a place 483 00:36:38,300 --> 00:36:39,800 every four years. 484 00:36:39,800 --> 00:36:43,910 Hitler wanted the Olympic games after '36 485 00:36:43,910 --> 00:36:46,080 to be in Berlin forever. 486 00:36:46,080 --> 00:36:48,800 In fact, he and Speer designed a stadium 487 00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:52,280 which was so large that the Olympic rules would have to be 488 00:36:52,280 --> 00:36:55,925 changed to fit the stadium. 489 00:36:55,925 --> 00:36:59,330 But that was Hitler's prominence. 490 00:36:59,330 --> 00:37:03,710 Hitler also invented the idea of carrying the Olympic flame, 491 00:37:03,710 --> 00:37:09,140 which now becomes an economic popular piece 492 00:37:09,140 --> 00:37:11,240 of the Olympic games. 493 00:37:11,240 --> 00:37:15,710 776 Olympic site was a religious site, 494 00:37:15,710 --> 00:37:19,730 which priests walked around. 495 00:37:19,730 --> 00:37:24,500 Hitler, in trying to manifest the assumption 496 00:37:24,500 --> 00:37:29,390 of the meritocracy of the Aryan race, 497 00:37:29,390 --> 00:37:35,840 made special attempts to link Germany under Hitler 498 00:37:35,840 --> 00:37:39,870 with Greece, with the Athenian culture. 499 00:37:39,870 --> 00:37:43,160 A lot of archaeology was sponsored 500 00:37:43,160 --> 00:37:48,800 by German researchers. 501 00:37:48,800 --> 00:37:55,370 Hitler wished to combine the permanence and the predominance 502 00:37:55,370 --> 00:37:57,620 of the Aryan race. 503 00:37:57,620 --> 00:38:03,680 So he took the idea of taking the flame from 776, 504 00:38:03,680 --> 00:38:07,880 the site of 776 BC, and taking it 505 00:38:07,880 --> 00:38:11,150 to that point of the earth where the games would 506 00:38:11,150 --> 00:38:14,130 be held there four years. 507 00:38:14,130 --> 00:38:17,960 There's no other significance to the carrying of the flame. 508 00:38:17,960 --> 00:38:21,830 There was no flame carried in the original Olympic games. 509 00:38:21,830 --> 00:38:26,450 It's only a creation of a manic manifestation 510 00:38:26,450 --> 00:38:30,230 of racial supremacy. 511 00:38:30,230 --> 00:38:35,950 But there are places in the world which still venerate 512 00:38:35,950 --> 00:38:39,610 the idea of pilgrimage, which is still 513 00:38:39,610 --> 00:38:43,630 a fundamental source in Islam for returning 514 00:38:43,630 --> 00:38:51,730 to Mecca each year, places like Varanasi and Fatima 515 00:38:51,730 --> 00:38:55,000 in Portugal, places that have been sanctified 516 00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:56,260 in some way or other. 517 00:38:59,320 --> 00:39:05,170 Pilgrimage-- I'll deal with pilgrimage in another class. 518 00:39:05,170 --> 00:39:08,930 Pilgrimage is a very interesting function 519 00:39:08,930 --> 00:39:13,330 of lateral movement between cities 520 00:39:13,330 --> 00:39:17,020 prior to the economic significance of economic trade. 521 00:39:22,280 --> 00:39:24,839 Natural phenomena, number 2. 522 00:39:28,970 --> 00:39:34,190 Angkor Wat had a population of, some people argue, 523 00:39:34,190 --> 00:39:37,070 as large as a million people in the 14th century. 524 00:39:37,070 --> 00:39:42,170 I don't believe it, but there is no way of knowing. 525 00:39:42,170 --> 00:39:45,980 It's significance in size was based on the fact 526 00:39:45,980 --> 00:39:51,470 that it had enough water to produce more than one crop 527 00:39:51,470 --> 00:39:53,120 of rice per year. 528 00:39:53,120 --> 00:39:57,620 Sometimes with that amount of water, 529 00:39:57,620 --> 00:40:01,210 you could produce three crops of rice per year, 530 00:40:01,210 --> 00:40:05,660 therefore feed an enormous population. 531 00:40:05,660 --> 00:40:11,120 The plan of Angkor has two large water systems-- 532 00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:17,150 two are called baray, B-A-R-A-Y. The west baray is about 7 533 00:40:17,150 --> 00:40:19,670 kilometers in length. 534 00:40:19,670 --> 00:40:23,780 The east baray, about 5. 535 00:40:23,780 --> 00:40:26,930 These are large bodies of water. 536 00:40:26,930 --> 00:40:29,750 They are precisely enclosed. 537 00:40:29,750 --> 00:40:34,990 The deviation of the rectangular geometry 538 00:40:34,990 --> 00:40:39,330 is something like 0.01% error. 539 00:40:39,330 --> 00:40:43,850 They are perfectly constructed water bodies. 540 00:40:43,850 --> 00:40:46,040 Between the water are towers. 541 00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:57,350 In religious terms, in Hindu terms, 542 00:40:57,350 --> 00:41:02,570 the towers stand for the peaks of Mount Meru, 543 00:41:02,570 --> 00:41:06,170 between which are seven oceans and six continents, 544 00:41:06,170 --> 00:41:08,690 with Meru in the center. 545 00:41:08,690 --> 00:41:10,985 The lakes are the depictions of oceans. 546 00:41:13,640 --> 00:41:21,380 When I visited Angkor for the first time, 547 00:41:21,380 --> 00:41:24,560 my guide said to me that there was no water 548 00:41:24,560 --> 00:41:28,880 outlet from these two baray water systems 549 00:41:28,880 --> 00:41:33,450 to an external water source. 550 00:41:33,450 --> 00:41:37,970 There's a large 87 kilometer lake a number 551 00:41:37,970 --> 00:41:43,040 of kilometers away from Angkor, but these are religious items, 552 00:41:43,040 --> 00:41:46,700 these water bodies, but they have no practical significance. 553 00:41:46,700 --> 00:41:49,490 Recent archaeology has established 554 00:41:49,490 --> 00:41:56,420 that there's a big water supply system from Angkor to Lake 555 00:41:56,420 --> 00:41:59,780 Tonle Sap, I think it is. 556 00:41:59,780 --> 00:42:01,340 So here you have the ambivalence-- 557 00:42:01,340 --> 00:42:08,990 the city in creating an ambivalence of symbolism. 558 00:42:08,990 --> 00:42:15,500 It works symbolically and also works practically. 559 00:42:15,500 --> 00:42:18,560 Whoever you are, you can associate the significance 560 00:42:18,560 --> 00:42:19,600 with symbolism. 561 00:42:19,600 --> 00:42:22,550 It's a kind of curious democracy that you 562 00:42:22,550 --> 00:42:25,820 can choose which system you want to believe 563 00:42:25,820 --> 00:42:30,980 for the genuine authority for your town. 564 00:42:30,980 --> 00:42:36,170 We give everybody the chance, if they have any kind of-- 565 00:42:36,170 --> 00:42:38,900 forget about contemporary analogies. 566 00:42:38,900 --> 00:42:40,976 I don't want to make contemporary analogies. 567 00:42:51,670 --> 00:42:54,580 Another aspect of significance in [INAUDIBLE] 568 00:42:54,580 --> 00:42:59,050 we talk about archaic times is that one 569 00:42:59,050 --> 00:43:01,630 of the reasons we don't know about the origin of language 570 00:43:01,630 --> 00:43:04,750 because there is nothing about language that is fossilized. 571 00:43:08,950 --> 00:43:11,350 Much of our knowledge of what I'm talking about 572 00:43:11,350 --> 00:43:13,960 is based on fossilization. 573 00:43:13,960 --> 00:43:19,690 And stone fossilizes much longer than wood. 574 00:43:19,690 --> 00:43:23,810 The empty space where the king of Angkor Wat or the emperor 575 00:43:23,810 --> 00:43:28,510 of Angkor Wat sat is now a blank space 576 00:43:28,510 --> 00:43:32,035 because wood is deteriorated faster than stone. 577 00:43:39,950 --> 00:43:47,610 Measuring the stars-- all the Babylonian cities 578 00:43:47,610 --> 00:43:53,580 had the archive in the [INAUDIBLE] system. 579 00:43:53,580 --> 00:44:00,150 The City of [INAUDIBLE] was marked after the Cancer. 580 00:44:00,150 --> 00:44:04,860 The city of Nineveh was marked after Ursa Major. 581 00:44:04,860 --> 00:44:06,696 The City of Assur-- 582 00:44:06,696 --> 00:44:07,410 after Arcturus. 583 00:44:10,250 --> 00:44:12,230 I've already mentioned the creation 584 00:44:12,230 --> 00:44:15,350 of the City of Celestials, Jerusalem, 585 00:44:15,350 --> 00:44:17,990 was created by God before the city was 586 00:44:17,990 --> 00:44:19,610 built by the hand of man. 587 00:44:24,500 --> 00:44:28,190 St. Augustine found three versions of Jerusalem, 588 00:44:28,190 --> 00:44:31,220 sometimes referring to the earthly Jerusalem, 589 00:44:31,220 --> 00:44:37,160 sometimes to the heavenly, sometimes to both at once. 590 00:44:37,160 --> 00:44:41,490 St. John-- forget about St. John. 591 00:44:41,490 --> 00:44:44,510 He had an extraordinary-- his size of Jerusalem 592 00:44:44,510 --> 00:44:47,750 was about 1,500 miles long, about half 593 00:44:47,750 --> 00:44:50,960 the area of the United States, so much 594 00:44:50,960 --> 00:44:53,030 for believing the disciples. 595 00:44:56,000 --> 00:44:57,410 There's a book called The History 596 00:44:57,410 --> 00:44:59,750 of Heaven, which is an interesting bit of little book. 597 00:45:02,780 --> 00:45:09,590 He discusses how contrived the notion of heaven actually is 598 00:45:09,590 --> 00:45:15,950 and how as far as the money is his religion 599 00:45:15,950 --> 00:45:21,230 became stronger as Christianity took over from Judaism 600 00:45:21,230 --> 00:45:24,920 and Islam took over from Christianity, Islam 601 00:45:24,920 --> 00:45:33,410 occurs a millennium, 700 years after Christianity. 602 00:45:33,410 --> 00:45:35,780 The Koran has much more attention 603 00:45:35,780 --> 00:45:40,250 paid to it to ecclesiastical circumstances 604 00:45:40,250 --> 00:45:43,220 to post-living circumstances. 605 00:45:43,220 --> 00:45:46,970 You could almost understand in the Koran is when I read it, 606 00:45:46,970 --> 00:45:50,420 how joyous it would be to be in the afterlife 607 00:45:50,420 --> 00:45:53,210 then in secular life. 608 00:45:53,210 --> 00:45:57,410 This notion of privileging the afterlife 609 00:45:57,410 --> 00:46:00,590 is of course criticized by Marx as one 610 00:46:00,590 --> 00:46:03,880 of these many critiques of religion, 611 00:46:03,880 --> 00:46:10,760 that it is nothing natural about making humankind suffer 612 00:46:10,760 --> 00:46:15,800 through the abuses of mankind in return 613 00:46:15,800 --> 00:46:19,655 for which you have promised ecclesiastical benefit. 614 00:46:25,580 --> 00:46:28,546 Just want to rush through these so we have time. 615 00:46:36,930 --> 00:46:37,845 Fixing places. 616 00:46:41,510 --> 00:46:46,340 In the feng shui system, there are ways in which 617 00:46:46,340 --> 00:46:49,460 you can find a site for a town. 618 00:46:49,460 --> 00:46:53,240 The tradition of divining, dousing, 619 00:46:53,240 --> 00:46:58,370 geomancy, astrobiology, were all primitive methods, 620 00:46:58,370 --> 00:47:03,470 if you want to call them pseudosciences for determining 621 00:47:03,470 --> 00:47:05,690 a place. 622 00:47:05,690 --> 00:47:09,890 A place is not to be taken by a developer as a site 623 00:47:09,890 --> 00:47:11,990 for an old age community. 624 00:47:11,990 --> 00:47:19,890 A place is one which has sacred significance in this model. 625 00:47:19,890 --> 00:47:25,430 The center of the Earth, the Axis Mundi, 626 00:47:25,430 --> 00:47:31,190 is the center of all the centers. 627 00:47:31,190 --> 00:47:37,610 It is an accommodation of the cosmic model. 628 00:47:43,490 --> 00:47:47,300 In the Jewish religion, the Temple Mount in Jerusalem 629 00:47:47,300 --> 00:47:54,500 is the site of Adam, and each of the site of Abraham and Isaac's 630 00:47:54,500 --> 00:47:59,000 offering to God and God's willingness 631 00:47:59,000 --> 00:48:04,085 to stop Abraham sacrificing Isaac. 632 00:48:07,020 --> 00:48:10,700 All of this is sedimented into the Jewish religion. 633 00:48:10,700 --> 00:48:14,600 The Temple Mount-- both Solomon's Temple 634 00:48:14,600 --> 00:48:18,530 and Herod's Temple are built on the Temple Mount, 635 00:48:18,530 --> 00:48:24,110 making this the center not only of Judaism but of the world. 636 00:48:24,110 --> 00:48:28,170 And Judaism was arrogant enough that until the birth of Christ 637 00:48:28,170 --> 00:48:29,630 it was the center of the world. 638 00:48:32,980 --> 00:48:36,730 Christianity, for reasons which I'll 639 00:48:36,730 --> 00:48:39,460 go into in the history of Jerusalem, 640 00:48:39,460 --> 00:48:43,240 in the case study of Jerusalem, didn't abide by. 641 00:48:43,240 --> 00:48:49,600 For 500 years, the Temple Mount was a dump of Roman ruins. 642 00:48:49,600 --> 00:48:52,690 The Church of the Holy Sepulcher was 643 00:48:52,690 --> 00:48:55,840 built to turn away from the Temple Mount. 644 00:48:55,840 --> 00:49:01,900 When the first members of Islam came into Jerusalem, 645 00:49:01,900 --> 00:49:04,360 and they wanted to choose the site 646 00:49:04,360 --> 00:49:06,370 for their own religious place. 647 00:49:06,370 --> 00:49:11,660 They chose the Temple Mount, not the Christian sites. 648 00:49:11,660 --> 00:49:13,570 The Christians finally turned-- 649 00:49:16,552 --> 00:49:18,910 it's too much of a detail. 650 00:49:18,910 --> 00:49:22,582 I'd have to draw it to make it more sensible. 651 00:49:22,582 --> 00:49:25,879 AUDIENCE: Why did they choose a Jewish site versus-- 652 00:49:25,879 --> 00:49:27,190 JULIAN BEINART: Because they-- 653 00:49:27,190 --> 00:49:28,315 AUDIENCE: A Christian site? 654 00:49:28,315 --> 00:49:29,950 JULIAN BEINART: Because they claim 655 00:49:29,950 --> 00:49:34,570 to have many of the same religious heritage, Abraham, 656 00:49:34,570 --> 00:49:37,690 many of the religious gods. 657 00:49:37,690 --> 00:49:41,780 Jerusalem was always considered the second or third largest, 658 00:49:41,780 --> 00:49:47,320 most significant in the Fatiha literature, 659 00:49:47,320 --> 00:49:50,260 which celebrates cities. 660 00:49:50,260 --> 00:49:53,410 Jerusalem, after all, the mythology 661 00:49:53,410 --> 00:49:59,350 of the ascent from the Dome of the Rock to heaven 662 00:49:59,350 --> 00:50:02,860 is important mythology in Islam. 663 00:50:02,860 --> 00:50:06,100 The Dome of the Rock is one of the most significant buildings 664 00:50:06,100 --> 00:50:07,150 in Islam. 665 00:50:07,150 --> 00:50:09,220 It's on the Temple Mount. 666 00:50:09,220 --> 00:50:11,890 Al-Aqsa Mosque is on the Temple Mount. 667 00:50:11,890 --> 00:50:16,090 There's a continuity of even violently 668 00:50:16,090 --> 00:50:21,560 different religious forms, excepting Axis Mundi. 669 00:50:21,560 --> 00:50:23,670 There's an economy of religious sites. 670 00:50:26,290 --> 00:50:28,930 If you're not sure about your god, 671 00:50:28,930 --> 00:50:34,270 maybe the fact that the previous god sanctified a place. 672 00:50:34,270 --> 00:50:36,160 It's like buying into a firm that's 673 00:50:36,160 --> 00:50:41,170 had a good economic record, even if you are in competition 674 00:50:41,170 --> 00:50:42,940 with the firm itself. 675 00:50:42,940 --> 00:50:47,132 AUDIENCE: Were they expecting a grid system by doing that? 676 00:50:47,132 --> 00:50:48,340 JULIAN BEINART: I don't know. 677 00:50:48,340 --> 00:50:51,880 We'd have to get in when we do the case study in Jerusalem. 678 00:50:51,880 --> 00:50:54,850 And I can talk about it in more detail. 679 00:50:54,850 --> 00:50:57,370 We can talk about-- 680 00:50:57,370 --> 00:50:59,260 there's only one place in Jerusalem 681 00:50:59,260 --> 00:51:04,440 where all three religions are represented vertically. 682 00:51:04,440 --> 00:51:08,090 It's the Christian, Islam, Jewish-- 683 00:51:08,090 --> 00:51:15,270 the Tomb of David, the Christian Last Supper, and the Islam 684 00:51:15,270 --> 00:51:19,110 Ottoman Manifestation above it. 685 00:51:19,110 --> 00:51:21,720 I'll go into that with diagrams and show. 686 00:51:27,700 --> 00:51:29,480 How are we doing? 687 00:51:29,480 --> 00:51:31,850 OK, we've got a few more minutes. 688 00:51:31,850 --> 00:51:34,940 Another aspect of this kind of city 689 00:51:34,940 --> 00:51:36,850 is the definition of boundaries. 690 00:51:39,360 --> 00:51:44,000 Boundaries and ritual perambulation-- 691 00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:50,640 the celebration of the Kingdom of Phnom Penh 692 00:51:50,640 --> 00:51:55,200 involved people circulating around the town. 693 00:51:55,200 --> 00:51:59,580 Joshua and Jericho, a circuit of the white walls 694 00:51:59,580 --> 00:52:03,790 of Memphis for each new coronation of a pharaoh. 695 00:52:03,790 --> 00:52:06,780 A Jewish synagogue where you perambulate 696 00:52:06,780 --> 00:52:08,760 around the central-- 697 00:52:08,760 --> 00:52:12,270 not the Torah, but the central locus 698 00:52:12,270 --> 00:52:16,890 from where the prayer is read is a perambulation. 699 00:52:16,890 --> 00:52:20,550 Romulus in the circular rampart traced by the plow 700 00:52:20,550 --> 00:52:23,078 to ensure the safety of Rome. 701 00:52:27,958 --> 00:52:31,590 The Roman Mundus, the meeting of the Earth and the lower 702 00:52:31,590 --> 00:52:32,090 regions. 703 00:52:36,247 --> 00:52:40,620 The Laws of the Indies, which built 704 00:52:40,620 --> 00:52:45,450 much of Central America and St. Augustine in Florida 705 00:52:45,450 --> 00:52:53,130 all the way to Los Angeles, says that the settlement 706 00:52:53,130 --> 00:52:55,800 should have a stockade, even though there 707 00:52:55,800 --> 00:53:01,570 is no fear of military action from residents. 708 00:53:01,570 --> 00:53:08,760 The idea of mocking away your world begins and ends 709 00:53:08,760 --> 00:53:10,600 is significant. 710 00:53:10,600 --> 00:53:13,260 We have a problem about cities now 711 00:53:13,260 --> 00:53:17,250 which dribbled into some other form, then 712 00:53:17,250 --> 00:53:23,640 what architects consider to be the central site of a city. 713 00:53:23,640 --> 00:53:26,580 The bimodal or the bi-- 714 00:53:26,580 --> 00:53:29,130 I don't know if it's exactly bimodal, it's not bimodal. 715 00:53:32,100 --> 00:53:39,810 It's the concept of having more than one allegiance, which 716 00:53:39,810 --> 00:53:41,070 is baffling. 717 00:53:41,070 --> 00:53:50,190 Cities are always, as I quoted Marx, class, 718 00:53:50,190 --> 00:53:53,370 cities presume any difference between the country 719 00:53:53,370 --> 00:53:58,620 and the city, that as long as that mark was 720 00:53:58,620 --> 00:54:03,900 clear and understood through walls, everybody was happy. 721 00:54:03,900 --> 00:54:07,680 Once the city expanded beyond the walls, 722 00:54:07,680 --> 00:54:10,230 we have been left in doubt. 723 00:54:10,230 --> 00:54:13,065 This model made no place for doubt. 724 00:54:16,940 --> 00:54:25,400 [INAUDIBLE] the center is circumvented by a form. 725 00:54:25,400 --> 00:54:33,050 There's another pretty curious example of this kind. 726 00:54:33,050 --> 00:54:37,430 In Dorset, in England, there are stone mounds 727 00:54:37,430 --> 00:54:43,610 which, seen from the air, form giant forms. 728 00:54:43,610 --> 00:54:48,020 In southern Peru, the Nazca lines 729 00:54:48,020 --> 00:54:53,390 are huge conglomerates of huge spiders, 730 00:54:53,390 --> 00:54:59,000 identical, these lines up to 900 feet long. 731 00:54:59,000 --> 00:55:01,040 In Glastonbury, in England, there's 732 00:55:01,040 --> 00:55:05,840 a planispheric circle 10 miles in diameter. 733 00:55:05,840 --> 00:55:10,520 There's a Gemini figure made up of field forms. 734 00:55:10,520 --> 00:55:13,730 These unexplained natural devices, 735 00:55:13,730 --> 00:55:17,300 which must have in some ways had to do 736 00:55:17,300 --> 00:55:26,350 with a system of cosmic identity. 737 00:55:26,350 --> 00:55:27,768 The geometry of the land. 738 00:55:30,383 --> 00:55:34,570 The Romans, despite their great rationality, 739 00:55:34,570 --> 00:55:36,640 used the system of augury to find 740 00:55:36,640 --> 00:55:39,130 the right place in the countryside 741 00:55:39,130 --> 00:55:42,500 from which to survey could begin. 742 00:55:42,500 --> 00:55:48,820 They ended up with the Decumanus Maximus being the east-west, 743 00:55:48,820 --> 00:55:55,840 and the Cardo Maximus being the north-south axis of a town. 744 00:55:55,840 --> 00:56:03,090 This directional cardinality occurs in a number of places. 745 00:56:03,090 --> 00:56:10,470 The Kaaba is depicted with four quarters and diagonal lines 746 00:56:10,470 --> 00:56:13,920 running to the corners northeast. 747 00:56:13,920 --> 00:56:18,855 The Union Jack is a flag of the same plan. 748 00:56:22,680 --> 00:56:27,150 Not only does it symbolize the center of the Axis Mundi, 749 00:56:27,150 --> 00:56:32,070 but it depicts things, that you get the quartier in France 750 00:56:32,070 --> 00:56:33,990 as a part of the city. 751 00:56:33,990 --> 00:56:36,720 You get the notion of the headquarters-- 752 00:56:36,720 --> 00:56:40,645 what is the headquarters? 753 00:56:40,645 --> 00:56:43,470 It's a Axis Mundi in military terms. 754 00:56:51,200 --> 00:56:53,980 I'm tempted to, in this case, just do a drawing. 755 00:57:02,430 --> 00:57:09,340 This is an early symbolic map of Mexico City. 756 00:57:09,340 --> 00:57:12,490 The Aztec leader's name is Tenoch. 757 00:57:18,830 --> 00:57:26,360 He's depicted as next to an eagle landing on the water 758 00:57:26,360 --> 00:57:32,000 with four streams, of course, suggesting a connection 759 00:57:32,000 --> 00:57:35,040 outwards to the rest of the world. 760 00:57:39,540 --> 00:57:43,620 I choose this as an example of this kind of figure. 761 00:57:43,620 --> 00:57:48,870 I choose it for another interesting silly reason. 762 00:57:48,870 --> 00:57:52,920 What is the name of the first city in the Bible, 763 00:57:52,920 --> 00:57:56,935 the Christian-Jewish Bible? 764 00:57:56,935 --> 00:57:58,755 AUDIENCE: Enoch? 765 00:57:58,755 --> 00:58:01,616 JULIAN BEINART: Why do you know it? 766 00:58:01,616 --> 00:58:06,657 AUDIENCE: It's Cain's son. 767 00:58:06,657 --> 00:58:07,490 JULIAN BEINART: Yes. 768 00:58:07,490 --> 00:58:11,425 AUDIENCE: And then it's that name minus the [INAUDIBLE].. 769 00:58:11,425 --> 00:58:13,580 JULIAN BEINART: Why do you think there's 770 00:58:13,580 --> 00:58:15,758 a conjunction in the name? 771 00:58:15,758 --> 00:58:18,545 AUDIENCE: I have no idea. 772 00:58:18,545 --> 00:58:20,670 JULIAN BEINART: I haven't the faintest idea either. 773 00:58:23,600 --> 00:58:27,605 The first city in the Bible is curiously called Enoch. 774 00:58:33,800 --> 00:58:34,895 What is Enoch? 775 00:58:34,895 --> 00:58:36,860 It's the name of Cain's son. 776 00:58:40,420 --> 00:58:43,640 Adam's Hut in Paradise, Joseph Rykwert's book, 777 00:58:43,640 --> 00:58:47,570 presumes that paradise was perfection. 778 00:58:47,570 --> 00:58:49,550 There was no need for shelter. 779 00:58:49,550 --> 00:58:53,120 There's no need for architecture in paradise. 780 00:58:53,120 --> 00:58:55,340 We have changed that view, of course. 781 00:58:55,340 --> 00:58:59,570 Architecture is important for everything. 782 00:58:59,570 --> 00:59:03,200 Cain is banished from paradise. 783 00:59:03,200 --> 00:59:06,350 He's a murderer-- he murders his brother. 784 00:59:06,350 --> 00:59:08,900 He forms the first city, the first cities 785 00:59:08,900 --> 00:59:11,210 of crooks, murderers. 786 00:59:11,210 --> 00:59:14,960 The first urban community in the Bible 787 00:59:14,960 --> 00:59:19,460 is a community of retrogrades, of people who have 788 00:59:19,460 --> 00:59:22,040 been expelled from paradise. 789 00:59:26,180 --> 00:59:28,400 The Christian view of this is that there 790 00:59:28,400 --> 00:59:34,040 must be something extraordinary about the city 791 00:59:34,040 --> 00:59:38,220 and goes into the question of salvation, and so on and so on, 792 00:59:38,220 --> 00:59:41,450 which I don't understand. 793 00:59:41,450 --> 00:59:44,260 But Enoch is the name of the town. 794 00:59:44,260 --> 00:59:46,220 The whole idea-- Kevin Lynch was always 795 00:59:46,220 --> 00:59:51,080 fascinated by the idea of why people name towns 796 00:59:51,080 --> 00:59:53,850 after their children. 797 00:59:53,850 --> 00:59:56,750 And he had a kind of convoluted theory, which I can't 798 00:59:56,750 --> 01:00:01,190 remember as to why that occurs. 799 01:00:01,190 --> 01:00:08,510 But here, Enoch is the first city 800 01:00:08,510 --> 01:00:16,520 in the Judeo-Christian enterprise, a city of evil, 801 01:00:16,520 --> 01:00:21,100 although it's been sanctified in other ways. 802 01:00:21,100 --> 01:00:35,430 But this is Tenochtitlan, having a 803 01:00:35,430 --> 01:00:40,330 assuming a similar kind of reach out, 804 01:00:40,330 --> 01:00:45,810 an Axis Mundi, where the most important thing takes place, 805 01:00:45,810 --> 01:00:49,810 the eagle is a symbol of some kind, in any case, 806 01:00:49,810 --> 01:00:51,830 the leader is next to the eagle. 807 01:00:51,830 --> 01:00:54,665 It lands on the water. 808 01:00:54,665 --> 01:00:57,240 The site is a lake. 809 01:00:57,240 --> 01:00:59,970 The cactus, for some reason or other, 810 01:00:59,970 --> 01:01:06,923 is the permanent prodigious natural form. 811 01:01:06,923 --> 01:01:08,340 Do you know anything about cactus? 812 01:01:11,190 --> 01:01:13,880 I never know to explain the cactus, anyway. 813 01:01:19,970 --> 01:01:25,465 The second last of these items is the consciousness of place. 814 01:01:29,770 --> 01:01:32,860 I haven't got time to go into this phenomenon 815 01:01:32,860 --> 01:01:37,990 except to tell the story of Levi-Strauss' 816 01:01:37,990 --> 01:01:41,590 telling in Tristes Tropiques. 817 01:01:41,590 --> 01:01:43,840 Levi-Strauss studies the Bororo. 818 01:01:43,840 --> 01:01:46,960 The Bororo are a primitive group of people 819 01:01:46,960 --> 01:01:48,580 in the Mato Grosso in Brazil. 820 01:01:51,750 --> 01:01:54,150 Much like the Dogon in Africa, they 821 01:01:54,150 --> 01:01:59,580 are a kind of naive people. 822 01:01:59,580 --> 01:02:04,770 The Dogon do wonderful sculpture and put their sculpture 823 01:02:04,770 --> 01:02:10,110 often in places for posterity. 824 01:02:15,570 --> 01:02:21,880 Bororo is a system in which the town or the village 825 01:02:21,880 --> 01:02:23,400 is circular. 826 01:02:23,400 --> 01:02:27,930 Each place has a particular identity. 827 01:02:27,930 --> 01:02:30,930 And what are called moieties. 828 01:02:30,930 --> 01:02:35,370 There's a belief systems are related to the place 829 01:02:35,370 --> 01:02:36,210 that you occupy. 830 01:02:38,760 --> 01:02:45,840 When the Salesian missionaries came to missionize the Bororo, 831 01:02:45,840 --> 01:02:50,130 they replaced the circular locations 832 01:02:50,130 --> 01:02:52,860 with rectangular constructions. 833 01:02:52,860 --> 01:02:58,290 The Bororo lost not only their sense of place, 834 01:02:58,290 --> 01:03:00,760 but their sense of identity. 835 01:03:00,760 --> 01:03:09,560 So responding to the existence, the psychic existence, 836 01:03:09,560 --> 01:03:13,310 was their position in place. 837 01:03:13,310 --> 01:03:20,860 We have elements of it today in our religious life-- 838 01:03:20,860 --> 01:03:24,440 those of you who have religious lives. 839 01:03:24,440 --> 01:03:28,100 The position of place in front of the altar in relation 840 01:03:28,100 --> 01:03:31,670 in front of the cross, the carrying of the cross, 841 01:03:31,670 --> 01:03:32,240 and so on. 842 01:03:42,510 --> 01:03:48,780 There's a story in South African history of the famous battle 843 01:03:48,780 --> 01:03:52,620 between the Zulus and the Afrikaners in Natal 844 01:03:52,620 --> 01:03:58,600 in which the versions of history are very different. 845 01:03:58,600 --> 01:04:01,440 The Zulus claim that the white settlers 846 01:04:01,440 --> 01:04:05,250 tried to get into the women's quarters, which 847 01:04:05,250 --> 01:04:09,870 are highly separate identities in a circular system. 848 01:04:09,870 --> 01:04:21,790 The Afrikaners claim that the white people were attracted 849 01:04:21,790 --> 01:04:27,220 to the center of this town and were then killed, 850 01:04:27,220 --> 01:04:29,890 leading to the famous Battle of Blood River, 851 01:04:29,890 --> 01:04:32,890 and so on and so on. 852 01:04:32,890 --> 01:04:35,870 Numerology, which I won't go into, 853 01:04:35,870 --> 01:04:42,130 if you read the cosmology of Chinese cities, 854 01:04:42,130 --> 01:04:44,530 we should have enough. 855 01:04:44,530 --> 01:04:52,390 The nine square system, figures adding up vertically 856 01:04:52,390 --> 01:04:54,445 and horizontally to the number 15. 857 01:04:57,210 --> 01:05:06,340 I'm throwing at you a lot of little stories, fragments. 858 01:05:06,340 --> 01:05:14,665 There's no coherent overall text on what I tried to describe. 859 01:05:18,560 --> 01:05:22,640 As for what it means today, it's up to you to-- 860 01:05:22,640 --> 01:05:25,700 or up to us to make sense of this. 861 01:05:25,700 --> 01:05:28,890 We still have people standing before judges. 862 01:05:28,890 --> 01:05:34,100 We still have a significant night. 863 01:05:34,100 --> 01:05:38,540 Why build a Tower of Babel 300 feet high? 864 01:05:38,540 --> 01:05:44,540 Why built the Temple of the Moon. 865 01:05:44,540 --> 01:05:48,260 It's the Temple of the Moon. 866 01:05:48,260 --> 01:05:54,350 In Tenochtitlan on the Street of the Dead, to the same height 867 01:05:54,350 --> 01:05:56,090 and put the priests on the top. 868 01:05:58,800 --> 01:06:03,620 There are many fragments of this which make up an idea of a kind 869 01:06:03,620 --> 01:06:09,290 of city which is no longer prevalent in our thing 870 01:06:09,290 --> 01:06:16,940 but still remains to the extent when I said in our last class 871 01:06:16,940 --> 01:06:22,550 that we cannot under Darwinian science explain phenomenon such 872 01:06:22,550 --> 01:06:25,640 as consciousness or mind. 873 01:06:28,610 --> 01:06:31,700 Quoting from a recent book called 874 01:06:31,700 --> 01:06:39,350 Cosmos of Mind, which is a critique of Darwinian science, 875 01:06:39,350 --> 01:06:42,110 "architects more than planners, by and large, 876 01:06:42,110 --> 01:06:48,980 have a sense of the innate importance of experience 877 01:06:48,980 --> 01:06:53,870 and believe through working at it and every day observation 878 01:06:53,870 --> 01:07:02,090 and studying things you can approximate good solutions." 879 01:07:02,090 --> 01:07:07,160 Whether a street in Fifth Avenue in Manhattan 880 01:07:07,160 --> 01:07:11,060 has cosmic significance, I don't know. 881 01:07:11,060 --> 01:07:15,750 Whether the Macy's parade adds to that significance 882 01:07:15,750 --> 01:07:18,470 I don't know. 883 01:07:18,470 --> 01:07:22,130 I certainly know that the parade in Madurai 884 01:07:22,130 --> 01:07:25,430 is different from the Macy's parade. 885 01:07:25,430 --> 01:07:29,840 This Macy's parade is not a godly phenomenon-- 886 01:07:29,840 --> 01:07:32,360 it's the experience phenomenon. 887 01:07:32,360 --> 01:07:39,020 As we go on in this case, I'll be fussing around 888 01:07:39,020 --> 01:07:42,750 with this epistemological problem. 889 01:07:42,750 --> 01:07:45,320 How much is assumed in our construction 890 01:07:45,320 --> 01:07:50,600 of the form of cities in the rational system, 891 01:07:50,600 --> 01:07:54,770 which we've learned since the Enlightenment? 892 01:07:54,770 --> 01:08:02,240 To what extent do we consciously or how much 893 01:08:02,240 --> 01:08:06,470 do we attempt to maintain an interest 894 01:08:06,470 --> 01:08:11,770 and extend in our explicit interest in symbolic form? 895 01:08:14,630 --> 01:08:21,569 Symbolic form is a powerful measure 896 01:08:21,569 --> 01:08:25,290 of the success of this generation of cities. 897 01:08:25,290 --> 01:08:28,340 There's no question that all the evidence suggests 898 01:08:28,340 --> 01:08:33,680 that our cities start with a consciousness and expression 899 01:08:33,680 --> 01:08:36,990 of religious form. 900 01:08:36,990 --> 01:08:40,160 There is the stories. 901 01:08:40,160 --> 01:08:42,380 You have to believe me-- 902 01:08:42,380 --> 01:08:43,744 no reason to. 903 01:08:43,744 --> 01:08:44,929 Let's look at some pictures. 904 01:08:48,569 --> 01:08:52,130 This is Kevin Lynch's depiction of the sites 905 01:08:52,130 --> 01:08:54,920 of cities that we're talking about, 906 01:08:54,920 --> 01:08:59,960 Mesoamerica around about 1100 BC, 907 01:08:59,960 --> 01:09:11,210 700 BC, Egypt, well, 3500 BC, Jericho, 8000, Sumer, 4000, 908 01:09:11,210 --> 01:09:19,165 Indus, 2500, Shang China about 1700 BC. 909 01:09:19,165 --> 01:09:19,665 Next. 910 01:09:22,560 --> 01:09:29,729 OK, this is a painting of the town of Catalhuyuk, 911 01:09:29,729 --> 01:09:33,720 which Jane Jacobs claims to have been 912 01:09:33,720 --> 01:09:36,960 a center for the production of obsidian 913 01:09:36,960 --> 01:09:42,359 and used the agricultural area around it as servicing 914 01:09:42,359 --> 01:09:45,330 the industrial function. 915 01:09:45,330 --> 01:09:48,660 The curious thing about another depiction, 916 01:09:48,660 --> 01:09:52,470 which is on the other slide, is that there is hardly 917 01:09:52,470 --> 01:09:55,350 any public space at all. 918 01:09:55,350 --> 01:10:01,290 These are obviously alleys from one group of houses to another. 919 01:10:01,290 --> 01:10:02,050 Any questions? 920 01:10:02,050 --> 01:10:04,380 AUDIENCE: What's the name of the [INAUDIBLE]?? 921 01:10:04,380 --> 01:10:06,000 JULIAN BEINART: Catalhuyuk-- 922 01:10:06,000 --> 01:10:12,700 C-A-T-A-L-H-U-Y-U-K. It's in Anatolia. 923 01:10:15,480 --> 01:10:18,060 I don't know whether it's in Iraq or Turkey. 924 01:10:18,060 --> 01:10:19,500 AUDIENCE: It's in Turkey. 925 01:10:19,500 --> 01:10:21,390 JULIAN BEINART: It's in Turkey. 926 01:10:21,390 --> 01:10:23,845 Catalhuyuk is Turkish, isn't it. 927 01:10:23,845 --> 01:10:26,280 AUDIENCE: There is a book by Bill Bryson called At Home 928 01:10:26,280 --> 01:10:28,140 where he talks about the ceilings 929 01:10:28,140 --> 01:10:30,000 and how peculiar are the entrances 930 01:10:30,000 --> 01:10:32,160 and exits between buildings. 931 01:10:32,160 --> 01:10:33,660 How is that reflected in the map? 932 01:10:33,660 --> 01:10:34,350 I'm trying to-- 933 01:10:34,350 --> 01:10:36,250 JULIAN BEINART: I don't know. 934 01:10:36,250 --> 01:10:42,510 These maps, like the map in just outside Oman, 935 01:10:42,510 --> 01:10:49,440 the first map of Jerusalem, are very abstract depictions. 936 01:10:49,440 --> 01:10:50,520 This is a wall painting. 937 01:10:50,520 --> 01:10:52,041 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 938 01:10:52,041 --> 01:10:57,360 JULIAN BEINART: And the other one is an abstraction. 939 01:10:57,360 --> 01:11:01,350 I would place very little faith in the observations 940 01:11:01,350 --> 01:11:05,310 of these towns. 941 01:11:05,310 --> 01:11:08,570 Archaeology is safer, and I don't 942 01:11:08,570 --> 01:11:11,550 know how much archaeological investigation has 943 01:11:11,550 --> 01:11:13,445 been done at Catalhuyuk. 944 01:11:13,445 --> 01:11:15,734 AUDIENCE: That's why he talks about double 945 01:11:15,734 --> 01:11:20,390 spaced in between and a [INAUDIBLE] grid. 946 01:11:20,390 --> 01:11:23,130 JULIAN BEINART: I don't think it's Jane Jacobs, 947 01:11:23,130 --> 01:11:25,600 but somebody has spoken about the roofs 948 01:11:25,600 --> 01:11:30,330 as being planes of utility. 949 01:11:30,330 --> 01:11:32,100 I don't think there's much to be gained. 950 01:11:32,100 --> 01:11:34,110 It looks like a contemporary drawing 951 01:11:34,110 --> 01:11:36,670 for a squatter settlement. 952 01:11:36,670 --> 01:11:37,170 Next. 953 01:11:40,350 --> 01:11:44,430 Returning to particular place. 954 01:11:44,430 --> 01:11:48,360 Banaras is on the left, Kaaba on the right-- 955 01:11:48,360 --> 01:11:54,935 an annual pilgrimage, an every day pilgrimage. 956 01:11:54,935 --> 01:11:55,435 Next. 957 01:11:58,150 --> 01:12:05,600 Catalhuyuk-- the notion that the water 958 01:12:05,600 --> 01:12:15,190 is the replication of the ocean and the vertical building 959 01:12:15,190 --> 01:12:19,465 the depiction of a mountain. 960 01:12:19,465 --> 01:12:22,990 Mircea Eliade often talks about mountains and cities 961 01:12:22,990 --> 01:12:28,160 as being center in this kind of cosmic model. 962 01:12:28,160 --> 01:12:28,660 Next. 963 01:12:35,800 --> 01:12:37,960 One of the reasons for the towers 964 01:12:37,960 --> 01:12:45,940 is because people have no capacity 965 01:12:45,940 --> 01:12:49,705 to span any large distance, so the distances are very small. 966 01:12:53,230 --> 01:12:58,520 Here is a parade of stone figures on a sports field, 967 01:12:58,520 --> 01:12:59,740 where it's just behind this. 968 01:12:59,740 --> 01:13:01,900 The royal palace doesn't exist anymore 969 01:13:01,900 --> 01:13:03,590 because it's built out of wood. 970 01:13:03,590 --> 01:13:04,090 Next. 971 01:13:09,140 --> 01:13:14,835 The phenomenon, and this is Chichen Itza. 972 01:13:14,835 --> 01:13:15,335 Next. 973 01:13:21,700 --> 01:13:32,980 Chichen Itza, Masada, one of Herod's vacation homes 974 01:13:32,980 --> 01:13:36,400 built on the side of the hill. 975 01:13:36,400 --> 01:13:41,650 Again, the notion of building on top of something. 976 01:13:41,650 --> 01:13:46,690 The Romans finally conquered Masada 977 01:13:46,690 --> 01:13:51,905 by building a earth bridge to the top. 978 01:13:51,905 --> 01:13:52,405 Next. 979 01:13:57,190 --> 01:13:59,800 A depiction of the Babylon tower. 980 01:14:02,710 --> 01:14:05,080 Not a very good one. 981 01:14:05,080 --> 01:14:09,250 And the mixture of astronomy and religion 982 01:14:09,250 --> 01:14:13,420 in the case of Tenochtitlan. 983 01:14:13,420 --> 01:14:16,955 Equinox sunrise over the Templo Mayor. 984 01:14:16,955 --> 01:14:17,455 Next. 985 01:14:21,320 --> 01:14:23,795 Here's the city of the Dipper. 986 01:14:23,795 --> 01:14:27,980 The constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor superimposed 987 01:14:27,980 --> 01:14:31,400 in the plan of Han Dynasty, Chang'an. 988 01:14:31,400 --> 01:14:35,510 The popular belief of subsequent generations that the city was 989 01:14:35,510 --> 01:14:37,790 consciously designed to this pattern 990 01:14:37,790 --> 01:14:41,570 is unsupported by any independent event, 991 01:14:41,570 --> 01:14:44,990 nor do the positions of the imperial palaces 992 01:14:44,990 --> 01:14:51,320 coincide with that of the pulse star, and so and so. 993 01:14:51,320 --> 01:14:54,680 There's some doubt about this, but it's a nice drawing. 994 01:15:00,060 --> 01:15:00,560 Next. 995 01:15:06,800 --> 01:15:10,030 The astronomical observatory in Chichen Itza. 996 01:15:17,720 --> 01:15:21,050 A temple town in Southern India. 997 01:15:21,050 --> 01:15:24,800 Now in each of these vertical constructions 998 01:15:24,800 --> 01:15:30,130 is not an astronomical tower, but there's 999 01:15:30,130 --> 01:15:34,850 a regularity of the vertical phenomenon throughout the town 1000 01:15:34,850 --> 01:15:36,735 depicting something or other. 1001 01:15:36,735 --> 01:15:37,235 Next. 1002 01:15:41,860 --> 01:15:46,330 a gnomon, a tool used by the Romans 1003 01:15:46,330 --> 01:15:49,480 for finding a propitious site. 1004 01:15:49,480 --> 01:15:54,040 And the geomancer's an astrobiological instrument 1005 01:15:54,040 --> 01:15:57,530 for choosing the right site. 1006 01:15:57,530 --> 01:15:58,030 Next. 1007 01:16:01,510 --> 01:16:07,240 Chinchiri in Anatolia. 1008 01:16:07,240 --> 01:16:09,610 Interesting, the first town-- 1009 01:16:09,610 --> 01:16:14,470 settlement is fortified with a wall that 1010 01:16:14,470 --> 01:16:22,090 is small that surrounds the town as intimately as possible. 1011 01:16:22,090 --> 01:16:25,450 When the town is economically successful, 1012 01:16:25,450 --> 01:16:30,160 it builds itself in the first century before Christ 1013 01:16:30,160 --> 01:16:33,370 a surrounding wall which is based 1014 01:16:33,370 --> 01:16:42,650 on a superior geometry, a perfect geometry, a geometry 1015 01:16:42,650 --> 01:16:48,020 which can be associated with centrality, 1016 01:16:48,020 --> 01:16:53,450 with permanent symbolic enclosure of high order 1017 01:16:53,450 --> 01:16:54,650 and so on. 1018 01:16:54,650 --> 01:16:57,830 Here the town of [INAUDIBLE] in the 1st century BC. 1019 01:17:01,610 --> 01:17:04,640 It used to be in the south of the USSR-- 1020 01:17:04,640 --> 01:17:07,730 I don't know where it is now-- 1021 01:17:07,730 --> 01:17:11,470 which has an astronomical center. 1022 01:17:11,470 --> 01:17:15,980 It has astronomical observation site in the center. 1023 01:17:15,980 --> 01:17:23,295 And the town follows the pattern as it moves outwards. 1024 01:17:23,295 --> 01:17:23,795 Next. 1025 01:17:28,500 --> 01:17:31,500 The town of Edfu on the Nile. 1026 01:17:34,200 --> 01:17:35,565 Peculiar. 1027 01:17:35,565 --> 01:17:42,180 A marvelous conjunction of light and shadow 1028 01:17:42,180 --> 01:17:45,675 in the marking of a special place. 1029 01:17:50,100 --> 01:17:51,600 Edfu is the town. 1030 01:17:51,600 --> 01:17:53,343 It's a small town on the banks of the-- 1031 01:17:53,343 --> 01:17:54,260 AUDIENCE: Of the Nile. 1032 01:17:54,260 --> 01:17:56,040 JULIAN BEINART: But you have replications 1033 01:17:56,040 --> 01:17:59,970 of this in Luxor and in Karnak and so on. 1034 01:18:03,150 --> 01:18:08,580 I chose that one because I happen to photograph it myself 1035 01:18:08,580 --> 01:18:13,290 and I was still struck by the conjunction 1036 01:18:13,290 --> 01:18:16,740 of the positive light in the form of the towers. 1037 01:18:19,860 --> 01:18:24,520 Here's a typical perfect Chinese town. 1038 01:18:27,570 --> 01:18:31,200 The emperor is in position number 1. 1039 01:18:31,200 --> 01:18:37,230 The subsequent position's in 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 1040 01:18:37,230 --> 01:18:41,310 But the town is symmetrically divided between right and left. 1041 01:18:41,310 --> 01:18:45,570 There's a color for the right, there's a color for the left. 1042 01:18:45,570 --> 01:18:49,080 This is a town which is perfectly controlled. 1043 01:18:49,080 --> 01:18:52,320 And its form is a pristine object 1044 01:18:52,320 --> 01:18:58,090 for depicting symbolic security and actual security. 1045 01:18:58,090 --> 01:18:58,590 Next. 1046 01:19:03,120 --> 01:19:09,130 Jerusalem is the head of the three continents. 1047 01:19:09,130 --> 01:19:12,600 The Temple Mount, which I will describe in much greater detail 1048 01:19:12,600 --> 01:19:13,975 as we go on in this class. 1049 01:19:13,975 --> 01:19:14,475 Next. 1050 01:19:19,400 --> 01:19:22,760 Oh, here we've gone out again. 1051 01:19:28,390 --> 01:19:32,680 Those are the formation seen from the sky in Glastonbury 1052 01:19:32,680 --> 01:19:33,755 and Dorset. 1053 01:19:33,755 --> 01:19:34,255 Next. 1054 01:19:38,670 --> 01:19:43,540 The map of Mexico City and the actual first settlement. 1055 01:19:43,540 --> 01:19:44,040 Next. 1056 01:19:49,635 --> 01:19:56,540 The moiety town of the Bororo, the position 1057 01:19:56,540 --> 01:20:01,370 of the clan system, and moiety A and moiety B, 1058 01:20:01,370 --> 01:20:04,800 specifying the significance of place. 1059 01:20:04,800 --> 01:20:07,580 Place is not arbitrary. 1060 01:20:07,580 --> 01:20:10,810 Place is connected to fundamental existence. 1061 01:20:10,810 --> 01:20:17,120 And here in the town in Cameroon we 1062 01:20:17,120 --> 01:20:23,630 have a similar disposition of man, wife, man, man, man, man, 1063 01:20:23,630 --> 01:20:27,800 man, man, wife, wife, wife, and so on. 1064 01:20:27,800 --> 01:20:29,540 Not to be mixed up. 1065 01:20:29,540 --> 01:20:31,790 No cohabitation. 1066 01:20:31,790 --> 01:20:32,290 Next. 1067 01:20:37,960 --> 01:20:39,430 The depiction of place. 1068 01:20:39,430 --> 01:20:42,610 This is the Gate of Heavenly Peace, 1069 01:20:42,610 --> 01:20:48,940 the marker of the distinction between the whole Heavenly 1070 01:20:48,940 --> 01:20:59,650 City and the Sacred City, marked here by a more recent emperor. 1071 01:20:59,650 --> 01:21:05,450 And here are the location of the Mausoleum 1072 01:21:05,450 --> 01:21:11,710 to Mao on Tiananmen Square, bereft of any disposition 1073 01:21:11,710 --> 01:21:15,190 of location which is fundamentally wed 1074 01:21:15,190 --> 01:21:19,270 into the system of the town. 1075 01:21:19,270 --> 01:21:21,490 It is anywhere. 1076 01:21:21,490 --> 01:21:28,550 It looks as if it could be anywhere, and it doesn't. 1077 01:21:28,550 --> 01:21:31,310 The strength of that pattern on the left 1078 01:21:31,310 --> 01:21:37,328 is infinitely larger than the strength-- 1079 01:21:37,328 --> 01:21:41,360 the construction of the right is not wed, 1080 01:21:41,360 --> 01:21:47,720 is not bred into the large identity of the city. 1081 01:21:47,720 --> 01:21:50,010 Next. 1082 01:21:50,010 --> 01:21:52,760 It could be anywhere. 1083 01:21:52,760 --> 01:21:54,860 Let's just pass this. 1084 01:21:54,860 --> 01:21:57,310 This is a feng shui problem. 1085 01:21:57,310 --> 01:21:59,930 Next. 1086 01:21:59,930 --> 01:22:03,860 Depictions of the system of approach 1087 01:22:03,860 --> 01:22:09,560 to the central imperial position in the city. 1088 01:22:09,560 --> 01:22:13,040 Here are the idea of a set of boxes, 1089 01:22:13,040 --> 01:22:16,725 revealing more as you go into the system. 1090 01:22:16,725 --> 01:22:17,225 Next. 1091 01:22:20,410 --> 01:22:25,270 The mandala, the central premise of the Indian system. 1092 01:22:28,030 --> 01:22:35,170 A depiction of the body of the Brahma in a system 1093 01:22:35,170 --> 01:22:38,860 of subdivision of land here. 1094 01:22:45,878 --> 01:22:49,630 The Hindu religion has a number of texts 1095 01:22:49,630 --> 01:22:53,360 about this siting of place. 1096 01:22:53,360 --> 01:22:56,590 The south Shilpa Shastras. 1097 01:22:56,590 --> 01:23:02,140 Here you see some depictions of the way 1098 01:23:02,140 --> 01:23:07,925 in which the basic mandala system can be demarcated. 1099 01:23:07,925 --> 01:23:08,425 Next. 1100 01:23:13,750 --> 01:23:17,140 Let's take one of them. 1101 01:23:17,140 --> 01:23:20,440 The village [INAUDIBLE] is appropriate for retired life. 1102 01:23:20,440 --> 01:23:24,080 The village is one, two-- five parallel streets 1103 01:23:24,080 --> 01:23:25,000 from east to west. 1104 01:23:25,000 --> 01:23:28,780 Can you imagine us living in a system where 1105 01:23:28,780 --> 01:23:31,870 we control the environment so religiously 1106 01:23:31,870 --> 01:23:34,690 that a developer in Florida would 1107 01:23:34,690 --> 01:23:40,135 be told to build a religious center on this basis 1108 01:23:40,135 --> 01:23:43,130 of a mandala construction. 1109 01:23:43,130 --> 01:23:46,285 It's beyond our belief system. 1110 01:23:46,285 --> 01:23:46,785 Next. 1111 01:23:50,000 --> 01:23:50,595 Jaipur. 1112 01:23:50,595 --> 01:23:51,095 Next. 1113 01:23:53,870 --> 01:24:00,590 In Madurai the rituals performed regularly 1114 01:24:00,590 --> 01:24:07,980 throughout the year conforming to the town's structure. 1115 01:24:07,980 --> 01:24:13,160 So that when you are performing a ritual, it is territorial-- 1116 01:24:13,160 --> 01:24:15,260 you're passing through territory. 1117 01:24:15,260 --> 01:24:21,620 Number 2, it is reinforcing your notion of the plan of the town. 1118 01:24:21,620 --> 01:24:26,000 What do we do today to reinforce your understanding 1119 01:24:26,000 --> 01:24:28,820 of the plan of Boston? 1120 01:24:28,820 --> 01:24:31,130 It's unnecessary. 1121 01:24:31,130 --> 01:24:35,270 Maybe if you're driving a car and you move along the river, 1122 01:24:35,270 --> 01:24:39,140 there's some sensibility about the movement from the suburb 1123 01:24:39,140 --> 01:24:41,690 to the center of the city. 1124 01:24:41,690 --> 01:24:43,010 Next. 1125 01:24:43,010 --> 01:24:44,270 The Street of the Dead. 1126 01:24:51,340 --> 01:24:59,200 Here's the vacant geometry of a typical settlement 1127 01:24:59,200 --> 01:25:02,840 in the Mayan world. 1128 01:25:02,840 --> 01:25:07,990 Apparent lack of axial relationships, 1129 01:25:07,990 --> 01:25:10,795 the so-called vacant city because there's 1130 01:25:10,795 --> 01:25:13,990 very little evidence the way people lived. 1131 01:25:13,990 --> 01:25:18,700 Again, what is left are elements of stone construction, 1132 01:25:18,700 --> 01:25:19,200 monument. 1133 01:25:23,740 --> 01:25:25,095 I think that's the lot. 1134 01:25:28,490 --> 01:25:35,150 On Tuesday, we will look at some examples 1135 01:25:35,150 --> 01:25:44,120 of a completely different formal system, 1136 01:25:44,120 --> 01:25:46,850 one which is open-ended, loose, not 1137 01:25:46,850 --> 01:25:49,235 regulated by a central force. 1138 01:25:52,780 --> 01:25:55,830 So, have a good weekend.