1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,550 The following content is provided under a Creative 2 00:00:02,550 --> 00:00:04,000 Commons license. 3 00:00:04,000 --> 00:00:06,360 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 4 00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:10,690 continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,690 --> 00:00:13,350 To make a donation or view additional materials 6 00:00:13,350 --> 00:00:18,480 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 7 00:00:18,480 --> 00:00:20,130 at ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:28,770 --> 00:00:32,670 JULIAN BEINART: First of all, we did 9 00:00:32,670 --> 00:00:42,130 case studies of five cities with reference to the 19th century 10 00:00:42,130 --> 00:00:45,250 primarily, and how they dealt with similar 11 00:00:45,250 --> 00:00:50,070 of the fundamentals change. 12 00:00:50,070 --> 00:00:53,880 Any thoughts before we move on? 13 00:00:56,590 --> 00:00:59,080 Any comparisons that strike you-- 14 00:01:02,030 --> 00:01:06,755 London, Paris, Barcelona, Vienna, and Chicago? 15 00:01:12,310 --> 00:01:14,570 AUDIENCE: I think it's interesting with Paris 16 00:01:14,570 --> 00:01:19,190 and Vienna how their interventions were, in the end, 17 00:01:19,190 --> 00:01:23,175 more integrated and sort of on top of what was there before, 18 00:01:23,175 --> 00:01:26,040 whereas Chicago is was all new, and Barcelona-- 19 00:01:26,040 --> 00:01:30,130 you have a medieval city and then the Cerdá plan as two 20 00:01:30,130 --> 00:01:31,230 completely separate. 21 00:01:31,230 --> 00:01:32,620 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 22 00:01:32,620 --> 00:01:35,170 Yeah. 23 00:01:35,170 --> 00:01:40,240 The Cerdá model, as I argued, is probably the most conventional 24 00:01:40,240 --> 00:01:41,200 model. 25 00:01:41,200 --> 00:01:46,240 That is you leave the center of the city and its walls, 26 00:01:46,240 --> 00:01:49,570 where you take down the walls because everybody took down 27 00:01:49,570 --> 00:01:50,140 the walls. 28 00:01:53,430 --> 00:01:58,710 The taking down of the walls in Barcelona was before 29 00:01:58,710 --> 00:02:00,390 Cerdá's competition. 30 00:02:00,390 --> 00:02:05,920 So it was really moving in the direction of expansion. 31 00:02:05,920 --> 00:02:11,190 But the scale of Cerdá's expansion plan is phenomenal. 32 00:02:11,190 --> 00:02:19,320 How it is that the city, model city, 33 00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:23,940 would undertake such an enormous expansion under such 34 00:02:23,940 --> 00:02:29,800 a rigid control is remarkable. 35 00:02:29,800 --> 00:02:35,400 It puts Barcelona in a category almost all of its own. 36 00:02:35,400 --> 00:02:38,550 Chicago's expansion was from 1830 onwards. 37 00:02:38,550 --> 00:02:39,570 You built a house. 38 00:02:39,570 --> 00:02:41,010 You built another house. 39 00:02:41,010 --> 00:02:42,540 You built another house. 40 00:02:42,540 --> 00:02:47,520 There was no city involvement in the expansion of Chicago. 41 00:02:47,520 --> 00:02:50,100 It was purely a market driven phenomenon. 42 00:02:53,710 --> 00:02:56,040 AUDIENCE: But wasn't the grid where 43 00:02:56,040 --> 00:02:58,020 you could build that house already established 44 00:02:58,020 --> 00:03:02,440 through the government division of land? 45 00:03:02,440 --> 00:03:05,520 JULIAN BEINART: Well, I didn't know the history well enough 46 00:03:05,520 --> 00:03:08,820 to know what is government subdivision. 47 00:03:08,820 --> 00:03:15,120 It's a tract of land which is developed by a developer often 48 00:03:15,120 --> 00:03:16,170 according to-- 49 00:03:16,170 --> 00:03:20,280 the weakness of Chicago's governance 50 00:03:20,280 --> 00:03:22,840 is significant in the history. 51 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:27,810 It separated out completely from the other cities. 52 00:03:27,810 --> 00:03:33,530 European urban control is a much more significant 53 00:03:33,530 --> 00:03:37,980 than American urban control. 54 00:03:37,980 --> 00:03:43,560 [INAUDIBLE] has argued that the American layout often 55 00:03:43,560 --> 00:03:48,990 included larger pieces of land than was required. 56 00:03:48,990 --> 00:03:56,190 And this he argued, was a good investment 57 00:03:56,190 --> 00:04:00,825 in that you could then double up or expand over time. 58 00:04:03,630 --> 00:04:05,970 Seeing how only half the lot was built, 59 00:04:05,970 --> 00:04:10,200 you could double up the density for instance. 60 00:04:10,200 --> 00:04:12,600 I did a studio project many years 61 00:04:12,600 --> 00:04:15,630 ago here in Cambridgeport, where I 62 00:04:15,630 --> 00:04:20,430 argued that one could densify without changing the existing 63 00:04:20,430 --> 00:04:21,480 buildings. 64 00:04:21,480 --> 00:04:23,475 That there was enough space to do-- 65 00:04:27,030 --> 00:04:31,920 and the reality of the situation is that Cambridgeport 66 00:04:31,920 --> 00:04:36,360 is absolutely resistant to any plan which is densifies it's 67 00:04:36,360 --> 00:04:38,670 area for one reason mainly-- 68 00:04:38,670 --> 00:04:39,570 automobile traffic. 69 00:04:42,830 --> 00:04:49,700 You cannot in Newton, if you have built yourself a palace 70 00:04:49,700 --> 00:04:57,980 and have half another lot free, you cannot even rent out 71 00:04:57,980 --> 00:05:04,460 another property because of the fear of an increase in density 72 00:05:04,460 --> 00:05:06,020 automobiles. 73 00:05:06,020 --> 00:05:07,790 AUDIENCE: But that is changing. 74 00:05:07,790 --> 00:05:13,543 I mean slowly, but the fight over laneway housing is going-- 75 00:05:13,543 --> 00:05:14,960 JULIAN BEINART: It may over time-- 76 00:05:18,940 --> 00:05:22,660 I don't know whether ownership of property 77 00:05:22,660 --> 00:05:27,385 sets up a greater lack of indulgence in change. 78 00:05:32,510 --> 00:05:36,320 Pullman, Illinois was an example of him 79 00:05:36,320 --> 00:05:41,120 not wanting to let home ownership exist because he felt 80 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:46,010 that home ownership would stand in the way of the people 81 00:05:46,010 --> 00:05:49,250 changing their psychological apparatus 82 00:05:49,250 --> 00:05:52,730 and living much cleaner lives-- 83 00:05:52,730 --> 00:05:54,980 as he is a paternalist-- were unwanted. 84 00:05:57,920 --> 00:05:58,730 I don't know. 85 00:06:12,770 --> 00:06:15,290 I was just reading again about EUR. 86 00:06:15,290 --> 00:06:19,370 Do you know EUR-- 87 00:06:19,370 --> 00:06:21,380 1942? 88 00:06:21,380 --> 00:06:23,810 Michaela, you know what EUR stands for. 89 00:06:23,810 --> 00:06:24,825 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. 90 00:06:24,825 --> 00:06:25,700 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 91 00:06:28,310 --> 00:06:36,830 Exposizione Universale Roma. 92 00:06:36,830 --> 00:06:47,240 EUR was intended as a fascist commemoration exposition 93 00:06:47,240 --> 00:06:50,630 20 years after the origins of fascism 94 00:06:50,630 --> 00:06:53,000 in Italy and the Mussolini. 95 00:06:56,140 --> 00:07:00,970 Anyway, we'll deal later with this. 96 00:07:00,970 --> 00:07:04,990 I want to now shift gears a bit and do 97 00:07:04,990 --> 00:07:09,430 three classes which reflect backwards on these case 98 00:07:09,430 --> 00:07:11,600 studies. 99 00:07:11,600 --> 00:07:15,950 The first one today deals with a very difficult proposition. 100 00:07:15,950 --> 00:07:22,235 And that is the expression of power. 101 00:07:26,120 --> 00:07:32,150 The second one, on Thursday, will deal with utopianism 102 00:07:32,150 --> 00:07:37,970 because the 19th century was a very hotbed of utopian attempts 103 00:07:37,970 --> 00:07:41,675 to change the form and social structure of cities. 104 00:07:45,630 --> 00:07:49,980 And thirdly, I will conclude this section 105 00:07:49,980 --> 00:07:53,370 by looking at England-- 106 00:07:53,370 --> 00:08:00,750 the New Towne's proposition in England after the '46 war-- 107 00:08:00,750 --> 00:08:06,030 and Russia between 1917 and 1932-- 108 00:08:06,030 --> 00:08:12,990 pre-Stalinist Russia-- as examples of attempts 109 00:08:12,990 --> 00:08:19,290 to counter the problems that the 19th century 110 00:08:19,290 --> 00:08:21,540 city provided in a sense. 111 00:08:30,770 --> 00:08:35,270 I think the material I'm doing today 112 00:08:35,270 --> 00:08:40,909 and the next two classes suggests much more interaction 113 00:08:40,909 --> 00:08:42,380 with you. 114 00:08:42,380 --> 00:08:44,660 I would want your opinion on things 115 00:08:44,660 --> 00:08:46,970 which I'm going to propose-- 116 00:08:46,970 --> 00:08:48,650 difficult things. 117 00:08:48,650 --> 00:08:52,565 Things which are very difficult to establish in fact. 118 00:08:55,220 --> 00:09:01,970 I start off with a quotation. 119 00:09:05,240 --> 00:09:09,920 "In 16th century Paris a popular form of entertainment 120 00:09:09,920 --> 00:09:16,020 was cat burning, In which a cat was 121 00:09:16,020 --> 00:09:23,550 hoisted on a sling on a stage and slowly lowered into a fire. 122 00:09:23,550 --> 00:09:26,190 According to historian Norman Davies, 123 00:09:26,190 --> 00:09:29,280 the spectators, including Kings and Queens, 124 00:09:29,280 --> 00:09:33,570 shrieked with laughter as the animal was howling in pain 125 00:09:33,570 --> 00:09:43,120 was singed till roasted and finally demolished. 126 00:09:47,550 --> 00:09:51,000 Such sadism would be unspeakable in today." 127 00:09:55,220 --> 00:10:04,290 Another French example, "Damiens, the incompetent 128 00:10:04,290 --> 00:10:07,620 would be assassin of Louis XV--" Louis XV 129 00:10:07,620 --> 00:10:10,440 was an incompetent man himself. 130 00:10:10,440 --> 00:10:14,430 He had an incompetent assassin, Damiens. 131 00:10:14,430 --> 00:10:18,840 "He was sentenced to be torn to pieces by 6 horses, 132 00:10:18,840 --> 00:10:21,270 to be stabbed and have his wounds 133 00:10:21,270 --> 00:10:25,500 soiled with burning sulfur and molten lead, 134 00:10:25,500 --> 00:10:27,750 and a good deal more in the same vein." 135 00:10:31,450 --> 00:10:33,677 Why don't we do that anymore? 136 00:10:39,890 --> 00:10:45,830 According to the best writer on the subject, Michel Foucault 137 00:10:45,830 --> 00:10:49,070 in his book Discipline and Punish, 138 00:10:49,070 --> 00:10:55,880 we have substituted hard measures for soft measures. 139 00:10:55,880 --> 00:11:01,400 And in his view, soft measures introduced by liberal society 140 00:11:01,400 --> 00:11:07,990 where punishment is less obvious and less brutal 141 00:11:07,990 --> 00:11:11,100 is nevertheless curtailing our freedom in society. 142 00:11:16,280 --> 00:11:19,910 So let's look at that proposition a little more. 143 00:11:19,910 --> 00:11:28,240 Let's look at the proposition of the facade in architecture. 144 00:11:28,240 --> 00:11:31,160 And then let's look at two case studies. 145 00:11:31,160 --> 00:11:34,810 The one of the proposed five mile rebuilding 146 00:11:34,810 --> 00:11:40,420 of the center of Berlin by Albert Speer and Hitler 147 00:11:40,420 --> 00:11:46,360 in which we find some very interesting components 148 00:11:46,360 --> 00:11:53,090 of ideology which one might relate to fascism or not. 149 00:11:53,090 --> 00:11:58,420 And the other example is the 2 1/2 mile Avenue in St. 150 00:11:58,420 --> 00:12:00,940 Petersburg in Russia. 151 00:12:00,940 --> 00:12:07,870 The Nevsky Prospekt named after Alexander Nevsky who 152 00:12:07,870 --> 00:12:13,510 was a 19-year-old leader of Russia, 153 00:12:13,510 --> 00:12:20,875 defeated the invading forces from the North many years ago. 154 00:12:24,310 --> 00:12:30,222 So let's start with this soft replacement of the hard 155 00:12:30,222 --> 00:12:30,805 with the soft. 156 00:12:35,290 --> 00:12:37,330 Let's look at first order a couple 157 00:12:37,330 --> 00:12:39,880 of characteristic of the 19th century which 158 00:12:39,880 --> 00:12:41,065 appear in these cases. 159 00:12:43,930 --> 00:12:50,060 First of all, the Enlightenment is-- 160 00:12:50,060 --> 00:12:54,420 and of people as individuals-- 161 00:12:54,420 --> 00:12:56,415 the specialization of places. 162 00:12:59,190 --> 00:13:06,690 The work which shows how the integrated house-- 163 00:13:06,690 --> 00:13:10,110 which include craftsmen, families, and all together 164 00:13:10,110 --> 00:13:12,570 in the medieval Guild-- 165 00:13:12,570 --> 00:13:18,410 was replaced by separate rooms and typologies of houses-- 166 00:13:18,410 --> 00:13:21,240 a special places for servants-- 167 00:13:21,240 --> 00:13:27,260 upstairs, downstairs, in the British movies-- 168 00:13:27,260 --> 00:13:30,930 warehouses for workers, and most importantly, 169 00:13:30,930 --> 00:13:33,810 separation of work and home. 170 00:13:33,810 --> 00:13:36,720 The journey to work becomes a phenomenon 171 00:13:36,720 --> 00:13:38,966 of contemporary society. 172 00:13:41,740 --> 00:13:42,760 It's still is. 173 00:13:49,530 --> 00:13:56,580 In the land of the salt mining, salt processing town of Chaux-- 174 00:13:56,580 --> 00:14:04,910 C-H-A-U-X-- built in the late 18th century in France, 175 00:14:04,910 --> 00:14:09,020 you will see there are houses for blue collar workers 176 00:14:09,020 --> 00:14:11,880 and houses for white collar workers. 177 00:14:11,880 --> 00:14:15,140 There is a typology associated with each. 178 00:14:15,140 --> 00:14:19,480 And Ledoux designed Chaux-- 179 00:14:19,480 --> 00:14:23,320 the architect of the Ancien Régime. 180 00:14:23,320 --> 00:14:27,310 I would show you a house for an intellectual that he designed. 181 00:14:27,310 --> 00:14:33,530 Imagine conceiving of a project of a house for an intellectual. 182 00:14:33,530 --> 00:14:36,890 There is a typology associated with each category 183 00:14:36,890 --> 00:14:39,190 of human beings. 184 00:14:39,190 --> 00:14:41,930 The concept of typology has stuck 185 00:14:41,930 --> 00:14:44,180 with architectural thought. 186 00:14:44,180 --> 00:14:46,820 It's been revived in our own times, 187 00:14:46,820 --> 00:14:49,250 but in a different kind of sense. 188 00:14:49,250 --> 00:14:52,250 When we talk about Aldo Rossi, we 189 00:14:52,250 --> 00:14:55,370 will go back into the contemporary meaning 190 00:14:55,370 --> 00:14:57,650 of the typological experiment. 191 00:15:01,510 --> 00:15:05,950 A second characteristic of 19th century space 192 00:15:05,950 --> 00:15:09,550 was the organization of complex space. 193 00:15:09,550 --> 00:15:19,810 The census in 1801 in England used the cadastral system 194 00:15:19,810 --> 00:15:22,430 for measuring land-- 195 00:15:22,430 --> 00:15:26,750 maps of boundaries and ownership, specialized sewage 196 00:15:26,750 --> 00:15:31,830 plants, and the capacity of a new management 197 00:15:31,830 --> 00:15:35,960 to organize complex space. 198 00:15:35,960 --> 00:15:39,120 Thirdly, new forms for institutions-- 199 00:15:39,120 --> 00:15:45,290 here we go back to our story about punishment. 200 00:15:45,290 --> 00:15:48,920 Fire no longer needs to be violent. 201 00:15:48,920 --> 00:15:53,900 Killing no longer needs to be seen symbolic in public. 202 00:15:53,900 --> 00:15:59,840 The guillotine is used for the last time in 1789, I think, 203 00:15:59,840 --> 00:16:01,610 more or less. 204 00:16:01,610 --> 00:16:04,745 Torture is no longer visible. 205 00:16:09,350 --> 00:16:11,960 Well yeah, I'm generalizing. 206 00:16:17,100 --> 00:16:19,830 Modern society attempts to teach you 207 00:16:19,830 --> 00:16:25,920 to reform and change your habits rather than persecuting you. 208 00:16:25,920 --> 00:16:32,820 In order to do that, you have the new idea of panopticism. 209 00:16:32,820 --> 00:16:38,610 Panopticism being a system where an individual 210 00:16:38,610 --> 00:16:42,510 is watched from a central position, 211 00:16:42,510 --> 00:16:47,890 but doesn't know when he or she is being watched. 212 00:16:47,890 --> 00:16:51,550 A series of louvers separates the prisoners. 213 00:16:51,550 --> 00:16:54,510 The prisoners are isolated from each other so they cannot 214 00:16:54,510 --> 00:16:57,680 communicate. 215 00:16:57,680 --> 00:17:02,660 The prisoners are either workers, schoolboys, or madmen. 216 00:17:02,660 --> 00:17:06,950 Light enters from the outside, and creates a silhouette 217 00:17:06,950 --> 00:17:15,230 which allows the person doing the envisioning to see 218 00:17:15,230 --> 00:17:18,760 the person being watched. 219 00:17:18,760 --> 00:17:23,690 I quote from Foucault, "The prisoner is seen, 220 00:17:23,690 --> 00:17:25,670 but he does not see. 221 00:17:25,670 --> 00:17:28,235 He's the object of information, never 222 00:17:28,235 --> 00:17:31,130 a subject in communication. 223 00:17:31,130 --> 00:17:35,980 Power should be visible, but unverifiable. 224 00:17:35,980 --> 00:17:44,270 Institutions can now move forward from being dungeons, 225 00:17:44,270 --> 00:17:46,940 to being light structures. 226 00:17:46,940 --> 00:17:50,480 A new prison preserves only the enclosure, 227 00:17:50,480 --> 00:17:59,790 but eliminates the need to deprive the patients of light 228 00:17:59,790 --> 00:18:00,860 or to hide them. 229 00:18:08,940 --> 00:18:12,240 No bars, no chains, no heavy locks-- 230 00:18:12,240 --> 00:18:16,980 fortress-like architecture is replaced by economic geometry. 231 00:18:16,980 --> 00:18:21,840 This is parallel with taking down the city walls." 232 00:18:21,840 --> 00:18:26,190 You know what a panoptagon looks like? 233 00:18:26,190 --> 00:18:29,940 I've just described it in words. 234 00:18:29,940 --> 00:18:33,490 Shall I draw it on a-- 235 00:18:33,490 --> 00:18:35,980 can you imagine what this is-- 236 00:18:35,980 --> 00:18:37,630 yeah, of course. 237 00:18:37,630 --> 00:18:43,430 I'm sorry, I forget what I'm doing. 238 00:18:43,430 --> 00:18:45,220 There are many variations. 239 00:18:45,220 --> 00:18:48,130 Those are two from Mexico, I think. 240 00:18:48,130 --> 00:18:51,790 Elaborate structures all maintaining 241 00:18:51,790 --> 00:18:55,300 a certain central idea. 242 00:18:55,300 --> 00:19:03,100 That you can watch a patient or schoolboy or prisoner 243 00:19:03,100 --> 00:19:10,350 without locking him up in the sense of using every instrument 244 00:19:10,350 --> 00:19:13,670 for preserving his security. 245 00:19:19,430 --> 00:19:25,490 According to Foucault, this creates an environment in which 246 00:19:25,490 --> 00:19:32,050 institutions of health, institutions of production-- 247 00:19:32,050 --> 00:19:36,950 I will talk about the salt extraction city 248 00:19:36,950 --> 00:19:44,410 Chaux near Switzerland, 1775, 1779-- 249 00:19:44,410 --> 00:19:45,790 and so on and so on. 250 00:19:50,120 --> 00:19:56,870 Foucault uses the analogy of what happens during the plague. 251 00:19:56,870 --> 00:19:58,430 This is a fairly long. 252 00:19:58,430 --> 00:20:02,140 I'm going to go through it very quickly. 253 00:20:05,270 --> 00:20:07,880 When the plague appears in a town 254 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:10,745 at the end of the 17th century, first 255 00:20:10,745 --> 00:20:14,690 the strict spatial partition, the closing of the town 256 00:20:14,690 --> 00:20:18,200 and its outlying districts, prohibition 257 00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:20,690 to leave the town on pain of death, 258 00:20:20,690 --> 00:20:23,090 the killing of all stray animals, 259 00:20:23,090 --> 00:20:27,230 the division of the town to district quarters each 260 00:20:27,230 --> 00:20:29,150 governed by an attendant. 261 00:20:29,150 --> 00:20:32,300 Each street is-- and he goes on and on 262 00:20:32,300 --> 00:20:35,510 about the details of how food is distributed, 263 00:20:35,510 --> 00:20:40,310 the powers of each street superintendent, death 264 00:20:40,310 --> 00:20:42,860 is often the punishment inflicted 265 00:20:42,860 --> 00:20:45,630 on somebody who doesn't obey. 266 00:20:45,630 --> 00:20:50,060 It is a segmented, immobile, frozen space-- 267 00:20:50,060 --> 00:20:53,060 each individually fixed in his place. 268 00:20:53,060 --> 00:20:56,990 And if he moves, he does so at the risk of his life, 269 00:20:56,990 --> 00:20:59,000 contagion, or punishment. 270 00:21:01,892 --> 00:21:06,680 He analogizes this was the panopticon space. 271 00:21:06,680 --> 00:21:09,980 This enclosed segmented space observed 272 00:21:09,980 --> 00:21:12,950 at every point in which the individuals are inserted 273 00:21:12,950 --> 00:21:16,510 in a fixed place, in which the slightest movements are 274 00:21:16,510 --> 00:21:20,180 supervised, in which all events are recorded, 275 00:21:20,180 --> 00:21:23,240 in which an uninterrupted work of writing 276 00:21:23,240 --> 00:21:26,180 links the center and periphery. 277 00:21:26,180 --> 00:21:29,630 Power is exercised without division 278 00:21:29,630 --> 00:21:33,590 according to a continuous hierarchical figure. 279 00:21:33,590 --> 00:21:35,860 All this constitutes a compact model 280 00:21:35,860 --> 00:21:37,520 of the disciplinary mechanism. 281 00:21:47,950 --> 00:21:53,140 It's [INAUDIBLE] that the possible outcomes 282 00:21:53,140 --> 00:22:03,630 of contravening the orthodox environment of the plague 283 00:22:03,630 --> 00:22:07,800 superimposed upon a place-- 284 00:22:07,800 --> 00:22:12,450 if he moves he does so at the risk of his life, contagion, 285 00:22:12,450 --> 00:22:13,860 or punishment-- 286 00:22:13,860 --> 00:22:16,230 three awful results. 287 00:22:20,630 --> 00:22:31,460 In the sense that when it requires 288 00:22:31,460 --> 00:22:37,880 a specialization of types, as well as a sense of geometry 289 00:22:37,880 --> 00:22:41,810 of control, one can find no better example 290 00:22:41,810 --> 00:22:48,635 than the salt extraction factory at Chaux. 291 00:22:58,580 --> 00:23:00,190 I draw it on here-- 292 00:23:42,120 --> 00:23:43,842 actually only two or three blocks-- 293 00:23:56,660 --> 00:24:00,110 the gate and the director's house are on axis. 294 00:24:03,930 --> 00:24:11,130 The geometry is that the director, with his gaze-- 295 00:24:15,040 --> 00:24:23,390 here is he-- over the workers who live on the edges. 296 00:24:26,180 --> 00:24:29,810 Nobody knows whether the director is watching or not. 297 00:24:29,810 --> 00:24:32,210 The trick is that you're constantly 298 00:24:32,210 --> 00:24:34,340 under the threat of being supervised. 299 00:24:37,480 --> 00:24:42,995 The gate is decorated on the outside, not on the inside. 300 00:24:46,240 --> 00:24:50,090 What that means I don't know. 301 00:24:50,090 --> 00:24:52,810 AUDIENCE: The decoration isn't for the workers? 302 00:24:52,810 --> 00:24:57,390 JULIAN BEINART: No, the decoration 303 00:24:57,390 --> 00:25:02,675 is for whoever gazes from the outside. 304 00:25:14,090 --> 00:25:21,825 Blue collar workers-- sorry, reverse-- 305 00:25:24,560 --> 00:25:28,895 white collar workers, blue collar workers-- 306 00:25:35,460 --> 00:25:39,300 this is a crude diagram of a factory town. 307 00:25:39,300 --> 00:25:42,760 One of the first factory towns ever built. In fact, 308 00:25:42,760 --> 00:25:45,900 it may be the first one on record 309 00:25:45,900 --> 00:25:47,385 prior to the 18th century. 310 00:25:51,250 --> 00:25:52,750 Have you seen this plan before? 311 00:25:55,340 --> 00:25:57,650 Where do you run into it? 312 00:26:01,282 --> 00:26:05,105 AUDIENCE: I think I stayed in this same town. 313 00:26:05,105 --> 00:26:05,980 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 314 00:26:15,560 --> 00:26:21,560 So you have a typology of specialized space 315 00:26:21,560 --> 00:26:23,090 for categories of people. 316 00:26:25,970 --> 00:26:29,960 You know this typology in a location in the dormitory 317 00:26:29,960 --> 00:26:30,770 for the director. 318 00:26:33,350 --> 00:26:43,010 You have the automatic, constant and subtle examination process 319 00:26:43,010 --> 00:26:43,865 by the director. 320 00:26:57,610 --> 00:27:05,010 These could be a bunch of children being watched 321 00:27:05,010 --> 00:27:13,410 in a laboratory through a screen which makes them not realize 322 00:27:13,410 --> 00:27:16,380 that they're being watched. 323 00:27:16,380 --> 00:27:21,210 Oh sorry, the louver system would be here. 324 00:27:21,210 --> 00:27:24,360 The light would reflect the people back 325 00:27:24,360 --> 00:27:27,510 to the central observer. 326 00:27:27,510 --> 00:27:29,505 OK, enough bad drawing. 327 00:27:33,280 --> 00:27:55,540 We will see in the pictures some more detailed examples of Chaux 328 00:27:55,540 --> 00:27:59,890 A French contemporary writer by the name of Paul Virilio I 329 00:27:59,890 --> 00:28:04,520 don't know if you've ever run into any of his writing, 330 00:28:04,520 --> 00:28:11,930 he extend this notion of inconspicuous examination 331 00:28:11,930 --> 00:28:14,045 to the contemporary city. 332 00:28:16,870 --> 00:28:19,030 If you want an example of somebody 333 00:28:19,030 --> 00:28:22,120 who's applied it to the American city, 334 00:28:22,120 --> 00:28:30,790 there's a thesis done in 1989 by Daniel Glenn called The Moral 335 00:28:30,790 --> 00:28:38,600 Society, Inclusion, Exclusion, and Control in the Urban 336 00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:40,530 Center. 337 00:28:40,530 --> 00:28:45,110 I think he does a case study of the John Hancock building, 338 00:28:45,110 --> 00:28:51,620 and a couple of examples of where insidious control is 339 00:28:51,620 --> 00:29:00,140 maintained whilst done in a very elegant signifying way. 340 00:29:02,650 --> 00:29:06,700 Virilio writes a piece called The Overexposed 341 00:29:06,700 --> 00:29:10,930 City which I'm not sure I agree with completely. 342 00:29:10,930 --> 00:29:20,890 But he says that we should be conscious of the fact 343 00:29:20,890 --> 00:29:27,130 that our behavior is now examined and processed 344 00:29:27,130 --> 00:29:33,710 through environmental controls, which 345 00:29:33,710 --> 00:29:35,345 are subtle and not so obvious. 346 00:29:42,630 --> 00:29:51,300 Take the question of congestion control. 347 00:29:51,300 --> 00:29:57,600 Congestion control implies that your movement in an automobile 348 00:29:57,600 --> 00:30:00,330 has to be rationed. 349 00:30:00,330 --> 00:30:10,080 Therefore you pay a fee when you pass a cordon of a kind. 350 00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:14,250 That fee is processed by virtue of you having 351 00:30:14,250 --> 00:30:19,830 some identification tag on your car-- electronic identification 352 00:30:19,830 --> 00:30:21,390 tag on your car. 353 00:30:21,390 --> 00:30:23,130 It happens on the Mass Turnpike-- 354 00:30:23,130 --> 00:30:31,590 if you live beyond the Mass Turnpike entrance into city. 355 00:30:31,590 --> 00:30:35,040 The objection to congestion pricing 356 00:30:35,040 --> 00:30:40,560 has often been that it locates you in space without you being 357 00:30:40,560 --> 00:30:45,120 aware that it's happening. 358 00:30:45,120 --> 00:30:51,720 If a telephone bill arrives at home, and your wife says, 359 00:30:51,720 --> 00:30:57,510 I see that you were on the main road in the city 360 00:30:57,510 --> 00:31:02,010 and at 2 o'clock in the morning of Thursday the 22nd. 361 00:31:02,010 --> 00:31:03,750 What were you doing there? 362 00:31:03,750 --> 00:31:06,510 And you stumble and say, well, I-- 363 00:31:06,510 --> 00:31:07,530 it's a mistake. 364 00:31:07,530 --> 00:31:09,030 I wasn't there. 365 00:31:09,030 --> 00:31:12,190 The truth is I was visiting my girlfriend. 366 00:31:12,190 --> 00:31:18,030 It's a set of controls which can be elaborated enormously, 367 00:31:18,030 --> 00:31:22,290 and deprive you of your individual liberty. 368 00:31:22,290 --> 00:31:31,890 That issue will continue to exert its force on the control 369 00:31:31,890 --> 00:31:34,470 system. 370 00:31:34,470 --> 00:31:37,980 The amount of freedom that we will give up 371 00:31:37,980 --> 00:31:44,280 in order for us to maintain a sane environment 372 00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:46,740 is at the issue. 373 00:31:46,740 --> 00:31:50,820 I remember being on a small group here at MIT 374 00:31:50,820 --> 00:31:59,280 where one of the famous computer control people 375 00:31:59,280 --> 00:32:01,440 was on the panel. 376 00:32:01,440 --> 00:32:06,360 And he made the statement of the following kind-- 377 00:32:06,360 --> 00:32:12,960 he could reduce murder in the society by at least 50% 378 00:32:12,960 --> 00:32:16,920 by having everybody forcibly wear a bracelet which 379 00:32:16,920 --> 00:32:20,020 located them in space. 380 00:32:20,020 --> 00:32:24,240 The fact that you can locate yourself freely in space 381 00:32:24,240 --> 00:32:30,810 is, of course, subverted by a control system of a kind. 382 00:32:30,810 --> 00:32:36,690 But a liberal control system will not maintain your position 383 00:32:36,690 --> 00:32:38,535 in space as a record. 384 00:32:41,220 --> 00:32:45,570 Some of you may not care whether your movements are 385 00:32:45,570 --> 00:32:48,150 controlled, in space or not. 386 00:32:51,330 --> 00:32:57,180 The payoff of the declining rate of murder to the extent 387 00:32:57,180 --> 00:33:01,770 that everybody who commits a murder can be located in space. 388 00:33:04,890 --> 00:33:06,980 It's an intriguing trade off. 389 00:33:06,980 --> 00:33:09,680 And the modern city is going to increasingly-- 390 00:33:09,680 --> 00:33:11,510 the modern society-- 391 00:33:11,510 --> 00:33:12,980 Virilio are and others-- 392 00:33:12,980 --> 00:33:18,170 Foucault amongst others-- argues that it's 393 00:33:18,170 --> 00:33:20,060 going to become a more and more pervasive 394 00:33:20,060 --> 00:33:24,740 phenomenon in the contemporary city. 395 00:33:24,740 --> 00:33:33,710 These are maybe symbolic as well as actual phenomena. 396 00:33:33,710 --> 00:33:37,590 I go on to another aspect of the story. 397 00:33:37,590 --> 00:33:42,200 And that's a piece of writing by David Friedman who 398 00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:46,520 is a Professor here in the the history area. 399 00:33:46,520 --> 00:33:52,940 Friedman argues that the medieval street 400 00:33:52,940 --> 00:33:56,120 was a functioning street. 401 00:33:56,120 --> 00:34:00,600 In other words, that it maintained 402 00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:05,790 the processes of commerce, expansion 403 00:34:05,790 --> 00:34:10,110 of individuals into the street, random affairs, 404 00:34:10,110 --> 00:34:11,610 loose furniture. 405 00:34:11,610 --> 00:34:15,360 A whole range of things characterized 406 00:34:15,360 --> 00:34:19,560 the medieval street. 407 00:34:19,560 --> 00:34:22,250 Not only with the medieval street, 408 00:34:22,250 --> 00:34:27,060 the street of multi-use, its facades which 409 00:34:27,060 --> 00:34:38,810 enclosed the street were democratized and varied 410 00:34:38,810 --> 00:34:43,760 It is not until the Renaissance that street and palace-- 411 00:34:43,760 --> 00:34:45,710 and this statement is also true for 412 00:34:45,710 --> 00:34:48,260 modest domestic architecture-- were 413 00:34:48,260 --> 00:34:52,250 set into the more or less symbiotic relationship which 414 00:34:52,250 --> 00:34:56,810 they continue until the 20th century. 415 00:34:56,810 --> 00:34:58,790 What he's saying is the word fachada-- 416 00:35:02,860 --> 00:35:07,450 the facade of a building or a street 417 00:35:07,450 --> 00:35:12,670 plays the same expressive role as the head does 418 00:35:12,670 --> 00:35:16,000 in the human body, it is the face 419 00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:24,310 of what you see and implies meanings 420 00:35:24,310 --> 00:35:29,710 which the street is meant to produce towards its users. 421 00:35:36,500 --> 00:35:38,900 There were rules in the medieval street 422 00:35:38,900 --> 00:35:43,620 system for how many movable objects to allow 423 00:35:43,620 --> 00:35:47,000 to attach to a house or shop. 424 00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:51,560 Movable tables or carts are potentially so disruptive 425 00:35:51,560 --> 00:35:55,460 to the social committee order, were explicitly 426 00:35:55,460 --> 00:35:56,690 banned later on. 427 00:36:01,200 --> 00:36:07,990 We still make arrangements around the use of a street-- 428 00:36:11,410 --> 00:36:17,940 in Italian streets, in Italian piazza in summer. 429 00:36:17,940 --> 00:36:22,050 In this country we have now introduced 430 00:36:22,050 --> 00:36:25,950 the possibility of doing it even in the city of Boston. 431 00:36:25,950 --> 00:36:29,190 Prior to recently it was not possible to do it 432 00:36:29,190 --> 00:36:33,630 in Boston because of health related legislation. 433 00:36:33,630 --> 00:36:40,620 Only a place could only be considered healthy 434 00:36:40,620 --> 00:36:47,100 if it maintained certain proprietary sanitary laws. 435 00:36:47,100 --> 00:36:52,230 Now there is a relationship possible between the use 436 00:36:52,230 --> 00:36:56,760 of the street as a temporary device 437 00:36:56,760 --> 00:37:01,500 while maintaining the facade of the street. 438 00:37:01,500 --> 00:37:02,790 There are transactions. 439 00:37:02,790 --> 00:37:12,030 For instance, on the relatively new hotel on the waterfront 440 00:37:12,030 --> 00:37:15,210 is an arrangement whereby the hotel 441 00:37:15,210 --> 00:37:19,830 looks after that park that's been created. 442 00:37:19,830 --> 00:37:23,220 In return of which, it may serve drinks 443 00:37:23,220 --> 00:37:26,280 on the terrace outside its own property. 444 00:37:31,000 --> 00:37:37,990 The emergence of a facade as a factor is interesting. 445 00:37:37,990 --> 00:37:42,070 It promotes the expression of meaning differently 446 00:37:42,070 --> 00:37:50,470 from improperly organized environment. 447 00:37:50,470 --> 00:37:56,380 Rather than loose furniture, it was also possible above 10 feet 448 00:37:56,380 --> 00:38:00,340 to project your house into the street 449 00:38:00,340 --> 00:38:03,560 itself to gain more space. 450 00:38:03,560 --> 00:38:06,010 So there was a variety of disruptions 451 00:38:06,010 --> 00:38:10,960 in the medieval street to the constant orthodoxy 452 00:38:10,960 --> 00:38:12,460 of the street. 453 00:38:12,460 --> 00:38:17,980 Orthodox of the street being non-facade driven. 454 00:38:17,980 --> 00:38:22,210 According to Friedman, this changed. 455 00:38:22,210 --> 00:38:26,830 You have for the first time, the organization of the street 456 00:38:26,830 --> 00:38:33,100 facade largely for palaces and large domestic environments, 457 00:38:33,100 --> 00:38:36,250 as being constant. 458 00:38:36,250 --> 00:38:48,950 He cites the 1444 Medici Palace in Florence-- 459 00:38:48,950 --> 00:38:52,620 recognized as the first great palace of the Renaissance. 460 00:38:52,620 --> 00:39:02,650 He goes on to argue about it's effect. 461 00:39:02,650 --> 00:39:05,380 Facade then represents a new relationship 462 00:39:05,380 --> 00:39:07,840 with buildings in the city. 463 00:39:07,840 --> 00:39:11,470 It is a concept born in the 14th century 464 00:39:11,470 --> 00:39:13,360 and matured in the Renaissance. 465 00:39:21,210 --> 00:39:28,200 He argues, if he's correct, in a changed identification 466 00:39:28,200 --> 00:39:35,670 of the effect of the built world on individual behavior. 467 00:39:46,350 --> 00:39:51,030 Aztecs of the Street of the Dead in Teotihuacan 468 00:39:51,030 --> 00:39:53,160 didn't have constant facades, but they 469 00:39:53,160 --> 00:39:56,490 had pyramids of the moon and the sun 470 00:39:56,490 --> 00:40:00,615 and the strict notions of behavior along an axis. 471 00:40:03,670 --> 00:40:06,460 The projects-- the two projects which 472 00:40:06,460 --> 00:40:14,530 I want to look at with you use the Friedman idea 473 00:40:14,530 --> 00:40:19,015 of the facade as a powerful tool in different ways. 474 00:40:23,970 --> 00:40:33,170 Hitler's ideology was in part based 475 00:40:33,170 --> 00:40:37,100 on the permanence of power. 476 00:40:37,100 --> 00:40:46,640 The EUR in 1942 under Mussolini, was merely an exhibition. 477 00:40:46,640 --> 00:40:50,150 It later became a town or part of Rome-- 478 00:40:50,150 --> 00:40:53,060 the Southeast part of Rome. 479 00:40:53,060 --> 00:41:02,150 Under Hitler there was no end to the permanence of power. 480 00:41:02,150 --> 00:41:08,030 Power was constant and everlasting. 481 00:41:08,030 --> 00:41:10,190 There's a wonderful story that Speer 482 00:41:10,190 --> 00:41:16,250 tells of working in Nuremberg and seeing a building being 483 00:41:16,250 --> 00:41:20,990 taken down, and looking at the ruins, and saying, 484 00:41:20,990 --> 00:41:25,040 we must not have ruins as ugly as this. 485 00:41:25,040 --> 00:41:30,050 So he invent something called the theory of ruined value. 486 00:41:30,050 --> 00:41:37,250 Imagine a theory which forces you to make sure 487 00:41:37,250 --> 00:41:40,790 that the permanence of your situation 488 00:41:40,790 --> 00:41:44,810 is going to be beyond the life of the building. 489 00:41:44,810 --> 00:41:50,840 That the ruins will ruin like great ruins of Caracalla 490 00:41:50,840 --> 00:41:52,295 or the great Roman ruins. 491 00:41:55,260 --> 00:41:59,970 This is only one example of a ideology 492 00:41:59,970 --> 00:42:06,350 which is not temporary, but which is seen to be permanent. 493 00:42:06,350 --> 00:42:13,100 The style of buildings is considered to be neo empire. 494 00:42:13,100 --> 00:42:19,760 Again, it's got to do with everlasting circumstance. 495 00:42:19,760 --> 00:42:23,600 According to Speer, they start with the Doric order 496 00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:27,470 and keep on inventing new orders as they go along. 497 00:42:27,470 --> 00:42:34,030 Again, Hitler is the beginning of a continuity. 498 00:42:38,170 --> 00:42:43,450 Hitler himself says to Albert Speer, whom 499 00:42:43,450 --> 00:42:50,440 he chooses as his architect when Speer is 26 or 24 or something, 500 00:42:50,440 --> 00:42:56,110 he says I need somebody who will understand when I'm dead. 501 00:42:56,110 --> 00:43:03,250 Meaning again, that the normal projection of nature-- 502 00:43:03,250 --> 00:43:06,700 of life, death, ruin, and change-- 503 00:43:06,700 --> 00:43:09,940 is disestablished. 504 00:43:15,490 --> 00:43:17,397 There are a number of examples of it. 505 00:43:20,320 --> 00:43:23,090 Hitler hated glass. 506 00:43:23,090 --> 00:43:26,800 Glass was too ephemeral. 507 00:43:26,800 --> 00:43:35,590 The 1936 games were Hitler's great international triumph. 508 00:43:35,590 --> 00:43:40,780 And he had a stadium which he was being modernized with glass 509 00:43:40,780 --> 00:43:42,100 and so on. 510 00:43:42,100 --> 00:43:46,855 He hated it and told them to stop and put back the stone. 511 00:43:50,360 --> 00:43:54,980 Speer, in his spare time, designed a stadium 512 00:43:54,980 --> 00:44:02,030 for 400,000 people, which is an impossible artifact anyway. 513 00:44:02,030 --> 00:44:08,810 You cannot have 400,000 people in a place, and have them see. 514 00:44:08,810 --> 00:44:10,940 The distances become too long. 515 00:44:15,590 --> 00:44:23,710 But when Speer shows Hitler this model, 516 00:44:23,710 --> 00:44:29,530 Speer apologizes and says, I'm sorry, Herr Fuhrer. 517 00:44:29,530 --> 00:44:34,030 The Olympic games will not be able to be held in this stadium 518 00:44:34,030 --> 00:44:39,680 because I have changed the base of the platform. 519 00:44:39,680 --> 00:44:43,880 So that the games, according to the rules, will have to change. 520 00:44:43,880 --> 00:44:47,860 Hitler says, don't worry. 521 00:44:47,860 --> 00:44:51,580 The 1944 games are supposed to be in Tokyo. 522 00:44:51,580 --> 00:44:54,370 After that they will return to Berlin 523 00:44:54,370 --> 00:44:55,585 and be held here forever. 524 00:44:58,540 --> 00:45:04,090 Forever, meaning forever-- meaning and at the same time, 525 00:45:04,090 --> 00:45:06,790 of course, we will change the Olympic rules. 526 00:45:06,790 --> 00:45:09,100 We will change the process in order 527 00:45:09,100 --> 00:45:12,670 to secure the fundamental fact of the construction. 528 00:45:16,530 --> 00:45:19,610 So you get his ideology expressed 529 00:45:19,610 --> 00:45:24,050 in terms of an interminable notion of continuity. 530 00:45:24,050 --> 00:45:27,590 No end is in sight. 531 00:45:27,590 --> 00:45:28,730 This is manic. 532 00:45:28,730 --> 00:45:31,370 It's anti-natural. 533 00:45:31,370 --> 00:45:34,700 We strive like hell to keep things going. 534 00:45:34,700 --> 00:45:42,410 But none of us have [INAUDIBLE] and ideas about infinite time 535 00:45:42,410 --> 00:45:46,910 unless we are so obsessed with the inability to control 536 00:45:46,910 --> 00:45:48,380 nature, such as death. 537 00:45:51,620 --> 00:46:00,780 The second set of relationships between spatial performance 538 00:46:00,780 --> 00:46:06,970 and the physical form-- 539 00:46:06,970 --> 00:46:12,090 special performance and the physical form-- 540 00:46:12,090 --> 00:46:15,000 resonating with this ideology-- 541 00:46:15,000 --> 00:46:16,765 is the comparison system. 542 00:46:19,750 --> 00:46:22,635 Speer constantly talks about comparing things. 543 00:46:33,590 --> 00:46:42,790 He talks about a project he's doing Hitler which 544 00:46:42,790 --> 00:46:48,400 is 2,300 feet by 3,400 feet. 545 00:46:48,400 --> 00:46:51,370 He says, oh well, Darius the first-- 546 00:46:51,370 --> 00:46:53,020 one of the great rulers of Persia-- 547 00:46:55,580 --> 00:46:59,050 I forget the first century BC probably-- 548 00:47:02,290 --> 00:47:07,630 only had 1,500 feet by 800 feet. 549 00:47:07,630 --> 00:47:10,250 He says, we will erect a tower. 550 00:47:10,250 --> 00:47:14,190 Nero had a tower of 119 feet. 551 00:47:14,190 --> 00:47:17,740 The Statue of Liberty is 151 feet. 552 00:47:17,740 --> 00:47:20,920 Our Hitler statue will be 197 feet. 553 00:47:24,230 --> 00:47:31,070 When Leni Riefenstahl, who made the great film Olympia 554 00:47:31,070 --> 00:47:34,970 asked for more money from Goebbels, 555 00:47:34,970 --> 00:47:37,640 and then Hitler was a great protagonist 556 00:47:37,640 --> 00:47:39,740 that they make this film. 557 00:47:39,740 --> 00:47:45,210 She said, look 1932 Olympic games were in Los Angeles. 558 00:47:45,210 --> 00:47:49,310 That's where Hollywood controls the world of film. 559 00:47:49,310 --> 00:47:51,290 They couldn't make a movie. 560 00:47:51,290 --> 00:47:53,690 All they did was still photographs. 561 00:47:53,690 --> 00:47:56,505 We need to show the world that we are superior. 562 00:47:59,420 --> 00:48:03,560 And she made this extraordinary film. 563 00:48:03,560 --> 00:48:07,160 The film starts off-- has anybody seen Olympia? 564 00:48:07,160 --> 00:48:09,590 Yeah. 565 00:48:09,590 --> 00:48:11,340 AUDIENCE: A lot of the techniques she 566 00:48:11,340 --> 00:48:13,957 used the triumph of the film. 567 00:48:13,957 --> 00:48:14,790 JULIAN BEINART: Yes. 568 00:48:14,790 --> 00:48:16,220 Yes. 569 00:48:16,220 --> 00:48:18,140 Yes. 570 00:48:18,140 --> 00:48:23,559 One of the interesting things too is the-- 571 00:48:23,559 --> 00:48:27,150 what is the other? 572 00:48:27,150 --> 00:48:29,240 Oh, my mind just slips. 573 00:48:29,240 --> 00:48:31,940 I'll think of it in a while. 574 00:48:31,940 --> 00:48:39,050 This comparison notion-- there was also ideology in the film. 575 00:48:39,050 --> 00:48:45,470 The film starts in with pictures of static sculptures, which 576 00:48:45,470 --> 00:48:48,110 slowly start moving, and they turn 577 00:48:48,110 --> 00:48:58,040 into a running trip between Olympia in Greece and Berlin. 578 00:48:58,040 --> 00:49:02,940 The first carrying of the flame ever in the Olympic games-- 579 00:49:02,940 --> 00:49:05,990 modern Olympic games. 580 00:49:05,990 --> 00:49:13,910 That represents not only a move from an alien world of Greece 581 00:49:13,910 --> 00:49:18,290 to the modern Aryan world of Hitler, 582 00:49:18,290 --> 00:49:22,280 but it also indicates a connection 583 00:49:22,280 --> 00:49:30,170 in the film between why Hitler has the Shepherd, who 584 00:49:30,170 --> 00:49:35,870 won the marathon in 1896 in the Athens games, 585 00:49:35,870 --> 00:49:39,680 on the stand with him in '36 when he opens the games. 586 00:49:43,360 --> 00:49:48,220 The ideology of this regime is amazing. 587 00:49:48,220 --> 00:49:53,920 It is consistent and very adventurous. 588 00:49:53,920 --> 00:49:57,970 Speer became the minister of munitions 589 00:49:57,970 --> 00:50:01,540 towards the end of the war, and talks in his book 590 00:50:01,540 --> 00:50:05,050 about the relationship between how much money it 591 00:50:05,050 --> 00:50:08,320 costs to build and how much money it costs to destroy. 592 00:50:10,860 --> 00:50:15,030 It's interesting, again, that he would put that into perspective 593 00:50:15,030 --> 00:50:20,467 as the Reich was declining, and it was clear to him 594 00:50:20,467 --> 00:50:21,675 that they were going to fail. 595 00:50:30,040 --> 00:50:34,960 Another comparison, which is interesting-- comparisons 596 00:50:34,960 --> 00:50:35,740 go on forever. 597 00:50:39,480 --> 00:50:43,040 One of the major buildings in the North axis 598 00:50:43,040 --> 00:50:50,600 of the new center for Berlin is a domed hall. 599 00:50:50,600 --> 00:50:56,465 This domed hall is 825 feet diameter, which is colossal. 600 00:51:00,230 --> 00:51:02,705 St. Peter's would fit into it a couple of times. 601 00:51:05,950 --> 00:51:09,950 150,000 people could be accommodated standing-- 602 00:51:12,470 --> 00:51:16,490 how do you get such a size? 603 00:51:16,490 --> 00:51:30,560 Well, Hitler thought it necessary to explain to me 604 00:51:30,560 --> 00:51:32,270 that the size of the meeting hall 605 00:51:32,270 --> 00:51:35,820 should be governed by medieval conceptions. 606 00:51:35,820 --> 00:51:36,320 in. 607 00:51:36,320 --> 00:51:38,860 The cathedral town of [INAUDIBLE],, for instance, 608 00:51:38,860 --> 00:51:43,280 in southern Germany, 30,000 square feet of area-- 609 00:51:45,990 --> 00:51:50,400 when there were only 15,000 people living in all. 610 00:51:50,400 --> 00:51:52,650 He used that relationship-- 611 00:51:52,650 --> 00:52:00,330 150,000 people for a size hall for a city of a few million 612 00:52:00,330 --> 00:52:02,640 people is absolutely correct. 613 00:52:08,760 --> 00:52:11,880 There's a tendency in professional practice 614 00:52:11,880 --> 00:52:16,050 to constantly demonstrate relationships. 615 00:52:16,050 --> 00:52:19,530 I do it all the time. 616 00:52:19,530 --> 00:52:22,510 I'm embarrassed often when I'm doing it. 617 00:52:22,510 --> 00:52:29,970 I'll say this is 3/4 of the length of the last highway 618 00:52:29,970 --> 00:52:33,085 which was built under Roosevelt or whatever. 619 00:52:35,760 --> 00:52:38,220 It establishes for your clients a kind 620 00:52:38,220 --> 00:52:43,320 of sense of location in time. 621 00:52:43,320 --> 00:52:44,640 It's often foolish. 622 00:52:44,640 --> 00:52:47,790 What is the relationship between Eisenhower's building 623 00:52:47,790 --> 00:52:50,820 of roads and the modern road. 624 00:52:50,820 --> 00:52:56,940 But comparisons have a funny kind of effect. 625 00:52:56,940 --> 00:52:58,500 They stabilize. 626 00:52:58,500 --> 00:53:01,140 They put you in touch with a realm larger 627 00:53:01,140 --> 00:53:02,820 than your own realm. 628 00:53:02,820 --> 00:53:07,590 Often that's, for a fascist, a great achievement. 629 00:53:10,110 --> 00:53:17,150 Hitler speaks elegantly of his visits 630 00:53:17,150 --> 00:53:20,300 to the Vienna Opera when he was a student. 631 00:53:20,300 --> 00:53:26,310 He talks about gone is the interior of the French opera 632 00:53:26,310 --> 00:53:29,290 when he visits Paris in 1940. 633 00:53:29,290 --> 00:53:32,400 This is the constant notion that if you 634 00:53:32,400 --> 00:53:36,930 are in a position of power, you have to not only relate 635 00:53:36,930 --> 00:53:40,650 yourself to other people you've been in a position of power, 636 00:53:40,650 --> 00:53:42,510 but you have to exceed them. 637 00:53:42,510 --> 00:53:49,470 There's an algorithm which moves in the direction of larger, 638 00:53:49,470 --> 00:53:57,040 better, different, more powerful, and so on. 639 00:53:57,040 --> 00:54:01,450 So Nazism was as much-- 640 00:54:01,450 --> 00:54:05,220 the ideology as expressed in spatial terms 641 00:54:05,220 --> 00:54:17,460 was as much to do with an evolutionary idea 642 00:54:17,460 --> 00:54:22,990 that we are here to change time. 643 00:54:22,990 --> 00:54:26,130 We are here to influence time, and we 644 00:54:26,130 --> 00:54:30,480 are going to do it through spatial comparison. 645 00:54:37,420 --> 00:54:56,560 If you look at this map, there are large-- 646 00:54:56,560 --> 00:55:07,670 150,000-- technologists have done some-- 647 00:55:07,670 --> 00:55:12,050 Hitler actually put down the foundations 648 00:55:12,050 --> 00:55:14,660 for some of these buildings. 649 00:55:14,660 --> 00:55:22,370 And environmental engineers now calculate 650 00:55:22,370 --> 00:55:29,600 that this domed building with 150,000, 180,000 people in, 651 00:55:29,600 --> 00:55:33,530 it would start raining inside the building because of the-- 652 00:55:36,420 --> 00:55:38,630 it would have to be air conditioned to take 653 00:55:38,630 --> 00:55:41,930 care of the advent of rain. 654 00:55:41,930 --> 00:55:45,260 You see some curious things. 655 00:55:45,260 --> 00:55:46,490 There are cinemas. 656 00:55:46,490 --> 00:55:47,870 There are opera houses. 657 00:55:47,870 --> 00:55:51,770 There are concert halls all spread 658 00:55:51,770 --> 00:55:55,280 throughout-- from this railway station in the bottom, 659 00:55:55,280 --> 00:55:58,880 through the Triumphal Arch which was borrowed from Napoleon, 660 00:55:58,880 --> 00:56:01,250 but many times bigger than Napoleon. 661 00:56:01,250 --> 00:56:03,250 There's millions of signatures on it. 662 00:56:15,770 --> 00:56:19,060 There's a philharmonic hall. 663 00:56:19,060 --> 00:56:21,940 Berlin still as the best Philharmonic orchestra 664 00:56:21,940 --> 00:56:23,900 in the world. 665 00:56:23,900 --> 00:56:26,660 The Reich's opera is next door. 666 00:56:26,660 --> 00:56:30,895 There's a hotel-- there are various number of hotels. 667 00:56:30,895 --> 00:56:36,730 There are restaurants and museums. 668 00:56:36,730 --> 00:56:39,395 There's a large amount of culture built into the system. 669 00:56:42,150 --> 00:56:48,390 Except for residents and industry, 670 00:56:48,390 --> 00:56:53,400 it virtually produces all the forms of a town-- 671 00:56:53,400 --> 00:56:55,050 all the uses of a town. 672 00:57:02,610 --> 00:57:03,660 What's wrong with this? 673 00:57:13,980 --> 00:57:22,150 Could you imagine this being built, and after the war 674 00:57:22,150 --> 00:57:28,960 the ruler is imprisoned or dies. 675 00:57:28,960 --> 00:57:33,430 And this is taken over by a new liberal city of Berlin. 676 00:57:33,430 --> 00:57:37,780 And Starbucks is located somewhere. 677 00:57:37,780 --> 00:57:44,990 And the Pritzker hotel family are in here somewhere. 678 00:57:50,790 --> 00:57:56,700 We reuse elements of our special world 679 00:57:56,700 --> 00:58:00,825 which have punished people in the past. 680 00:58:03,870 --> 00:58:07,170 We think very little of taking an old prison 681 00:58:07,170 --> 00:58:11,250 and modifying it into residential accommodation today 682 00:58:11,250 --> 00:58:14,350 although there's a little bit of a stigma attached. 683 00:58:14,350 --> 00:58:21,150 But there's no stigma attached to taking Christian church 684 00:58:21,150 --> 00:58:23,535 and making it into a restaurant in Newton. 685 00:58:27,240 --> 00:58:31,520 So transformability is possible under all circumstances. 686 00:58:34,980 --> 00:58:38,040 Could something at this five mile scale 687 00:58:38,040 --> 00:58:40,860 be transformed over time-- 688 00:58:40,860 --> 00:58:42,075 partially in part? 689 00:58:46,670 --> 00:58:55,530 Could a personality environment ever be changed formally. 690 00:58:55,530 --> 00:58:59,100 You go to one of the buildings in the world I like most, 691 00:58:59,100 --> 00:59:03,810 The Ducal Palace in Urbino, if you go into the basement, 692 00:59:03,810 --> 00:59:13,650 you see the qualities that the servants 693 00:59:13,650 --> 00:59:17,880 must have endured in crushing ice for this great Ducal 694 00:59:17,880 --> 00:59:20,340 family. 695 00:59:20,340 --> 00:59:23,100 I don't evaluate the Ducal Palace 696 00:59:23,100 --> 00:59:27,630 on the basis of the tragic condition of the labor which 697 00:59:27,630 --> 00:59:31,510 must keep the place in order. 698 00:59:31,510 --> 00:59:32,930 So what are your standards? 699 00:59:44,560 --> 00:59:46,295 Memory plays a part in this. 700 00:59:46,295 --> 00:59:46,795 Memory. 701 00:59:50,310 --> 00:59:54,230 is kept alive through monuments, memorials. 702 00:59:54,230 --> 00:59:57,290 We'll do a class on memory later on in this class 703 00:59:57,290 --> 01:00:00,590 because it's become a much more interesting aspect 704 01:00:00,590 --> 01:00:01,730 of this discourse. 705 01:00:09,080 --> 01:00:13,055 There's no memory embedded in this project. 706 01:00:17,850 --> 01:00:26,930 Shingle is not reintroduced or played upon spatially. 707 01:00:26,930 --> 01:00:29,800 It's an ultimate controlled environment. 708 01:00:37,840 --> 01:00:41,920 For Jews and gay people and gypsies and others 709 01:00:41,920 --> 01:00:46,480 who suffered enormously under the process of this regime, 710 01:00:46,480 --> 01:00:50,770 it's difficult to talk about this without involving 711 01:00:50,770 --> 01:00:52,440 procedural questions. 712 01:00:56,060 --> 01:01:00,383 There's a wonderful book in the Holocaust literature on-- 713 01:01:06,010 --> 01:01:07,420 gosh, what's the town-- 714 01:01:10,180 --> 01:01:15,156 death camp in Poland on the-- 715 01:01:15,156 --> 01:01:17,880 AUDIENCE: Buchenwald, Auschwitz, Dachau 716 01:01:17,880 --> 01:01:19,630 JULIAN BEINART: No, it's not one of those. 717 01:01:19,630 --> 01:01:23,530 It's far to the East. 718 01:01:23,530 --> 01:01:27,384 It's-- oh, Christ. 719 01:01:27,384 --> 01:01:28,240 AUDIENCE: Treblinka? 720 01:01:28,240 --> 01:01:29,360 JULIAN BEINART: Treblinka. 721 01:01:29,360 --> 01:01:32,340 Treblinka. 722 01:01:32,340 --> 01:01:36,780 There's a book by a man called Steiner whose parents died 723 01:01:36,780 --> 01:01:37,590 in Treblinka. 724 01:01:40,260 --> 01:01:42,600 He interviewed some of the old people 725 01:01:42,600 --> 01:01:48,390 who escaped from Treblinka towards the end of its life. 726 01:01:48,390 --> 01:01:50,850 And he asked the question, which is often asked 727 01:01:50,850 --> 01:01:55,920 of the Jews, why they didn't rebel, 728 01:01:55,920 --> 01:01:59,250 why they just took it all. 729 01:01:59,250 --> 01:02:03,900 And he tells the story of this being 730 01:02:03,900 --> 01:02:07,650 the phenomena in Treblinka until a certain point, 731 01:02:07,650 --> 01:02:11,460 around 1940 or somewhere, where they 732 01:02:11,460 --> 01:02:16,320 started worrying that maybe the Nazi regime was not 733 01:02:16,320 --> 01:02:18,210 going to survive. 734 01:02:18,210 --> 01:02:20,760 And they started taking down buildings, 735 01:02:20,760 --> 01:02:24,750 rebuilding them as parks-- 736 01:02:24,750 --> 01:02:30,300 planting grass, putting up hedges, planting trees. 737 01:02:30,300 --> 01:02:34,480 And the Jews, at that point, couldn't take it any longer. 738 01:02:34,480 --> 01:02:38,790 They were afraid that the memory of the death situation 739 01:02:38,790 --> 01:02:41,430 would not be-- 740 01:02:41,430 --> 01:02:44,790 there would be no evidence. 741 01:02:44,790 --> 01:02:50,760 And on that basis, they engineered the first revolt-- 742 01:02:50,760 --> 01:02:54,000 most were killed. 743 01:02:54,000 --> 01:02:56,820 So the whole issue of memory, how long 744 01:02:56,820 --> 01:03:04,620 it can maintain itself, is the memory of this building system 745 01:03:04,620 --> 01:03:08,610 separable from the memory of the ideology which 746 01:03:08,610 --> 01:03:10,050 perpetrated death? 747 01:03:12,810 --> 01:03:16,970 These are questions of meaning, which are 748 01:03:16,970 --> 01:03:18,590 very difficult to deal with. 749 01:03:21,350 --> 01:03:29,790 Let's look briefly, very briefly, 750 01:03:29,790 --> 01:03:35,980 at the regime of St. Petersburg. 751 01:03:40,310 --> 01:03:46,670 St. Petersburg-- the Nevsky Prospekt 752 01:03:46,670 --> 01:03:54,260 is one arm of three spokes which emanate 753 01:03:54,260 --> 01:03:56,360 from the center at the water. 754 01:04:02,600 --> 01:04:05,510 You've got a plan in front of you. 755 01:04:05,510 --> 01:04:10,340 The plan is anchored at its beginning by 2 connections. 756 01:04:10,340 --> 01:04:18,380 The one to the symmetry of Alexander Nevsky, 757 01:04:18,380 --> 01:04:22,670 the 19-year-old who saved Russia in 1240 758 01:04:22,670 --> 01:04:24,860 from invasion from the North. 759 01:04:24,860 --> 01:04:28,280 The other one is to the interior of Moscow-- 760 01:04:28,280 --> 01:04:33,010 to the interior of Russia and Moscow. 761 01:04:33,010 --> 01:04:39,290 The axis on which the building ends is the Admiralty building. 762 01:04:39,290 --> 01:04:43,370 Peter was obsessed with water and ships. 763 01:04:43,370 --> 01:04:48,830 When he became czar toward the end of the 18th century, 764 01:04:48,830 --> 01:04:51,770 he tried to build a Russian fleet which 765 01:04:51,770 --> 01:04:57,870 could then go down the Volga towards the Black Sea. 766 01:04:57,870 --> 01:05:00,410 He was beaten up and failed. 767 01:05:00,410 --> 01:05:03,200 He then turned to Europe. 768 01:05:03,200 --> 01:05:06,170 And this was one of his openings-- 769 01:05:06,170 --> 01:05:08,100 to Europe he shifted. 770 01:05:08,100 --> 01:05:13,110 He never liked Moscow because like Louis XV, 771 01:05:13,110 --> 01:05:18,995 one of his relatives was killed in Moscow in the Kremlin. 772 01:05:21,620 --> 01:05:26,780 He then did one of the most manic things ever done-- 773 01:05:26,780 --> 01:05:30,530 let's try to build a city the equivalent of it 774 01:05:30,530 --> 01:05:32,780 North would be like the United States 775 01:05:32,780 --> 01:05:36,012 like building its capital on Hudson Bay. 776 01:05:36,012 --> 01:05:39,380 It's so far North, the word [INAUDIBLE] 777 01:05:39,380 --> 01:05:41,435 is a swamp in Finnish. 778 01:05:45,430 --> 01:05:48,190 Hundreds of thousands of people died in the building 779 01:05:48,190 --> 01:05:51,730 of this strange city. 780 01:05:51,730 --> 01:05:55,360 He had to impose taxes on people entering the city, 781 01:05:55,360 --> 01:05:59,440 that they had to carry stones with them. 782 01:05:59,440 --> 01:06:02,320 It's a remarkable story. 783 01:06:02,320 --> 01:06:07,180 It's axis between the water, the admiralty building, 784 01:06:07,180 --> 01:06:12,115 and the history of Russia. 785 01:06:14,790 --> 01:06:19,920 They are two crossing water bodies-- 786 01:06:19,920 --> 01:06:23,295 the Fontanka and the Moika. 787 01:06:26,930 --> 01:06:33,860 The Moika is where, in one of the days of the 1917 788 01:06:33,860 --> 01:06:38,000 revolution, the mob came down the street, 789 01:06:38,000 --> 01:06:42,530 and there were Russian czarist military 790 01:06:42,530 --> 01:06:44,930 waiting for them at this point. 791 01:06:44,930 --> 01:06:49,170 And in a significant gesture, the Russian military 792 01:06:49,170 --> 01:06:51,630 didn't fire on the mob. 793 01:06:51,630 --> 01:06:54,410 There is today a cinema on that point 794 01:06:54,410 --> 01:06:57,680 called the [INAUDIBLE] Cinema. 795 01:06:57,680 --> 01:06:59,840 So this is an environment much older 796 01:06:59,840 --> 01:07:05,570 than Hitler's, but where time has already intervened 797 01:07:05,570 --> 01:07:07,610 and changed the use. 798 01:07:07,610 --> 01:07:10,880 Many of the great palaces-- 799 01:07:10,880 --> 01:07:12,560 the Belozersky Palace. 800 01:07:12,560 --> 01:07:21,530 the Stroganoff Palace, the Mikhailovskiy Palace 801 01:07:21,530 --> 01:07:23,930 are now museums. 802 01:07:23,930 --> 01:07:27,980 St. Petersburg has a higher proportion 803 01:07:27,980 --> 01:07:31,010 of square footage in museums as opposed 804 01:07:31,010 --> 01:07:34,700 to population than any city in the world-- 805 01:07:34,700 --> 01:07:38,690 largely because they take over so many of the great palaces 806 01:07:38,690 --> 01:07:39,710 under Sovietism. 807 01:07:43,790 --> 01:07:46,170 The water is constantly a factor. 808 01:07:46,170 --> 01:07:54,620 There's a bypass on the left close to the Fontanka river 809 01:07:54,620 --> 01:07:56,700 back to the water. 810 01:07:56,700 --> 01:08:01,970 There's another one close to Dvortsovaya Square 811 01:08:01,970 --> 01:08:05,210 where the road gives as a bypass to the water. 812 01:08:09,560 --> 01:08:13,100 On the building of the public library, the Duma, 813 01:08:13,100 --> 01:08:17,840 which is the city hall, the Kazan Church, a bookstore, 814 01:08:17,840 --> 01:08:22,460 a lady's store the Passage, the Holland Church -- 815 01:08:22,460 --> 01:08:26,060 almost everything that you-- the Alexander Theater, 816 01:08:26,060 --> 01:08:28,370 public library, so on. 817 01:08:40,819 --> 01:08:44,410 What about Alexander Nevsky? 818 01:08:44,410 --> 01:08:52,720 Peter the Great tsar was a cruel man. 819 01:08:52,720 --> 01:09:03,330 He imposed no liberty on his civilian population. 820 01:09:03,330 --> 01:09:05,820 He built a city at enormous cost. 821 01:09:09,620 --> 01:09:14,270 Nevsky Prospekt, unlike Hitler's, is 822 01:09:14,270 --> 01:09:15,920 anchored in Russian history. 823 01:09:19,470 --> 01:09:22,740 It's modern history related to the water and to-- 824 01:09:32,010 --> 01:09:36,699 Alexander built the beginnings of the Russian army 825 01:09:36,699 --> 01:09:37,574 and the Russian Navy. 826 01:09:44,640 --> 01:09:49,500 It's another-- first of all, it has mixed uses on it. 827 01:09:49,500 --> 01:09:51,069 Well, so does Hitler's. 828 01:09:51,069 --> 01:09:55,470 I just spoke about the number of cinemas and performance halls. 829 01:09:58,120 --> 01:10:01,660 So that doesn't distinguish. 830 01:10:01,660 --> 01:10:07,060 What distinguishes between the two roads as expressions? 831 01:10:10,510 --> 01:10:16,150 The reference to Hitler's practice-- 832 01:10:16,150 --> 01:10:25,570 ideological practice renders his treatment of the center Berlin 833 01:10:25,570 --> 01:10:28,150 highly suspect. 834 01:10:28,150 --> 01:10:31,150 You cannot divorce the two. 835 01:10:31,150 --> 01:10:35,990 Over time who knows what will happen to the memory of Hitler. 836 01:10:35,990 --> 01:10:44,420 In another 100 years our future will be as much of a building 837 01:10:44,420 --> 01:10:48,440 to be visited by the great, great, great, great, great, 838 01:10:48,440 --> 01:10:51,570 great, great, great grandchildren of the people 839 01:10:51,570 --> 01:10:52,070 who died. 840 01:10:56,420 --> 01:11:02,730 This is the first panopticon of Bentham, the British liberal 841 01:11:02,730 --> 01:11:05,375 who considered the idea. 842 01:11:10,420 --> 01:11:14,590 Plan for shipyard's-- again where controlling system 843 01:11:14,590 --> 01:11:16,465 emanates from a central position. 844 01:11:25,080 --> 01:11:28,650 Lecture on the evils of alcoholism 845 01:11:28,650 --> 01:11:30,645 in the auditorium of Fresnes Prison. 846 01:11:36,390 --> 01:11:40,370 Here is a prison in Illinois. 847 01:11:40,370 --> 01:11:45,005 Not many American panopticon prisons were built. Next. 848 01:11:48,630 --> 01:11:52,350 Mexico seemed to be keen-- 849 01:11:52,350 --> 01:11:57,830 the revised panopticon on the right is a national stamp. 850 01:11:57,830 --> 01:11:58,330 Next. 851 01:12:00,980 --> 01:12:03,395 Chaux, the original plans-- 852 01:12:06,880 --> 01:12:11,180 Arch of Saline on the left and right. 853 01:12:11,180 --> 01:12:11,680 Next. 854 01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:24,260 The [INAUDIBLE]---- the fact that you can see 855 01:12:24,260 --> 01:12:30,280 the director's house at the back at the same time as you enter-- 856 01:12:30,280 --> 01:12:33,190 a connection between the two. 857 01:12:33,190 --> 01:12:33,690 Next. 858 01:12:39,160 --> 01:12:44,040 Decoration of the director's house. 859 01:12:47,335 --> 01:12:47,835 Next. 860 01:12:52,350 --> 01:12:54,570 And these are two other projects. 861 01:12:54,570 --> 01:12:57,170 This is a house for an intellectual. 862 01:12:57,170 --> 01:13:03,810 Again, the typological exhibit for a character consideration 863 01:13:03,810 --> 01:13:05,820 of a person as a type. 864 01:13:09,100 --> 01:13:12,970 What is different between a house for an intellectual-- 865 01:13:12,970 --> 01:13:15,850 other than you may have a large library-- 866 01:13:15,850 --> 01:13:18,580 and any other house? 867 01:13:18,580 --> 01:13:20,805 Here is a maison de plaisir-- 868 01:13:20,805 --> 01:13:22,840 a kind of pleasure palace-- 869 01:13:22,840 --> 01:13:30,430 again, with a kind of centripetal organization. 870 01:13:30,430 --> 01:13:31,815 Next. 871 01:13:31,815 --> 01:13:35,050 The extension of this idea-- 872 01:13:35,050 --> 01:13:48,020 this is a hospital in Paris as it's grown over time-- 873 01:13:48,020 --> 01:13:51,970 added on to by piece by piece by piece. 874 01:13:51,970 --> 01:13:55,230 This is a computation entry for rebuilding of it. 875 01:13:55,230 --> 01:13:58,530 Now there are two dominant forces. 876 01:13:58,530 --> 01:14:00,640 The one is the church at the top. 877 01:14:00,640 --> 01:14:02,910 The other one is the entry at the bottom. 878 01:14:02,910 --> 01:14:06,840 Everything else is segmented and fixed in place 879 01:14:06,840 --> 01:14:10,390 and open to observation. 880 01:14:10,390 --> 01:14:15,345 Behavior is now frozen as it is in the panopticon. 881 01:14:15,345 --> 01:14:15,845 Next. 882 01:14:20,930 --> 01:14:24,800 Same device for children's school 883 01:14:24,800 --> 01:14:30,080 and an example of the separation of house and work. 884 01:14:33,590 --> 01:14:38,300 Each being a domain, which is individually 885 01:14:38,300 --> 01:14:40,170 separated from the other. 886 01:14:40,170 --> 01:14:40,670 Next. 887 01:14:44,740 --> 01:14:47,770 Hitler did much of drawing himself. 888 01:14:47,770 --> 01:14:53,180 Here he's in Paris, late 1940, with Speer next to him. 889 01:14:53,180 --> 01:14:53,680 Next. 890 01:14:57,940 --> 01:15:01,600 "Did This Art Student's Failure Change History?" 891 01:15:01,600 --> 01:15:05,140 Well, yes. 892 01:15:05,140 --> 01:15:13,325 This is Hitler's own drawing of the large domed hall. 893 01:15:13,325 --> 01:15:13,825 Next. 894 01:15:17,040 --> 01:15:18,700 The Arch of Triumph-- 895 01:15:18,700 --> 01:15:22,170 the axis to the doomed hall, and this 400 896 01:15:22,170 --> 01:15:26,880 foot wide avenue on either side. 897 01:15:26,880 --> 01:15:30,195 A good decoration to the avenue, wall of guns. 898 01:15:32,660 --> 01:15:33,160 Next. 899 01:15:36,870 --> 01:15:38,370 You've got them. 900 01:15:38,370 --> 01:15:40,880 OK. 901 01:15:40,880 --> 01:15:42,860 Hitler's sketch of the Triumphal Arch. 902 01:15:42,860 --> 01:15:45,845 He could draw quite well. 903 01:15:45,845 --> 01:15:46,345 Next. 904 01:15:51,840 --> 01:15:57,710 Nevsky Prospekt, the yellow stripe on the-- 905 01:15:57,710 --> 01:16:02,300 leading from the admiralty building to Alexander Nevsky. 906 01:16:02,300 --> 01:16:07,850 The other two spokes added later lead to the barricades, 907 01:16:07,850 --> 01:16:08,450 to the army. 908 01:16:14,120 --> 01:16:15,080 OK. 909 01:16:15,080 --> 01:16:16,160 Next. 910 01:16:16,160 --> 01:16:19,320 We'll go for a walk down this street. 911 01:16:19,320 --> 01:16:22,940 This is the Nevsky Prospekt with the admiralty building 912 01:16:22,940 --> 01:16:25,360 at the end-- 913 01:16:25,360 --> 01:16:26,640 day and night. 914 01:16:26,640 --> 01:16:27,140 Next. 915 01:16:31,130 --> 01:16:39,180 This is the Railway Station Hotel to Moscow 916 01:16:39,180 --> 01:16:41,485 to the center of the country. 917 01:16:41,485 --> 01:16:41,985 Next. 918 01:16:46,810 --> 01:16:53,935 A small church which is turned into a subway stop. 919 01:16:53,935 --> 01:16:54,435 Next. 920 01:16:57,000 --> 01:17:01,050 A Fontanka water crossing-- 921 01:17:04,790 --> 01:17:08,085 the Menshikov Palace on the left-- 922 01:17:08,085 --> 01:17:08,585 Next. 923 01:17:12,310 --> 01:17:17,080 The Belozersky Palace, the Passage store-- 924 01:17:19,470 --> 01:17:19,970 Next. 925 01:17:25,150 --> 01:17:28,090 It is Alexander Library-- 926 01:17:28,090 --> 01:17:34,480 this is Alexander Library on a small road which leads off 927 01:17:34,480 --> 01:17:36,545 the Prospekt to the water. 928 01:17:36,545 --> 01:17:37,045 Next. 929 01:17:41,790 --> 01:17:47,410 The Duma-- the central city headquarters. 930 01:17:47,410 --> 01:17:47,910 Next. 931 01:17:50,510 --> 01:17:57,120 The Duma-- I'm sorry, this is the Kazan Cathedral. 932 01:17:57,120 --> 01:17:58,950 Next. 933 01:17:58,950 --> 01:18:03,060 I just give you a sense of the enclosure-- the facade, next. 934 01:18:07,220 --> 01:18:11,150 The Moika crossing, [INAUDIBLE] Cinema, 935 01:18:11,150 --> 01:18:15,560 a bypass to the Dvortsovaya Square on the right. 936 01:18:15,560 --> 01:18:16,680 Next. 937 01:18:16,680 --> 01:18:20,000 Dostoevsky said, St. Petersburg is 938 01:18:20,000 --> 01:18:23,110 the most intentional and abstract city in history. 939 01:18:26,330 --> 01:18:30,470 Dostoevsky was in prison across the river. 940 01:18:30,470 --> 01:18:36,290 I'll start on Thursday finishing this story-- 941 01:18:36,290 --> 01:18:41,380 just raising some questions about what this all means.