1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,520 The following content is provided under a Creative 2 00:00:02,520 --> 00:00:03,970 Commons license. 3 00:00:03,970 --> 00:00:06,360 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 4 00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:10,660 continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,660 --> 00:00:13,350 To make a donation or view additional materials 6 00:00:13,350 --> 00:00:16,950 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 7 00:00:16,950 --> 00:00:18,320 at ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:27,970 --> 00:00:33,160 JULIAN BEINART: The first sheet on the handout really-- 9 00:00:33,160 --> 00:00:35,650 I forgot to give it to you last time. 10 00:00:35,650 --> 00:00:45,690 It's simply the argument that for every major ideology 11 00:00:45,690 --> 00:00:48,540 associated with the change of a city, 12 00:00:48,540 --> 00:00:53,830 there's a housing type which it generates as well. 13 00:00:53,830 --> 00:00:59,130 And this is just a little sketch of some of the work 14 00:00:59,130 --> 00:01:02,690 that we've done in the classes-- 15 00:01:02,690 --> 00:01:08,040 London, Paris, Vienna, Barcelona, Sunnyside Gardens, 16 00:01:08,040 --> 00:01:08,850 and so on. 17 00:01:12,580 --> 00:01:17,350 For those of you who are interested in architecture, 18 00:01:17,350 --> 00:01:22,390 that should be a help. 19 00:01:22,390 --> 00:01:28,390 There are not many cities which originated in the 19th century. 20 00:01:28,390 --> 00:01:33,310 Chicago is one of them and probably the major one. 21 00:01:33,310 --> 00:01:36,025 What was the population of Chicago in eighteein 22 00:01:36,025 --> 00:01:44,550 [INAUDIBLE] It doesn't matter. 23 00:01:47,544 --> 00:01:53,640 There were a few Indians living on a piece of land 24 00:01:53,640 --> 00:01:58,830 which connects the lake to the Mississippi River. 25 00:01:58,830 --> 00:02:07,380 And Chicago-- I think it'd be silly to ask you 26 00:02:07,380 --> 00:02:10,900 what Chicago means. 27 00:02:10,900 --> 00:02:15,615 It's an Indian name for something, wild garlic. 28 00:02:21,820 --> 00:02:25,820 Many cities have an affection for nature in their names. 29 00:02:30,630 --> 00:02:36,170 Bang Makok is the Village of Wild Plum in Thailand. 30 00:02:38,690 --> 00:02:42,410 Mumba Devi is the godess of fishermen. 31 00:02:42,410 --> 00:02:43,145 What is Boston? 32 00:02:47,520 --> 00:02:50,560 Saint [INAUDIBLE] town-- 33 00:02:50,560 --> 00:02:56,430 Saint [INAUDIBLE] is the god of fishermen, I think. 34 00:02:59,070 --> 00:03:04,620 Certainly, Boston comes from Saint [INAUDIBLE] town. 35 00:03:04,620 --> 00:03:06,750 Now, the extraordinary thing about Chicago 36 00:03:06,750 --> 00:03:10,050 is, compared to the cases we've done up to now-- 37 00:03:10,050 --> 00:03:13,120 number one, that it has no walls. 38 00:03:13,120 --> 00:03:16,770 Number two, it has no royalty. 39 00:03:16,770 --> 00:03:20,370 It has no invested aristocracy. 40 00:03:23,840 --> 00:03:26,756 What else doesn't it have? 41 00:03:26,756 --> 00:03:28,596 STUDENT: History? 42 00:03:28,596 --> 00:03:29,440 [INAUDIBLE] 43 00:03:29,440 --> 00:03:30,315 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 44 00:03:30,315 --> 00:03:31,870 No, you're right. 45 00:03:31,870 --> 00:03:33,550 You're right, absolutely right. 46 00:03:40,410 --> 00:03:45,795 The argument for Chicago has always been [INAUDIBLE] OK. 47 00:03:48,430 --> 00:03:50,970 Be why we talk about these generalities. 48 00:03:54,180 --> 00:04:01,770 The second page on your handout is 100 years 49 00:04:01,770 --> 00:04:07,860 of building activity in Chicago done by Homer Hoyt, the man who 50 00:04:07,860 --> 00:04:14,250 did the [? vector ?] theory of city form, which we dealt 51 00:04:14,250 --> 00:04:15,650 with a couple of weeks ago. 52 00:04:19,630 --> 00:04:23,230 This categorizes building activity in the city. 53 00:04:23,230 --> 00:04:27,550 And we will go through it stage by stage. 54 00:04:27,550 --> 00:04:31,870 But it's remarkable that we can depict Chicago's history 55 00:04:31,870 --> 00:04:35,200 in terms of economic activity, whereas we 56 00:04:35,200 --> 00:04:41,020 haven't used that as an index for any of the other cases. 57 00:04:41,020 --> 00:04:46,180 Chicago is built by the private sector. 58 00:04:46,180 --> 00:04:49,300 It has no city-- 59 00:04:49,300 --> 00:04:55,960 or such a weak and corrupt city government that everything 60 00:04:55,960 --> 00:04:59,740 about Chicago in its 19th-century period, 61 00:04:59,740 --> 00:05:07,180 certainly, was based on the primacy of the individual 62 00:05:07,180 --> 00:05:12,730 making his own way against all odds. 63 00:05:12,730 --> 00:05:18,310 Chicago is referred to as the city of wind, 64 00:05:18,310 --> 00:05:22,660 not because the wind blows there but because of the hubris 65 00:05:22,660 --> 00:05:26,830 of its politicians and its salesmen. 66 00:05:26,830 --> 00:05:29,410 Wind refers to the air that's blown out 67 00:05:29,410 --> 00:05:31,690 of the mouth when you brag. 68 00:05:41,620 --> 00:05:44,050 I will go through this in more detail. 69 00:05:44,050 --> 00:05:48,670 In 1848, when the railroads crossed this country 70 00:05:48,670 --> 00:05:52,660 and made their major midwestern stop in Chicago 71 00:05:52,660 --> 00:05:55,390 instead of St. Louis, which would 72 00:05:55,390 --> 00:05:58,570 have been a more direct route, this 73 00:05:58,570 --> 00:06:02,500 was all because of the bullshit of politicians. 74 00:06:05,050 --> 00:06:11,020 In 1893, when the Chicago World's Fair 75 00:06:11,020 --> 00:06:15,400 celebrated 400 years after Columbus, 76 00:06:15,400 --> 00:06:18,070 it should have gone to St. Louis. 77 00:06:18,070 --> 00:06:19,225 But it went to Chicago. 78 00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:25,980 Chicago is the only city in the world which built 79 00:06:25,980 --> 00:06:27,735 the first skyscrapers on sand. 80 00:06:30,540 --> 00:06:33,560 It's the first city in the world and the only city 81 00:06:33,560 --> 00:06:38,540 in the world which built an illegal subway system, 50 82 00:06:38,540 --> 00:06:43,670 miles of illegal subway built by private development 83 00:06:43,670 --> 00:06:46,470 without the city knowing. 84 00:06:46,470 --> 00:06:51,980 Or if they knew, they were submerged in bribes. 85 00:06:51,980 --> 00:06:53,790 I will go through all of these examples. 86 00:06:56,550 --> 00:07:08,840 So we can characterize Chicago adequately 87 00:07:08,840 --> 00:07:21,920 in Park and Burgess's model of a concentric universe 88 00:07:21,920 --> 00:07:25,640 in which movement is outwards. 89 00:07:25,640 --> 00:07:30,460 To make it in Chicago, you need to immigrate. 90 00:07:30,460 --> 00:07:37,730 And the immigration zone is the inner zone of transition. 91 00:07:37,730 --> 00:07:39,590 And then you make it, and you move outwards. 92 00:07:43,090 --> 00:07:47,620 American cities are primarily immigrant cities, as opposed 93 00:07:47,620 --> 00:07:49,405 to European cities. 94 00:07:49,405 --> 00:07:54,850 And this model, plus the ethos of Chicago, 95 00:07:54,850 --> 00:08:01,000 represents, in more stunning detail, this phenomenon. 96 00:08:01,000 --> 00:08:05,830 I was talking about Frank Lloyd Wright and one of his clients. 97 00:08:05,830 --> 00:08:08,020 His clients were new. 98 00:08:08,020 --> 00:08:11,010 They were people like the man who invented the zip. 99 00:08:13,690 --> 00:08:18,760 They were people willing to see technology 100 00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:21,910 as a possibility for advancement. 101 00:08:21,910 --> 00:08:27,220 People made enormous amounts of money just by being in Chicago. 102 00:08:27,220 --> 00:08:28,960 I'll go through some of the real estate 103 00:08:28,960 --> 00:08:34,280 transactions in a few minutes. 104 00:08:34,280 --> 00:08:36,640 So the themes we can look at and I'll 105 00:08:36,640 --> 00:08:39,760 try to give some examples of, how 106 00:08:39,760 --> 00:08:44,070 the city is an economic engine. 107 00:08:44,070 --> 00:08:49,740 The cycles produced through advancement and setbacks 108 00:08:49,740 --> 00:08:54,240 in economics has fascinated cycle theorists 109 00:08:54,240 --> 00:08:58,290 like Kondratiev and Kuznets and people of this kind. 110 00:08:58,290 --> 00:09:01,110 But nobody has yet been able to perfect it. 111 00:09:01,110 --> 00:09:03,450 If you perfected cycle theory, you 112 00:09:03,450 --> 00:09:06,030 would be the wealthiest man in the world, I should think, 113 00:09:06,030 --> 00:09:10,530 or the wealthiest women in the world. 114 00:09:10,530 --> 00:09:16,830 But the free market system implies risk. 115 00:09:16,830 --> 00:09:21,270 And therefore, a correct depiction 116 00:09:21,270 --> 00:09:25,110 of the way Chicago is built in the free enterprise system 117 00:09:25,110 --> 00:09:30,690 would suggest a diagram much like Hoyt's diagram. 118 00:09:30,690 --> 00:09:35,526 Secondly, the city and nature-- 119 00:09:35,526 --> 00:09:39,180 there's a wonderful book by William Cronon called Nature's 120 00:09:39,180 --> 00:09:41,610 Metropolis about Chicago. 121 00:09:41,610 --> 00:09:45,580 It's worth reading if you have nothing else to do, 122 00:09:45,580 --> 00:09:47,070 which is not likely. 123 00:09:50,430 --> 00:09:53,340 But Nature's Metropolis is written 124 00:09:53,340 --> 00:09:56,500 by a man who was a professor at Yale. 125 00:09:56,500 --> 00:10:00,240 And he's now, I think, in Wisconsin, where he's from. 126 00:10:00,240 --> 00:10:02,820 He's an environmentalist. 127 00:10:02,820 --> 00:10:06,210 And he depicts the natural state of Chicago, 128 00:10:06,210 --> 00:10:11,160 and its regional hinterland, and the transformations that occur. 129 00:10:11,160 --> 00:10:21,560 To me, nature in Chicago was something 130 00:10:21,560 --> 00:10:24,530 that could be improved upon. 131 00:10:24,530 --> 00:10:26,750 As everything else could be improved 132 00:10:26,750 --> 00:10:32,420 upon through [? manual ?] labor and intelligence, 133 00:10:32,420 --> 00:10:35,630 so nature could be improved upon. 134 00:10:35,630 --> 00:10:51,400 Nature could deal with the consequences of modernism. 135 00:10:51,400 --> 00:10:55,300 I mean, Louis Sullivan, in Kindergarten Chats-- 136 00:10:55,300 --> 00:10:58,240 his little book, kindergarten chats-- 137 00:10:58,240 --> 00:11:01,810 Louis Sullivan was one of the great architects 138 00:11:01,810 --> 00:11:05,290 of the late 19th century in Chicago. 139 00:11:05,290 --> 00:11:11,500 He and his partner, Adler, did the transportation building 140 00:11:11,500 --> 00:11:15,490 in the Chicago World's Fair in 1893. 141 00:11:15,490 --> 00:11:21,140 But Sullivan-- when I show you his auditorium building, 142 00:11:21,140 --> 00:11:27,910 you will read in the toilets the notion that-- 143 00:11:27,910 --> 00:11:28,850 no, no sorry. 144 00:11:28,850 --> 00:11:29,350 Forget it. 145 00:11:29,350 --> 00:11:32,740 I'm mixing the ideas. 146 00:11:32,740 --> 00:11:36,790 You will see in the system of decoration 147 00:11:36,790 --> 00:11:41,980 an attempt to maintain an association 148 00:11:41,980 --> 00:11:49,300 with natural form, much like Otto Wagner in Vienna. 149 00:11:49,300 --> 00:11:51,680 These are hybrid people. 150 00:11:51,680 --> 00:11:56,740 Louis Sullivan was very angry at the neoclassical system 151 00:11:56,740 --> 00:11:59,020 of the Chicago World's Fair. 152 00:11:59,020 --> 00:12:05,620 He said it would set back America considerably. 153 00:12:05,620 --> 00:12:09,250 We'll talk about the Chicago World's Fair 154 00:12:09,250 --> 00:12:10,345 later in the class. 155 00:12:13,565 --> 00:12:15,190 Let's look at some of the other themes. 156 00:12:22,770 --> 00:12:27,930 The distinction between the activity 157 00:12:27,930 --> 00:12:30,510 of the private sector and the weakness 158 00:12:30,510 --> 00:12:33,360 of the communal environment-- 159 00:12:37,340 --> 00:12:42,420 after the Great Fire of 1871, there were two responses. 160 00:12:42,420 --> 00:12:46,820 The one was, gee whiz, what an opportunity to rebuild Chicago 161 00:12:46,820 --> 00:12:47,900 anew. 162 00:12:47,900 --> 00:12:52,970 The other one was, we are guilty because we blasphemed God. 163 00:12:52,970 --> 00:12:58,250 Two positions expressed by optimists 164 00:12:58,250 --> 00:13:00,020 It was the day after the fire. 165 00:13:00,020 --> 00:13:01,700 There was a-- you will see-- 166 00:13:01,700 --> 00:13:08,630 a real estate booth in the ashes selling land. 167 00:13:08,630 --> 00:13:13,160 You get, perhaps, the starkest interpretation 168 00:13:13,160 --> 00:13:19,250 of this theme in the book The Devil in the White City by Eric 169 00:13:19,250 --> 00:13:21,920 Larson, another book that you need 170 00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:24,745 to know about if you want to know about Chicago. 171 00:13:27,500 --> 00:13:32,060 Here, up to 200 women, young women, 172 00:13:32,060 --> 00:13:39,190 are killed by a sociopath in his hotel, up to 200. 173 00:13:39,190 --> 00:13:41,600 Who know whether it's 200. 174 00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:46,160 Nobody ever was able to account for the number of bodies 175 00:13:46,160 --> 00:13:50,410 that he either put into acid vats or burned. 176 00:13:53,030 --> 00:13:55,350 These women just disappeared. 177 00:13:55,350 --> 00:13:59,180 There was no police to account for who would-- 178 00:13:59,180 --> 00:14:06,130 27 million people visited Chicago for the six months 179 00:14:06,130 --> 00:14:08,570 that the fair ran. 180 00:14:08,570 --> 00:14:11,720 Women just disappeared. 181 00:14:11,720 --> 00:14:16,760 The only way in which Holmes was a sociopath was discovered 182 00:14:16,760 --> 00:14:22,340 was because of a private security insurance 183 00:14:22,340 --> 00:14:24,620 man in Philadelphia. 184 00:14:24,620 --> 00:14:30,350 A man named [? Geyer ?] started tracing 185 00:14:30,350 --> 00:14:34,280 what was happening in these deaths, 186 00:14:34,280 --> 00:14:37,970 in some of the deaths that were reported to him. 187 00:14:37,970 --> 00:14:43,010 The Chicago city and the Chicago Police were ineffable. 188 00:14:43,010 --> 00:14:46,770 So you have this extraordinary view 189 00:14:46,770 --> 00:14:51,080 of the dark side of an environment at the same time 190 00:14:51,080 --> 00:14:57,860 as progress is next to what Burnham called the White City 191 00:14:57,860 --> 00:15:00,110 as opposed to the Dark City. 192 00:15:00,110 --> 00:15:06,050 The White City with this new Chicago World's Fair. 193 00:15:06,050 --> 00:15:13,970 It had its dark side as well, the [NON-ENGLISH] But the fact 194 00:15:13,970 --> 00:15:18,680 that in a city as late as 1893-- 195 00:15:18,680 --> 00:15:22,160 in Chicago's case, it was late, it was almost a century 196 00:15:22,160 --> 00:15:25,220 after it was formed, 70 years-- 197 00:15:28,670 --> 00:15:34,430 we could have the private sector maintaining 198 00:15:34,430 --> 00:15:36,455 astounding technological process. 199 00:15:40,270 --> 00:15:47,260 I will show you a diagram which compares the Ferris wheel built 200 00:15:47,260 --> 00:15:53,830 by a young engineer from Pittsburgh for the Chicago 201 00:15:53,830 --> 00:15:55,630 World's Fair. 202 00:15:55,630 --> 00:15:57,970 For the first time, the public could 203 00:15:57,970 --> 00:16:05,050 circulate above the level of a city and see it. 204 00:16:05,050 --> 00:16:08,590 This was more astonishing than the Eiffel Tower four years 205 00:16:08,590 --> 00:16:15,640 before and, perhaps, even more astonishing than Tatlin's 206 00:16:15,640 --> 00:16:19,570 monument to the Third International. 207 00:16:27,780 --> 00:16:31,740 This is the city which again defies logic 208 00:16:31,740 --> 00:16:36,450 by building skyscrapers without foundation. 209 00:16:36,450 --> 00:16:39,060 Well, the foundations are rafts which 210 00:16:39,060 --> 00:16:42,240 float on the sand rather than columns. 211 00:16:42,240 --> 00:16:44,220 There's no rock. 212 00:16:44,220 --> 00:16:46,830 This is the last place in the world where you would expect 213 00:16:46,830 --> 00:16:48,750 the genesis of the skyscraper. 214 00:16:52,170 --> 00:16:56,710 And the first tall building-- 215 00:16:56,710 --> 00:17:02,790 I mean, Otis invented the elevator, the safety elevator. 216 00:17:02,790 --> 00:17:07,349 Before, the elevators had been used since Roman times. 217 00:17:07,349 --> 00:17:11,910 But the safety elevator means that the elevator, 218 00:17:11,910 --> 00:17:16,285 if it breaks, it has the cable system which protects the fall. 219 00:17:19,140 --> 00:17:22,650 The first skyscrapers, probably the-- 220 00:17:26,430 --> 00:17:29,352 I will get to that. 221 00:17:29,352 --> 00:17:35,370 I wanted-- will detail all of these things as we go along. 222 00:17:35,370 --> 00:17:40,710 The Chicago World's Fair was stolen from St. Louis. 223 00:17:40,710 --> 00:17:44,610 St. Louis got the 1904 Olympic games, 224 00:17:44,610 --> 00:17:51,940 the first one held in the United States and the second one 225 00:17:51,940 --> 00:17:54,960 in modern times. 226 00:17:54,960 --> 00:18:05,550 The first one was 1900 in Paris. 227 00:18:05,550 --> 00:18:11,400 The Chicago World's Fair has a number of extraordinary things 228 00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:13,380 attached to it. 229 00:18:13,380 --> 00:18:20,160 The one is the building of the grandest environment ever seen 230 00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:21,600 in this country. 231 00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:24,000 The manufacturer's building could 232 00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:27,420 house St. Peter's, St. Paul's, the pyramids, 233 00:18:27,420 --> 00:18:30,230 the lot in one building. 234 00:18:30,230 --> 00:18:31,260 It was massive. 235 00:18:31,260 --> 00:18:33,960 It's extraordinary. 236 00:18:33,960 --> 00:18:36,815 At the same time, it had a branch 237 00:18:36,815 --> 00:18:42,060 or a road of 600 feet wide called the midway, where 238 00:18:42,060 --> 00:18:46,080 the vulgar aspects of honkytonk American culture 239 00:18:46,080 --> 00:18:50,040 could be associated with. 240 00:18:54,680 --> 00:19:00,080 I'll briefly talk about the idea of the White 241 00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:06,410 City, Reverend Moody's city in Pullman, Illinois. 242 00:19:06,410 --> 00:19:13,380 What is a Pullman car as opposed to an ordinary railroad car? 243 00:19:16,610 --> 00:19:20,960 In a Pullman car, it's business class. 244 00:19:20,960 --> 00:19:24,350 There are black man dressed in black uniforms 245 00:19:24,350 --> 00:19:28,080 with white gloves who carry your bags 246 00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:32,030 and elevate the conventional train system. 247 00:19:35,720 --> 00:19:47,330 120 trains entered near Chicago, as early as 1857, each day. 248 00:19:47,330 --> 00:19:52,400 Pullman built a new town at the entrance 249 00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:55,010 to the southern part of Chicago. 250 00:19:55,010 --> 00:19:58,790 You pass Pullman, Illinois if you came to Chicago 251 00:19:58,790 --> 00:20:03,110 for the World's Fair by train. 252 00:20:03,110 --> 00:20:07,070 Pullman, like many utopianists, tried 253 00:20:07,070 --> 00:20:13,620 to produce a culturally superior environment for his workers. 254 00:20:13,620 --> 00:20:17,240 And lastly, we'll look at Burnham's 1909 255 00:20:17,240 --> 00:20:22,490 plan and subsequent attempts to modify the girth. 256 00:20:30,880 --> 00:20:36,340 OK, back to the handout. 257 00:20:41,680 --> 00:20:49,510 The first peak, dated about 1830, 258 00:20:49,510 --> 00:20:54,640 is the building of a transportation connector, 259 00:20:54,640 --> 00:20:59,810 a canal which connects. 260 00:20:59,810 --> 00:21:03,780 The hypothesis about Chicago was it 261 00:21:03,780 --> 00:21:06,720 connected the world's waterways or could 262 00:21:06,720 --> 00:21:09,180 connect it was waterways. 263 00:21:09,180 --> 00:21:21,610 From the Atlantic, here are the lakes and a small [INAUDIBLE] 264 00:21:21,610 --> 00:21:24,210 You have the widest river in the world. 265 00:21:35,320 --> 00:21:36,835 This is not a trivial opening. 266 00:21:40,280 --> 00:21:43,710 It never produced the effect that it 267 00:21:43,710 --> 00:21:48,870 was destined in the minds of investors to produce. 268 00:21:53,110 --> 00:21:57,520 There's no traffic which travels along this route. 269 00:22:00,560 --> 00:22:04,550 But it was a brilliant hypothesis 270 00:22:04,550 --> 00:22:09,920 which, in 1830, enabled Chicago to take off. 271 00:22:09,920 --> 00:22:11,060 You can see the peak. 272 00:22:28,700 --> 00:22:38,140 The first boom in 1835, land values increased by 150% 273 00:22:38,140 --> 00:22:40,960 in two years. 274 00:22:40,960 --> 00:22:43,630 I quote from a journalist. 275 00:22:43,630 --> 00:22:46,360 "I have never seen a busier place than Chicago 276 00:22:46,360 --> 00:22:49,140 at the time of my arrival. 277 00:22:49,140 --> 00:22:53,410 The streets were crowded with land speculators hurrying 278 00:22:53,410 --> 00:22:56,170 from one sale to another. 279 00:22:56,170 --> 00:23:01,030 A negro dressed in scarlet bearing a scarlet flag 280 00:23:01,030 --> 00:23:06,310 and riding a white horse with housing housing of scarlet-- 281 00:23:06,310 --> 00:23:08,020 oh-- was housing [INAUDIBLE] scarlet 282 00:23:08,020 --> 00:23:10,210 announced the time of the sale. 283 00:23:10,210 --> 00:23:13,830 At every street corner, the crowd gathered behind you." 284 00:23:18,490 --> 00:23:22,560 The total land sales, according to Hoyt in Chicago, 285 00:23:22,560 --> 00:23:25,600 in 1830 were $168,000. 286 00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:32,250 In 1836, it was $10,500,000, over 60 times in six years. 287 00:23:37,080 --> 00:23:41,070 1848, the canal was finished. 288 00:23:41,070 --> 00:23:44,220 Chicago was developing as an agricultural center-- 289 00:23:44,220 --> 00:23:47,700 wheat, and lumber, and the beginning of manufacturing. 290 00:23:47,700 --> 00:23:51,870 But it was a town, I quote, "without pavement, sidewalks, 291 00:23:51,870 --> 00:23:58,370 sewers, gaslight, streetcars, or railroads." 292 00:23:58,370 --> 00:24:02,730 The second boom came with the decision 293 00:24:02,730 --> 00:24:09,420 to have a railroad pass through in 1848. 294 00:24:09,420 --> 00:24:12,900 Our chief, ultimate importance of the canal, the lake, 295 00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:16,200 traffic, and the plank woods for a plank roads 296 00:24:16,200 --> 00:24:19,500 was that they gave Chicago sufficient advantage 297 00:24:19,500 --> 00:24:20,790 to attract the railroad. 298 00:24:20,790 --> 00:24:24,630 It was important in making Chicago a great wholesaling 299 00:24:24,630 --> 00:24:28,850 and manufacturing center. 300 00:24:28,850 --> 00:24:35,090 In 1836, it took 30 days to get from Chicago to New York. 301 00:24:35,090 --> 00:24:38,570 In 1849, it took seven days. 302 00:24:38,570 --> 00:24:47,450 In 1852, it took 36 hours. 303 00:24:47,450 --> 00:24:52,760 [INAUDIBLE] the time construction 304 00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:57,140 between New York and the Midwest, when being reduced, 305 00:24:57,140 --> 00:25:01,880 amplified the centrality of Chicago in the Midwest. 306 00:25:06,630 --> 00:25:10,830 The slump of 1857, overspeculation 307 00:25:10,830 --> 00:25:15,960 in Western land, Michigan Southern stock 308 00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:18,385 dropped from $88 to $9. 309 00:25:21,450 --> 00:25:29,760 European demand for wheat in the 1871 Civil War 310 00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:33,480 meant Chicago kept economically after. 311 00:25:33,480 --> 00:25:41,860 The post-war boom of 1865 to 1871 312 00:25:41,860 --> 00:25:45,220 re-established in Chicago's industrial base. 313 00:25:45,220 --> 00:25:51,010 By now, it had manufactured the largest meat-packing industry 314 00:25:51,010 --> 00:25:58,000 the world had ever seen using a conveyor belt system which 315 00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,870 Henry Ford, amongst others, appreciate 316 00:26:01,870 --> 00:26:06,490 and introduced into his automobile plants. 317 00:26:06,490 --> 00:26:12,332 1871, The Great Fire, one of the greatest holocausts in history. 318 00:26:12,332 --> 00:26:15,985 The resurrection is optimism or blame. 319 00:26:19,090 --> 00:26:25,840 1878, the boom, improvement in the American economic 320 00:26:25,840 --> 00:26:32,170 condition, the first steel-frame skyscrapers. 321 00:26:39,510 --> 00:26:42,870 Home Insurance building, 1884. 322 00:26:42,870 --> 00:26:46,180 Steel-frame [INAUDIBLE]. 323 00:26:46,180 --> 00:26:48,570 [INAUDIBLE] building, 1891. 324 00:26:48,570 --> 00:26:50,850 16 floors. 325 00:26:50,850 --> 00:26:52,050 So on and so on. 326 00:26:56,480 --> 00:27:00,690 So if you're going to build the city 327 00:27:00,690 --> 00:27:05,300 through private initiative, private investment, 328 00:27:05,300 --> 00:27:08,100 you're going to have to deal with the cycle 329 00:27:08,100 --> 00:27:13,050 of economic advancement, and boom, and depression. 330 00:27:17,310 --> 00:27:26,550 Chicago managed-- you'll notice that in the European examples, 331 00:27:26,550 --> 00:27:32,730 post-Engels, I spoke often about the condition of the poor. 332 00:27:32,730 --> 00:27:36,520 The condition of the poor was not 333 00:27:36,520 --> 00:27:41,340 an aspect of civic consciousness in the time 334 00:27:41,340 --> 00:27:42,980 that I'm talking about. 335 00:27:42,980 --> 00:27:46,056 If you went to Chicago, you made it. 336 00:27:46,056 --> 00:27:50,280 If you didn't make it, somehow or other, 337 00:27:50,280 --> 00:27:57,030 you survived, either by crime or by some other kind of device. 338 00:27:57,030 --> 00:27:59,070 There was no social program. 339 00:27:59,070 --> 00:28:05,310 The city didn't exist as an arbiter of human condition. 340 00:28:05,310 --> 00:28:08,115 Human condition followed what the market produced. 341 00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:22,630 The fire of 1871 paralleled the fire of 1666 342 00:28:22,630 --> 00:28:24,040 in London similarly. 343 00:28:30,010 --> 00:28:36,040 I mentioned the illegal building of a 50-mile set of tunnels 344 00:28:36,040 --> 00:28:42,230 in 1914. 345 00:28:42,230 --> 00:28:51,770 Earlier, the city, in 1890, had given permission 346 00:28:51,770 --> 00:28:58,520 to private building owners to dig in their basements 347 00:28:58,520 --> 00:29:05,780 to provide insertion of a telegraphic wire. 348 00:29:10,226 --> 00:29:14,440 The telegraphic cable was soon seen 349 00:29:14,440 --> 00:29:19,420 as a ruse for digging mud out of the basement of your building 350 00:29:19,420 --> 00:29:22,300 and connecting it. 351 00:29:22,300 --> 00:29:25,030 At times, there was a train which 352 00:29:25,030 --> 00:29:30,310 carried mail and deposited goods in the basement of Carson 353 00:29:30,310 --> 00:29:34,480 Pririe Scott and Montgomery Ward, the two biggest modern 354 00:29:34,480 --> 00:29:37,510 department stores at the time. 355 00:29:37,510 --> 00:29:41,290 It even, at times, produced ice for air conditioning. 356 00:29:45,010 --> 00:29:47,860 It became transportation. 357 00:29:57,480 --> 00:29:59,700 How did the city-- 358 00:29:59,700 --> 00:30:01,740 how did the businessmen deal with it? 359 00:30:01,740 --> 00:30:03,670 By bribes, of course. 360 00:30:03,670 --> 00:30:08,280 That was how all business was done, also by telling lies. 361 00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:10,500 The developers claimed that they were only laying 362 00:30:10,500 --> 00:30:14,400 cable for a telephone company. 363 00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:16,500 They dug at night so people would not 364 00:30:16,500 --> 00:30:20,460 notice the amount of dirt being smuggled away from the scene. 365 00:30:20,460 --> 00:30:24,180 They found that the tunnels were almost 13 feet high. 366 00:30:27,080 --> 00:30:29,660 Part of this was that two people a day 367 00:30:29,660 --> 00:30:32,180 were being killed in the city by trains going 368 00:30:32,180 --> 00:30:35,540 through crowded crossings. 369 00:30:35,540 --> 00:30:40,550 But this is the only example in modern history, 370 00:30:40,550 --> 00:30:47,930 or even in any history, of the illegitimate building 371 00:30:47,930 --> 00:30:52,610 of a major infrastructure system underneath the city. 372 00:30:52,610 --> 00:30:54,050 It's a wonderful story. 373 00:30:56,650 --> 00:30:59,150 There's a part of me which rejoices 374 00:30:59,150 --> 00:31:04,400 in the idea of building an illegal sub, 375 00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:07,640 one day waking up and finding that you 376 00:31:07,640 --> 00:31:11,450 have a subway system under your city nobody knew about. 377 00:31:11,450 --> 00:31:13,520 AUDIENCE: [LAUGHS] 378 00:31:13,520 --> 00:31:17,380 JULIAN BEINART: No, there was no permission given. 379 00:31:17,380 --> 00:31:20,450 STUDENT: But why? 380 00:31:20,450 --> 00:31:21,888 JULIAN BEINART: But why what? 381 00:31:21,888 --> 00:31:25,577 STUDENT: Why did [INAUDIBLE] 382 00:31:25,577 --> 00:31:27,160 JULIAN BEINART: I think I've explained 383 00:31:27,160 --> 00:31:29,470 that the city was inevitable. 384 00:31:29,470 --> 00:31:31,520 The city didn't exist. 385 00:31:31,520 --> 00:31:39,320 Local government was corrupt [INAUDIBLE] 386 00:31:39,320 --> 00:31:41,365 Chicago is known as the Shock City. 387 00:31:44,180 --> 00:31:48,430 You could get away with murder, as many people did. 388 00:31:48,430 --> 00:31:56,360 The great murders in the history of Chicago are not fiction. 389 00:31:56,360 --> 00:32:01,145 They're reality that have become fiction in American violence. 390 00:32:08,830 --> 00:32:11,770 The fact that human beings can do extraordinary things 391 00:32:11,770 --> 00:32:13,060 shouldn't surprise us. 392 00:32:15,784 --> 00:32:18,850 The building of the pyramids was as extraordinary, 393 00:32:18,850 --> 00:32:26,200 if not more extraordinary, investment in human labor 394 00:32:26,200 --> 00:32:32,110 and guile than the illegal building of a subway system 395 00:32:32,110 --> 00:32:32,610 in Chicago. 396 00:32:35,240 --> 00:32:47,140 Anyway, the other advent in Chicago of significance 397 00:32:47,140 --> 00:32:51,940 was the attempt to extend buildings vertically. 398 00:33:00,500 --> 00:33:04,370 Chicago was hardly the place that one 399 00:33:04,370 --> 00:33:06,950 would expect this to happen. 400 00:33:06,950 --> 00:33:11,180 There was no rock or significant rock formation 401 00:33:11,180 --> 00:33:12,785 under the center of the city. 402 00:33:17,290 --> 00:33:21,190 You need at least that support system 403 00:33:21,190 --> 00:33:24,820 unless you can devise an alternative, which was devised, 404 00:33:24,820 --> 00:33:27,250 of floating buildings on platforms. 405 00:33:30,530 --> 00:33:34,070 The Home Insurance building in 1884 406 00:33:34,070 --> 00:33:39,030 was the first building built out of a steel frame. 407 00:33:39,030 --> 00:33:41,870 Before that, all building was-- 408 00:33:41,870 --> 00:33:45,785 by the way, I forgot to mention. 409 00:33:48,530 --> 00:33:51,510 In 1830s, there was a man-- 410 00:33:51,510 --> 00:33:56,660 and not an Indian, an American white man-- 411 00:33:56,660 --> 00:34:02,840 on a canoe on the Chicago River. 412 00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:06,140 He invented something which transformed the building 413 00:34:06,140 --> 00:34:07,670 industry of the United States. 414 00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:25,620 Well, he devised a system for manufacturing wooden housing 415 00:34:25,620 --> 00:34:30,810 by using a balloon-frame system instead of a post and beam. 416 00:34:30,810 --> 00:34:35,370 A balloon-frame system uses two-by-fours or two-by-tens 417 00:34:35,370 --> 00:34:40,380 and make them into panels which become the sides of houses, 418 00:34:40,380 --> 00:34:46,710 as opposed to the historic system of erecting posts 419 00:34:46,710 --> 00:34:51,480 and then spanning the space with beams. 420 00:34:51,480 --> 00:34:54,630 This man revolutionized the construction of housing. 421 00:34:54,630 --> 00:34:58,610 And he's little known. 422 00:34:58,610 --> 00:35:01,380 He should be known more widely. 423 00:35:01,380 --> 00:35:06,480 Because since then, the pervasive building 424 00:35:06,480 --> 00:35:09,450 of single-family wood construction 425 00:35:09,450 --> 00:35:14,765 has manifested itself as a major economic force in the United 426 00:35:14,765 --> 00:35:15,265 States. 427 00:35:20,350 --> 00:35:21,960 Anyway, back to the skyscraper. 428 00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:33,430 Under 20 floors of height, a tall building [INAUDIBLE] 429 00:35:33,430 --> 00:35:37,810 needs to worry about its own weight and, to a small extent, 430 00:35:37,810 --> 00:35:39,280 about wind. 431 00:35:39,280 --> 00:35:43,690 Above 20 floors, wind becomes the major factor 432 00:35:43,690 --> 00:35:50,140 in the construction resistance that you provide to the wind. 433 00:35:50,140 --> 00:35:52,450 These buildings are all under 20 floors. 434 00:35:55,810 --> 00:35:58,795 Frank Lloyd Wright proposed a building a mile high. 435 00:36:06,690 --> 00:36:09,810 What was he thinking about? 436 00:36:09,810 --> 00:36:13,230 What did he have in mind? 437 00:36:13,230 --> 00:36:15,650 He wasn't a foolish man. 438 00:36:23,800 --> 00:36:28,795 I'm not quite sure I know, nor do I know that anybody knows. 439 00:36:28,795 --> 00:36:30,760 The [INAUDIBLE] building, at that time, 440 00:36:30,760 --> 00:36:37,265 would have been so outside of any technical calculation 441 00:36:37,265 --> 00:36:37,765 system. 442 00:36:43,430 --> 00:36:49,010 The fact that you may be able to wrap a city in one building 443 00:36:49,010 --> 00:36:50,030 is interesting. 444 00:36:50,030 --> 00:36:52,880 The John Hancock building in Chicago-- 445 00:36:52,880 --> 00:36:54,830 who knows Chicago well? 446 00:36:54,830 --> 00:36:56,930 Do you know the John Hancock building? 447 00:37:01,190 --> 00:37:05,750 The John Hancock building, except for industry, 448 00:37:05,750 --> 00:37:08,630 has all the artifacts of a city in one building. 449 00:37:16,490 --> 00:37:28,470 There's parking, shopping, offices, and housing. 450 00:37:36,830 --> 00:37:41,300 Accomplishing this one in Chicago, 451 00:37:41,300 --> 00:37:43,550 much later than Frank Lloyd Wright, 452 00:37:43,550 --> 00:37:53,040 perhaps suggests a remodel that he had in mind 453 00:37:53,040 --> 00:38:04,230 for building a Usonian utopia vertically. 454 00:38:04,230 --> 00:38:09,270 Frank Lloyd Wright built a small office building in Oklahoma. 455 00:38:12,460 --> 00:38:15,900 What was the uniqueness of his building, 456 00:38:15,900 --> 00:38:19,351 the small building in Oklahoma? 457 00:38:19,351 --> 00:38:22,818 Do you know? 458 00:38:22,818 --> 00:38:27,730 It's the only office building at its time 459 00:38:27,730 --> 00:38:31,500 that had offices and housing on the same floor. 460 00:38:38,680 --> 00:38:40,825 Here, the separation is vertical. 461 00:38:51,208 --> 00:38:53,320 I've got to watch out for the time. 462 00:38:53,320 --> 00:38:54,420 It is long. 463 00:38:54,420 --> 00:38:58,380 Chicago's a long and interesting convoluted story. 464 00:38:58,380 --> 00:38:59,940 I'm trying to untangle it. 465 00:39:19,540 --> 00:39:29,310 I'd rather leave this out, but question 466 00:39:29,310 --> 00:39:37,260 as to whether land speculation in the form of a grid 467 00:39:37,260 --> 00:39:43,410 is a vehicle of capitalism is arguable. 468 00:39:43,410 --> 00:39:47,320 I've written, disagreeing with Mumford and Richard 469 00:39:47,320 --> 00:39:51,300 [? Sennett, ?] two formidable opponents, on this premise. 470 00:39:54,630 --> 00:40:00,480 Mumford, for instance, says resurgent capitalism 471 00:40:00,480 --> 00:40:03,330 treats the individual lot, and the block, the street, 472 00:40:03,330 --> 00:40:08,820 and the avenue as abstract units for buying and selling. 473 00:40:08,820 --> 00:40:13,200 The rectangular street and block system projected indefinitely 474 00:40:13,200 --> 00:40:17,760 towards the horizon was the first universal expression 475 00:40:17,760 --> 00:40:20,760 of capitalistic fantasies. 476 00:40:20,760 --> 00:40:25,350 Each lot being of uniform shape became a unit like a coin, 477 00:40:25,350 --> 00:40:29,950 capable of ready appraisal and exchange. 478 00:40:29,950 --> 00:40:35,310 Yeah, that means you can buy a piece of land in Florida 479 00:40:35,310 --> 00:40:38,880 without seeing it. 480 00:40:38,880 --> 00:40:40,560 I suppose that is possible. 481 00:40:40,560 --> 00:40:44,520 But with the grid system reducing 482 00:40:44,520 --> 00:40:53,210 the complexity of investment to a unit is all that goes on. 483 00:40:53,210 --> 00:40:56,110 What about [INAUDIBLE] plan? 484 00:40:56,110 --> 00:40:59,210 Here's a man who made an infinite-- the largest housing 485 00:40:59,210 --> 00:41:03,110 environment in the world, history. 486 00:41:03,110 --> 00:41:10,010 By using a 113-meter by 113-square-block system, 487 00:41:10,010 --> 00:41:14,720 with infinite variables in it, not built, but according 488 00:41:14,720 --> 00:41:18,970 to him, to his plan. 489 00:41:18,970 --> 00:41:20,560 Is that a capitalism? 490 00:41:23,110 --> 00:41:26,320 Is that a result of capitalism? 491 00:41:26,320 --> 00:41:30,220 The other example, one of the largest buildings 492 00:41:30,220 --> 00:41:33,965 of mass housing, is in Soweto in South Africa. 493 00:41:33,965 --> 00:41:36,835 It's nothing to do with the market at all. 494 00:41:36,835 --> 00:41:42,320 It was built by a white government enforcing its power 495 00:41:42,320 --> 00:41:42,820 on-- 496 00:41:46,938 --> 00:41:49,480 STUDENT: Well, it actually makes me think of James C. Scott's 497 00:41:49,480 --> 00:41:51,190 argument about seeing like a state, 498 00:41:51,190 --> 00:41:55,540 and how states want to simplify things, and, I mean, 499 00:41:55,540 --> 00:41:57,580 how capitalism uses those [INAUDIBLE] 500 00:41:57,580 --> 00:41:59,410 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah, I think he's right. 501 00:41:59,410 --> 00:42:00,790 Capitalism does. 502 00:42:00,790 --> 00:42:05,080 If I buy an IBM share, I'm buying one-hundred-thousandth 503 00:42:05,080 --> 00:42:08,410 of its typewriters and a hundred-thousand 504 00:42:08,410 --> 00:42:11,525 of its elevators and so on. 505 00:42:11,525 --> 00:42:12,025 Yes. 506 00:42:12,025 --> 00:42:15,100 And of course, that's understandable. 507 00:42:15,100 --> 00:42:21,340 But whether-- in a city, a grid system adjacent to a river 508 00:42:21,340 --> 00:42:23,170 is a good deal different from a grid 509 00:42:23,170 --> 00:42:27,400 system adjacent to a mountain. 510 00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:30,730 They are natural deformations. 511 00:42:30,730 --> 00:42:35,080 And it's not as easy to-- 512 00:42:35,080 --> 00:42:40,900 what Mumford is saying is that in the case of Chicago, 513 00:42:40,900 --> 00:42:44,860 there was no care given to the modulation 514 00:42:44,860 --> 00:42:49,330 of the size of blocks to who developed where, and how, 515 00:42:49,330 --> 00:42:49,990 and so on. 516 00:42:52,670 --> 00:42:55,850 He's, in fact, saying that the free enterprise 517 00:42:55,850 --> 00:43:00,620 system has invaded the spatial property of a complex city 518 00:43:00,620 --> 00:43:03,110 and reduced it to barrenness. 519 00:43:06,610 --> 00:43:11,120 It's an intriguing proposition, which I have-- 520 00:43:11,120 --> 00:43:14,080 you know, Boston doesn't have a grid system. 521 00:43:14,080 --> 00:43:16,600 And there's been as much speculation in land 522 00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:20,170 in Boston as there has been in Chicago. 523 00:43:20,170 --> 00:43:21,310 So give me a break. 524 00:43:24,840 --> 00:43:30,210 Those of you who are designers should 525 00:43:30,210 --> 00:43:34,050 stop thinking in terms of the geometry of things, 526 00:43:34,050 --> 00:43:38,150 in terms of simple outcomes. 527 00:43:38,150 --> 00:43:40,660 STUDENT: I think that's true in the long term. 528 00:43:40,660 --> 00:43:43,530 But in the short term, I know specific examples 529 00:43:43,530 --> 00:43:47,580 where a community can't get a grocery store because it's 530 00:43:47,580 --> 00:43:51,510 an old non-grid layout, and grocery stores only 531 00:43:51,510 --> 00:43:53,320 want squares or rectangles. 532 00:43:53,320 --> 00:43:56,580 And so there, you have-- 533 00:43:56,580 --> 00:44:01,755 it's not because of capitalism, but temporary market norms, 534 00:44:01,755 --> 00:44:04,748 development norms realted to the grid. 535 00:44:04,748 --> 00:44:06,290 JULIAN BEINART: What about Manhattan? 536 00:44:06,290 --> 00:44:08,310 STUDENT: Yeah, It's not always true. 537 00:44:08,310 --> 00:44:10,310 But it's true of some [INAUDIBLE] 538 00:44:10,310 --> 00:44:14,090 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah, I always get out 539 00:44:14,090 --> 00:44:17,750 of this by saying cities are more complicated than I know. 540 00:44:17,750 --> 00:44:20,655 AUDIENCE: [LAUGHS] 541 00:44:20,655 --> 00:44:22,280 JULIAN BEINART: There's a juxtaposition 542 00:44:22,280 --> 00:44:26,990 between the market, and between capitalism, 543 00:44:26,990 --> 00:44:30,590 and goodness of outcomes. 544 00:44:30,590 --> 00:44:36,050 It's like saying the American Express introduced 545 00:44:36,050 --> 00:44:38,510 the traveler's check for the first time 546 00:44:38,510 --> 00:44:40,880 at the Chicago Exposition. 547 00:44:40,880 --> 00:44:47,510 And there were new foods, things like fast food and so on. 548 00:44:47,510 --> 00:44:52,580 Is capitalism to blame for producing these innovations? 549 00:44:52,580 --> 00:44:56,660 Was capitalism to blame for-- 550 00:44:56,660 --> 00:44:57,320 I don't know. 551 00:44:57,320 --> 00:45:03,740 I think it's-- it strikes me as being too elementary. 552 00:45:03,740 --> 00:45:07,250 Richard Sennett, on the other hand, has another argument. 553 00:45:07,250 --> 00:45:10,230 I don't have time to go into it. 554 00:45:10,230 --> 00:45:14,270 I want to spend a few minutes on the World's Fair and then-- 555 00:45:18,010 --> 00:45:23,680 the World's Fair, in many respects, 556 00:45:23,680 --> 00:45:26,590 was fundamental in the history of Chicago 557 00:45:26,590 --> 00:45:29,395 and, perhaps, fundamental in the history of the United States. 558 00:45:33,450 --> 00:45:37,110 The Crystal Palace, which is my favorite 19th-century building, 559 00:45:37,110 --> 00:45:42,450 produced a slew of exhibitions in Paris. 560 00:45:42,450 --> 00:45:51,672 1851, the Crystal Palace; 1855, 1868, 1889, 1900-- 561 00:45:51,672 --> 00:45:56,920 five exhibitions between 1855 and 1900. 562 00:45:56,920 --> 00:46:07,530 They were all there to promote technology, newness, modernism, 563 00:46:07,530 --> 00:46:09,270 and the market. 564 00:46:09,270 --> 00:46:11,520 There was no internet, obviously. 565 00:46:11,520 --> 00:46:16,020 The availability of information-- 566 00:46:16,020 --> 00:46:18,300 there was no telephone. 567 00:46:18,300 --> 00:46:26,760 So this was almost back to Neanderthal times. 568 00:46:26,760 --> 00:46:30,000 So you needed these great events. 569 00:46:30,000 --> 00:46:34,830 The Crystal Palace had pieces of India 570 00:46:34,830 --> 00:46:37,020 in the first part of the exhibition. 571 00:46:41,190 --> 00:46:50,990 The Crystal Palace genesis found its last major output 572 00:46:50,990 --> 00:46:57,810 in the 1900 Fair in Chicago, at least in Paris. 573 00:46:57,810 --> 00:47:04,970 But in 1893, seven years before Paris, this enormous task 574 00:47:04,970 --> 00:47:17,330 of building an environment which would be so impressive, so 575 00:47:17,330 --> 00:47:23,060 capitalizing on the energy that Chicago could generate-- 576 00:47:23,060 --> 00:47:26,420 if Chicago could build a skyscraper-- at the time, 577 00:47:26,420 --> 00:47:31,040 in 1893, there were really 20 skyscrapers in New York. 578 00:47:31,040 --> 00:47:35,240 They had the big department stores. 579 00:47:35,240 --> 00:47:41,855 They had mass methods of producing meat and food. 580 00:47:41,855 --> 00:47:46,490 They had enormous grain towers on the water or next 581 00:47:46,490 --> 00:47:48,908 to the water. 582 00:47:48,908 --> 00:47:52,610 The idea of having to make something 583 00:47:52,610 --> 00:47:56,430 which manifests itself-- 584 00:47:56,430 --> 00:47:58,730 the second problem with an exhibition 585 00:47:58,730 --> 00:48:01,310 is that it only lasts a short time. 586 00:48:01,310 --> 00:48:03,770 It's, of course, an enormous advantage 587 00:48:03,770 --> 00:48:08,150 in that you can risk building a building which 588 00:48:08,150 --> 00:48:14,390 is more likely to be thrilling and dangerous than any before. 589 00:48:14,390 --> 00:48:20,150 The story of the Ferris wheel is a fantastic story. 590 00:48:20,150 --> 00:48:24,140 There was a competition for a vertical element. 591 00:48:24,140 --> 00:48:28,520 The Eiffel Tower, in 1889, had dramatized 592 00:48:28,520 --> 00:48:31,670 the idea of an exhibition. 593 00:48:35,560 --> 00:48:38,980 Let me just draw this. 594 00:48:38,980 --> 00:48:45,160 Chicago faced the competition of the Eiffel Tower. 595 00:48:45,160 --> 00:48:53,530 In fact, the competition which was held, produced, [INAUDIBLE] 596 00:48:53,530 --> 00:48:55,440 fantastic entries. 597 00:48:55,440 --> 00:49:01,600 [INAUDIBLE] wanted to build a glass umbrella covering 193 598 00:49:01,600 --> 00:49:07,780 acres, four times larger than St. Peter's. 599 00:49:07,780 --> 00:49:15,730 [? Proctor ?] wants to build a tower 1,150 feet high, 150 feet 600 00:49:15,730 --> 00:49:17,240 higher than the Eiffel Tower. 601 00:49:20,280 --> 00:49:23,700 The competition was considered a failure. 602 00:49:23,700 --> 00:49:26,940 Eiffel was contacted and asked whether he would come and do 603 00:49:26,940 --> 00:49:28,710 something as well. 604 00:49:28,710 --> 00:49:32,610 This is a stark admission on the part of Chicago 605 00:49:32,610 --> 00:49:35,130 that anybody else in the world could do better. 606 00:49:37,830 --> 00:49:40,890 Somebody revived the idea of one of the entries 607 00:49:40,890 --> 00:49:43,860 in the competition by this young man, 608 00:49:43,860 --> 00:49:47,400 Ferris, who had proposed that you 609 00:49:47,400 --> 00:50:05,880 could create a vertical system, in this case-- 610 00:50:15,130 --> 00:50:16,510 I don't know what its height-- 611 00:50:23,040 --> 00:50:27,790 a system which could do what the Eiffel Tower-- 612 00:50:27,790 --> 00:50:30,790 and I may as well do Tatlin's Tower. 613 00:50:35,380 --> 00:50:36,490 It was never built-- 614 00:50:57,160 --> 00:50:59,545 that you could create an environment which moved. 615 00:51:08,360 --> 00:51:25,210 36 cars-- the engineering consequences 616 00:51:25,210 --> 00:51:28,990 of putting people into cars and then twisting them, 617 00:51:28,990 --> 00:51:32,980 twirling them around in the air, was significant. 618 00:51:32,980 --> 00:51:37,450 No wonder the Ferris wheel was considered too dangerous. 619 00:51:37,450 --> 00:51:42,250 And they actually had to build a model of it. 620 00:51:42,250 --> 00:51:43,600 Well, it's not a model of it. 621 00:51:43,600 --> 00:51:46,450 They built it, finally, and tested it. 622 00:51:46,450 --> 00:51:50,440 And to everybody's surprise, but not to Ferris' surprise, 623 00:51:50,440 --> 00:51:51,970 it actually worked. 624 00:51:51,970 --> 00:51:55,880 It ran and provided a view of Chicago 625 00:51:55,880 --> 00:51:57,220 which people h ad never had. 626 00:52:00,940 --> 00:52:07,240 The Ferris wheel was located not in the main space 627 00:52:07,240 --> 00:52:09,000 of the exposition. 628 00:52:13,930 --> 00:52:17,930 A significant notion about the exhibition, 629 00:52:17,930 --> 00:52:22,010 it had the Court of Honor of these buildings on either side. 630 00:52:26,540 --> 00:52:32,060 You came in by train, connected to the water 631 00:52:32,060 --> 00:52:39,470 here through a gate, secondary buildings along here, 632 00:52:39,470 --> 00:52:40,010 the idea-- 633 00:52:43,790 --> 00:52:49,160 at right angles to this, 600 meters-- 634 00:52:49,160 --> 00:52:50,900 600 feet in width. 635 00:52:53,792 --> 00:52:55,555 It was something called the Midway. 636 00:53:01,160 --> 00:53:04,370 The Midway was first going to be headed 637 00:53:04,370 --> 00:53:06,215 by a man called [? Putnam, ?] who 638 00:53:06,215 --> 00:53:10,670 was an anthropologist from Harvard University. 639 00:53:10,670 --> 00:53:15,200 He was going to use this environment 640 00:53:15,200 --> 00:53:21,770 to depict the human species in anthropological terms. 641 00:53:21,770 --> 00:53:25,730 He was proposing building a model of a man and a woman 642 00:53:25,730 --> 00:53:33,660 based on extracting images from 224 samples of Americans-- 643 00:53:33,660 --> 00:53:36,530 something crazy, all kinds of stuff. 644 00:53:41,990 --> 00:53:47,390 For some reason or other, Burnham and these people 645 00:53:47,390 --> 00:53:54,230 decided that this was going to be boring and stupid. 646 00:53:54,230 --> 00:53:57,095 They brought in a man called Sol Bloom who 647 00:53:57,095 --> 00:54:06,620 was a 25-year-old showman from San Francisco who had already 648 00:54:06,620 --> 00:54:11,390 produced shows which brought in Egyptian women 649 00:54:11,390 --> 00:54:18,410 from dances from Egypt and sold them to American audiences. 650 00:54:18,410 --> 00:54:24,990 Sol Bloom projected an environment in here 651 00:54:24,990 --> 00:54:34,780 which had Algerian, Egyptian, foreign 652 00:54:34,780 --> 00:54:38,620 to the American population. 653 00:54:38,620 --> 00:54:44,950 And the Eiffel Tower is located here, and not in here at all. 654 00:54:44,950 --> 00:54:47,830 So this was the White City. 655 00:54:47,830 --> 00:54:52,060 And this is the city of the-- 656 00:54:54,730 --> 00:54:58,450 Octavio Paz says Americans go to Mexico 657 00:54:58,450 --> 00:55:05,710 to fulfill the deep recesses of depression, 658 00:55:05,710 --> 00:55:08,620 something of this kind. 659 00:55:08,620 --> 00:55:11,650 There is a wonderful piece, written many years ago, 660 00:55:11,650 --> 00:55:15,430 called The Social Uses of the Slum, 661 00:55:15,430 --> 00:55:23,590 arguing that the slum provides illegal advantages to people 662 00:55:23,590 --> 00:55:26,020 who live outside it and don't pay 663 00:55:26,020 --> 00:55:30,850 the costs of the existence of the slum. 664 00:55:30,850 --> 00:55:38,110 So you get the idea that there are two sides to America. 665 00:55:38,110 --> 00:55:43,360 There's the side of the establishment 666 00:55:43,360 --> 00:55:47,300 of the symbols of power. 667 00:55:47,300 --> 00:55:48,550 These buildings are bigger. 668 00:55:48,550 --> 00:55:50,530 The Manufacturer's building is bigger 669 00:55:50,530 --> 00:55:53,950 than anything in history. 670 00:55:53,950 --> 00:56:01,780 [INAUDIBLE] is important ways of entering. 671 00:56:05,370 --> 00:56:10,800 And this is just at the road, next to which 672 00:56:10,800 --> 00:56:12,920 are the strangest things in the world-- 673 00:56:15,750 --> 00:56:21,000 not strange anthropologically, but strange entertainment-wise. 674 00:56:30,510 --> 00:56:37,800 Issues of sexism and racism clouded America at the time. 675 00:56:37,800 --> 00:56:42,810 1904, the first Olympic games in St. Louis, 676 00:56:42,810 --> 00:56:45,720 anthropologists wanted to measure-- 677 00:56:45,720 --> 00:56:47,640 he wanted a day in which he wanted 678 00:56:47,640 --> 00:56:53,100 to measure why Black men ran faster than white men. 679 00:56:53,100 --> 00:57:01,810 The Chinese-- I could quote you from the Chicago newspapers 680 00:57:01,810 --> 00:57:05,030 about the Chinese. 681 00:57:05,030 --> 00:57:13,700 Just assume that America had not liberated itself. 682 00:57:13,700 --> 00:57:18,620 This is premodern America. 683 00:57:18,620 --> 00:57:21,920 It had not liberated itself from the crutches of-- 684 00:57:27,300 --> 00:57:29,670 there was a Woman's Building. 685 00:57:29,670 --> 00:57:35,700 This was not the first time that a Woman's Building was built. 686 00:57:35,700 --> 00:57:41,130 A Woman's Building was built in the Philadelphia exhibition 687 00:57:41,130 --> 00:57:43,376 20 years before. 688 00:57:43,376 --> 00:57:46,920 There's something interesting about the Woman's Building, 689 00:57:46,920 --> 00:57:49,620 which was a fairly large building designed 690 00:57:49,620 --> 00:57:53,070 by a 21-year-old woman. 691 00:57:53,070 --> 00:57:58,130 There was a kind of competition which 13 women entered. 692 00:57:58,130 --> 00:58:02,580 Only eight women had graduated from architecture schools 693 00:58:02,580 --> 00:58:06,570 between '78 and '93. 694 00:58:06,570 --> 00:58:13,110 They were Syracuse, [? Cooper ?] Union, MIT. 695 00:58:13,110 --> 00:58:17,790 The competition was won by a 21-year-old MIT graduate called 696 00:58:17,790 --> 00:58:22,110 Sophia Hayden, H-A-Y-D-E-N. 697 00:58:22,110 --> 00:58:24,840 Sophia Hayden had a tough time. 698 00:58:24,840 --> 00:58:30,850 She wanted to depict a modern environment for women. 699 00:58:30,850 --> 00:58:34,720 The people who were paying the money in Chicago, 700 00:58:34,720 --> 00:58:40,680 the ladies wanted to have a decorative interior filled 701 00:58:40,680 --> 00:58:43,530 with all of the fashionable items 702 00:58:43,530 --> 00:58:46,710 that women had in their lives. 703 00:58:46,710 --> 00:58:50,010 Sophia Hayden suffered a breakdown. 704 00:58:50,010 --> 00:58:56,950 And her story's well told in the book by [INAUDIBLE].. 705 00:59:00,170 --> 00:59:10,110 On the story of Holmes, the sociopath, 706 00:59:10,110 --> 00:59:16,020 you have to read the book to get the nuances of this man's guile 707 00:59:16,020 --> 00:59:24,180 and how he managed to offer accommodation in his hotel 708 00:59:24,180 --> 00:59:27,060 to young women visiting the fair. 709 00:59:27,060 --> 00:59:31,680 If there was a black part opposite to the White City, 710 00:59:31,680 --> 00:59:34,020 it would be this. 711 00:59:34,020 --> 00:59:36,480 I quote from his book. 712 00:59:39,140 --> 00:59:43,220 This is after the police had investigated the problem. 713 00:59:45,830 --> 00:59:49,040 The earliest phase of the investigation 714 00:59:49,040 --> 00:59:53,510 began when the police, holding their flickering lanterns high, 715 00:59:53,510 --> 00:59:57,710 entered the hotel basement, a cavern of brick and timber 716 00:59:57,710 --> 01:00:02,150 measuring 50 feet by 165 feet. 717 01:00:02,150 --> 01:00:04,820 The discoveries came quickly-- 718 01:00:04,820 --> 01:00:09,260 a vat of acid with eight ribs and part of a skull 719 01:00:09,260 --> 01:00:12,770 settled at the bottom of mounds of quicklime, 720 01:00:12,770 --> 01:00:18,530 a large [INAUDIBLE] and a dissection table stained 721 01:00:18,530 --> 01:00:20,540 with what seemed to be blood. 722 01:00:20,540 --> 01:00:24,800 They found surgical tools and [INAUDIBLE] high-heeled shoes, 723 01:00:24,800 --> 01:00:29,530 bones, 18 ribs from the torso of a child, and so on and so on. 724 01:00:37,030 --> 01:00:40,840 The book is an intriguing examination 725 01:00:40,840 --> 01:00:49,660 of what disasters could befell a city which 726 01:00:49,660 --> 01:00:54,970 was advocating, at the same time, these kind of displays, 727 01:00:54,970 --> 01:00:56,710 not only for its-- 728 01:00:56,710 --> 01:00:59,170 I mean, Americans had never seen anything 729 01:00:59,170 --> 01:01:03,280 as ordered as in this environment in 1893. 730 01:01:03,280 --> 01:01:04,300 There are stories. 731 01:01:04,300 --> 01:01:11,290 There are books of reports of letters written by grandmothers 732 01:01:11,290 --> 01:01:16,450 coming from Idaho or somewhere to the World's Fair, entering 733 01:01:16,450 --> 01:01:20,530 the Court of Honor at night and fainting 734 01:01:20,530 --> 01:01:24,610 because they'd never seen anything made by human beings 735 01:01:24,610 --> 01:01:25,670 quite that way. 736 01:01:28,540 --> 01:01:32,140 The other story which I think is interesting 737 01:01:32,140 --> 01:01:36,010 is the story of Pullman, Illinois, the attempt 738 01:01:36,010 --> 01:01:44,015 to build a new town for workers to build these new railway 739 01:01:44,015 --> 01:01:44,515 cars. 740 01:01:50,650 --> 01:01:56,140 It was an environment which much paternalism involved itself 741 01:01:56,140 --> 01:01:56,860 in-- 742 01:01:56,860 --> 01:01:59,950 that is, to create an environment in which 743 01:01:59,950 --> 01:02:06,010 the workers would have a higher level of culture and education 744 01:02:06,010 --> 01:02:09,610 as a result of living in this town. 745 01:02:09,610 --> 01:02:13,900 Pullman wouldn't allow people to purchase houses. 746 01:02:13,900 --> 01:02:18,880 He believed that they would become selfish and indulgent. 747 01:02:18,880 --> 01:02:20,440 He attempted to provide-- 748 01:02:23,050 --> 01:02:30,220 he produced the Hotel Florence in the center 749 01:02:30,220 --> 01:02:36,460 with Black waiters, a multipurpose arcade containing 750 01:02:36,460 --> 01:02:38,840 the town's post office, the Pullman loan. 751 01:02:38,840 --> 01:02:42,790 and savings bank, the arcade theater, the library, 752 01:02:42,790 --> 01:02:44,820 and others. 753 01:02:44,820 --> 01:02:49,390 In fact, there is an element of the need to civilized people 754 01:02:49,390 --> 01:02:53,560 according to the norms of somebody, the owner. 755 01:02:53,560 --> 01:02:55,300 In Frank Lloyd Wright [INAUDIBLE] 756 01:02:55,300 --> 01:02:59,800 projects [INAUDIBLE] talks about Beethoven being played 757 01:02:59,800 --> 01:03:04,060 in the street or wherever. 758 01:03:04,060 --> 01:03:07,930 Shakespeare, in the upper part of the arcade, 759 01:03:07,930 --> 01:03:11,710 was meant to appease these workers who 760 01:03:11,710 --> 01:03:15,730 couldn't have prostitutes, who weren't allowed alcohol, 761 01:03:15,730 --> 01:03:20,410 and were divorced, and had to exchange the good life 762 01:03:20,410 --> 01:03:23,800 as destined by Pullman, who was making 763 01:03:23,800 --> 01:03:25,320 a lot of money out of them. 764 01:03:30,600 --> 01:03:33,660 The workers revolted, and the National Guard 765 01:03:33,660 --> 01:03:39,750 was called in in 1894, and Pullman was destroyed. 766 01:03:39,750 --> 01:03:47,100 In 1909, Daniel Burnham, who was the architect and manager 767 01:03:47,100 --> 01:03:52,770 of the Columbian Exposition, was asked by the City Business 768 01:03:52,770 --> 01:03:56,700 Club, later become the City Planning Commission, 769 01:03:56,700 --> 01:03:59,850 to make a plan for Chicago. 770 01:03:59,850 --> 01:04:02,790 I will show you and discuss it when we look at the slides. 771 01:04:11,650 --> 01:04:14,050 I think let's leave time for a little 772 01:04:14,050 --> 01:04:17,930 looking at these illustrations. 773 01:04:17,930 --> 01:04:24,810 There subsequently was a plan done by a German immigrant, 774 01:04:24,810 --> 01:04:33,680 [INAUDIBLE] in 1950 to reconstruct the grid 775 01:04:33,680 --> 01:04:38,840 system by cutting of some of the grids. 776 01:04:38,840 --> 01:04:42,120 Maybe I didn't explain things fully enough. 777 01:04:42,120 --> 01:04:47,450 Is there anything in this series of sagas, and hypotheses, 778 01:04:47,450 --> 01:04:53,750 and stories, and events that intrigues you 779 01:04:53,750 --> 01:04:55,430 that I haven't explained fully? 780 01:05:02,170 --> 01:05:02,710 No? 781 01:05:02,710 --> 01:05:03,370 OK. 782 01:05:03,370 --> 01:05:06,070 Well, then, I've done a good job. 783 01:05:06,070 --> 01:05:10,810 The wild garlic piece of land between the Lac des 784 01:05:10,810 --> 01:05:15,970 Ilinois and the Mississippi River 785 01:05:15,970 --> 01:05:19,810 is the genesis of the city of Chicago. 786 01:05:19,810 --> 01:05:24,190 Its history of development is best explained 787 01:05:24,190 --> 01:05:26,080 by Hoyt's analysis. 788 01:05:26,080 --> 01:05:26,580 Next. 789 01:05:32,280 --> 01:05:39,060 Here's the river and the first layout of blocks. 790 01:05:39,060 --> 01:05:43,690 That's a view of the town in 1845. 791 01:05:43,690 --> 01:05:44,190 Next. 792 01:05:48,340 --> 01:05:49,933 This is after the railroad. 793 01:05:53,110 --> 01:05:55,845 Next. 794 01:05:55,845 --> 01:06:02,800 The fire which, again, as in London, starts with ships 795 01:06:02,800 --> 01:06:05,485 and eliminates this large black area-- 796 01:06:12,410 --> 01:06:16,100 one of the major urban fires in history. 797 01:06:16,100 --> 01:06:16,600 Next. 798 01:06:20,610 --> 01:06:23,645 Through the flames and beyond, as it was and as 799 01:06:23,645 --> 01:06:26,505 it is, Wells and Company. 800 01:06:33,840 --> 01:06:38,140 Post-fire, a real estate agent. 801 01:06:38,140 --> 01:06:38,640 Next. 802 01:06:44,510 --> 01:06:47,630 Chicago kept on spreading. 803 01:06:47,630 --> 01:06:50,460 This is 1893. 804 01:06:50,460 --> 01:06:50,960 Next. 805 01:06:55,110 --> 01:06:58,670 The [INAUDIBLE] building, I think about 20 floors 806 01:06:58,670 --> 01:06:59,655 in height. 807 01:07:02,330 --> 01:07:14,150 The traction system for use in the [INAUDIBLE] 808 01:07:14,150 --> 01:07:16,920 in the meatpacking industry. 809 01:07:16,920 --> 01:07:17,420 Next. 810 01:07:21,160 --> 01:07:23,890 Some people argue that the French, 811 01:07:23,890 --> 01:07:27,010 the Parisian exhibitions had to produce 812 01:07:27,010 --> 01:07:31,460 all the technology which wasn't available in the city itself. 813 01:07:31,460 --> 01:07:35,500 Some people argued the Chicago World's Fair 814 01:07:35,500 --> 01:07:43,150 had all of these infrastructure already in existence 815 01:07:43,150 --> 01:07:44,420 in the city itself. 816 01:07:47,110 --> 01:07:47,610 Next. 817 01:07:50,460 --> 01:08:00,070 This is the ladies toilets of the Auditorium building. 818 01:08:00,070 --> 01:08:06,270 Here is a city, and this is part of Louis Sullivan's 819 01:08:06,270 --> 01:08:07,260 decorative system. 820 01:08:10,250 --> 01:08:21,109 a city which is rough and speeding along 821 01:08:21,109 --> 01:08:23,420 has another aspect to it. 822 01:08:23,420 --> 01:08:26,000 You could argue that cities should first 823 01:08:26,000 --> 01:08:31,840 make money and then reculture themselves. 824 01:08:31,840 --> 01:08:35,810 The first [INAUDIBLE] argued in the Third World 825 01:08:35,810 --> 01:08:40,580 economic environment that first, make cities. 826 01:08:40,580 --> 01:08:45,680 For instance, an alternative to [? Chandigarh ?] 827 01:08:45,680 --> 01:08:49,310 was presented as a city of mud growing, 828 01:08:49,310 --> 01:08:52,670 eventually, into a city of gold. 829 01:08:52,670 --> 01:08:57,140 The images is that the important thing 830 01:08:57,140 --> 01:09:02,370 is to establish the economic system, make it work. 831 01:09:02,370 --> 01:09:07,460 And then invest in the superficial aspects 832 01:09:07,460 --> 01:09:10,580 or the superior aspects of culture. 833 01:09:10,580 --> 01:09:14,240 Here, in a city in which there aren't 834 01:09:14,240 --> 01:09:17,960 proper streets, in which people get killed in the street, 835 01:09:17,960 --> 01:09:23,779 get killed anywhere else, here is the cultural contribution. 836 01:09:23,779 --> 01:09:31,685 This is what the new middle class need to enjoy. 837 01:09:31,685 --> 01:09:32,185 Next. 838 01:09:39,270 --> 01:09:43,800 The part of the Colombian exhibition which involved 839 01:09:43,800 --> 01:09:49,649 the Court of Honor, the major buildings on the flank 840 01:09:49,649 --> 01:09:55,800 and the electricity building, the [INAUDIBLE] building 841 01:09:55,800 --> 01:09:59,850 [INAUDIBLE] administration, entry by train, 842 01:09:59,850 --> 01:10:05,190 the base and statue of the Republic, the harbour, 843 01:10:05,190 --> 01:10:06,000 and so on. 844 01:10:08,765 --> 01:10:09,265 Next. 845 01:10:14,740 --> 01:10:23,120 The Woman's Building, you can see the Midway Plaisance 846 01:10:23,120 --> 01:10:29,900 in the distance with the Ferris wheel 847 01:10:29,900 --> 01:10:36,620 in position, as opposed to the neoclassical facades 848 01:10:36,620 --> 01:10:43,170 of the old part of the exhibition. 849 01:10:43,170 --> 01:10:43,670 Next. 850 01:10:49,600 --> 01:10:56,080 Extraordinary historical devices-- the crescent, 851 01:10:56,080 --> 01:11:01,535 the arch, the isolated sculpture. 852 01:11:01,535 --> 01:11:02,035 Next. 853 01:11:06,780 --> 01:11:15,880 Louis Sullivan and Adler's Transportation building whilst 854 01:11:15,880 --> 01:11:21,130 Sullivan rejected the neoclassicism 855 01:11:21,130 --> 01:11:23,050 of this exhibition. 856 01:11:23,050 --> 01:11:27,640 He nevertheless had enough attraction to it 857 01:11:27,640 --> 01:11:28,660 to build this building. 858 01:11:31,990 --> 01:11:35,500 The Administration building, with a dam 859 01:11:35,500 --> 01:11:39,380 which is larger than the Capitol in Washington. 860 01:11:39,380 --> 01:11:39,880 Next. 861 01:11:42,830 --> 01:11:44,220 Sorry, I made a mistake. 862 01:11:44,220 --> 01:11:47,300 This is a Woman's Building by Sophia Hayden. 863 01:11:47,300 --> 01:11:50,000 In the interior of the Woman's Building, 864 01:11:50,000 --> 01:11:53,360 a mixture of new electrical equipment 865 01:11:53,360 --> 01:11:58,730 for the modern kitchen and half-nude women 866 01:11:58,730 --> 01:12:03,680 dressed up in drapery as the other half of the woman's life. 867 01:12:06,550 --> 01:12:07,050 Next. 868 01:12:11,290 --> 01:12:14,020 Ferris wheel. 869 01:12:14,020 --> 01:12:25,160 And you can see the Austrian village, the Algerian, 870 01:12:25,160 --> 01:12:34,330 the Moorish Palace, the street of Cairo, the German village, 871 01:12:34,330 --> 01:12:36,915 the Javanese village. 872 01:12:36,915 --> 01:12:37,415 Next. 873 01:12:41,420 --> 01:12:47,950 That's Sol Bloom, a little older than 25. 874 01:12:47,950 --> 01:12:49,570 Next. 875 01:12:49,570 --> 01:12:53,350 There's a kind of hybridity in looking 876 01:12:53,350 --> 01:12:56,500 at the history of cities. 877 01:12:56,500 --> 01:13:00,820 You could argue that almost any city in motion 878 01:13:00,820 --> 01:13:05,980 will produce hybrid versions of situations. 879 01:13:05,980 --> 01:13:11,320 We've had a hybrid version of the independent woman-- 880 01:13:11,320 --> 01:13:16,720 on the one hand, dressed up as a nude model; on the other hand, 881 01:13:16,720 --> 01:13:19,655 percolating over a new toaster in the kitchen. 882 01:13:22,800 --> 01:13:26,760 The same with the American psyche-- 883 01:13:26,760 --> 01:13:30,030 what do you go and see, the largest manufacturing building 884 01:13:30,030 --> 01:13:31,140 in the world? 885 01:13:31,140 --> 01:13:33,630 Or come and enjoy yourself seeing 886 01:13:33,630 --> 01:13:38,310 the exotics of Cairo street? 887 01:13:38,310 --> 01:13:38,810 Next. 888 01:13:41,990 --> 01:13:48,710 It all ends very quickly with fires, one in the cold storage 889 01:13:48,710 --> 01:13:52,640 environment, another in the Manufacturer's building. 890 01:13:52,640 --> 01:13:56,150 And this whole place is ruined. 891 01:13:56,150 --> 01:13:59,570 And it's back to scratch. 892 01:13:59,570 --> 01:14:00,070 Next. 893 01:14:04,470 --> 01:14:07,110 Pullman, Illinois, the Florence Hotel 894 01:14:07,110 --> 01:14:10,620 on the right with the clock tower, 895 01:14:10,620 --> 01:14:17,305 the typical plan of an industrial manufacturing town. 896 01:14:17,305 --> 01:14:17,805 Next. 897 01:14:21,350 --> 01:14:24,890 The Arcade, perhaps one of the earliest shopping 898 01:14:24,890 --> 01:14:27,860 centers in the United States. 899 01:14:27,860 --> 01:14:29,990 Next. 900 01:14:29,990 --> 01:14:34,520 1894, the workers and the National militia 901 01:14:34,520 --> 01:14:37,725 are called out to protect Pullman. 902 01:14:37,725 --> 01:14:38,225 Next. 903 01:14:41,270 --> 01:14:47,030 Burnham, on the extreme left, at the City Business Club 904 01:14:47,030 --> 01:14:57,522 and his plan to create a girdle around the city, six miles out, 905 01:14:57,522 --> 01:15:00,560 and to diagonalize the grid where 906 01:15:00,560 --> 01:15:06,050 possible with diagonal systems, leading to a newly created 907 01:15:06,050 --> 01:15:14,540 center civic promenade and a large cultural enterprise 908 01:15:14,540 --> 01:15:17,685 along the waterfront and the harbor. 909 01:15:17,685 --> 01:15:18,185 Next. 910 01:15:26,350 --> 01:15:34,000 Originally, all the railroads would follow the same pattern, 911 01:15:34,000 --> 01:15:36,780 entering the center of the city. 912 01:15:36,780 --> 01:15:43,840 The park system would be greenery located 913 01:15:43,840 --> 01:15:48,485 in [INAUDIBLE] system. 914 01:15:51,620 --> 01:15:52,120 Next. 915 01:16:04,580 --> 01:16:07,910 Burnham had large drawings of Paris. 916 01:16:07,910 --> 01:16:16,020 Haussmann was a long time in advance. 917 01:16:16,020 --> 01:16:21,210 But neoclassical Paris was what Burnham was using as a model. 918 01:16:24,490 --> 01:16:24,990 Next. 919 01:16:30,270 --> 01:16:35,980 This is the German urbanist, [INAUDIBLE] 920 01:16:35,980 --> 01:16:42,160 attempt to revise the grid system 921 01:16:42,160 --> 01:16:48,070 by cutting it in to different systems, 922 01:16:48,070 --> 01:16:50,650 breaking it up in places, leaving it 923 01:16:50,650 --> 01:16:53,380 where it is in places, instituting 924 01:16:53,380 --> 01:16:56,500 a different [INAUDIBLE] in some places, 925 01:16:56,500 --> 01:17:00,160 and really revamping the whole system. 926 01:17:00,160 --> 01:17:05,230 He was also attracted by [INAUDIBLE] 927 01:17:05,230 --> 01:17:12,040 tall office building and residential towers 928 01:17:12,040 --> 01:17:15,110 as a proposition. 929 01:17:15,110 --> 01:17:15,610 Next. 930 01:17:18,140 --> 01:17:23,340 And the last of this is Mario Gandelsonas' book 931 01:17:23,340 --> 01:17:29,210 The Urban Text, an attempt to take the grid and the river 932 01:17:29,210 --> 01:17:39,260 and to reframe it, is best I can put it, as a set of steps 933 01:17:39,260 --> 01:17:44,300 that you take in reconstructing the deep structure of this grid 934 01:17:44,300 --> 01:17:49,670 and river into systems that look like that. 935 01:17:49,670 --> 01:17:57,770 Peter [? Eisenman ?] used the system in studios at Harvard. 936 01:17:57,770 --> 01:18:01,010 If we have a chance at one of the next classes, 937 01:18:01,010 --> 01:18:04,390 I will show some of that work. 938 01:18:07,040 --> 01:18:08,840 It's a set of-- 939 01:18:08,840 --> 01:18:10,790 it's based on the notion that you 940 01:18:10,790 --> 01:18:15,740 can dig deeply into of an environment, 941 01:18:15,740 --> 01:18:19,640 reconstruct it, and re-elementize it 942 01:18:19,640 --> 01:18:21,860 in a new way, which is that. 943 01:18:21,860 --> 01:18:24,020 I don't know what the hell it means. 944 01:18:24,020 --> 01:18:26,840 AUDIENCE: [LAUGHS] 945 01:18:26,840 --> 01:18:30,230 JULIAN BEINART: It has no practical value. 946 01:18:30,230 --> 01:18:32,450 You should look at the book The Urban Text 947 01:18:32,450 --> 01:18:34,220 and decide on your own. 948 01:18:34,220 --> 01:18:35,360 I'll give you my opinion. 949 01:18:44,200 --> 01:18:47,260 Chicago is now considered as one of the greenest cities 950 01:18:47,260 --> 01:18:48,135 in the United States. 951 01:18:54,460 --> 01:18:56,784 What does that mean? 952 01:18:56,784 --> 01:18:59,024 STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] 953 01:18:59,024 --> 01:19:00,535 JULIAN BEINART: Sorry? 954 01:19:00,535 --> 01:19:04,235 STUDENT: The green spaces are mostly private. 955 01:19:04,235 --> 01:19:06,110 JULIAN BEINART: Does it matter what they are? 956 01:19:09,000 --> 01:19:14,530 Certainly not as far as the environment, the air, 957 01:19:14,530 --> 01:19:17,220 and pollution is concerned. 958 01:19:17,220 --> 01:19:20,850 If you privatized all the roofs of buildings 959 01:19:20,850 --> 01:19:24,450 and made them green, you'd have an enormous effect 960 01:19:24,450 --> 01:19:28,650 on the energy output in a city. 961 01:19:37,270 --> 01:19:40,160 I'll just leave-- if you want to, 962 01:19:40,160 --> 01:19:43,840 I'll give you the reference to the study which 963 01:19:43,840 --> 01:19:47,345 posits Chicago is the greatest city in the United States. 964 01:19:50,170 --> 01:19:53,466 It's largely the greening of the roofs of buildings. 965 01:20:00,140 --> 01:20:01,475 Chicago can do anything. 966 01:20:04,600 --> 01:20:08,620 It's an example of a city as an artifact which 967 01:20:08,620 --> 01:20:13,270 manufactures-- re-manufactures itself almost at will, 968 01:20:13,270 --> 01:20:16,165 just through a kind of sense and will. 969 01:20:19,084 --> 01:20:21,780 I mean, that sense of will-- 970 01:20:21,780 --> 01:20:24,570 STUDENT: How much of that will gets 971 01:20:24,570 --> 01:20:27,930 lost once the city becomes institutionalized? 972 01:20:27,930 --> 01:20:30,150 JULIAN BEINART: A lot. 973 01:20:30,150 --> 01:20:34,080 You just can't bribe your way through. 974 01:20:34,080 --> 01:20:36,990 No, absolutely. 975 01:20:36,990 --> 01:20:41,460 Chicago as a story is a story of free will. 976 01:20:41,460 --> 01:20:45,990 Anybody coming in from anywhere making it, and behaving 977 01:20:45,990 --> 01:20:48,073 like an important person. 978 01:20:48,073 --> 01:20:50,240 STUDENT: There's a sense of rapaciousness in the DNA 979 01:20:50,240 --> 01:20:50,907 that you showed. 980 01:20:50,907 --> 01:20:55,020 JULIAN BEINART: Absolutely, absolutely, absolutely. 981 01:20:59,830 --> 01:21:04,060 The social cost of the free-sector environment was 982 01:21:04,060 --> 01:21:07,090 slowly picked up as the country-- 983 01:21:07,090 --> 01:21:08,275 I mean, this was a pretty-- 984 01:21:13,490 --> 01:21:20,840 [INAUDIBLE] I was trying to think 985 01:21:20,840 --> 01:21:23,240 of the percentage of Black people 986 01:21:23,240 --> 01:21:27,240 in this country who still live below the poverty line. 987 01:21:27,240 --> 01:21:32,210 I think [? 16%, ?] or 50% of the Black population 988 01:21:32,210 --> 01:21:38,780 lived below the poverty line in 2013. 989 01:21:38,780 --> 01:21:43,160 This is from William Julius Jones' work at Harvard. 990 01:21:43,160 --> 01:21:45,680 And the statistics are borne out. 991 01:21:45,680 --> 01:21:49,700 This country has never caught up with the capacity 992 01:21:49,700 --> 01:21:53,510 to socialize poverty. 993 01:21:53,510 --> 01:21:56,570 It's assumed that-- 994 01:21:56,570 --> 01:21:59,960 Mitt Romney is an arch example of somebody 995 01:21:59,960 --> 01:22:05,210 who believes that the free market system will eventually 996 01:22:05,210 --> 01:22:10,400 produce enough social benefit to take 997 01:22:10,400 --> 01:22:12,610 care of the exaggerations of the market. 998 01:22:19,280 --> 01:22:20,780 I don't know what else to say. 999 01:22:20,780 --> 01:22:22,400 It's such a big generalization. 1000 01:22:22,400 --> 01:22:26,990 We'll come into it later in this class. 1001 01:22:26,990 --> 01:22:33,470 Certainly, the European cities, from Engels onwards, face the-- 1002 01:22:33,470 --> 01:22:35,570 and the Communist Party never had 1003 01:22:35,570 --> 01:22:39,830 any leverage in this country. 1004 01:22:39,830 --> 01:22:42,380 The trade union movement in this country 1005 01:22:42,380 --> 01:22:44,630 doesn't resemble the British trade union 1006 01:22:44,630 --> 01:22:47,795 movement in any way at all. 1007 01:22:47,795 --> 01:22:52,670 The British trade union movement educates people in voting, 1008 01:22:52,670 --> 01:22:54,755 for instance. 1009 01:22:54,755 --> 01:22:57,560 The American trade union movement is-- 1010 01:23:00,160 --> 01:23:03,400 half of the American South doesn't involve the trade union 1011 01:23:03,400 --> 01:23:05,140 anyway. 1012 01:23:05,140 --> 01:23:09,550 And that's where most of the new automobile manufacturing plants 1013 01:23:09,550 --> 01:23:11,190 are going.