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JULIAN BEINART: The first
sheet on the handout really--

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I forgot to give it
to you last time.

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It's simply the argument
that for every major ideology

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associated with the
change of a city,

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there's a housing type
which it generates as well.

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And this is just a little
sketch of some of the work

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that we've done in the classes--

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00:01:02,690 --> 00:01:08,040
London, Paris, Vienna,
Barcelona, Sunnyside Gardens,

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00:01:08,040 --> 00:01:08,850
and so on.

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For those of you who are
interested in architecture,

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00:01:17,350 --> 00:01:22,390
that should be a help.

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00:01:22,390 --> 00:01:28,390
There are not many cities which
originated in the 19th century.

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Chicago is one of them and
probably the major one.

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What was the population
of Chicago in eighteein

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[INAUDIBLE] It doesn't matter.

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00:01:47,544 --> 00:01:53,640
There were a few Indians
living on a piece of land

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00:01:53,640 --> 00:01:58,830
which connects the lake
to the Mississippi River.

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And Chicago-- I think
it'd be silly to ask you

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00:02:07,380 --> 00:02:10,900
what Chicago means.

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00:02:10,900 --> 00:02:15,615
It's an Indian name for
something, wild garlic.

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00:02:21,820 --> 00:02:25,820
Many cities have an affection
for nature in their names.

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00:02:30,630 --> 00:02:36,170
Bang Makok is the Village
of Wild Plum in Thailand.

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00:02:38,690 --> 00:02:42,410
Mumba Devi is the
godess of fishermen.

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00:02:42,410 --> 00:02:43,145
What is Boston?

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00:02:47,520 --> 00:02:50,560
Saint [INAUDIBLE] town--

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00:02:50,560 --> 00:02:56,430
Saint [INAUDIBLE] is the
god of fishermen, I think.

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00:02:59,070 --> 00:03:04,620
Certainly, Boston comes
from Saint [INAUDIBLE] town.

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00:03:04,620 --> 00:03:06,750
Now, the extraordinary
thing about Chicago

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00:03:06,750 --> 00:03:10,050
is, compared to the cases
we've done up to now--

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00:03:10,050 --> 00:03:13,120
number one, that
it has no walls.

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00:03:13,120 --> 00:03:16,770
Number two, it has no royalty.

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00:03:16,770 --> 00:03:20,370
It has no invested aristocracy.

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00:03:23,840 --> 00:03:26,756
What else doesn't it have?

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STUDENT: History?

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00:03:28,596 --> 00:03:29,440
[INAUDIBLE]

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JULIAN BEINART: Yeah.

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00:03:30,315 --> 00:03:31,870
No, you're right.

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00:03:31,870 --> 00:03:33,550
You're right, absolutely right.

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00:03:40,410 --> 00:03:45,795
The argument for Chicago has
always been [INAUDIBLE] OK.

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00:03:48,430 --> 00:03:50,970
Be why we talk about
these generalities.

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00:03:54,180 --> 00:04:01,770
The second page on your
handout is 100 years

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00:04:01,770 --> 00:04:07,860
of building activity in Chicago
done by Homer Hoyt, the man who

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00:04:07,860 --> 00:04:14,250
did the [? vector ?] theory
of city form, which we dealt

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00:04:14,250 --> 00:04:15,650
with a couple of weeks ago.

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00:04:19,630 --> 00:04:23,230
This categorizes building
activity in the city.

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00:04:23,230 --> 00:04:27,550
And we will go through
it stage by stage.

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00:04:27,550 --> 00:04:31,870
But it's remarkable that we
can depict Chicago's history

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00:04:31,870 --> 00:04:35,200
in terms of economic
activity, whereas we

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00:04:35,200 --> 00:04:41,020
haven't used that as an index
for any of the other cases.

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00:04:41,020 --> 00:04:46,180
Chicago is built by
the private sector.

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00:04:46,180 --> 00:04:49,300
It has no city--

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00:04:49,300 --> 00:04:55,960
or such a weak and corrupt
city government that everything

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00:04:55,960 --> 00:04:59,740
about Chicago in its
19th-century period,

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00:04:59,740 --> 00:05:07,180
certainly, was based on the
primacy of the individual

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00:05:07,180 --> 00:05:12,730
making his own way
against all odds.

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00:05:12,730 --> 00:05:18,310
Chicago is referred to
as the city of wind,

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00:05:18,310 --> 00:05:22,660
not because the wind blows
there but because of the hubris

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00:05:22,660 --> 00:05:26,830
of its politicians
and its salesmen.

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00:05:26,830 --> 00:05:29,410
Wind refers to the
air that's blown out

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00:05:29,410 --> 00:05:31,690
of the mouth when you brag.

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00:05:41,620 --> 00:05:44,050
I will go through
this in more detail.

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00:05:44,050 --> 00:05:48,670
In 1848, when the railroads
crossed this country

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00:05:48,670 --> 00:05:52,660
and made their major
midwestern stop in Chicago

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00:05:52,660 --> 00:05:55,390
instead of St.
Louis, which would

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00:05:55,390 --> 00:05:58,570
have been a more
direct route, this

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00:05:58,570 --> 00:06:02,500
was all because of the
bullshit of politicians.

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00:06:05,050 --> 00:06:11,020
In 1893, when the
Chicago World's Fair

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00:06:11,020 --> 00:06:15,400
celebrated 400 years
after Columbus,

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00:06:15,400 --> 00:06:18,070
it should have
gone to St. Louis.

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00:06:18,070 --> 00:06:19,225
But it went to Chicago.

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00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:25,980
Chicago is the only city
in the world which built

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00:06:25,980 --> 00:06:27,735
the first skyscrapers on sand.

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00:06:30,540 --> 00:06:33,560
It's the first city in the
world and the only city

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00:06:33,560 --> 00:06:38,540
in the world which built an
illegal subway system, 50

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00:06:38,540 --> 00:06:43,670
miles of illegal subway
built by private development

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00:06:43,670 --> 00:06:46,470
without the city knowing.

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00:06:46,470 --> 00:06:51,980
Or if they knew, they
were submerged in bribes.

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00:06:51,980 --> 00:06:53,790
I will go through all
of these examples.

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00:06:56,550 --> 00:07:08,840
So we can characterize
Chicago adequately

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00:07:08,840 --> 00:07:21,920
in Park and Burgess's model
of a concentric universe

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00:07:21,920 --> 00:07:25,640
in which movement is outwards.

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00:07:25,640 --> 00:07:30,460
To make it in Chicago,
you need to immigrate.

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00:07:30,460 --> 00:07:37,730
And the immigration zone is
the inner zone of transition.

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00:07:37,730 --> 00:07:39,590
And then you make it,
and you move outwards.

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00:07:43,090 --> 00:07:47,620
American cities are primarily
immigrant cities, as opposed

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00:07:47,620 --> 00:07:49,405
to European cities.

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00:07:49,405 --> 00:07:54,850
And this model, plus
the ethos of Chicago,

95
00:07:54,850 --> 00:08:01,000
represents, in more stunning
detail, this phenomenon.

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00:08:01,000 --> 00:08:05,830
I was talking about Frank Lloyd
Wright and one of his clients.

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00:08:05,830 --> 00:08:08,020
His clients were new.

98
00:08:08,020 --> 00:08:11,010
They were people like the
man who invented the zip.

99
00:08:13,690 --> 00:08:18,760
They were people willing
to see technology

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00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:21,910
as a possibility
for advancement.

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00:08:21,910 --> 00:08:27,220
People made enormous amounts of
money just by being in Chicago.

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00:08:27,220 --> 00:08:28,960
I'll go through some
of the real estate

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00:08:28,960 --> 00:08:34,280
transactions in a few minutes.

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00:08:34,280 --> 00:08:36,640
So the themes we
can look at and I'll

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00:08:36,640 --> 00:08:39,760
try to give some
examples of, how

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00:08:39,760 --> 00:08:44,070
the city is an economic engine.

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00:08:44,070 --> 00:08:49,740
The cycles produced through
advancement and setbacks

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00:08:49,740 --> 00:08:54,240
in economics has
fascinated cycle theorists

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00:08:54,240 --> 00:08:58,290
like Kondratiev and Kuznets
and people of this kind.

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00:08:58,290 --> 00:09:01,110
But nobody has yet been
able to perfect it.

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00:09:01,110 --> 00:09:03,450
If you perfected
cycle theory, you

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00:09:03,450 --> 00:09:06,030
would be the wealthiest man
in the world, I should think,

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00:09:06,030 --> 00:09:10,530
or the wealthiest
women in the world.

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00:09:10,530 --> 00:09:16,830
But the free market
system implies risk.

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00:09:16,830 --> 00:09:21,270
And therefore, a
correct depiction

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00:09:21,270 --> 00:09:25,110
of the way Chicago is built
in the free enterprise system

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00:09:25,110 --> 00:09:30,690
would suggest a diagram
much like Hoyt's diagram.

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00:09:30,690 --> 00:09:35,526
Secondly, the city and nature--

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00:09:35,526 --> 00:09:39,180
there's a wonderful book by
William Cronon called Nature's

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00:09:39,180 --> 00:09:41,610
Metropolis about Chicago.

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00:09:41,610 --> 00:09:45,580
It's worth reading if you
have nothing else to do,

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00:09:45,580 --> 00:09:47,070
which is not likely.

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00:09:50,430 --> 00:09:53,340
But Nature's
Metropolis is written

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00:09:53,340 --> 00:09:56,500
by a man who was a
professor at Yale.

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00:09:56,500 --> 00:10:00,240
And he's now, I think, in
Wisconsin, where he's from.

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00:10:00,240 --> 00:10:02,820
He's an environmentalist.

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00:10:02,820 --> 00:10:06,210
And he depicts the
natural state of Chicago,

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00:10:06,210 --> 00:10:11,160
and its regional hinterland, and
the transformations that occur.

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00:10:11,160 --> 00:10:21,560
To me, nature in
Chicago was something

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00:10:21,560 --> 00:10:24,530
that could be improved upon.

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00:10:24,530 --> 00:10:26,750
As everything else
could be improved

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00:10:26,750 --> 00:10:32,420
upon through [? manual ?]
labor and intelligence,

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00:10:32,420 --> 00:10:35,630
so nature could
be improved upon.

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00:10:35,630 --> 00:10:51,400
Nature could deal with the
consequences of modernism.

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00:10:51,400 --> 00:10:55,300
I mean, Louis Sullivan,
in Kindergarten Chats--

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00:10:55,300 --> 00:10:58,240
his little book,
kindergarten chats--

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00:10:58,240 --> 00:11:01,810
Louis Sullivan was one
of the great architects

138
00:11:01,810 --> 00:11:05,290
of the late 19th
century in Chicago.

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00:11:05,290 --> 00:11:11,500
He and his partner, Adler, did
the transportation building

140
00:11:11,500 --> 00:11:15,490
in the Chicago
World's Fair in 1893.

141
00:11:15,490 --> 00:11:21,140
But Sullivan-- when I show
you his auditorium building,

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00:11:21,140 --> 00:11:27,910
you will read in the
toilets the notion that--

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00:11:27,910 --> 00:11:28,850
no, no sorry.

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00:11:28,850 --> 00:11:29,350
Forget it.

145
00:11:29,350 --> 00:11:32,740
I'm mixing the ideas.

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00:11:32,740 --> 00:11:36,790
You will see in the
system of decoration

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00:11:36,790 --> 00:11:41,980
an attempt to maintain
an association

148
00:11:41,980 --> 00:11:49,300
with natural form, much
like Otto Wagner in Vienna.

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00:11:49,300 --> 00:11:51,680
These are hybrid people.

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00:11:51,680 --> 00:11:56,740
Louis Sullivan was very angry
at the neoclassical system

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00:11:56,740 --> 00:11:59,020
of the Chicago World's Fair.

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00:11:59,020 --> 00:12:05,620
He said it would set back
America considerably.

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00:12:05,620 --> 00:12:09,250
We'll talk about the
Chicago World's Fair

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00:12:09,250 --> 00:12:10,345
later in the class.

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00:12:13,565 --> 00:12:15,190
Let's look at some
of the other themes.

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00:12:22,770 --> 00:12:27,930
The distinction
between the activity

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00:12:27,930 --> 00:12:30,510
of the private sector
and the weakness

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00:12:30,510 --> 00:12:33,360
of the communal environment--

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00:12:37,340 --> 00:12:42,420
after the Great Fire of 1871,
there were two responses.

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00:12:42,420 --> 00:12:46,820
The one was, gee whiz, what an
opportunity to rebuild Chicago

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00:12:46,820 --> 00:12:47,900
anew.

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00:12:47,900 --> 00:12:52,970
The other one was, we are guilty
because we blasphemed God.

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00:12:52,970 --> 00:12:58,250
Two positions
expressed by optimists

164
00:12:58,250 --> 00:13:00,020
It was the day after the fire.

165
00:13:00,020 --> 00:13:01,700
There was a-- you will see--

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00:13:01,700 --> 00:13:08,630
a real estate booth in
the ashes selling land.

167
00:13:08,630 --> 00:13:13,160
You get, perhaps, the
starkest interpretation

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00:13:13,160 --> 00:13:19,250
of this theme in the book The
Devil in the White City by Eric

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00:13:19,250 --> 00:13:21,920
Larson, another
book that you need

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00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:24,745
to know about if you want
to know about Chicago.

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00:13:27,500 --> 00:13:32,060
Here, up to 200
women, young women,

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00:13:32,060 --> 00:13:39,190
are killed by a sociopath
in his hotel, up to 200.

173
00:13:39,190 --> 00:13:41,600
Who know whether it's 200.

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00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:46,160
Nobody ever was able to account
for the number of bodies

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00:13:46,160 --> 00:13:50,410
that he either put into
acid vats or burned.

176
00:13:53,030 --> 00:13:55,350
These women just disappeared.

177
00:13:55,350 --> 00:13:59,180
There was no police to
account for who would--

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00:13:59,180 --> 00:14:06,130
27 million people visited
Chicago for the six months

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00:14:06,130 --> 00:14:08,570
that the fair ran.

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00:14:08,570 --> 00:14:11,720
Women just disappeared.

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00:14:11,720 --> 00:14:16,760
The only way in which Holmes
was a sociopath was discovered

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00:14:16,760 --> 00:14:22,340
was because of a private
security insurance

183
00:14:22,340 --> 00:14:24,620
man in Philadelphia.

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00:14:24,620 --> 00:14:30,350
A man named [? Geyer ?]
started tracing

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00:14:30,350 --> 00:14:34,280
what was happening
in these deaths,

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00:14:34,280 --> 00:14:37,970
in some of the deaths
that were reported to him.

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00:14:37,970 --> 00:14:43,010
The Chicago city and the
Chicago Police were ineffable.

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00:14:43,010 --> 00:14:46,770
So you have this
extraordinary view

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00:14:46,770 --> 00:14:51,080
of the dark side of an
environment at the same time

190
00:14:51,080 --> 00:14:57,860
as progress is next to what
Burnham called the White City

191
00:14:57,860 --> 00:15:00,110
as opposed to the Dark City.

192
00:15:00,110 --> 00:15:06,050
The White City with this
new Chicago World's Fair.

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00:15:06,050 --> 00:15:13,970
It had its dark side as well,
the [NON-ENGLISH] But the fact

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00:15:13,970 --> 00:15:18,680
that in a city as late as 1893--

195
00:15:18,680 --> 00:15:22,160
in Chicago's case, it was
late, it was almost a century

196
00:15:22,160 --> 00:15:25,220
after it was formed, 70 years--

197
00:15:28,670 --> 00:15:34,430
we could have the private
sector maintaining

198
00:15:34,430 --> 00:15:36,455
astounding
technological process.

199
00:15:40,270 --> 00:15:47,260
I will show you a diagram which
compares the Ferris wheel built

200
00:15:47,260 --> 00:15:53,830
by a young engineer from
Pittsburgh for the Chicago

201
00:15:53,830 --> 00:15:55,630
World's Fair.

202
00:15:55,630 --> 00:15:57,970
For the first time,
the public could

203
00:15:57,970 --> 00:16:05,050
circulate above the level
of a city and see it.

204
00:16:05,050 --> 00:16:08,590
This was more astonishing than
the Eiffel Tower four years

205
00:16:08,590 --> 00:16:15,640
before and, perhaps, even
more astonishing than Tatlin's

206
00:16:15,640 --> 00:16:19,570
monument to the
Third International.

207
00:16:27,780 --> 00:16:31,740
This is the city which
again defies logic

208
00:16:31,740 --> 00:16:36,450
by building skyscrapers
without foundation.

209
00:16:36,450 --> 00:16:39,060
Well, the foundations
are rafts which

210
00:16:39,060 --> 00:16:42,240
float on the sand
rather than columns.

211
00:16:42,240 --> 00:16:44,220
There's no rock.

212
00:16:44,220 --> 00:16:46,830
This is the last place in the
world where you would expect

213
00:16:46,830 --> 00:16:48,750
the genesis of the skyscraper.

214
00:16:52,170 --> 00:16:56,710
And the first tall building--

215
00:16:56,710 --> 00:17:02,790
I mean, Otis invented the
elevator, the safety elevator.

216
00:17:02,790 --> 00:17:07,349
Before, the elevators had
been used since Roman times.

217
00:17:07,349 --> 00:17:11,910
But the safety elevator
means that the elevator,

218
00:17:11,910 --> 00:17:16,285
if it breaks, it has the cable
system which protects the fall.

219
00:17:19,140 --> 00:17:22,650
The first skyscrapers,
probably the--

220
00:17:26,430 --> 00:17:29,352
I will get to that.

221
00:17:29,352 --> 00:17:35,370
I wanted-- will detail all of
these things as we go along.

222
00:17:35,370 --> 00:17:40,710
The Chicago World's Fair
was stolen from St. Louis.

223
00:17:40,710 --> 00:17:44,610
St. Louis got the
1904 Olympic games,

224
00:17:44,610 --> 00:17:51,940
the first one held in the
United States and the second one

225
00:17:51,940 --> 00:17:54,960
in modern times.

226
00:17:54,960 --> 00:18:05,550
The first one was 1900 in Paris.

227
00:18:05,550 --> 00:18:11,400
The Chicago World's Fair has a
number of extraordinary things

228
00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:13,380
attached to it.

229
00:18:13,380 --> 00:18:20,160
The one is the building of the
grandest environment ever seen

230
00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:21,600
in this country.

231
00:18:21,600 --> 00:18:24,000
The manufacturer's
building could

232
00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:27,420
house St. Peter's, St.
Paul's, the pyramids,

233
00:18:27,420 --> 00:18:30,230
the lot in one building.

234
00:18:30,230 --> 00:18:31,260
It was massive.

235
00:18:31,260 --> 00:18:33,960
It's extraordinary.

236
00:18:33,960 --> 00:18:36,815
At the same time,
it had a branch

237
00:18:36,815 --> 00:18:42,060
or a road of 600 feet wide
called the midway, where

238
00:18:42,060 --> 00:18:46,080
the vulgar aspects of
honkytonk American culture

239
00:18:46,080 --> 00:18:50,040
could be associated with.

240
00:18:54,680 --> 00:19:00,080
I'll briefly talk about
the idea of the White

241
00:19:00,080 --> 00:19:06,410
City, Reverend Moody's
city in Pullman, Illinois.

242
00:19:06,410 --> 00:19:13,380
What is a Pullman car as opposed
to an ordinary railroad car?

243
00:19:16,610 --> 00:19:20,960
In a Pullman car,
it's business class.

244
00:19:20,960 --> 00:19:24,350
There are black man
dressed in black uniforms

245
00:19:24,350 --> 00:19:28,080
with white gloves
who carry your bags

246
00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:32,030
and elevate the
conventional train system.

247
00:19:35,720 --> 00:19:47,330
120 trains entered near Chicago,
as early as 1857, each day.

248
00:19:47,330 --> 00:19:52,400
Pullman built a new
town at the entrance

249
00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:55,010
to the southern part of Chicago.

250
00:19:55,010 --> 00:19:58,790
You pass Pullman, Illinois
if you came to Chicago

251
00:19:58,790 --> 00:20:03,110
for the World's Fair by train.

252
00:20:03,110 --> 00:20:07,070
Pullman, like many
utopianists, tried

253
00:20:07,070 --> 00:20:13,620
to produce a culturally superior
environment for his workers.

254
00:20:13,620 --> 00:20:17,240
And lastly, we'll
look at Burnham's 1909

255
00:20:17,240 --> 00:20:22,490
plan and subsequent attempts
to modify the girth.

256
00:20:30,880 --> 00:20:36,340
OK, back to the handout.

257
00:20:41,680 --> 00:20:49,510
The first peak,
dated about 1830,

258
00:20:49,510 --> 00:20:54,640
is the building of a
transportation connector,

259
00:20:54,640 --> 00:20:59,810
a canal which connects.

260
00:20:59,810 --> 00:21:03,780
The hypothesis
about Chicago was it

261
00:21:03,780 --> 00:21:06,720
connected the world's
waterways or could

262
00:21:06,720 --> 00:21:09,180
connect it was waterways.

263
00:21:09,180 --> 00:21:21,610
From the Atlantic, here are the
lakes and a small [INAUDIBLE]

264
00:21:21,610 --> 00:21:24,210
You have the widest
river in the world.

265
00:21:35,320 --> 00:21:36,835
This is not a trivial opening.

266
00:21:40,280 --> 00:21:43,710
It never produced
the effect that it

267
00:21:43,710 --> 00:21:48,870
was destined in the minds
of investors to produce.

268
00:21:53,110 --> 00:21:57,520
There's no traffic which
travels along this route.

269
00:22:00,560 --> 00:22:04,550
But it was a
brilliant hypothesis

270
00:22:04,550 --> 00:22:09,920
which, in 1830, enabled
Chicago to take off.

271
00:22:09,920 --> 00:22:11,060
You can see the peak.

272
00:22:28,700 --> 00:22:38,140
The first boom in 1835, land
values increased by 150%

273
00:22:38,140 --> 00:22:40,960
in two years.

274
00:22:40,960 --> 00:22:43,630
I quote from a journalist.

275
00:22:43,630 --> 00:22:46,360
"I have never seen a
busier place than Chicago

276
00:22:46,360 --> 00:22:49,140
at the time of my arrival.

277
00:22:49,140 --> 00:22:53,410
The streets were crowded with
land speculators hurrying

278
00:22:53,410 --> 00:22:56,170
from one sale to another.

279
00:22:56,170 --> 00:23:01,030
A negro dressed in scarlet
bearing a scarlet flag

280
00:23:01,030 --> 00:23:06,310
and riding a white horse with
housing housing of scarlet--

281
00:23:06,310 --> 00:23:08,020
oh-- was housing
[INAUDIBLE] scarlet

282
00:23:08,020 --> 00:23:10,210
announced the time of the sale.

283
00:23:10,210 --> 00:23:13,830
At every street corner, the
crowd gathered behind you."

284
00:23:18,490 --> 00:23:22,560
The total land sales,
according to Hoyt in Chicago,

285
00:23:22,560 --> 00:23:25,600
in 1830 were $168,000.

286
00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:32,250
In 1836, it was $10,500,000,
over 60 times in six years.

287
00:23:37,080 --> 00:23:41,070
1848, the canal was finished.

288
00:23:41,070 --> 00:23:44,220
Chicago was developing as
an agricultural center--

289
00:23:44,220 --> 00:23:47,700
wheat, and lumber, and the
beginning of manufacturing.

290
00:23:47,700 --> 00:23:51,870
But it was a town, I quote,
"without pavement, sidewalks,

291
00:23:51,870 --> 00:23:58,370
sewers, gaslight,
streetcars, or railroads."

292
00:23:58,370 --> 00:24:02,730
The second boom came
with the decision

293
00:24:02,730 --> 00:24:09,420
to have a railroad
pass through in 1848.

294
00:24:09,420 --> 00:24:12,900
Our chief, ultimate importance
of the canal, the lake,

295
00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:16,200
traffic, and the plank
woods for a plank roads

296
00:24:16,200 --> 00:24:19,500
was that they gave Chicago
sufficient advantage

297
00:24:19,500 --> 00:24:20,790
to attract the railroad.

298
00:24:20,790 --> 00:24:24,630
It was important in making
Chicago a great wholesaling

299
00:24:24,630 --> 00:24:28,850
and manufacturing center.

300
00:24:28,850 --> 00:24:35,090
In 1836, it took 30 days to
get from Chicago to New York.

301
00:24:35,090 --> 00:24:38,570
In 1849, it took seven days.

302
00:24:38,570 --> 00:24:47,450
In 1852, it took 36 hours.

303
00:24:47,450 --> 00:24:52,760
[INAUDIBLE] the
time construction

304
00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:57,140
between New York and the
Midwest, when being reduced,

305
00:24:57,140 --> 00:25:01,880
amplified the centrality
of Chicago in the Midwest.

306
00:25:06,630 --> 00:25:10,830
The slump of 1857,
overspeculation

307
00:25:10,830 --> 00:25:15,960
in Western land,
Michigan Southern stock

308
00:25:15,960 --> 00:25:18,385
dropped from $88 to $9.

309
00:25:21,450 --> 00:25:29,760
European demand for wheat
in the 1871 Civil War

310
00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:33,480
meant Chicago kept
economically after.

311
00:25:33,480 --> 00:25:41,860
The post-war boom
of 1865 to 1871

312
00:25:41,860 --> 00:25:45,220
re-established in
Chicago's industrial base.

313
00:25:45,220 --> 00:25:51,010
By now, it had manufactured the
largest meat-packing industry

314
00:25:51,010 --> 00:25:58,000
the world had ever seen using
a conveyor belt system which

315
00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,870
Henry Ford, amongst
others, appreciate

316
00:26:01,870 --> 00:26:06,490
and introduced into
his automobile plants.

317
00:26:06,490 --> 00:26:12,332
1871, The Great Fire, one of the
greatest holocausts in history.

318
00:26:12,332 --> 00:26:15,985
The resurrection is
optimism or blame.

319
00:26:19,090 --> 00:26:25,840
1878, the boom, improvement
in the American economic

320
00:26:25,840 --> 00:26:32,170
condition, the first
steel-frame skyscrapers.

321
00:26:39,510 --> 00:26:42,870
Home Insurance building, 1884.

322
00:26:42,870 --> 00:26:46,180
Steel-frame [INAUDIBLE].

323
00:26:46,180 --> 00:26:48,570
[INAUDIBLE] building, 1891.

324
00:26:48,570 --> 00:26:50,850
16 floors.

325
00:26:50,850 --> 00:26:52,050
So on and so on.

326
00:26:56,480 --> 00:27:00,690
So if you're going
to build the city

327
00:27:00,690 --> 00:27:05,300
through private initiative,
private investment,

328
00:27:05,300 --> 00:27:08,100
you're going to have
to deal with the cycle

329
00:27:08,100 --> 00:27:13,050
of economic advancement,
and boom, and depression.

330
00:27:17,310 --> 00:27:26,550
Chicago managed-- you'll notice
that in the European examples,

331
00:27:26,550 --> 00:27:32,730
post-Engels, I spoke often
about the condition of the poor.

332
00:27:32,730 --> 00:27:36,520
The condition of
the poor was not

333
00:27:36,520 --> 00:27:41,340
an aspect of civic
consciousness in the time

334
00:27:41,340 --> 00:27:42,980
that I'm talking about.

335
00:27:42,980 --> 00:27:46,056
If you went to
Chicago, you made it.

336
00:27:46,056 --> 00:27:50,280
If you didn't make
it, somehow or other,

337
00:27:50,280 --> 00:27:57,030
you survived, either by crime
or by some other kind of device.

338
00:27:57,030 --> 00:27:59,070
There was no social program.

339
00:27:59,070 --> 00:28:05,310
The city didn't exist as an
arbiter of human condition.

340
00:28:05,310 --> 00:28:08,115
Human condition followed
what the market produced.

341
00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:22,630
The fire of 1871
paralleled the fire of 1666

342
00:28:22,630 --> 00:28:24,040
in London similarly.

343
00:28:30,010 --> 00:28:36,040
I mentioned the illegal building
of a 50-mile set of tunnels

344
00:28:36,040 --> 00:28:42,230
in 1914.

345
00:28:42,230 --> 00:28:51,770
Earlier, the city, in
1890, had given permission

346
00:28:51,770 --> 00:28:58,520
to private building owners
to dig in their basements

347
00:28:58,520 --> 00:29:05,780
to provide insertion
of a telegraphic wire.

348
00:29:10,226 --> 00:29:14,440
The telegraphic
cable was soon seen

349
00:29:14,440 --> 00:29:19,420
as a ruse for digging mud out
of the basement of your building

350
00:29:19,420 --> 00:29:22,300
and connecting it.

351
00:29:22,300 --> 00:29:25,030
At times, there
was a train which

352
00:29:25,030 --> 00:29:30,310
carried mail and deposited
goods in the basement of Carson

353
00:29:30,310 --> 00:29:34,480
Pririe Scott and Montgomery
Ward, the two biggest modern

354
00:29:34,480 --> 00:29:37,510
department stores at the time.

355
00:29:37,510 --> 00:29:41,290
It even, at times, produced
ice for air conditioning.

356
00:29:45,010 --> 00:29:47,860
It became transportation.

357
00:29:57,480 --> 00:29:59,700
How did the city--

358
00:29:59,700 --> 00:30:01,740
how did the businessmen
deal with it?

359
00:30:01,740 --> 00:30:03,670
By bribes, of course.

360
00:30:03,670 --> 00:30:08,280
That was how all business was
done, also by telling lies.

361
00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:10,500
The developers claimed
that they were only laying

362
00:30:10,500 --> 00:30:14,400
cable for a telephone company.

363
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:16,500
They dug at night
so people would not

364
00:30:16,500 --> 00:30:20,460
notice the amount of dirt being
smuggled away from the scene.

365
00:30:20,460 --> 00:30:24,180
They found that the tunnels
were almost 13 feet high.

366
00:30:27,080 --> 00:30:29,660
Part of this was
that two people a day

367
00:30:29,660 --> 00:30:32,180
were being killed in
the city by trains going

368
00:30:32,180 --> 00:30:35,540
through crowded crossings.

369
00:30:35,540 --> 00:30:40,550
But this is the only
example in modern history,

370
00:30:40,550 --> 00:30:47,930
or even in any history, of
the illegitimate building

371
00:30:47,930 --> 00:30:52,610
of a major infrastructure
system underneath the city.

372
00:30:52,610 --> 00:30:54,050
It's a wonderful story.

373
00:30:56,650 --> 00:30:59,150
There's a part of
me which rejoices

374
00:30:59,150 --> 00:31:04,400
in the idea of building
an illegal sub,

375
00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:07,640
one day waking up
and finding that you

376
00:31:07,640 --> 00:31:11,450
have a subway system under
your city nobody knew about.

377
00:31:11,450 --> 00:31:13,520
AUDIENCE: [LAUGHS]

378
00:31:13,520 --> 00:31:17,380
JULIAN BEINART: No, there
was no permission given.

379
00:31:17,380 --> 00:31:20,450
STUDENT: But why?

380
00:31:20,450 --> 00:31:21,888
JULIAN BEINART: But why what?

381
00:31:21,888 --> 00:31:25,577
STUDENT: Why did [INAUDIBLE]

382
00:31:25,577 --> 00:31:27,160
JULIAN BEINART: I
think I've explained

383
00:31:27,160 --> 00:31:29,470
that the city was inevitable.

384
00:31:29,470 --> 00:31:31,520
The city didn't exist.

385
00:31:31,520 --> 00:31:39,320
Local government was
corrupt [INAUDIBLE]

386
00:31:39,320 --> 00:31:41,365
Chicago is known
as the Shock City.

387
00:31:44,180 --> 00:31:48,430
You could get away with
murder, as many people did.

388
00:31:48,430 --> 00:31:56,360
The great murders in the history
of Chicago are not fiction.

389
00:31:56,360 --> 00:32:01,145
They're reality that have become
fiction in American violence.

390
00:32:08,830 --> 00:32:11,770
The fact that human beings
can do extraordinary things

391
00:32:11,770 --> 00:32:13,060
shouldn't surprise us.

392
00:32:15,784 --> 00:32:18,850
The building of the pyramids
was as extraordinary,

393
00:32:18,850 --> 00:32:26,200
if not more extraordinary,
investment in human labor

394
00:32:26,200 --> 00:32:32,110
and guile than the illegal
building of a subway system

395
00:32:32,110 --> 00:32:32,610
in Chicago.

396
00:32:35,240 --> 00:32:47,140
Anyway, the other advent
in Chicago of significance

397
00:32:47,140 --> 00:32:51,940
was the attempt to extend
buildings vertically.

398
00:33:00,500 --> 00:33:04,370
Chicago was hardly
the place that one

399
00:33:04,370 --> 00:33:06,950
would expect this to happen.

400
00:33:06,950 --> 00:33:11,180
There was no rock or
significant rock formation

401
00:33:11,180 --> 00:33:12,785
under the center of the city.

402
00:33:17,290 --> 00:33:21,190
You need at least
that support system

403
00:33:21,190 --> 00:33:24,820
unless you can devise an
alternative, which was devised,

404
00:33:24,820 --> 00:33:27,250
of floating buildings
on platforms.

405
00:33:30,530 --> 00:33:34,070
The Home Insurance
building in 1884

406
00:33:34,070 --> 00:33:39,030
was the first building
built out of a steel frame.

407
00:33:39,030 --> 00:33:41,870
Before that, all building was--

408
00:33:41,870 --> 00:33:45,785
by the way, I forgot to mention.

409
00:33:48,530 --> 00:33:51,510
In 1830s, there was a man--

410
00:33:51,510 --> 00:33:56,660
and not an Indian, an
American white man--

411
00:33:56,660 --> 00:34:02,840
on a canoe on the Chicago River.

412
00:34:02,840 --> 00:34:06,140
He invented something which
transformed the building

413
00:34:06,140 --> 00:34:07,670
industry of the United States.

414
00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:25,620
Well, he devised a system for
manufacturing wooden housing

415
00:34:25,620 --> 00:34:30,810
by using a balloon-frame system
instead of a post and beam.

416
00:34:30,810 --> 00:34:35,370
A balloon-frame system uses
two-by-fours or two-by-tens

417
00:34:35,370 --> 00:34:40,380
and make them into panels which
become the sides of houses,

418
00:34:40,380 --> 00:34:46,710
as opposed to the historic
system of erecting posts

419
00:34:46,710 --> 00:34:51,480
and then spanning
the space with beams.

420
00:34:51,480 --> 00:34:54,630
This man revolutionized the
construction of housing.

421
00:34:54,630 --> 00:34:58,610
And he's little known.

422
00:34:58,610 --> 00:35:01,380
He should be known more widely.

423
00:35:01,380 --> 00:35:06,480
Because since then,
the pervasive building

424
00:35:06,480 --> 00:35:09,450
of single-family
wood construction

425
00:35:09,450 --> 00:35:14,765
has manifested itself as a major
economic force in the United

426
00:35:14,765 --> 00:35:15,265
States.

427
00:35:20,350 --> 00:35:21,960
Anyway, back to the skyscraper.

428
00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:33,430
Under 20 floors of height,
a tall building [INAUDIBLE]

429
00:35:33,430 --> 00:35:37,810
needs to worry about its own
weight and, to a small extent,

430
00:35:37,810 --> 00:35:39,280
about wind.

431
00:35:39,280 --> 00:35:43,690
Above 20 floors, wind
becomes the major factor

432
00:35:43,690 --> 00:35:50,140
in the construction resistance
that you provide to the wind.

433
00:35:50,140 --> 00:35:52,450
These buildings are
all under 20 floors.

434
00:35:55,810 --> 00:35:58,795
Frank Lloyd Wright proposed
a building a mile high.

435
00:36:06,690 --> 00:36:09,810
What was he thinking about?

436
00:36:09,810 --> 00:36:13,230
What did he have in mind?

437
00:36:13,230 --> 00:36:15,650
He wasn't a foolish man.

438
00:36:23,800 --> 00:36:28,795
I'm not quite sure I know, nor
do I know that anybody knows.

439
00:36:28,795 --> 00:36:30,760
The [INAUDIBLE]
building, at that time,

440
00:36:30,760 --> 00:36:37,265
would have been so outside
of any technical calculation

441
00:36:37,265 --> 00:36:37,765
system.

442
00:36:43,430 --> 00:36:49,010
The fact that you may be able
to wrap a city in one building

443
00:36:49,010 --> 00:36:50,030
is interesting.

444
00:36:50,030 --> 00:36:52,880
The John Hancock
building in Chicago--

445
00:36:52,880 --> 00:36:54,830
who knows Chicago well?

446
00:36:54,830 --> 00:36:56,930
Do you know the John
Hancock building?

447
00:37:01,190 --> 00:37:05,750
The John Hancock building,
except for industry,

448
00:37:05,750 --> 00:37:08,630
has all the artifacts of
a city in one building.

449
00:37:16,490 --> 00:37:28,470
There's parking, shopping,
offices, and housing.

450
00:37:36,830 --> 00:37:41,300
Accomplishing this
one in Chicago,

451
00:37:41,300 --> 00:37:43,550
much later than
Frank Lloyd Wright,

452
00:37:43,550 --> 00:37:53,040
perhaps suggests a remodel
that he had in mind

453
00:37:53,040 --> 00:38:04,230
for building a Usonian
utopia vertically.

454
00:38:04,230 --> 00:38:09,270
Frank Lloyd Wright built a small
office building in Oklahoma.

455
00:38:12,460 --> 00:38:15,900
What was the uniqueness
of his building,

456
00:38:15,900 --> 00:38:19,351
the small building in Oklahoma?

457
00:38:19,351 --> 00:38:22,818
Do you know?

458
00:38:22,818 --> 00:38:27,730
It's the only office
building at its time

459
00:38:27,730 --> 00:38:31,500
that had offices and
housing on the same floor.

460
00:38:38,680 --> 00:38:40,825
Here, the separation
is vertical.

461
00:38:51,208 --> 00:38:53,320
I've got to watch
out for the time.

462
00:38:53,320 --> 00:38:54,420
It is long.

463
00:38:54,420 --> 00:38:58,380
Chicago's a long and
interesting convoluted story.

464
00:38:58,380 --> 00:38:59,940
I'm trying to untangle it.

465
00:39:19,540 --> 00:39:29,310
I'd rather leave this
out, but question

466
00:39:29,310 --> 00:39:37,260
as to whether land speculation
in the form of a grid

467
00:39:37,260 --> 00:39:43,410
is a vehicle of
capitalism is arguable.

468
00:39:43,410 --> 00:39:47,320
I've written, disagreeing
with Mumford and Richard

469
00:39:47,320 --> 00:39:51,300
[? Sennett, ?] two formidable
opponents, on this premise.

470
00:39:54,630 --> 00:40:00,480
Mumford, for instance,
says resurgent capitalism

471
00:40:00,480 --> 00:40:03,330
treats the individual lot,
and the block, the street,

472
00:40:03,330 --> 00:40:08,820
and the avenue as abstract
units for buying and selling.

473
00:40:08,820 --> 00:40:13,200
The rectangular street and block
system projected indefinitely

474
00:40:13,200 --> 00:40:17,760
towards the horizon was the
first universal expression

475
00:40:17,760 --> 00:40:20,760
of capitalistic fantasies.

476
00:40:20,760 --> 00:40:25,350
Each lot being of uniform shape
became a unit like a coin,

477
00:40:25,350 --> 00:40:29,950
capable of ready
appraisal and exchange.

478
00:40:29,950 --> 00:40:35,310
Yeah, that means you can buy
a piece of land in Florida

479
00:40:35,310 --> 00:40:38,880
without seeing it.

480
00:40:38,880 --> 00:40:40,560
I suppose that is possible.

481
00:40:40,560 --> 00:40:44,520
But with the grid
system reducing

482
00:40:44,520 --> 00:40:53,210
the complexity of investment
to a unit is all that goes on.

483
00:40:53,210 --> 00:40:56,110
What about [INAUDIBLE] plan?

484
00:40:56,110 --> 00:40:59,210
Here's a man who made an
infinite-- the largest housing

485
00:40:59,210 --> 00:41:03,110
environment in the
world, history.

486
00:41:03,110 --> 00:41:10,010
By using a 113-meter by
113-square-block system,

487
00:41:10,010 --> 00:41:14,720
with infinite variables in
it, not built, but according

488
00:41:14,720 --> 00:41:18,970
to him, to his plan.

489
00:41:18,970 --> 00:41:20,560
Is that a capitalism?

490
00:41:23,110 --> 00:41:26,320
Is that a result of capitalism?

491
00:41:26,320 --> 00:41:30,220
The other example, one
of the largest buildings

492
00:41:30,220 --> 00:41:33,965
of mass housing, is in
Soweto in South Africa.

493
00:41:33,965 --> 00:41:36,835
It's nothing to do
with the market at all.

494
00:41:36,835 --> 00:41:42,320
It was built by a white
government enforcing its power

495
00:41:42,320 --> 00:41:42,820
on--

496
00:41:46,938 --> 00:41:49,480
STUDENT: Well, it actually makes
me think of James C. Scott's

497
00:41:49,480 --> 00:41:51,190
argument about
seeing like a state,

498
00:41:51,190 --> 00:41:55,540
and how states want to
simplify things, and, I mean,

499
00:41:55,540 --> 00:41:57,580
how capitalism uses
those [INAUDIBLE]

500
00:41:57,580 --> 00:41:59,410
JULIAN BEINART: Yeah,
I think he's right.

501
00:41:59,410 --> 00:42:00,790
Capitalism does.

502
00:42:00,790 --> 00:42:05,080
If I buy an IBM share, I'm
buying one-hundred-thousandth

503
00:42:05,080 --> 00:42:08,410
of its typewriters
and a hundred-thousand

504
00:42:08,410 --> 00:42:11,525
of its elevators and so on.

505
00:42:11,525 --> 00:42:12,025
Yes.

506
00:42:12,025 --> 00:42:15,100
And of course, that's
understandable.

507
00:42:15,100 --> 00:42:21,340
But whether-- in a city, a
grid system adjacent to a river

508
00:42:21,340 --> 00:42:23,170
is a good deal
different from a grid

509
00:42:23,170 --> 00:42:27,400
system adjacent to a mountain.

510
00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:30,730
They are natural deformations.

511
00:42:30,730 --> 00:42:35,080
And it's not as easy to--

512
00:42:35,080 --> 00:42:40,900
what Mumford is saying is
that in the case of Chicago,

513
00:42:40,900 --> 00:42:44,860
there was no care
given to the modulation

514
00:42:44,860 --> 00:42:49,330
of the size of blocks to who
developed where, and how,

515
00:42:49,330 --> 00:42:49,990
and so on.

516
00:42:52,670 --> 00:42:55,850
He's, in fact, saying
that the free enterprise

517
00:42:55,850 --> 00:43:00,620
system has invaded the spatial
property of a complex city

518
00:43:00,620 --> 00:43:03,110
and reduced it to barrenness.

519
00:43:06,610 --> 00:43:11,120
It's an intriguing
proposition, which I have--

520
00:43:11,120 --> 00:43:14,080
you know, Boston doesn't
have a grid system.

521
00:43:14,080 --> 00:43:16,600
And there's been as
much speculation in land

522
00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:20,170
in Boston as there
has been in Chicago.

523
00:43:20,170 --> 00:43:21,310
So give me a break.

524
00:43:24,840 --> 00:43:30,210
Those of you who
are designers should

525
00:43:30,210 --> 00:43:34,050
stop thinking in terms of
the geometry of things,

526
00:43:34,050 --> 00:43:38,150
in terms of simple outcomes.

527
00:43:38,150 --> 00:43:40,660
STUDENT: I think that's
true in the long term.

528
00:43:40,660 --> 00:43:43,530
But in the short term,
I know specific examples

529
00:43:43,530 --> 00:43:47,580
where a community can't get
a grocery store because it's

530
00:43:47,580 --> 00:43:51,510
an old non-grid layout,
and grocery stores only

531
00:43:51,510 --> 00:43:53,320
want squares or rectangles.

532
00:43:53,320 --> 00:43:56,580
And so there, you have--

533
00:43:56,580 --> 00:44:01,755
it's not because of capitalism,
but temporary market norms,

534
00:44:01,755 --> 00:44:04,748
development norms
realted to the grid.

535
00:44:04,748 --> 00:44:06,290
JULIAN BEINART: What
about Manhattan?

536
00:44:06,290 --> 00:44:08,310
STUDENT: Yeah, It's
not always true.

537
00:44:08,310 --> 00:44:10,310
But it's true of
some [INAUDIBLE]

538
00:44:10,310 --> 00:44:14,090
JULIAN BEINART: Yeah,
I always get out

539
00:44:14,090 --> 00:44:17,750
of this by saying cities are
more complicated than I know.

540
00:44:17,750 --> 00:44:20,655
AUDIENCE: [LAUGHS]

541
00:44:20,655 --> 00:44:22,280
JULIAN BEINART:
There's a juxtaposition

542
00:44:22,280 --> 00:44:26,990
between the market,
and between capitalism,

543
00:44:26,990 --> 00:44:30,590
and goodness of outcomes.

544
00:44:30,590 --> 00:44:36,050
It's like saying the
American Express introduced

545
00:44:36,050 --> 00:44:38,510
the traveler's check
for the first time

546
00:44:38,510 --> 00:44:40,880
at the Chicago Exposition.

547
00:44:40,880 --> 00:44:47,510
And there were new foods,
things like fast food and so on.

548
00:44:47,510 --> 00:44:52,580
Is capitalism to blame for
producing these innovations?

549
00:44:52,580 --> 00:44:56,660
Was capitalism to blame for--

550
00:44:56,660 --> 00:44:57,320
I don't know.

551
00:44:57,320 --> 00:45:03,740
I think it's-- it strikes
me as being too elementary.

552
00:45:03,740 --> 00:45:07,250
Richard Sennett, on the other
hand, has another argument.

553
00:45:07,250 --> 00:45:10,230
I don't have time to go into it.

554
00:45:10,230 --> 00:45:14,270
I want to spend a few minutes
on the World's Fair and then--

555
00:45:18,010 --> 00:45:23,680
the World's Fair,
in many respects,

556
00:45:23,680 --> 00:45:26,590
was fundamental in
the history of Chicago

557
00:45:26,590 --> 00:45:29,395
and, perhaps, fundamental in the
history of the United States.

558
00:45:33,450 --> 00:45:37,110
The Crystal Palace, which is my
favorite 19th-century building,

559
00:45:37,110 --> 00:45:42,450
produced a slew of
exhibitions in Paris.

560
00:45:42,450 --> 00:45:51,672
1851, the Crystal Palace;
1855, 1868, 1889, 1900--

561
00:45:51,672 --> 00:45:56,920
five exhibitions
between 1855 and 1900.

562
00:45:56,920 --> 00:46:07,530
They were all there to promote
technology, newness, modernism,

563
00:46:07,530 --> 00:46:09,270
and the market.

564
00:46:09,270 --> 00:46:11,520
There was no
internet, obviously.

565
00:46:11,520 --> 00:46:16,020
The availability
of information--

566
00:46:16,020 --> 00:46:18,300
there was no telephone.

567
00:46:18,300 --> 00:46:26,760
So this was almost back
to Neanderthal times.

568
00:46:26,760 --> 00:46:30,000
So you needed
these great events.

569
00:46:30,000 --> 00:46:34,830
The Crystal Palace
had pieces of India

570
00:46:34,830 --> 00:46:37,020
in the first part
of the exhibition.

571
00:46:41,190 --> 00:46:50,990
The Crystal Palace genesis
found its last major output

572
00:46:50,990 --> 00:46:57,810
in the 1900 Fair in
Chicago, at least in Paris.

573
00:46:57,810 --> 00:47:04,970
But in 1893, seven years before
Paris, this enormous task

574
00:47:04,970 --> 00:47:17,330
of building an environment
which would be so impressive, so

575
00:47:17,330 --> 00:47:23,060
capitalizing on the energy
that Chicago could generate--

576
00:47:23,060 --> 00:47:26,420
if Chicago could build a
skyscraper-- at the time,

577
00:47:26,420 --> 00:47:31,040
in 1893, there were really
20 skyscrapers in New York.

578
00:47:31,040 --> 00:47:35,240
They had the big
department stores.

579
00:47:35,240 --> 00:47:41,855
They had mass methods of
producing meat and food.

580
00:47:41,855 --> 00:47:46,490
They had enormous grain
towers on the water or next

581
00:47:46,490 --> 00:47:48,908
to the water.

582
00:47:48,908 --> 00:47:52,610
The idea of having
to make something

583
00:47:52,610 --> 00:47:56,430
which manifests itself--

584
00:47:56,430 --> 00:47:58,730
the second problem
with an exhibition

585
00:47:58,730 --> 00:48:01,310
is that it only
lasts a short time.

586
00:48:01,310 --> 00:48:03,770
It's, of course, an
enormous advantage

587
00:48:03,770 --> 00:48:08,150
in that you can risk
building a building which

588
00:48:08,150 --> 00:48:14,390
is more likely to be thrilling
and dangerous than any before.

589
00:48:14,390 --> 00:48:20,150
The story of the Ferris
wheel is a fantastic story.

590
00:48:20,150 --> 00:48:24,140
There was a competition
for a vertical element.

591
00:48:24,140 --> 00:48:28,520
The Eiffel Tower, in
1889, had dramatized

592
00:48:28,520 --> 00:48:31,670
the idea of an exhibition.

593
00:48:35,560 --> 00:48:38,980
Let me just draw this.

594
00:48:38,980 --> 00:48:45,160
Chicago faced the competition
of the Eiffel Tower.

595
00:48:45,160 --> 00:48:53,530
In fact, the competition which
was held, produced, [INAUDIBLE]

596
00:48:53,530 --> 00:48:55,440
fantastic entries.

597
00:48:55,440 --> 00:49:01,600
[INAUDIBLE] wanted to build
a glass umbrella covering 193

598
00:49:01,600 --> 00:49:07,780
acres, four times
larger than St. Peter's.

599
00:49:07,780 --> 00:49:15,730
[? Proctor ?] wants to build a
tower 1,150 feet high, 150 feet

600
00:49:15,730 --> 00:49:17,240
higher than the Eiffel Tower.

601
00:49:20,280 --> 00:49:23,700
The competition was
considered a failure.

602
00:49:23,700 --> 00:49:26,940
Eiffel was contacted and asked
whether he would come and do

603
00:49:26,940 --> 00:49:28,710
something as well.

604
00:49:28,710 --> 00:49:32,610
This is a stark admission
on the part of Chicago

605
00:49:32,610 --> 00:49:35,130
that anybody else in the
world could do better.

606
00:49:37,830 --> 00:49:40,890
Somebody revived the idea
of one of the entries

607
00:49:40,890 --> 00:49:43,860
in the competition
by this young man,

608
00:49:43,860 --> 00:49:47,400
Ferris, who had
proposed that you

609
00:49:47,400 --> 00:50:05,880
could create a vertical
system, in this case--

610
00:50:15,130 --> 00:50:16,510
I don't know what its height--

611
00:50:23,040 --> 00:50:27,790
a system which could do
what the Eiffel Tower--

612
00:50:27,790 --> 00:50:30,790
and I may as well
do Tatlin's Tower.

613
00:50:35,380 --> 00:50:36,490
It was never built--

614
00:50:57,160 --> 00:50:59,545
that you could create an
environment which moved.

615
00:51:08,360 --> 00:51:25,210
36 cars-- the
engineering consequences

616
00:51:25,210 --> 00:51:28,990
of putting people into cars
and then twisting them,

617
00:51:28,990 --> 00:51:32,980
twirling them around in
the air, was significant.

618
00:51:32,980 --> 00:51:37,450
No wonder the Ferris wheel
was considered too dangerous.

619
00:51:37,450 --> 00:51:42,250
And they actually had
to build a model of it.

620
00:51:42,250 --> 00:51:43,600
Well, it's not a model of it.

621
00:51:43,600 --> 00:51:46,450
They built it,
finally, and tested it.

622
00:51:46,450 --> 00:51:50,440
And to everybody's surprise,
but not to Ferris' surprise,

623
00:51:50,440 --> 00:51:51,970
it actually worked.

624
00:51:51,970 --> 00:51:55,880
It ran and provided
a view of Chicago

625
00:51:55,880 --> 00:51:57,220
which people h ad never had.

626
00:52:00,940 --> 00:52:07,240
The Ferris wheel was located
not in the main space

627
00:52:07,240 --> 00:52:09,000
of the exposition.

628
00:52:13,930 --> 00:52:17,930
A significant notion
about the exhibition,

629
00:52:17,930 --> 00:52:22,010
it had the Court of Honor of
these buildings on either side.

630
00:52:26,540 --> 00:52:32,060
You came in by train,
connected to the water

631
00:52:32,060 --> 00:52:39,470
here through a gate, secondary
buildings along here,

632
00:52:39,470 --> 00:52:40,010
the idea--

633
00:52:43,790 --> 00:52:49,160
at right angles to
this, 600 meters--

634
00:52:49,160 --> 00:52:50,900
600 feet in width.

635
00:52:53,792 --> 00:52:55,555
It was something
called the Midway.

636
00:53:01,160 --> 00:53:04,370
The Midway was first
going to be headed

637
00:53:04,370 --> 00:53:06,215
by a man called
[? Putnam, ?] who

638
00:53:06,215 --> 00:53:10,670
was an anthropologist
from Harvard University.

639
00:53:10,670 --> 00:53:15,200
He was going to use
this environment

640
00:53:15,200 --> 00:53:21,770
to depict the human species
in anthropological terms.

641
00:53:21,770 --> 00:53:25,730
He was proposing building a
model of a man and a woman

642
00:53:25,730 --> 00:53:33,660
based on extracting images
from 224 samples of Americans--

643
00:53:33,660 --> 00:53:36,530
something crazy,
all kinds of stuff.

644
00:53:41,990 --> 00:53:47,390
For some reason or other,
Burnham and these people

645
00:53:47,390 --> 00:53:54,230
decided that this was going
to be boring and stupid.

646
00:53:54,230 --> 00:53:57,095
They brought in a man
called Sol Bloom who

647
00:53:57,095 --> 00:54:06,620
was a 25-year-old showman from
San Francisco who had already

648
00:54:06,620 --> 00:54:11,390
produced shows which
brought in Egyptian women

649
00:54:11,390 --> 00:54:18,410
from dances from Egypt and sold
them to American audiences.

650
00:54:18,410 --> 00:54:24,990
Sol Bloom projected
an environment in here

651
00:54:24,990 --> 00:54:34,780
which had Algerian,
Egyptian, foreign

652
00:54:34,780 --> 00:54:38,620
to the American population.

653
00:54:38,620 --> 00:54:44,950
And the Eiffel Tower is located
here, and not in here at all.

654
00:54:44,950 --> 00:54:47,830
So this was the White City.

655
00:54:47,830 --> 00:54:52,060
And this is the city of the--

656
00:54:54,730 --> 00:54:58,450
Octavio Paz says
Americans go to Mexico

657
00:54:58,450 --> 00:55:05,710
to fulfill the deep
recesses of depression,

658
00:55:05,710 --> 00:55:08,620
something of this kind.

659
00:55:08,620 --> 00:55:11,650
There is a wonderful piece,
written many years ago,

660
00:55:11,650 --> 00:55:15,430
called The Social
Uses of the Slum,

661
00:55:15,430 --> 00:55:23,590
arguing that the slum provides
illegal advantages to people

662
00:55:23,590 --> 00:55:26,020
who live outside
it and don't pay

663
00:55:26,020 --> 00:55:30,850
the costs of the
existence of the slum.

664
00:55:30,850 --> 00:55:38,110
So you get the idea that there
are two sides to America.

665
00:55:38,110 --> 00:55:43,360
There's the side of
the establishment

666
00:55:43,360 --> 00:55:47,300
of the symbols of power.

667
00:55:47,300 --> 00:55:48,550
These buildings are bigger.

668
00:55:48,550 --> 00:55:50,530
The Manufacturer's
building is bigger

669
00:55:50,530 --> 00:55:53,950
than anything in history.

670
00:55:53,950 --> 00:56:01,780
[INAUDIBLE] is important
ways of entering.

671
00:56:05,370 --> 00:56:10,800
And this is just at
the road, next to which

672
00:56:10,800 --> 00:56:12,920
are the strangest
things in the world--

673
00:56:15,750 --> 00:56:21,000
not strange anthropologically,
but strange entertainment-wise.

674
00:56:30,510 --> 00:56:37,800
Issues of sexism and racism
clouded America at the time.

675
00:56:37,800 --> 00:56:42,810
1904, the first Olympic
games in St. Louis,

676
00:56:42,810 --> 00:56:45,720
anthropologists
wanted to measure--

677
00:56:45,720 --> 00:56:47,640
he wanted a day
in which he wanted

678
00:56:47,640 --> 00:56:53,100
to measure why Black men
ran faster than white men.

679
00:56:53,100 --> 00:57:01,810
The Chinese-- I could quote
you from the Chicago newspapers

680
00:57:01,810 --> 00:57:05,030
about the Chinese.

681
00:57:05,030 --> 00:57:13,700
Just assume that America
had not liberated itself.

682
00:57:13,700 --> 00:57:18,620
This is premodern America.

683
00:57:18,620 --> 00:57:21,920
It had not liberated itself
from the crutches of--

684
00:57:27,300 --> 00:57:29,670
there was a Woman's Building.

685
00:57:29,670 --> 00:57:35,700
This was not the first time that
a Woman's Building was built.

686
00:57:35,700 --> 00:57:41,130
A Woman's Building was built
in the Philadelphia exhibition

687
00:57:41,130 --> 00:57:43,376
20 years before.

688
00:57:43,376 --> 00:57:46,920
There's something interesting
about the Woman's Building,

689
00:57:46,920 --> 00:57:49,620
which was a fairly
large building designed

690
00:57:49,620 --> 00:57:53,070
by a 21-year-old woman.

691
00:57:53,070 --> 00:57:58,130
There was a kind of competition
which 13 women entered.

692
00:57:58,130 --> 00:58:02,580
Only eight women had graduated
from architecture schools

693
00:58:02,580 --> 00:58:06,570
between '78 and '93.

694
00:58:06,570 --> 00:58:13,110
They were Syracuse,
[? Cooper ?] Union, MIT.

695
00:58:13,110 --> 00:58:17,790
The competition was won by a
21-year-old MIT graduate called

696
00:58:17,790 --> 00:58:22,110
Sophia Hayden, H-A-Y-D-E-N.

697
00:58:22,110 --> 00:58:24,840
Sophia Hayden had a tough time.

698
00:58:24,840 --> 00:58:30,850
She wanted to depict a
modern environment for women.

699
00:58:30,850 --> 00:58:34,720
The people who were paying
the money in Chicago,

700
00:58:34,720 --> 00:58:40,680
the ladies wanted to have a
decorative interior filled

701
00:58:40,680 --> 00:58:43,530
with all of the
fashionable items

702
00:58:43,530 --> 00:58:46,710
that women had in their lives.

703
00:58:46,710 --> 00:58:50,010
Sophia Hayden
suffered a breakdown.

704
00:58:50,010 --> 00:58:56,950
And her story's well told
in the book by [INAUDIBLE]..

705
00:59:00,170 --> 00:59:10,110
On the story of
Holmes, the sociopath,

706
00:59:10,110 --> 00:59:16,020
you have to read the book to get
the nuances of this man's guile

707
00:59:16,020 --> 00:59:24,180
and how he managed to offer
accommodation in his hotel

708
00:59:24,180 --> 00:59:27,060
to young women
visiting the fair.

709
00:59:27,060 --> 00:59:31,680
If there was a black part
opposite to the White City,

710
00:59:31,680 --> 00:59:34,020
it would be this.

711
00:59:34,020 --> 00:59:36,480
I quote from his book.

712
00:59:39,140 --> 00:59:43,220
This is after the police had
investigated the problem.

713
00:59:45,830 --> 00:59:49,040
The earliest phase
of the investigation

714
00:59:49,040 --> 00:59:53,510
began when the police, holding
their flickering lanterns high,

715
00:59:53,510 --> 00:59:57,710
entered the hotel basement,
a cavern of brick and timber

716
00:59:57,710 --> 01:00:02,150
measuring 50 feet by 165 feet.

717
01:00:02,150 --> 01:00:04,820
The discoveries came quickly--

718
01:00:04,820 --> 01:00:09,260
a vat of acid with eight
ribs and part of a skull

719
01:00:09,260 --> 01:00:12,770
settled at the bottom
of mounds of quicklime,

720
01:00:12,770 --> 01:00:18,530
a large [INAUDIBLE] and a
dissection table stained

721
01:00:18,530 --> 01:00:20,540
with what seemed to be blood.

722
01:00:20,540 --> 01:00:24,800
They found surgical tools and
[INAUDIBLE] high-heeled shoes,

723
01:00:24,800 --> 01:00:29,530
bones, 18 ribs from the torso
of a child, and so on and so on.

724
01:00:37,030 --> 01:00:40,840
The book is an
intriguing examination

725
01:00:40,840 --> 01:00:49,660
of what disasters could
befell a city which

726
01:00:49,660 --> 01:00:54,970
was advocating, at the same
time, these kind of displays,

727
01:00:54,970 --> 01:00:56,710
not only for its--

728
01:00:56,710 --> 01:00:59,170
I mean, Americans had
never seen anything

729
01:00:59,170 --> 01:01:03,280
as ordered as in this
environment in 1893.

730
01:01:03,280 --> 01:01:04,300
There are stories.

731
01:01:04,300 --> 01:01:11,290
There are books of reports of
letters written by grandmothers

732
01:01:11,290 --> 01:01:16,450
coming from Idaho or somewhere
to the World's Fair, entering

733
01:01:16,450 --> 01:01:20,530
the Court of Honor
at night and fainting

734
01:01:20,530 --> 01:01:24,610
because they'd never seen
anything made by human beings

735
01:01:24,610 --> 01:01:25,670
quite that way.

736
01:01:28,540 --> 01:01:32,140
The other story which
I think is interesting

737
01:01:32,140 --> 01:01:36,010
is the story of Pullman,
Illinois, the attempt

738
01:01:36,010 --> 01:01:44,015
to build a new town for workers
to build these new railway

739
01:01:44,015 --> 01:01:44,515
cars.

740
01:01:50,650 --> 01:01:56,140
It was an environment which
much paternalism involved itself

741
01:01:56,140 --> 01:01:56,860
in--

742
01:01:56,860 --> 01:01:59,950
that is, to create an
environment in which

743
01:01:59,950 --> 01:02:06,010
the workers would have a higher
level of culture and education

744
01:02:06,010 --> 01:02:09,610
as a result of
living in this town.

745
01:02:09,610 --> 01:02:13,900
Pullman wouldn't allow
people to purchase houses.

746
01:02:13,900 --> 01:02:18,880
He believed that they would
become selfish and indulgent.

747
01:02:18,880 --> 01:02:20,440
He attempted to provide--

748
01:02:23,050 --> 01:02:30,220
he produced the Hotel
Florence in the center

749
01:02:30,220 --> 01:02:36,460
with Black waiters, a
multipurpose arcade containing

750
01:02:36,460 --> 01:02:38,840
the town's post office,
the Pullman loan.

751
01:02:38,840 --> 01:02:42,790
and savings bank, the
arcade theater, the library,

752
01:02:42,790 --> 01:02:44,820
and others.

753
01:02:44,820 --> 01:02:49,390
In fact, there is an element
of the need to civilized people

754
01:02:49,390 --> 01:02:53,560
according to the norms
of somebody, the owner.

755
01:02:53,560 --> 01:02:55,300
In Frank Lloyd
Wright [INAUDIBLE]

756
01:02:55,300 --> 01:02:59,800
projects [INAUDIBLE] talks
about Beethoven being played

757
01:02:59,800 --> 01:03:04,060
in the street or wherever.

758
01:03:04,060 --> 01:03:07,930
Shakespeare, in the
upper part of the arcade,

759
01:03:07,930 --> 01:03:11,710
was meant to appease
these workers who

760
01:03:11,710 --> 01:03:15,730
couldn't have prostitutes,
who weren't allowed alcohol,

761
01:03:15,730 --> 01:03:20,410
and were divorced, and had
to exchange the good life

762
01:03:20,410 --> 01:03:23,800
as destined by
Pullman, who was making

763
01:03:23,800 --> 01:03:25,320
a lot of money out of them.

764
01:03:30,600 --> 01:03:33,660
The workers revolted,
and the National Guard

765
01:03:33,660 --> 01:03:39,750
was called in in 1894,
and Pullman was destroyed.

766
01:03:39,750 --> 01:03:47,100
In 1909, Daniel Burnham, who
was the architect and manager

767
01:03:47,100 --> 01:03:52,770
of the Columbian Exposition,
was asked by the City Business

768
01:03:52,770 --> 01:03:56,700
Club, later become the
City Planning Commission,

769
01:03:56,700 --> 01:03:59,850
to make a plan for Chicago.

770
01:03:59,850 --> 01:04:02,790
I will show you and discuss
it when we look at the slides.

771
01:04:11,650 --> 01:04:14,050
I think let's leave
time for a little

772
01:04:14,050 --> 01:04:17,930
looking at these illustrations.

773
01:04:17,930 --> 01:04:24,810
There subsequently was a plan
done by a German immigrant,

774
01:04:24,810 --> 01:04:33,680
[INAUDIBLE] in 1950 to
reconstruct the grid

775
01:04:33,680 --> 01:04:38,840
system by cutting of
some of the grids.

776
01:04:38,840 --> 01:04:42,120
Maybe I didn't explain
things fully enough.

777
01:04:42,120 --> 01:04:47,450
Is there anything in this
series of sagas, and hypotheses,

778
01:04:47,450 --> 01:04:53,750
and stories, and events
that intrigues you

779
01:04:53,750 --> 01:04:55,430
that I haven't explained fully?

780
01:05:02,170 --> 01:05:02,710
No?

781
01:05:02,710 --> 01:05:03,370
OK.

782
01:05:03,370 --> 01:05:06,070
Well, then, I've
done a good job.

783
01:05:06,070 --> 01:05:10,810
The wild garlic piece of
land between the Lac des

784
01:05:10,810 --> 01:05:15,970
Ilinois and the
Mississippi River

785
01:05:15,970 --> 01:05:19,810
is the genesis of
the city of Chicago.

786
01:05:19,810 --> 01:05:24,190
Its history of development
is best explained

787
01:05:24,190 --> 01:05:26,080
by Hoyt's analysis.

788
01:05:26,080 --> 01:05:26,580
Next.

789
01:05:32,280 --> 01:05:39,060
Here's the river and the
first layout of blocks.

790
01:05:39,060 --> 01:05:43,690
That's a view of
the town in 1845.

791
01:05:43,690 --> 01:05:44,190
Next.

792
01:05:48,340 --> 01:05:49,933
This is after the railroad.

793
01:05:53,110 --> 01:05:55,845
Next.

794
01:05:55,845 --> 01:06:02,800
The fire which, again, as
in London, starts with ships

795
01:06:02,800 --> 01:06:05,485
and eliminates this
large black area--

796
01:06:12,410 --> 01:06:16,100
one of the major urban
fires in history.

797
01:06:16,100 --> 01:06:16,600
Next.

798
01:06:20,610 --> 01:06:23,645
Through the flames and
beyond, as it was and as

799
01:06:23,645 --> 01:06:26,505
it is, Wells and Company.

800
01:06:33,840 --> 01:06:38,140
Post-fire, a real estate agent.

801
01:06:38,140 --> 01:06:38,640
Next.

802
01:06:44,510 --> 01:06:47,630
Chicago kept on spreading.

803
01:06:47,630 --> 01:06:50,460
This is 1893.

804
01:06:50,460 --> 01:06:50,960
Next.

805
01:06:55,110 --> 01:06:58,670
The [INAUDIBLE] building,
I think about 20 floors

806
01:06:58,670 --> 01:06:59,655
in height.

807
01:07:02,330 --> 01:07:14,150
The traction system for
use in the [INAUDIBLE]

808
01:07:14,150 --> 01:07:16,920
in the meatpacking industry.

809
01:07:16,920 --> 01:07:17,420
Next.

810
01:07:21,160 --> 01:07:23,890
Some people argue
that the French,

811
01:07:23,890 --> 01:07:27,010
the Parisian exhibitions
had to produce

812
01:07:27,010 --> 01:07:31,460
all the technology which wasn't
available in the city itself.

813
01:07:31,460 --> 01:07:35,500
Some people argued the
Chicago World's Fair

814
01:07:35,500 --> 01:07:43,150
had all of these infrastructure
already in existence

815
01:07:43,150 --> 01:07:44,420
in the city itself.

816
01:07:47,110 --> 01:07:47,610
Next.

817
01:07:50,460 --> 01:08:00,070
This is the ladies toilets
of the Auditorium building.

818
01:08:00,070 --> 01:08:06,270
Here is a city, and this
is part of Louis Sullivan's

819
01:08:06,270 --> 01:08:07,260
decorative system.

820
01:08:10,250 --> 01:08:21,109
a city which is rough
and speeding along

821
01:08:21,109 --> 01:08:23,420
has another aspect to it.

822
01:08:23,420 --> 01:08:26,000
You could argue that
cities should first

823
01:08:26,000 --> 01:08:31,840
make money and then
reculture themselves.

824
01:08:31,840 --> 01:08:35,810
The first [INAUDIBLE]
argued in the Third World

825
01:08:35,810 --> 01:08:40,580
economic environment
that first, make cities.

826
01:08:40,580 --> 01:08:45,680
For instance, an alternative
to [? Chandigarh ?]

827
01:08:45,680 --> 01:08:49,310
was presented as a
city of mud growing,

828
01:08:49,310 --> 01:08:52,670
eventually, into a city of gold.

829
01:08:52,670 --> 01:08:57,140
The images is that
the important thing

830
01:08:57,140 --> 01:09:02,370
is to establish the economic
system, make it work.

831
01:09:02,370 --> 01:09:07,460
And then invest in the
superficial aspects

832
01:09:07,460 --> 01:09:10,580
or the superior
aspects of culture.

833
01:09:10,580 --> 01:09:14,240
Here, in a city in
which there aren't

834
01:09:14,240 --> 01:09:17,960
proper streets, in which people
get killed in the street,

835
01:09:17,960 --> 01:09:23,779
get killed anywhere else, here
is the cultural contribution.

836
01:09:23,779 --> 01:09:31,685
This is what the new
middle class need to enjoy.

837
01:09:31,685 --> 01:09:32,185
Next.

838
01:09:39,270 --> 01:09:43,800
The part of the Colombian
exhibition which involved

839
01:09:43,800 --> 01:09:49,649
the Court of Honor, the
major buildings on the flank

840
01:09:49,649 --> 01:09:55,800
and the electricity building,
the [INAUDIBLE] building

841
01:09:55,800 --> 01:09:59,850
[INAUDIBLE] administration,
entry by train,

842
01:09:59,850 --> 01:10:05,190
the base and statue of
the Republic, the harbour,

843
01:10:05,190 --> 01:10:06,000
and so on.

844
01:10:08,765 --> 01:10:09,265
Next.

845
01:10:14,740 --> 01:10:23,120
The Woman's Building, you
can see the Midway Plaisance

846
01:10:23,120 --> 01:10:29,900
in the distance with
the Ferris wheel

847
01:10:29,900 --> 01:10:36,620
in position, as opposed to
the neoclassical facades

848
01:10:36,620 --> 01:10:43,170
of the old part
of the exhibition.

849
01:10:43,170 --> 01:10:43,670
Next.

850
01:10:49,600 --> 01:10:56,080
Extraordinary historical
devices-- the crescent,

851
01:10:56,080 --> 01:11:01,535
the arch, the
isolated sculpture.

852
01:11:01,535 --> 01:11:02,035
Next.

853
01:11:06,780 --> 01:11:15,880
Louis Sullivan and Adler's
Transportation building whilst

854
01:11:15,880 --> 01:11:21,130
Sullivan rejected
the neoclassicism

855
01:11:21,130 --> 01:11:23,050
of this exhibition.

856
01:11:23,050 --> 01:11:27,640
He nevertheless had
enough attraction to it

857
01:11:27,640 --> 01:11:28,660
to build this building.

858
01:11:31,990 --> 01:11:35,500
The Administration
building, with a dam

859
01:11:35,500 --> 01:11:39,380
which is larger than the
Capitol in Washington.

860
01:11:39,380 --> 01:11:39,880
Next.

861
01:11:42,830 --> 01:11:44,220
Sorry, I made a mistake.

862
01:11:44,220 --> 01:11:47,300
This is a Woman's
Building by Sophia Hayden.

863
01:11:47,300 --> 01:11:50,000
In the interior of
the Woman's Building,

864
01:11:50,000 --> 01:11:53,360
a mixture of new
electrical equipment

865
01:11:53,360 --> 01:11:58,730
for the modern kitchen
and half-nude women

866
01:11:58,730 --> 01:12:03,680
dressed up in drapery as the
other half of the woman's life.

867
01:12:06,550 --> 01:12:07,050
Next.

868
01:12:11,290 --> 01:12:14,020
Ferris wheel.

869
01:12:14,020 --> 01:12:25,160
And you can see the Austrian
village, the Algerian,

870
01:12:25,160 --> 01:12:34,330
the Moorish Palace, the street
of Cairo, the German village,

871
01:12:34,330 --> 01:12:36,915
the Javanese village.

872
01:12:36,915 --> 01:12:37,415
Next.

873
01:12:41,420 --> 01:12:47,950
That's Sol Bloom, a
little older than 25.

874
01:12:47,950 --> 01:12:49,570
Next.

875
01:12:49,570 --> 01:12:53,350
There's a kind of
hybridity in looking

876
01:12:53,350 --> 01:12:56,500
at the history of cities.

877
01:12:56,500 --> 01:13:00,820
You could argue that
almost any city in motion

878
01:13:00,820 --> 01:13:05,980
will produce hybrid
versions of situations.

879
01:13:05,980 --> 01:13:11,320
We've had a hybrid version
of the independent woman--

880
01:13:11,320 --> 01:13:16,720
on the one hand, dressed up as
a nude model; on the other hand,

881
01:13:16,720 --> 01:13:19,655
percolating over a new
toaster in the kitchen.

882
01:13:22,800 --> 01:13:26,760
The same with the
American psyche--

883
01:13:26,760 --> 01:13:30,030
what do you go and see, the
largest manufacturing building

884
01:13:30,030 --> 01:13:31,140
in the world?

885
01:13:31,140 --> 01:13:33,630
Or come and enjoy
yourself seeing

886
01:13:33,630 --> 01:13:38,310
the exotics of Cairo street?

887
01:13:38,310 --> 01:13:38,810
Next.

888
01:13:41,990 --> 01:13:48,710
It all ends very quickly with
fires, one in the cold storage

889
01:13:48,710 --> 01:13:52,640
environment, another in the
Manufacturer's building.

890
01:13:52,640 --> 01:13:56,150
And this whole place is ruined.

891
01:13:56,150 --> 01:13:59,570
And it's back to scratch.

892
01:13:59,570 --> 01:14:00,070
Next.

893
01:14:04,470 --> 01:14:07,110
Pullman, Illinois,
the Florence Hotel

894
01:14:07,110 --> 01:14:10,620
on the right with
the clock tower,

895
01:14:10,620 --> 01:14:17,305
the typical plan of an
industrial manufacturing town.

896
01:14:17,305 --> 01:14:17,805
Next.

897
01:14:21,350 --> 01:14:24,890
The Arcade, perhaps one
of the earliest shopping

898
01:14:24,890 --> 01:14:27,860
centers in the United States.

899
01:14:27,860 --> 01:14:29,990
Next.

900
01:14:29,990 --> 01:14:34,520
1894, the workers and
the National militia

901
01:14:34,520 --> 01:14:37,725
are called out to
protect Pullman.

902
01:14:37,725 --> 01:14:38,225
Next.

903
01:14:41,270 --> 01:14:47,030
Burnham, on the extreme left,
at the City Business Club

904
01:14:47,030 --> 01:14:57,522
and his plan to create a girdle
around the city, six miles out,

905
01:14:57,522 --> 01:15:00,560
and to diagonalize
the grid where

906
01:15:00,560 --> 01:15:06,050
possible with diagonal systems,
leading to a newly created

907
01:15:06,050 --> 01:15:14,540
center civic promenade and
a large cultural enterprise

908
01:15:14,540 --> 01:15:17,685
along the waterfront
and the harbor.

909
01:15:17,685 --> 01:15:18,185
Next.

910
01:15:26,350 --> 01:15:34,000
Originally, all the railroads
would follow the same pattern,

911
01:15:34,000 --> 01:15:36,780
entering the center of the city.

912
01:15:36,780 --> 01:15:43,840
The park system would
be greenery located

913
01:15:43,840 --> 01:15:48,485
in [INAUDIBLE] system.

914
01:15:51,620 --> 01:15:52,120
Next.

915
01:16:04,580 --> 01:16:07,910
Burnham had large
drawings of Paris.

916
01:16:07,910 --> 01:16:16,020
Haussmann was a long
time in advance.

917
01:16:16,020 --> 01:16:21,210
But neoclassical Paris was what
Burnham was using as a model.

918
01:16:24,490 --> 01:16:24,990
Next.

919
01:16:30,270 --> 01:16:35,980
This is the German
urbanist, [INAUDIBLE]

920
01:16:35,980 --> 01:16:42,160
attempt to revise
the grid system

921
01:16:42,160 --> 01:16:48,070
by cutting it in to
different systems,

922
01:16:48,070 --> 01:16:50,650
breaking it up in
places, leaving it

923
01:16:50,650 --> 01:16:53,380
where it is in
places, instituting

924
01:16:53,380 --> 01:16:56,500
a different [INAUDIBLE]
in some places,

925
01:16:56,500 --> 01:17:00,160
and really revamping
the whole system.

926
01:17:00,160 --> 01:17:05,230
He was also attracted
by [INAUDIBLE]

927
01:17:05,230 --> 01:17:12,040
tall office building
and residential towers

928
01:17:12,040 --> 01:17:15,110
as a proposition.

929
01:17:15,110 --> 01:17:15,610
Next.

930
01:17:18,140 --> 01:17:23,340
And the last of this is
Mario Gandelsonas' book

931
01:17:23,340 --> 01:17:29,210
The Urban Text, an attempt to
take the grid and the river

932
01:17:29,210 --> 01:17:39,260
and to reframe it, is best I
can put it, as a set of steps

933
01:17:39,260 --> 01:17:44,300
that you take in reconstructing
the deep structure of this grid

934
01:17:44,300 --> 01:17:49,670
and river into systems
that look like that.

935
01:17:49,670 --> 01:17:57,770
Peter [? Eisenman ?] used the
system in studios at Harvard.

936
01:17:57,770 --> 01:18:01,010
If we have a chance at
one of the next classes,

937
01:18:01,010 --> 01:18:04,390
I will show some of that work.

938
01:18:07,040 --> 01:18:08,840
It's a set of--

939
01:18:08,840 --> 01:18:10,790
it's based on the
notion that you

940
01:18:10,790 --> 01:18:15,740
can dig deeply into
of an environment,

941
01:18:15,740 --> 01:18:19,640
reconstruct it, and
re-elementize it

942
01:18:19,640 --> 01:18:21,860
in a new way, which is that.

943
01:18:21,860 --> 01:18:24,020
I don't know what
the hell it means.

944
01:18:24,020 --> 01:18:26,840
AUDIENCE: [LAUGHS]

945
01:18:26,840 --> 01:18:30,230
JULIAN BEINART: It has
no practical value.

946
01:18:30,230 --> 01:18:32,450
You should look at the
book The Urban Text

947
01:18:32,450 --> 01:18:34,220
and decide on your own.

948
01:18:34,220 --> 01:18:35,360
I'll give you my opinion.

949
01:18:44,200 --> 01:18:47,260
Chicago is now considered as
one of the greenest cities

950
01:18:47,260 --> 01:18:48,135
in the United States.

951
01:18:54,460 --> 01:18:56,784
What does that mean?

952
01:18:56,784 --> 01:18:59,024
STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]

953
01:18:59,024 --> 01:19:00,535
JULIAN BEINART: Sorry?

954
01:19:00,535 --> 01:19:04,235
STUDENT: The green spaces
are mostly private.

955
01:19:04,235 --> 01:19:06,110
JULIAN BEINART: Does it
matter what they are?

956
01:19:09,000 --> 01:19:14,530
Certainly not as far as
the environment, the air,

957
01:19:14,530 --> 01:19:17,220
and pollution is concerned.

958
01:19:17,220 --> 01:19:20,850
If you privatized all
the roofs of buildings

959
01:19:20,850 --> 01:19:24,450
and made them green, you'd
have an enormous effect

960
01:19:24,450 --> 01:19:28,650
on the energy output in a city.

961
01:19:37,270 --> 01:19:40,160
I'll just leave--
if you want to,

962
01:19:40,160 --> 01:19:43,840
I'll give you the reference
to the study which

963
01:19:43,840 --> 01:19:47,345
posits Chicago is the greatest
city in the United States.

964
01:19:50,170 --> 01:19:53,466
It's largely the greening
of the roofs of buildings.

965
01:20:00,140 --> 01:20:01,475
Chicago can do anything.

966
01:20:04,600 --> 01:20:08,620
It's an example of a
city as an artifact which

967
01:20:08,620 --> 01:20:13,270
manufactures-- re-manufactures
itself almost at will,

968
01:20:13,270 --> 01:20:16,165
just through a kind
of sense and will.

969
01:20:19,084 --> 01:20:21,780
I mean, that sense of will--

970
01:20:21,780 --> 01:20:24,570
STUDENT: How much
of that will gets

971
01:20:24,570 --> 01:20:27,930
lost once the city
becomes institutionalized?

972
01:20:27,930 --> 01:20:30,150
JULIAN BEINART: A lot.

973
01:20:30,150 --> 01:20:34,080
You just can't bribe
your way through.

974
01:20:34,080 --> 01:20:36,990
No, absolutely.

975
01:20:36,990 --> 01:20:41,460
Chicago as a story is
a story of free will.

976
01:20:41,460 --> 01:20:45,990
Anybody coming in from anywhere
making it, and behaving

977
01:20:45,990 --> 01:20:48,073
like an important person.

978
01:20:48,073 --> 01:20:50,240
STUDENT: There's a sense
of rapaciousness in the DNA

979
01:20:50,240 --> 01:20:50,907
that you showed.

980
01:20:50,907 --> 01:20:55,020
JULIAN BEINART: Absolutely,
absolutely, absolutely.

981
01:20:59,830 --> 01:21:04,060
The social cost of the
free-sector environment was

982
01:21:04,060 --> 01:21:07,090
slowly picked up
as the country--

983
01:21:07,090 --> 01:21:08,275
I mean, this was a pretty--

984
01:21:13,490 --> 01:21:20,840
[INAUDIBLE] I was
trying to think

985
01:21:20,840 --> 01:21:23,240
of the percentage
of Black people

986
01:21:23,240 --> 01:21:27,240
in this country who still
live below the poverty line.

987
01:21:27,240 --> 01:21:32,210
I think [? 16%, ?] or 50%
of the Black population

988
01:21:32,210 --> 01:21:38,780
lived below the
poverty line in 2013.

989
01:21:38,780 --> 01:21:43,160
This is from William Julius
Jones' work at Harvard.

990
01:21:43,160 --> 01:21:45,680
And the statistics
are borne out.

991
01:21:45,680 --> 01:21:49,700
This country has never
caught up with the capacity

992
01:21:49,700 --> 01:21:53,510
to socialize poverty.

993
01:21:53,510 --> 01:21:56,570
It's assumed that--

994
01:21:56,570 --> 01:21:59,960
Mitt Romney is an arch
example of somebody

995
01:21:59,960 --> 01:22:05,210
who believes that the free
market system will eventually

996
01:22:05,210 --> 01:22:10,400
produce enough social
benefit to take

997
01:22:10,400 --> 01:22:12,610
care of the exaggerations
of the market.

998
01:22:19,280 --> 01:22:20,780
I don't know what else to say.

999
01:22:20,780 --> 01:22:22,400
It's such a big generalization.

1000
01:22:22,400 --> 01:22:26,990
We'll come into it
later in this class.

1001
01:22:26,990 --> 01:22:33,470
Certainly, the European cities,
from Engels onwards, face the--

1002
01:22:33,470 --> 01:22:35,570
and the Communist
Party never had

1003
01:22:35,570 --> 01:22:39,830
any leverage in this country.

1004
01:22:39,830 --> 01:22:42,380
The trade union
movement in this country

1005
01:22:42,380 --> 01:22:44,630
doesn't resemble the
British trade union

1006
01:22:44,630 --> 01:22:47,795
movement in any way at all.

1007
01:22:47,795 --> 01:22:52,670
The British trade union movement
educates people in voting,

1008
01:22:52,670 --> 01:22:54,755
for instance.

1009
01:22:54,755 --> 01:22:57,560
The American trade
union movement is--

1010
01:23:00,160 --> 01:23:03,400
half of the American South
doesn't involve the trade union

1011
01:23:03,400 --> 01:23:05,140
anyway.

1012
01:23:05,140 --> 01:23:09,550
And that's where most of the new
automobile manufacturing plants

1013
01:23:09,550 --> 01:23:11,190
are going.