WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.520 The following content is provided under a Creative 00:00:02.520 --> 00:00:03.970 Commons license. 00:00:03.970 --> 00:00:06.360 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 00:00:06.360 --> 00:00:10.660 continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free. 00:00:10.660 --> 00:00:13.350 To make a donation or view additional materials 00:00:13.350 --> 00:00:15.810 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit 00:00:15.810 --> 00:00:17.930 mitopencourseware@ocw.mit.edu. 00:00:28.945 --> 00:00:30.960 JULIAN BEINART: The next three classes 00:00:30.960 --> 00:00:36.270 deal with a discussion of three models, which we developed 00:00:36.270 --> 00:00:43.020 in this class with Kevin Lynch, and I've subsequently 00:00:43.020 --> 00:00:46.260 changed and added to. 00:00:46.260 --> 00:00:49.200 The three models are not unique. 00:00:49.200 --> 00:00:52.620 They are examples of models which 00:00:52.620 --> 00:00:57.740 inform the form of the city, have instructions 00:00:57.740 --> 00:01:05.880 as who should take part, have premises of materialism 00:01:05.880 --> 00:01:09.180 or theism associated with them. 00:01:12.560 --> 00:01:15.780 I'll go through the first one today, 00:01:15.780 --> 00:01:19.450 what we call the cosmic model. 00:01:19.450 --> 00:01:26.100 And you can see that the definitions of states 00:01:26.100 --> 00:01:35.730 is subjective, control science, nature, type, and form 00:01:35.730 --> 00:01:40.365 tools will be what we will discuss in this class. 00:01:44.930 --> 00:01:50.390 The most common theory associated 00:01:50.390 --> 00:01:56.870 with the beginning of cities has a materialist basis. 00:01:56.870 --> 00:02:00.170 This is of course wrong. 00:02:00.170 --> 00:02:06.020 The materialist basis is based on the notion 00:02:06.020 --> 00:02:09.590 that a surplus is produced through agriculture. 00:02:09.590 --> 00:02:16.190 And a surplus requires a system of bureaucracy, a literature, 00:02:16.190 --> 00:02:24.260 or literal elite, a method for controlling irrigation systems, 00:02:24.260 --> 00:02:27.380 and so on, and the primitive notions of trade. 00:02:31.640 --> 00:02:35.000 Why don't I just read you a standard explanation 00:02:35.000 --> 00:02:39.140 of surplus, because you should remember the word. 00:02:39.140 --> 00:02:42.320 It's an important word in the theory 00:02:42.320 --> 00:02:46.700 of city form, the notion of the production of more 00:02:46.700 --> 00:02:48.470 than you need. 00:02:48.470 --> 00:02:52.700 It involves storage, it involves the world of-- 00:02:52.700 --> 00:02:57.680 that's why I regard the invention of the potter's wheel 00:02:57.680 --> 00:03:03.470 is one of the more significant inventions of humankind. 00:03:03.470 --> 00:03:04.670 How do you store food? 00:03:09.810 --> 00:03:11.610 What do you do with the surplus of food 00:03:11.610 --> 00:03:14.070 unless you have commodities or containers that 00:03:14.070 --> 00:03:19.155 can separate the food from the corrosion forces of nature-- 00:03:21.810 --> 00:03:22.395 the surplus. 00:03:28.900 --> 00:03:31.750 "Surplus production beyond the immediate needs 00:03:31.750 --> 00:03:35.950 of the community made possible the emancipation of some people 00:03:35.950 --> 00:03:38.470 from the toils of the land." 00:03:38.470 --> 00:03:43.270 Here's an interesting observation-- 00:03:43.270 --> 00:03:48.040 that if you produce excess, you relieve certain people 00:03:48.040 --> 00:03:51.550 of conventional duties. 00:03:51.550 --> 00:03:54.790 We have excess which relieves a man 00:03:54.790 --> 00:03:58.120 to become the conductor of the New York Philharmonic 00:03:58.120 --> 00:03:59.890 Orchestra. 00:03:59.890 --> 00:04:05.920 It's only when you have a surplus which 00:04:05.920 --> 00:04:11.050 is not taken into account in much of our modern economics. 00:04:11.050 --> 00:04:14.230 "But this creates the opportunity 00:04:14.230 --> 00:04:16.060 for specialized source and groups 00:04:16.060 --> 00:04:21.490 associated with namely scribes, craftsmen, priests, warriors. 00:04:21.490 --> 00:04:24.190 Surplus production presumes irrigation 00:04:24.190 --> 00:04:28.600 and efficient irrigation system produces a complex bureaucracy. 00:04:28.600 --> 00:04:31.390 And that means cities." 00:04:31.390 --> 00:04:38.290 This theory, materialist theory, is best written 00:04:38.290 --> 00:04:42.580 about in Gideon Sjoberg's book, The Preindustrial City-- 00:04:42.580 --> 00:04:49.330 S-J-O-B-E-R-G-- and in Gordon Child, an Australian writer, 00:04:49.330 --> 00:04:52.370 who wrote a book called Man Makes Himself. 00:04:52.370 --> 00:04:55.360 These are classic depictions of surplus theory. 00:04:58.440 --> 00:05:01.060 There's a version of surplus subdivision, 00:05:01.060 --> 00:05:04.730 of surplus theory into two kinds. 00:05:04.730 --> 00:05:08.140 One held by Jane Jacobs in her book 00:05:08.140 --> 00:05:11.620 The Economy of Cities, which argues that 00:05:11.620 --> 00:05:14.530 in the town of Catalhuyuk-- 00:05:14.530 --> 00:05:21.100 C-A-T-A-L-H-U-Y-U-K, was the center for industrial 00:05:21.100 --> 00:05:23.410 production of obsidian. 00:05:23.410 --> 00:05:27.040 And agricultural served, as it does conventionally 00:05:27.040 --> 00:05:33.250 in our societies, as the source of production 00:05:33.250 --> 00:05:38.380 for industrial commodities such as obsidian. 00:05:38.380 --> 00:05:42.460 This is different from the agricultural surplus, which 00:05:42.460 --> 00:05:45.610 regards agriculture as the primary function 00:05:45.610 --> 00:05:49.390 and pays no attention to material production. 00:05:54.900 --> 00:05:58.740 Most students of the origin of cities 00:05:58.740 --> 00:06:02.380 now don't believe in either of these two propositions. 00:06:02.380 --> 00:06:04.530 So forget them. 00:06:04.530 --> 00:06:07.670 They're not important. 00:06:07.670 --> 00:06:15.530 The common version of this new theory 00:06:15.530 --> 00:06:21.950 suggests that original cities were ceremonial centers, places 00:06:21.950 --> 00:06:26.300 of holy ritual, which explains the risky force of nature 00:06:26.300 --> 00:06:29.340 and secured them for human benefit. 00:06:29.340 --> 00:06:31.520 Peasants supported them voluntarily, 00:06:31.520 --> 00:06:34.020 attracted by their holy power, thus 00:06:34.020 --> 00:06:41.420 arose a permanent priestly class, awesome and seductive. 00:06:41.420 --> 00:06:45.290 Only later did the marks of urban civilization appear-- 00:06:45.290 --> 00:06:49.970 ore, trade, writing, extensive cross-specialization, and so 00:06:49.970 --> 00:06:51.090 on. 00:06:51.090 --> 00:06:54.230 So that the first cities were mental weapons, not 00:06:54.230 --> 00:06:57.290 physical forces. 00:06:57.290 --> 00:07:04.510 Now, let's look at some of this a bit more carefully. 00:07:11.290 --> 00:07:17.590 Joseph Rykwert in a book called The Idea of a Town writing 00:07:17.590 --> 00:07:22.390 about the definition of Roman cities-- 00:07:22.390 --> 00:07:27.390 "the Romans are considered to be the prime rationalists 00:07:27.390 --> 00:07:32.680 of ancient times and the towns are often 00:07:32.680 --> 00:07:37.570 seen as rational outcomes of surveying technique 00:07:37.570 --> 00:07:46.370 and military fortification. 00:07:46.370 --> 00:07:50.390 I quote, Rykwert says, "the town is not really 00:07:50.390 --> 00:07:53.810 a natural phenomenon," here setting up 00:07:53.810 --> 00:08:00.140 a distinction between the form of the town and nature. 00:08:00.140 --> 00:08:03.230 We'll get into the fallacies of biomorphosis 00:08:03.230 --> 00:08:05.780 and so on as we go through this class. 00:08:05.780 --> 00:08:09.440 You will understand that I'm not a naturalist. 00:08:09.440 --> 00:08:14.330 I understand that everything that happens around us 00:08:14.330 --> 00:08:18.020 is processed by the amount of material, 00:08:18.020 --> 00:08:22.190 the 1,250 cubic centimeters in the human brain. 00:08:25.150 --> 00:08:30.190 It's interesting in talking about the cosmic model 00:08:30.190 --> 00:08:35.169 to notice the definition in formal religion 00:08:35.169 --> 00:08:37.610 of the idea of heaven. 00:08:37.610 --> 00:08:40.200 Heaven is only a concept of humankind. 00:08:43.720 --> 00:08:45.515 We'll touch on that a bit later. 00:08:50.560 --> 00:08:55.925 Lewis Mumford-- just choosing little bits from these 00:08:55.925 --> 00:08:56.425 sources-- 00:09:00.010 --> 00:09:02.740 "the original aspects of temporary settlements 00:09:02.740 --> 00:09:05.440 have to do with sacred things, not just 00:09:05.440 --> 00:09:07.720 with the physical environment. 00:09:07.720 --> 00:09:12.250 They relate to a more valuable and meaningful kind of life 00:09:12.250 --> 00:09:17.260 where a consciousness that entertains past and future 00:09:17.260 --> 00:09:20.920 apprehensive primal mysteries of sexual generation 00:09:20.920 --> 00:09:23.050 and the ultimate mystery of death 00:09:23.050 --> 00:09:25.720 and what may lie beyond death. 00:09:25.720 --> 00:09:29.140 These central concerns about is the very reason 00:09:29.140 --> 00:09:32.110 for the city's existence, inseparable 00:09:32.110 --> 00:09:37.960 from the economic substance that makes it possible." 00:09:37.960 --> 00:09:43.240 Another item from Mumford talking 00:09:43.240 --> 00:09:48.190 about the exaggerated height and thickness 00:09:48.190 --> 00:09:51.760 of walls in earlier cities. 00:09:51.760 --> 00:09:56.410 The wall of Khorsabad which is an Assyrian town, 00:09:56.410 --> 00:10:00.790 the fourth capital city of the Kingdom of Assyria, 00:10:00.790 --> 00:10:04.330 built around 700 BC-- 00:10:04.330 --> 00:10:07.270 the walls are 75 feet thick. 00:10:07.270 --> 00:10:13.840 There is no possibility that you build 75 feet thick walls 00:10:13.840 --> 00:10:16.380 for military purposes. 00:10:16.380 --> 00:10:20.110 In Mumford's term, it is only for the gods 00:10:20.110 --> 00:10:24.250 that men exert themselves so extravagantly. 00:10:24.250 --> 00:10:25.390 It's a wonderful phrase. 00:10:25.390 --> 00:10:27.980 Remember it, never forget it. 00:10:27.980 --> 00:10:31.540 It's only for the gods that men, if you 00:10:31.540 --> 00:10:34.600 wish to enlarge the notion of gods, 00:10:34.600 --> 00:10:40.690 and I'll discussed the notion of a god gene a bit later. 00:10:43.630 --> 00:10:49.000 What we do is not only based on simple postulates of function. 00:10:52.390 --> 00:11:00.490 It's central to architecture as a discipline 00:11:00.490 --> 00:11:04.930 that it's only for gods that men exerts 00:11:04.930 --> 00:11:07.570 themselves so extensively. 00:11:07.570 --> 00:11:13.760 Quoting from another source, "every feature of the city 00:11:13.760 --> 00:11:18.040 reveals the belief that man was created for no other purpose 00:11:18.040 --> 00:11:21.190 than to magnify and serve his gods. 00:11:21.190 --> 00:11:26.738 That was the city's ultimate reason for being." 00:11:26.738 --> 00:11:30.610 Now here you have two postulates. 00:11:30.610 --> 00:11:34.960 You have to survive, you're at the birth 00:11:34.960 --> 00:11:42.550 of an instrument, a city, which both has to deal with-- so 00:11:42.550 --> 00:11:46.420 your survival possibility. 00:11:46.420 --> 00:11:49.000 You look to the stars. 00:11:49.000 --> 00:11:52.640 The stars are permanent. 00:11:52.640 --> 00:11:57.280 It's not really difficult to erect a vertical stick, 00:11:57.280 --> 00:12:01.840 a gnomon, in Mesopotamia. 00:12:01.840 --> 00:12:08.890 And at noon, the stick will cast a shadow to the north. 00:12:08.890 --> 00:12:13.210 You'll be able to build a compass around that. 00:12:13.210 --> 00:12:15.170 At the same time it's doing that, 00:12:15.170 --> 00:12:23.110 you will wonder why the town of Chang'an in 190 BC in China is 00:12:23.110 --> 00:12:27.400 built according to the stars of the Dipper. 00:12:27.400 --> 00:12:29.290 I will show you a slide of that plan. 00:12:29.290 --> 00:12:33.160 It's one of the remarkable plans. 00:12:33.160 --> 00:12:42.970 So the stability of astronomy in the earliest cycles of cities 00:12:42.970 --> 00:12:50.110 and the creation of a deity significance in relation 00:12:50.110 --> 00:12:54.580 to each of these acts, it's one thing to know where north is. 00:12:54.580 --> 00:12:57.520 It's another thing to build your city according 00:12:57.520 --> 00:13:02.170 to the primary objectives of religion. 00:13:02.170 --> 00:13:06.990 We'll go on a little, but picking up little aspect 00:13:06.990 --> 00:13:07.540 to this. 00:13:12.330 --> 00:13:14.430 Most of the significant buildings 00:13:14.430 --> 00:13:20.290 built in archaic times involve enormous amounts 00:13:20.290 --> 00:13:23.200 of human labor. 00:13:23.200 --> 00:13:26.350 For the Pyramid of Cheops, which has nothing 00:13:26.350 --> 00:13:29.040 to do with function whatsoever. 00:13:29.040 --> 00:13:31.180 It has nothing to do with materialism. 00:13:31.180 --> 00:13:35.140 It is in fact such an exhaustion of materialism. 00:13:38.140 --> 00:13:45.400 The Pyramid of Cheops took 100,000 men 20 years to build. 00:13:45.400 --> 00:13:47.830 The Great Pyramid of Cheops was built 00:13:47.830 --> 00:13:54.310 with about 2,300,000 blocks of stone, totaling about six 00:13:54.310 --> 00:13:56.410 million tons in weight. 00:13:56.410 --> 00:14:00.550 They have blocks that average two and 1/2 tons, but range up 00:14:00.550 --> 00:14:04.960 to 15 tons, which have to be quarried, 00:14:04.960 --> 00:14:09.040 handled, and transported up a river, 00:14:09.040 --> 00:14:12.280 lifted 100 feet to the level of the site 00:14:12.280 --> 00:14:16.090 with sledges, rollers, sleepers, ropes, and levers. 00:14:16.090 --> 00:14:19.780 You don't do that for anything other 00:14:19.780 --> 00:14:26.035 than the belief in the post-secular life. 00:14:28.780 --> 00:14:32.620 Egypt didn't produce any large cities 00:14:32.620 --> 00:14:37.400 for various reasons, which we'll talk about later in this class. 00:14:37.400 --> 00:14:47.560 But many argue that much of the disposition of resources 00:14:47.560 --> 00:14:49.720 consequently centered on the building 00:14:49.720 --> 00:14:55.295 of post-contemporary life. 00:15:02.500 --> 00:15:08.050 The most significant buildings in most of these early cities 00:15:08.050 --> 00:15:09.885 are religious buildings. 00:15:09.885 --> 00:15:14.080 They're generally built out of compression structures. 00:15:14.080 --> 00:15:20.140 Solomon's Temple at 1000 BC in Jerusalem, 00:15:20.140 --> 00:15:25.270 Herod's Temple, 70 years before the birth of Christ-- 00:15:25.270 --> 00:15:28.960 both enormous compression structures. 00:15:28.960 --> 00:15:31.450 Associated with these compression structures, 00:15:31.450 --> 00:15:34.600 which in generally can't go up to more than 200 00:15:34.600 --> 00:15:38.690 to 300 feet in height. 00:15:38.690 --> 00:15:43.450 The temples of Chichen Itza in Mesoamerica-- about 200 feet. 00:15:43.450 --> 00:15:48.230 The Tower of Babel is about 200 feet in height. 00:15:48.230 --> 00:15:50.680 The Tower of Babel has the Temple of Marduk 00:15:50.680 --> 00:15:52.720 on the top of the Tower of Babel. 00:15:55.800 --> 00:15:58.440 All of this is synchronous with the fact 00:15:58.440 --> 00:16:02.670 that religion was interpreted not by every person 00:16:02.670 --> 00:16:08.430 but by gurus, by priests, people who achieved enormous power, 00:16:08.430 --> 00:16:12.750 but didn't distribute the secrets of their power. 00:16:12.750 --> 00:16:15.870 The Holy of Holies in Solomon's Temple 00:16:15.870 --> 00:16:21.810 is still being sought for by filmmakers and people who 00:16:21.810 --> 00:16:25.710 want to excavate under the Holy Mountain in Jerusalem. 00:16:25.710 --> 00:16:31.485 Of course, something which is prohibited by political forces. 00:16:34.620 --> 00:16:40.050 The origin of the mosque, the church, and the synagogue 00:16:40.050 --> 00:16:44.370 is later, in my view. 00:16:44.370 --> 00:16:54.990 The democracy of religion, which we all know utilized, I think 00:16:54.990 --> 00:16:58.380 comes in a different pattern. 00:16:58.380 --> 00:17:03.860 The first action that I think in this direction 00:17:03.860 --> 00:17:08.989 comes from the Jewish exile in 700 BC. 00:17:11.660 --> 00:17:14.240 Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonian Army 00:17:14.240 --> 00:17:17.660 destroys the first Solomon's Temple. 00:17:17.660 --> 00:17:21.200 He takes the Jews in exile to Babylon. 00:17:21.200 --> 00:17:25.579 Babylon is the greatest city in the world at the time. 00:17:25.579 --> 00:17:27.950 The Jews don't abandon their religion, 00:17:27.950 --> 00:17:30.830 despite the fact that they don't have a temple 00:17:30.830 --> 00:17:34.940 and they don't have priests. 00:17:34.940 --> 00:17:38.900 They start praying in schools, in homes. 00:17:38.900 --> 00:17:44.150 Ezekiel appears as part of-- 00:17:44.150 --> 00:17:46.880 how many chapters of Ezekiel are in the beginning 00:17:46.880 --> 00:17:49.280 of the Old Testament? 00:17:49.280 --> 00:17:50.540 A whole bunch of them. 00:17:50.540 --> 00:17:52.400 What are they about? 00:17:52.400 --> 00:17:58.040 They are all about measurements of a temple. 00:17:58.040 --> 00:18:00.140 These measurements have been interpreted 00:18:00.140 --> 00:18:03.200 in all kinds of ways over time. 00:18:03.200 --> 00:18:07.070 The fact is that when the Jews were released from Babylon 00:18:07.070 --> 00:18:10.490 in exile, they returned to Jerusalem 00:18:10.490 --> 00:18:15.270 and Israel read the Bible to the people for the first time. 00:18:15.270 --> 00:18:18.230 Later on, I think one of the conflicts about Jesus, 00:18:18.230 --> 00:18:21.560 in my view-- and I will go into this in more detail 00:18:21.560 --> 00:18:23.120 in the story of Jerusalem-- 00:18:27.170 --> 00:18:31.250 is the fact that the synagogue and the democratic religion 00:18:31.250 --> 00:18:35.270 was growing in power under the Pharisees 00:18:35.270 --> 00:18:40.760 and that Herod's Temple was the last resort 00:18:40.760 --> 00:18:43.910 of the power of the priests. 00:18:43.910 --> 00:18:49.250 And Jesus was a confrontation to the priests, 00:18:49.250 --> 00:18:54.290 to the Jewish priests, who are on the way out. 00:18:54.290 --> 00:19:04.000 And his death was the mark of the transition in Christianity 00:19:04.000 --> 00:19:08.890 from, well, the birth of Christianity to the church-- 00:19:08.890 --> 00:19:13.990 and later on, 700 years later, to the mosque. 00:19:13.990 --> 00:19:18.010 So we have an image of the pre-democratic church 00:19:18.010 --> 00:19:21.700 environment as buildings of compression, 00:19:21.700 --> 00:19:25.720 no penetration of the building by the people, 00:19:25.720 --> 00:19:28.600 the slaughtering of animals. 00:19:28.600 --> 00:19:32.020 At Solomon's Temple, I think 200,000 animals 00:19:32.020 --> 00:19:34.390 were slaughtered, or 20,000. 00:19:34.390 --> 00:19:35.180 It doesn't matter. 00:19:35.180 --> 00:19:36.970 It's just a number. 00:19:39.480 --> 00:19:45.690 The giving a gift at the birth of a ritual 00:19:45.690 --> 00:19:48.590 is also part of that same phenomenon. 00:19:51.110 --> 00:19:54.170 Many of these priestly directions 00:19:54.170 --> 00:19:58.100 still occur in some ways in contemporary religion. 00:19:58.100 --> 00:20:04.370 Anyway, so we have an image of a town 00:20:04.370 --> 00:20:09.080 as a pristine object which changes very 00:20:09.080 --> 00:20:11.570 regularly and under control. 00:20:11.570 --> 00:20:16.190 It doesn't change sporadically, it stays the same. 00:20:16.190 --> 00:20:20.525 Population growth is very low, death rates are high. 00:20:23.390 --> 00:20:27.980 Population growth rates in medieval Europe due to disease 00:20:27.980 --> 00:20:31.320 was something like 0.6% per annum. 00:20:31.320 --> 00:20:35.990 So the idea that things change very radically and very rapidly 00:20:35.990 --> 00:20:38.210 is a very contemporary idea. 00:20:38.210 --> 00:20:41.510 You could build a city in which everything roughly was 00:20:41.510 --> 00:20:43.070 the same. 00:20:43.070 --> 00:20:45.920 And the routines for understanding it and managing 00:20:45.920 --> 00:20:48.860 it are also more or less the same. 00:20:48.860 --> 00:20:55.460 This kind of city is a mental force in itself. 00:20:55.460 --> 00:20:59.000 It accumulates the understanding of it, 00:20:59.000 --> 00:21:01.265 it's perpetuated through rituals. 00:21:03.800 --> 00:21:09.650 Rituals, according to Mircea Eliade, E-L-I-A-D-E, 00:21:09.650 --> 00:21:15.800 a Romanian religious philosopher whom I will quote for in a few 00:21:15.800 --> 00:21:20.840 minutes, these are distinct-- oh, 00:21:20.840 --> 00:21:22.580 let's wait until we get there. 00:21:27.500 --> 00:21:33.440 Human life is thereby given a secure and permanent place. 00:21:33.440 --> 00:21:36.090 The gods [INAUDIBLE] is kept often, 00:21:36.090 --> 00:21:39.215 not incidentally, the structure of human power, 00:21:39.215 --> 00:21:44.600 of priests and kings, and abilities is also maintained. 00:21:49.410 --> 00:21:58.750 Let's listen to Eliade's depiction of archaic man. 00:21:58.750 --> 00:22:02.350 "If we observe the general behavior of archaic man, 00:22:02.350 --> 00:22:05.020 we are struck by the following fact-- 00:22:05.020 --> 00:22:07.570 neither the objects of the external world 00:22:07.570 --> 00:22:10.420 nor human act, properly speaking, 00:22:10.420 --> 00:22:13.780 have any autonomous intrinsic value. 00:22:13.780 --> 00:22:20.880 Objects or acts acquire the significance 00:22:20.880 --> 00:22:24.270 and become real because they reenact 00:22:24.270 --> 00:22:29.160 after one fashion or another a reality that transcends them." 00:22:29.160 --> 00:22:31.650 This is difficult stuff to understand. 00:22:31.650 --> 00:22:36.510 "Amongst my countless stones, one stone becomes sacred, 00:22:36.510 --> 00:22:40.410 and then instantly becomes saturated with being. 00:22:40.410 --> 00:22:44.760 It becomes reality as opposed to an everyday reality. 00:22:44.760 --> 00:22:51.750 It constitutes a hierophany H-I-E-R-O-P-H-N-E-Y, 00:22:51.750 --> 00:22:55.900 because it commemorates a mythical act, and so on. 00:22:55.900 --> 00:22:59.700 The object appears as the receptacle of an external force 00:22:59.700 --> 00:23:06.920 to differentiate it from the crude product of nature. 00:23:06.920 --> 00:23:09.620 The object fashioned by the industry of man 00:23:09.620 --> 00:23:12.560 acquire the reality, the identity, 00:23:12.560 --> 00:23:16.310 only to the extent of their participation 00:23:16.310 --> 00:23:20.360 in a transcendent reality." 00:23:20.360 --> 00:23:24.170 In relation to the form of cities, 00:23:24.170 --> 00:23:28.080 Eliade talks about three things. 00:23:28.080 --> 00:23:30.350 Reality is a function of the imitation 00:23:30.350 --> 00:23:32.990 of a celestial archetype. 00:23:32.990 --> 00:23:35.300 I mentioned before. 00:23:35.300 --> 00:23:38.250 Number 2, the symbolism of the center. 00:23:42.970 --> 00:23:46.710 Why a center? 00:23:46.710 --> 00:23:52.410 The word Babylon means the conjunction of the heaven 00:23:52.410 --> 00:23:55.710 and earth and the subterranean. 00:23:55.710 --> 00:24:01.290 Jerusalem is known for its being a city on the ground. 00:24:01.290 --> 00:24:07.080 In Christianic terms, there's a city 15 miles above. 00:24:07.080 --> 00:24:13.620 Raphael paints a wonderful picture of the earthly city, 00:24:13.620 --> 00:24:16.380 heavenly city. 00:24:16.380 --> 00:24:22.530 Pope Urban II in 1080 in talking to the Crusades in Europe 00:24:22.530 --> 00:24:26.580 before they set off for Jerusalem talks 00:24:26.580 --> 00:24:33.660 to them about taking the earthly city and the heavenly city. 00:24:33.660 --> 00:24:38.320 The invention of heaven is a human invention. 00:24:38.320 --> 00:24:50.280 The Hebrews, the Jews didn't in early accept the idea of a life 00:24:50.280 --> 00:24:56.340 beyond the normal daily experience of life. 00:24:56.340 --> 00:25:01.110 The center is not only the position 00:25:01.110 --> 00:25:05.490 of maximum concentration, it is the position 00:25:05.490 --> 00:25:10.020 of maximum identification. 00:25:10.020 --> 00:25:16.680 It's described in many of these terms in cosmic terms 00:25:16.680 --> 00:25:20.620 not only as a functional economic center, but as 00:25:20.620 --> 00:25:24.390 the central place which distinguishes itself 00:25:24.390 --> 00:25:26.670 from other place. 00:25:26.670 --> 00:25:32.460 In Eliade's terms, there's a difference between the sacred 00:25:32.460 --> 00:25:34.380 and the profane. 00:25:34.380 --> 00:25:38.190 The profane is the everyday world. 00:25:38.190 --> 00:25:44.040 Reverse it, our secular world is not in our terms profane. 00:25:44.040 --> 00:25:48.810 But in archaic times, he argues, the secular world is profane. 00:25:48.810 --> 00:25:53.130 The religious world, the only world, 00:25:53.130 --> 00:25:57.510 purposely created through hierophany of significance. 00:26:03.640 --> 00:26:09.070 Eliade argues that the third impact on the form of towns 00:26:09.070 --> 00:26:13.210 were rituals, significant gestures 00:26:13.210 --> 00:26:17.500 to acquire meaning attributed to them. 00:26:17.500 --> 00:26:22.990 I might not have time to go into these examples in China, India, 00:26:22.990 --> 00:26:24.670 and Mesoamerica. 00:26:24.670 --> 00:26:30.250 But in the town of Madurai in Southern India, 00:26:30.250 --> 00:26:34.960 I will show you a slide of the ritual still practiced today 00:26:34.960 --> 00:26:38.980 of each cycle of time as time passes. 00:26:38.980 --> 00:26:44.230 According to Eliade, progress does not seen in terms of time 00:26:44.230 --> 00:26:46.060 by archaic man. 00:26:46.060 --> 00:26:47.350 Time was not linear-- 00:26:47.350 --> 00:26:49.070 time was circular. 00:26:49.070 --> 00:26:54.020 There's no notion about the past. 00:26:54.020 --> 00:26:57.520 The present, the existence of important things 00:26:57.520 --> 00:27:04.270 is very much in association with the security 00:27:04.270 --> 00:27:05.740 that you give to everything. 00:27:08.810 --> 00:27:10.880 I'm just conscious of time so I'm 00:27:10.880 --> 00:27:14.240 going to go through, skip some of this stuff 00:27:14.240 --> 00:27:18.080 and try to concentrate on a few of the items. 00:27:32.000 --> 00:27:34.330 What I'd like to do is in relation-- 00:27:34.330 --> 00:27:36.940 oh, I didn't tell you what I handed out to you. 00:27:36.940 --> 00:27:37.690 I'm sorry. 00:27:43.650 --> 00:27:48.970 This is an image of a town. 00:27:48.970 --> 00:27:49.830 Where is it? 00:27:55.750 --> 00:27:58.860 It's a rather famous city. 00:27:58.860 --> 00:28:02.290 It's a classical city. 00:28:02.290 --> 00:28:02.860 It's Athens. 00:28:07.310 --> 00:28:11.030 The image shows Athens is being built largely 00:28:11.030 --> 00:28:21.470 around an elevated system of space 00:28:21.470 --> 00:28:26.840 called the Acropolis, a religious god. 00:28:26.840 --> 00:28:38.180 And its extension to the water around the town of Pireas, 00:28:38.180 --> 00:28:43.380 the Harbor of Pireas, depicts the implication 00:28:43.380 --> 00:28:48.300 of building a town whose form is much more mechanical and much 00:28:48.300 --> 00:28:51.630 more of the kind that we will talk about next Tuesday. 00:28:51.630 --> 00:28:57.900 We have two forms of the same system, one dedicated. 00:28:57.900 --> 00:29:06.630 We know Pireas is purely a place in conjunction with an expanded 00:29:06.630 --> 00:29:09.630 view of the Mediterranean-- 00:29:09.630 --> 00:29:14.040 the Acropolis of Athens plus the monuments of gods 00:29:14.040 --> 00:29:14.925 all over Athens. 00:29:20.010 --> 00:29:24.240 Depicts a consciousness of what we 00:29:24.240 --> 00:29:29.430 might call the religious gene. 00:29:29.430 --> 00:29:33.870 The greatest gene is a term taken from archaeology 00:29:33.870 --> 00:29:36.150 relatively recently. 00:29:36.150 --> 00:29:42.120 And based on excavations in the Mayan world, which 00:29:42.120 --> 00:29:45.075 argues that belonging to religions 00:29:45.075 --> 00:29:48.270 was a very, very early phenomenon, largely 00:29:48.270 --> 00:29:51.540 because of the security the community gave-- 00:29:51.540 --> 00:29:56.340 belonging to the same thing provided fundamental security. 00:29:56.340 --> 00:30:02.290 And the god gene, in a Darwinian sense, is built into all of us. 00:30:02.290 --> 00:30:06.600 Those of us who don't believe in god 00:30:06.600 --> 00:30:10.140 are not part of the Darwinian bet-- 00:30:10.140 --> 00:30:15.780 we are creatures of obstinance-- 00:30:15.780 --> 00:30:18.240 and since the Enlightenment have been 00:30:18.240 --> 00:30:22.350 free to criticize whatever we want to based 00:30:22.350 --> 00:30:25.230 on fact or on mythology. 00:30:25.230 --> 00:30:27.750 I'm going to go through the components 00:30:27.750 --> 00:30:29.970 of a theory on the second page. 00:30:29.970 --> 00:30:31.090 AUDIENCE: I have question. 00:30:31.090 --> 00:30:32.300 JULIAN BEINART: Yes. 00:30:32.300 --> 00:30:35.280 AUDIENCE: Regarding the layout of having both Athens 00:30:35.280 --> 00:30:36.715 and Pireas at the same time. 00:30:36.715 --> 00:30:37.590 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah. 00:30:37.590 --> 00:30:42.440 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] social division between them? 00:30:42.440 --> 00:30:45.480 And if so, what were the different types 00:30:45.480 --> 00:30:50.750 of social groups, like division one versus the other? 00:30:50.750 --> 00:30:54.940 JULIAN BEINART: Athens during the fifth century, and only 00:30:54.940 --> 00:30:59.740 for one century, experimented with democracy. 00:30:59.740 --> 00:31:03.850 At that time, all citizens were considered equal, 00:31:03.850 --> 00:31:05.475 except for women or slaves. 00:31:08.500 --> 00:31:12.140 There's a machine in the museum in Athens 00:31:12.140 --> 00:31:15.580 which is almost like a machine in which you 00:31:15.580 --> 00:31:19.720 put in your fingerprint and it registers you for voting. 00:31:22.550 --> 00:31:29.500 So in Democratic Athens, as Socrates would explain, 00:31:29.500 --> 00:31:34.330 all people were considered equal in the first notion 00:31:34.330 --> 00:31:36.310 of a crude democracy. 00:31:36.310 --> 00:31:39.460 It didn't last very long. 00:31:39.460 --> 00:31:47.180 Athens is situated in rocky country, very poor agriculture. 00:31:47.180 --> 00:31:52.780 So it's dependent on other sources of basic supply 00:31:52.780 --> 00:31:57.610 of food, such as wheat. 00:31:57.610 --> 00:31:59.860 In later years, it was so desperate 00:31:59.860 --> 00:32:05.470 that it tried to attacked Sicily, which has always been 00:32:05.470 --> 00:32:09.220 a center of wheat production. 00:32:09.220 --> 00:32:15.160 So Pireas was part of the extension of Athens for food. 00:32:15.160 --> 00:32:19.120 It was purely a machine-like enterprise. 00:32:19.120 --> 00:32:24.100 It only had to produce goods for the service 00:32:24.100 --> 00:32:28.330 of the democratic capital, which was experimenting 00:32:28.330 --> 00:32:31.270 with all kinds of ways of life, including 00:32:31.270 --> 00:32:36.940 the purposeful application of democracy. 00:32:36.940 --> 00:32:41.650 Within Athens, democratic Athens itself, yes, there 00:32:41.650 --> 00:32:44.350 were areas where the more powerful 00:32:44.350 --> 00:32:47.350 lived and there were areas with the less powerful. 00:32:47.350 --> 00:32:50.590 Socrates himself used to walk through Athens 00:32:50.590 --> 00:32:52.390 on a daily basis. 00:32:52.390 --> 00:32:54.700 It was small enough to do that. 00:32:54.700 --> 00:32:57.490 And he would go through different neighborhoods, 00:32:57.490 --> 00:32:59.740 according to his own descriptions. 00:32:59.740 --> 00:33:02.020 Socrates never wrote, of course. 00:33:02.020 --> 00:33:07.320 So it's all told by Plato and other people. 00:33:07.320 --> 00:33:11.275 But that's the short answer to a long question. 00:33:14.110 --> 00:33:22.880 The history of Athens is an interesting story in itself. 00:33:22.880 --> 00:33:25.090 And I hope we'll have some chance in this class 00:33:25.090 --> 00:33:26.570 to deal with it. 00:33:26.570 --> 00:33:29.590 I'm not sure that I am going to, but we'll try. 00:33:35.890 --> 00:33:45.030 The other sheet is a plan of Angkor Wat, 13th, 14th century 00:33:45.030 --> 00:33:50.010 city in Cambodia, which I want to use 00:33:50.010 --> 00:33:55.320 as an illustration of the conjunction between built 00:33:55.320 --> 00:33:59.010 form associated with religion, built form also 00:33:59.010 --> 00:34:03.880 at the same time serving practical purposes. 00:34:03.880 --> 00:34:10.860 The feng shui in China faces houses to the south. 00:34:10.860 --> 00:34:16.320 You are the lady who knows more about China than I do. 00:34:16.320 --> 00:34:21.179 Feng shui is a mystical system for the selection 00:34:21.179 --> 00:34:26.850 of the site for the location of buildings 00:34:26.850 --> 00:34:33.719 which, practically speaking, faces in the right direction. 00:34:33.719 --> 00:34:36.630 Feng shui would be hopeless if it faced houses 00:34:36.630 --> 00:34:41.550 towards the north in a climate in the northern hemisphere. 00:34:41.550 --> 00:34:46.739 The same with my description of the Hindu structure 00:34:46.739 --> 00:34:50.219 of Angkor Wat. 00:34:50.219 --> 00:34:54.479 Let's look at some of these components of a theory. 00:35:04.430 --> 00:35:06.500 First of all, the notion of returning. 00:35:10.140 --> 00:35:14.730 If there is discrimination in places 00:35:14.730 --> 00:35:18.480 which have been struck by hierophany and therefore 00:35:18.480 --> 00:35:23.610 more significant, they would be relatively few of them. 00:35:23.610 --> 00:35:28.020 And some would be given particular mythological 00:35:28.020 --> 00:35:35.220 significance, and the idea of retaining would be significant. 00:35:35.220 --> 00:35:38.010 Mumford says, in the history of cities 00:35:38.010 --> 00:35:42.300 the magnet comes before the container. 00:35:42.300 --> 00:35:45.780 It's an interesting sentence to remember. 00:35:45.780 --> 00:35:49.200 Movement towards cities, called urbanization 00:35:49.200 --> 00:35:54.060 in contemporary times, is a reenactment 00:35:54.060 --> 00:35:59.550 of a ritual of movement to special places-- 00:35:59.550 --> 00:36:04.110 in our case is now to secular capital cities 00:36:04.110 --> 00:36:06.375 or industrial cities or economic cities. 00:36:12.650 --> 00:36:15.080 I will show you a slide of Olympia 00:36:15.080 --> 00:36:19.670 in Greece, the birth of the Olympic games, 00:36:19.670 --> 00:36:26.090 held every four years from 776 BC, a place to which 00:36:26.090 --> 00:36:30.140 we return in only four years. 00:36:30.140 --> 00:36:35.000 The contemporary Olympic games has also 00:36:35.000 --> 00:36:38.300 maintained the cycle of returning to a place 00:36:38.300 --> 00:36:39.800 every four years. 00:36:39.800 --> 00:36:43.910 Hitler wanted the Olympic games after '36 00:36:43.910 --> 00:36:46.080 to be in Berlin forever. 00:36:46.080 --> 00:36:48.800 In fact, he and Speer designed a stadium 00:36:48.800 --> 00:36:52.280 which was so large that the Olympic rules would have to be 00:36:52.280 --> 00:36:55.925 changed to fit the stadium. 00:36:55.925 --> 00:36:59.330 But that was Hitler's prominence. 00:36:59.330 --> 00:37:03.710 Hitler also invented the idea of carrying the Olympic flame, 00:37:03.710 --> 00:37:09.140 which now becomes an economic popular piece 00:37:09.140 --> 00:37:11.240 of the Olympic games. 00:37:11.240 --> 00:37:15.710 776 Olympic site was a religious site, 00:37:15.710 --> 00:37:19.730 which priests walked around. 00:37:19.730 --> 00:37:24.500 Hitler, in trying to manifest the assumption 00:37:24.500 --> 00:37:29.390 of the meritocracy of the Aryan race, 00:37:29.390 --> 00:37:35.840 made special attempts to link Germany under Hitler 00:37:35.840 --> 00:37:39.870 with Greece, with the Athenian culture. 00:37:39.870 --> 00:37:43.160 A lot of archaeology was sponsored 00:37:43.160 --> 00:37:48.800 by German researchers. 00:37:48.800 --> 00:37:55.370 Hitler wished to combine the permanence and the predominance 00:37:55.370 --> 00:37:57.620 of the Aryan race. 00:37:57.620 --> 00:38:03.680 So he took the idea of taking the flame from 776, 00:38:03.680 --> 00:38:07.880 the site of 776 BC, and taking it 00:38:07.880 --> 00:38:11.150 to that point of the earth where the games would 00:38:11.150 --> 00:38:14.130 be held there four years. 00:38:14.130 --> 00:38:17.960 There's no other significance to the carrying of the flame. 00:38:17.960 --> 00:38:21.830 There was no flame carried in the original Olympic games. 00:38:21.830 --> 00:38:26.450 It's only a creation of a manic manifestation 00:38:26.450 --> 00:38:30.230 of racial supremacy. 00:38:30.230 --> 00:38:35.950 But there are places in the world which still venerate 00:38:35.950 --> 00:38:39.610 the idea of pilgrimage, which is still 00:38:39.610 --> 00:38:43.630 a fundamental source in Islam for returning 00:38:43.630 --> 00:38:51.730 to Mecca each year, places like Varanasi and Fatima 00:38:51.730 --> 00:38:55.000 in Portugal, places that have been sanctified 00:38:55.000 --> 00:38:56.260 in some way or other. 00:38:59.320 --> 00:39:05.170 Pilgrimage-- I'll deal with pilgrimage in another class. 00:39:05.170 --> 00:39:08.930 Pilgrimage is a very interesting function 00:39:08.930 --> 00:39:13.330 of lateral movement between cities 00:39:13.330 --> 00:39:17.020 prior to the economic significance of economic trade. 00:39:22.280 --> 00:39:24.839 Natural phenomena, number 2. 00:39:28.970 --> 00:39:34.190 Angkor Wat had a population of, some people argue, 00:39:34.190 --> 00:39:37.070 as large as a million people in the 14th century. 00:39:37.070 --> 00:39:42.170 I don't believe it, but there is no way of knowing. 00:39:42.170 --> 00:39:45.980 It's significance in size was based on the fact 00:39:45.980 --> 00:39:51.470 that it had enough water to produce more than one crop 00:39:51.470 --> 00:39:53.120 of rice per year. 00:39:53.120 --> 00:39:57.620 Sometimes with that amount of water, 00:39:57.620 --> 00:40:01.210 you could produce three crops of rice per year, 00:40:01.210 --> 00:40:05.660 therefore feed an enormous population. 00:40:05.660 --> 00:40:11.120 The plan of Angkor has two large water systems-- 00:40:11.120 --> 00:40:17.150 two are called baray, B-A-R-A-Y. The west baray is about 7 00:40:17.150 --> 00:40:19.670 kilometers in length. 00:40:19.670 --> 00:40:23.780 The east baray, about 5. 00:40:23.780 --> 00:40:26.930 These are large bodies of water. 00:40:26.930 --> 00:40:29.750 They are precisely enclosed. 00:40:29.750 --> 00:40:34.990 The deviation of the rectangular geometry 00:40:34.990 --> 00:40:39.330 is something like 0.01% error. 00:40:39.330 --> 00:40:43.850 They are perfectly constructed water bodies. 00:40:43.850 --> 00:40:46.040 Between the water are towers. 00:40:52.000 --> 00:40:57.350 In religious terms, in Hindu terms, 00:40:57.350 --> 00:41:02.570 the towers stand for the peaks of Mount Meru, 00:41:02.570 --> 00:41:06.170 between which are seven oceans and six continents, 00:41:06.170 --> 00:41:08.690 with Meru in the center. 00:41:08.690 --> 00:41:10.985 The lakes are the depictions of oceans. 00:41:13.640 --> 00:41:21.380 When I visited Angkor for the first time, 00:41:21.380 --> 00:41:24.560 my guide said to me that there was no water 00:41:24.560 --> 00:41:28.880 outlet from these two baray water systems 00:41:28.880 --> 00:41:33.450 to an external water source. 00:41:33.450 --> 00:41:37.970 There's a large 87 kilometer lake a number 00:41:37.970 --> 00:41:43.040 of kilometers away from Angkor, but these are religious items, 00:41:43.040 --> 00:41:46.700 these water bodies, but they have no practical significance. 00:41:46.700 --> 00:41:49.490 Recent archaeology has established 00:41:49.490 --> 00:41:56.420 that there's a big water supply system from Angkor to Lake 00:41:56.420 --> 00:41:59.780 Tonle Sap, I think it is. 00:41:59.780 --> 00:42:01.340 So here you have the ambivalence-- 00:42:01.340 --> 00:42:08.990 the city in creating an ambivalence of symbolism. 00:42:08.990 --> 00:42:15.500 It works symbolically and also works practically. 00:42:15.500 --> 00:42:18.560 Whoever you are, you can associate the significance 00:42:18.560 --> 00:42:19.600 with symbolism. 00:42:19.600 --> 00:42:22.550 It's a kind of curious democracy that you 00:42:22.550 --> 00:42:25.820 can choose which system you want to believe 00:42:25.820 --> 00:42:30.980 for the genuine authority for your town. 00:42:30.980 --> 00:42:36.170 We give everybody the chance, if they have any kind of-- 00:42:36.170 --> 00:42:38.900 forget about contemporary analogies. 00:42:38.900 --> 00:42:40.976 I don't want to make contemporary analogies. 00:42:51.670 --> 00:42:54.580 Another aspect of significance in [INAUDIBLE] 00:42:54.580 --> 00:42:59.050 we talk about archaic times is that one 00:42:59.050 --> 00:43:01.630 of the reasons we don't know about the origin of language 00:43:01.630 --> 00:43:04.750 because there is nothing about language that is fossilized. 00:43:08.950 --> 00:43:11.350 Much of our knowledge of what I'm talking about 00:43:11.350 --> 00:43:13.960 is based on fossilization. 00:43:13.960 --> 00:43:19.690 And stone fossilizes much longer than wood. 00:43:19.690 --> 00:43:23.810 The empty space where the king of Angkor Wat or the emperor 00:43:23.810 --> 00:43:28.510 of Angkor Wat sat is now a blank space 00:43:28.510 --> 00:43:32.035 because wood is deteriorated faster than stone. 00:43:39.950 --> 00:43:47.610 Measuring the stars-- all the Babylonian cities 00:43:47.610 --> 00:43:53.580 had the archive in the [INAUDIBLE] system. 00:43:53.580 --> 00:44:00.150 The City of [INAUDIBLE] was marked after the Cancer. 00:44:00.150 --> 00:44:04.860 The city of Nineveh was marked after Ursa Major. 00:44:04.860 --> 00:44:06.696 The City of Assur-- 00:44:06.696 --> 00:44:07.410 after Arcturus. 00:44:10.250 --> 00:44:12.230 I've already mentioned the creation 00:44:12.230 --> 00:44:15.350 of the City of Celestials, Jerusalem, 00:44:15.350 --> 00:44:17.990 was created by God before the city was 00:44:17.990 --> 00:44:19.610 built by the hand of man. 00:44:24.500 --> 00:44:28.190 St. Augustine found three versions of Jerusalem, 00:44:28.190 --> 00:44:31.220 sometimes referring to the earthly Jerusalem, 00:44:31.220 --> 00:44:37.160 sometimes to the heavenly, sometimes to both at once. 00:44:37.160 --> 00:44:41.490 St. John-- forget about St. John. 00:44:41.490 --> 00:44:44.510 He had an extraordinary-- his size of Jerusalem 00:44:44.510 --> 00:44:47.750 was about 1,500 miles long, about half 00:44:47.750 --> 00:44:50.960 the area of the United States, so much 00:44:50.960 --> 00:44:53.030 for believing the disciples. 00:44:56.000 --> 00:44:57.410 There's a book called The History 00:44:57.410 --> 00:44:59.750 of Heaven, which is an interesting bit of little book. 00:45:02.780 --> 00:45:09.590 He discusses how contrived the notion of heaven actually is 00:45:09.590 --> 00:45:15.950 and how as far as the money is his religion 00:45:15.950 --> 00:45:21.230 became stronger as Christianity took over from Judaism 00:45:21.230 --> 00:45:24.920 and Islam took over from Christianity, Islam 00:45:24.920 --> 00:45:33.410 occurs a millennium, 700 years after Christianity. 00:45:33.410 --> 00:45:35.780 The Koran has much more attention 00:45:35.780 --> 00:45:40.250 paid to it to ecclesiastical circumstances 00:45:40.250 --> 00:45:43.220 to post-living circumstances. 00:45:43.220 --> 00:45:46.970 You could almost understand in the Koran is when I read it, 00:45:46.970 --> 00:45:50.420 how joyous it would be to be in the afterlife 00:45:50.420 --> 00:45:53.210 then in secular life. 00:45:53.210 --> 00:45:57.410 This notion of privileging the afterlife 00:45:57.410 --> 00:46:00.590 is of course criticized by Marx as one 00:46:00.590 --> 00:46:03.880 of these many critiques of religion, 00:46:03.880 --> 00:46:10.760 that it is nothing natural about making humankind suffer 00:46:10.760 --> 00:46:15.800 through the abuses of mankind in return 00:46:15.800 --> 00:46:19.655 for which you have promised ecclesiastical benefit. 00:46:25.580 --> 00:46:28.546 Just want to rush through these so we have time. 00:46:36.930 --> 00:46:37.845 Fixing places. 00:46:41.510 --> 00:46:46.340 In the feng shui system, there are ways in which 00:46:46.340 --> 00:46:49.460 you can find a site for a town. 00:46:49.460 --> 00:46:53.240 The tradition of divining, dousing, 00:46:53.240 --> 00:46:58.370 geomancy, astrobiology, were all primitive methods, 00:46:58.370 --> 00:47:03.470 if you want to call them pseudosciences for determining 00:47:03.470 --> 00:47:05.690 a place. 00:47:05.690 --> 00:47:09.890 A place is not to be taken by a developer as a site 00:47:09.890 --> 00:47:11.990 for an old age community. 00:47:11.990 --> 00:47:19.890 A place is one which has sacred significance in this model. 00:47:19.890 --> 00:47:25.430 The center of the Earth, the Axis Mundi, 00:47:25.430 --> 00:47:31.190 is the center of all the centers. 00:47:31.190 --> 00:47:37.610 It is an accommodation of the cosmic model. 00:47:43.490 --> 00:47:47.300 In the Jewish religion, the Temple Mount in Jerusalem 00:47:47.300 --> 00:47:54.500 is the site of Adam, and each of the site of Abraham and Isaac's 00:47:54.500 --> 00:47:59.000 offering to God and God's willingness 00:47:59.000 --> 00:48:04.085 to stop Abraham sacrificing Isaac. 00:48:07.020 --> 00:48:10.700 All of this is sedimented into the Jewish religion. 00:48:10.700 --> 00:48:14.600 The Temple Mount-- both Solomon's Temple 00:48:14.600 --> 00:48:18.530 and Herod's Temple are built on the Temple Mount, 00:48:18.530 --> 00:48:24.110 making this the center not only of Judaism but of the world. 00:48:24.110 --> 00:48:28.170 And Judaism was arrogant enough that until the birth of Christ 00:48:28.170 --> 00:48:29.630 it was the center of the world. 00:48:32.980 --> 00:48:36.730 Christianity, for reasons which I'll 00:48:36.730 --> 00:48:39.460 go into in the history of Jerusalem, 00:48:39.460 --> 00:48:43.240 in the case study of Jerusalem, didn't abide by. 00:48:43.240 --> 00:48:49.600 For 500 years, the Temple Mount was a dump of Roman ruins. 00:48:49.600 --> 00:48:52.690 The Church of the Holy Sepulcher was 00:48:52.690 --> 00:48:55.840 built to turn away from the Temple Mount. 00:48:55.840 --> 00:49:01.900 When the first members of Islam came into Jerusalem, 00:49:01.900 --> 00:49:04.360 and they wanted to choose the site 00:49:04.360 --> 00:49:06.370 for their own religious place. 00:49:06.370 --> 00:49:11.660 They chose the Temple Mount, not the Christian sites. 00:49:11.660 --> 00:49:13.570 The Christians finally turned-- 00:49:16.552 --> 00:49:18.910 it's too much of a detail. 00:49:18.910 --> 00:49:22.582 I'd have to draw it to make it more sensible. 00:49:22.582 --> 00:49:25.879 AUDIENCE: Why did they choose a Jewish site versus-- 00:49:25.879 --> 00:49:27.190 JULIAN BEINART: Because they-- 00:49:27.190 --> 00:49:28.315 AUDIENCE: A Christian site? 00:49:28.315 --> 00:49:29.950 JULIAN BEINART: Because they claim 00:49:29.950 --> 00:49:34.570 to have many of the same religious heritage, Abraham, 00:49:34.570 --> 00:49:37.690 many of the religious gods. 00:49:37.690 --> 00:49:41.780 Jerusalem was always considered the second or third largest, 00:49:41.780 --> 00:49:47.320 most significant in the Fatiha literature, 00:49:47.320 --> 00:49:50.260 which celebrates cities. 00:49:50.260 --> 00:49:53.410 Jerusalem, after all, the mythology 00:49:53.410 --> 00:49:59.350 of the ascent from the Dome of the Rock to heaven 00:49:59.350 --> 00:50:02.860 is important mythology in Islam. 00:50:02.860 --> 00:50:06.100 The Dome of the Rock is one of the most significant buildings 00:50:06.100 --> 00:50:07.150 in Islam. 00:50:07.150 --> 00:50:09.220 It's on the Temple Mount. 00:50:09.220 --> 00:50:11.890 Al-Aqsa Mosque is on the Temple Mount. 00:50:11.890 --> 00:50:16.090 There's a continuity of even violently 00:50:16.090 --> 00:50:21.560 different religious forms, excepting Axis Mundi. 00:50:21.560 --> 00:50:23.670 There's an economy of religious sites. 00:50:26.290 --> 00:50:28.930 If you're not sure about your god, 00:50:28.930 --> 00:50:34.270 maybe the fact that the previous god sanctified a place. 00:50:34.270 --> 00:50:36.160 It's like buying into a firm that's 00:50:36.160 --> 00:50:41.170 had a good economic record, even if you are in competition 00:50:41.170 --> 00:50:42.940 with the firm itself. 00:50:42.940 --> 00:50:47.132 AUDIENCE: Were they expecting a grid system by doing that? 00:50:47.132 --> 00:50:48.340 JULIAN BEINART: I don't know. 00:50:48.340 --> 00:50:51.880 We'd have to get in when we do the case study in Jerusalem. 00:50:51.880 --> 00:50:54.850 And I can talk about it in more detail. 00:50:54.850 --> 00:50:57.370 We can talk about-- 00:50:57.370 --> 00:50:59.260 there's only one place in Jerusalem 00:50:59.260 --> 00:51:04.440 where all three religions are represented vertically. 00:51:04.440 --> 00:51:08.090 It's the Christian, Islam, Jewish-- 00:51:08.090 --> 00:51:15.270 the Tomb of David, the Christian Last Supper, and the Islam 00:51:15.270 --> 00:51:19.110 Ottoman Manifestation above it. 00:51:19.110 --> 00:51:21.720 I'll go into that with diagrams and show. 00:51:27.700 --> 00:51:29.480 How are we doing? 00:51:29.480 --> 00:51:31.850 OK, we've got a few more minutes. 00:51:31.850 --> 00:51:34.940 Another aspect of this kind of city 00:51:34.940 --> 00:51:36.850 is the definition of boundaries. 00:51:39.360 --> 00:51:44.000 Boundaries and ritual perambulation-- 00:51:44.000 --> 00:51:50.640 the celebration of the Kingdom of Phnom Penh 00:51:50.640 --> 00:51:55.200 involved people circulating around the town. 00:51:55.200 --> 00:51:59.580 Joshua and Jericho, a circuit of the white walls 00:51:59.580 --> 00:52:03.790 of Memphis for each new coronation of a pharaoh. 00:52:03.790 --> 00:52:06.780 A Jewish synagogue where you perambulate 00:52:06.780 --> 00:52:08.760 around the central-- 00:52:08.760 --> 00:52:12.270 not the Torah, but the central locus 00:52:12.270 --> 00:52:16.890 from where the prayer is read is a perambulation. 00:52:16.890 --> 00:52:20.550 Romulus in the circular rampart traced by the plow 00:52:20.550 --> 00:52:23.078 to ensure the safety of Rome. 00:52:27.958 --> 00:52:31.590 The Roman Mundus, the meeting of the Earth and the lower 00:52:31.590 --> 00:52:32.090 regions. 00:52:36.247 --> 00:52:40.620 The Laws of the Indies, which built 00:52:40.620 --> 00:52:45.450 much of Central America and St. Augustine in Florida 00:52:45.450 --> 00:52:53.130 all the way to Los Angeles, says that the settlement 00:52:53.130 --> 00:52:55.800 should have a stockade, even though there 00:52:55.800 --> 00:53:01.570 is no fear of military action from residents. 00:53:01.570 --> 00:53:08.760 The idea of mocking away your world begins and ends 00:53:08.760 --> 00:53:10.600 is significant. 00:53:10.600 --> 00:53:13.260 We have a problem about cities now 00:53:13.260 --> 00:53:17.250 which dribbled into some other form, then 00:53:17.250 --> 00:53:23.640 what architects consider to be the central site of a city. 00:53:23.640 --> 00:53:26.580 The bimodal or the bi-- 00:53:26.580 --> 00:53:29.130 I don't know if it's exactly bimodal, it's not bimodal. 00:53:32.100 --> 00:53:39.810 It's the concept of having more than one allegiance, which 00:53:39.810 --> 00:53:41.070 is baffling. 00:53:41.070 --> 00:53:50.190 Cities are always, as I quoted Marx, class, 00:53:50.190 --> 00:53:53.370 cities presume any difference between the country 00:53:53.370 --> 00:53:58.620 and the city, that as long as that mark was 00:53:58.620 --> 00:54:03.900 clear and understood through walls, everybody was happy. 00:54:03.900 --> 00:54:07.680 Once the city expanded beyond the walls, 00:54:07.680 --> 00:54:10.230 we have been left in doubt. 00:54:10.230 --> 00:54:13.065 This model made no place for doubt. 00:54:16.940 --> 00:54:25.400 [INAUDIBLE] the center is circumvented by a form. 00:54:25.400 --> 00:54:33.050 There's another pretty curious example of this kind. 00:54:33.050 --> 00:54:37.430 In Dorset, in England, there are stone mounds 00:54:37.430 --> 00:54:43.610 which, seen from the air, form giant forms. 00:54:43.610 --> 00:54:48.020 In southern Peru, the Nazca lines 00:54:48.020 --> 00:54:53.390 are huge conglomerates of huge spiders, 00:54:53.390 --> 00:54:59.000 identical, these lines up to 900 feet long. 00:54:59.000 --> 00:55:01.040 In Glastonbury, in England, there's 00:55:01.040 --> 00:55:05.840 a planispheric circle 10 miles in diameter. 00:55:05.840 --> 00:55:10.520 There's a Gemini figure made up of field forms. 00:55:10.520 --> 00:55:13.730 These unexplained natural devices, 00:55:13.730 --> 00:55:17.300 which must have in some ways had to do 00:55:17.300 --> 00:55:26.350 with a system of cosmic identity. 00:55:26.350 --> 00:55:27.768 The geometry of the land. 00:55:30.383 --> 00:55:34.570 The Romans, despite their great rationality, 00:55:34.570 --> 00:55:36.640 used the system of augury to find 00:55:36.640 --> 00:55:39.130 the right place in the countryside 00:55:39.130 --> 00:55:42.500 from which to survey could begin. 00:55:42.500 --> 00:55:48.820 They ended up with the Decumanus Maximus being the east-west, 00:55:48.820 --> 00:55:55.840 and the Cardo Maximus being the north-south axis of a town. 00:55:55.840 --> 00:56:03.090 This directional cardinality occurs in a number of places. 00:56:03.090 --> 00:56:10.470 The Kaaba is depicted with four quarters and diagonal lines 00:56:10.470 --> 00:56:13.920 running to the corners northeast. 00:56:13.920 --> 00:56:18.855 The Union Jack is a flag of the same plan. 00:56:22.680 --> 00:56:27.150 Not only does it symbolize the center of the Axis Mundi, 00:56:27.150 --> 00:56:32.070 but it depicts things, that you get the quartier in France 00:56:32.070 --> 00:56:33.990 as a part of the city. 00:56:33.990 --> 00:56:36.720 You get the notion of the headquarters-- 00:56:36.720 --> 00:56:40.645 what is the headquarters? 00:56:40.645 --> 00:56:43.470 It's a Axis Mundi in military terms. 00:56:51.200 --> 00:56:53.980 I'm tempted to, in this case, just do a drawing. 00:57:02.430 --> 00:57:09.340 This is an early symbolic map of Mexico City. 00:57:09.340 --> 00:57:12.490 The Aztec leader's name is Tenoch. 00:57:18.830 --> 00:57:26.360 He's depicted as next to an eagle landing on the water 00:57:26.360 --> 00:57:32.000 with four streams, of course, suggesting a connection 00:57:32.000 --> 00:57:35.040 outwards to the rest of the world. 00:57:39.540 --> 00:57:43.620 I choose this as an example of this kind of figure. 00:57:43.620 --> 00:57:48.870 I choose it for another interesting silly reason. 00:57:48.870 --> 00:57:52.920 What is the name of the first city in the Bible, 00:57:52.920 --> 00:57:56.935 the Christian-Jewish Bible? 00:57:56.935 --> 00:57:58.755 AUDIENCE: Enoch? 00:57:58.755 --> 00:58:01.616 JULIAN BEINART: Why do you know it? 00:58:01.616 --> 00:58:06.657 AUDIENCE: It's Cain's son. 00:58:06.657 --> 00:58:07.490 JULIAN BEINART: Yes. 00:58:07.490 --> 00:58:11.425 AUDIENCE: And then it's that name minus the [INAUDIBLE].. 00:58:11.425 --> 00:58:13.580 JULIAN BEINART: Why do you think there's 00:58:13.580 --> 00:58:15.758 a conjunction in the name? 00:58:15.758 --> 00:58:18.545 AUDIENCE: I have no idea. 00:58:18.545 --> 00:58:20.670 JULIAN BEINART: I haven't the faintest idea either. 00:58:23.600 --> 00:58:27.605 The first city in the Bible is curiously called Enoch. 00:58:33.800 --> 00:58:34.895 What is Enoch? 00:58:34.895 --> 00:58:36.860 It's the name of Cain's son. 00:58:40.420 --> 00:58:43.640 Adam's Hut in Paradise, Joseph Rykwert's book, 00:58:43.640 --> 00:58:47.570 presumes that paradise was perfection. 00:58:47.570 --> 00:58:49.550 There was no need for shelter. 00:58:49.550 --> 00:58:53.120 There's no need for architecture in paradise. 00:58:53.120 --> 00:58:55.340 We have changed that view, of course. 00:58:55.340 --> 00:58:59.570 Architecture is important for everything. 00:58:59.570 --> 00:59:03.200 Cain is banished from paradise. 00:59:03.200 --> 00:59:06.350 He's a murderer-- he murders his brother. 00:59:06.350 --> 00:59:08.900 He forms the first city, the first cities 00:59:08.900 --> 00:59:11.210 of crooks, murderers. 00:59:11.210 --> 00:59:14.960 The first urban community in the Bible 00:59:14.960 --> 00:59:19.460 is a community of retrogrades, of people who have 00:59:19.460 --> 00:59:22.040 been expelled from paradise. 00:59:26.180 --> 00:59:28.400 The Christian view of this is that there 00:59:28.400 --> 00:59:34.040 must be something extraordinary about the city 00:59:34.040 --> 00:59:38.220 and goes into the question of salvation, and so on and so on, 00:59:38.220 --> 00:59:41.450 which I don't understand. 00:59:41.450 --> 00:59:44.260 But Enoch is the name of the town. 00:59:44.260 --> 00:59:46.220 The whole idea-- Kevin Lynch was always 00:59:46.220 --> 00:59:51.080 fascinated by the idea of why people name towns 00:59:51.080 --> 00:59:53.850 after their children. 00:59:53.850 --> 00:59:56.750 And he had a kind of convoluted theory, which I can't 00:59:56.750 --> 01:00:01.190 remember as to why that occurs. 01:00:01.190 --> 01:00:08.510 But here, Enoch is the first city 01:00:08.510 --> 01:00:16.520 in the Judeo-Christian enterprise, a city of evil, 01:00:16.520 --> 01:00:21.100 although it's been sanctified in other ways. 01:00:21.100 --> 01:00:35.430 But this is Tenochtitlan, having a 01:00:35.430 --> 01:00:40.330 assuming a similar kind of reach out, 01:00:40.330 --> 01:00:45.810 an Axis Mundi, where the most important thing takes place, 01:00:45.810 --> 01:00:49.810 the eagle is a symbol of some kind, in any case, 01:00:49.810 --> 01:00:51.830 the leader is next to the eagle. 01:00:51.830 --> 01:00:54.665 It lands on the water. 01:00:54.665 --> 01:00:57.240 The site is a lake. 01:00:57.240 --> 01:00:59.970 The cactus, for some reason or other, 01:00:59.970 --> 01:01:06.923 is the permanent prodigious natural form. 01:01:06.923 --> 01:01:08.340 Do you know anything about cactus? 01:01:11.190 --> 01:01:13.880 I never know to explain the cactus, anyway. 01:01:19.970 --> 01:01:25.465 The second last of these items is the consciousness of place. 01:01:29.770 --> 01:01:32.860 I haven't got time to go into this phenomenon 01:01:32.860 --> 01:01:37.990 except to tell the story of Levi-Strauss' 01:01:37.990 --> 01:01:41.590 telling in Tristes Tropiques. 01:01:41.590 --> 01:01:43.840 Levi-Strauss studies the Bororo. 01:01:43.840 --> 01:01:46.960 The Bororo are a primitive group of people 01:01:46.960 --> 01:01:48.580 in the Mato Grosso in Brazil. 01:01:51.750 --> 01:01:54.150 Much like the Dogon in Africa, they 01:01:54.150 --> 01:01:59.580 are a kind of naive people. 01:01:59.580 --> 01:02:04.770 The Dogon do wonderful sculpture and put their sculpture 01:02:04.770 --> 01:02:10.110 often in places for posterity. 01:02:15.570 --> 01:02:21.880 Bororo is a system in which the town or the village 01:02:21.880 --> 01:02:23.400 is circular. 01:02:23.400 --> 01:02:27.930 Each place has a particular identity. 01:02:27.930 --> 01:02:30.930 And what are called moieties. 01:02:30.930 --> 01:02:35.370 There's a belief systems are related to the place 01:02:35.370 --> 01:02:36.210 that you occupy. 01:02:38.760 --> 01:02:45.840 When the Salesian missionaries came to missionize the Bororo, 01:02:45.840 --> 01:02:50.130 they replaced the circular locations 01:02:50.130 --> 01:02:52.860 with rectangular constructions. 01:02:52.860 --> 01:02:58.290 The Bororo lost not only their sense of place, 01:02:58.290 --> 01:03:00.760 but their sense of identity. 01:03:00.760 --> 01:03:09.560 So responding to the existence, the psychic existence, 01:03:09.560 --> 01:03:13.310 was their position in place. 01:03:13.310 --> 01:03:20.860 We have elements of it today in our religious life-- 01:03:20.860 --> 01:03:24.440 those of you who have religious lives. 01:03:24.440 --> 01:03:28.100 The position of place in front of the altar in relation 01:03:28.100 --> 01:03:31.670 in front of the cross, the carrying of the cross, 01:03:31.670 --> 01:03:32.240 and so on. 01:03:42.510 --> 01:03:48.780 There's a story in South African history of the famous battle 01:03:48.780 --> 01:03:52.620 between the Zulus and the Afrikaners in Natal 01:03:52.620 --> 01:03:58.600 in which the versions of history are very different. 01:03:58.600 --> 01:04:01.440 The Zulus claim that the white settlers 01:04:01.440 --> 01:04:05.250 tried to get into the women's quarters, which 01:04:05.250 --> 01:04:09.870 are highly separate identities in a circular system. 01:04:09.870 --> 01:04:21.790 The Afrikaners claim that the white people were attracted 01:04:21.790 --> 01:04:27.220 to the center of this town and were then killed, 01:04:27.220 --> 01:04:29.890 leading to the famous Battle of Blood River, 01:04:29.890 --> 01:04:32.890 and so on and so on. 01:04:32.890 --> 01:04:35.870 Numerology, which I won't go into, 01:04:35.870 --> 01:04:42.130 if you read the cosmology of Chinese cities, 01:04:42.130 --> 01:04:44.530 we should have enough. 01:04:44.530 --> 01:04:52.390 The nine square system, figures adding up vertically 01:04:52.390 --> 01:04:54.445 and horizontally to the number 15. 01:04:57.210 --> 01:05:06.340 I'm throwing at you a lot of little stories, fragments. 01:05:06.340 --> 01:05:14.665 There's no coherent overall text on what I tried to describe. 01:05:18.560 --> 01:05:22.640 As for what it means today, it's up to you to-- 01:05:22.640 --> 01:05:25.700 or up to us to make sense of this. 01:05:25.700 --> 01:05:28.890 We still have people standing before judges. 01:05:28.890 --> 01:05:34.100 We still have a significant night. 01:05:34.100 --> 01:05:38.540 Why build a Tower of Babel 300 feet high? 01:05:38.540 --> 01:05:44.540 Why built the Temple of the Moon. 01:05:44.540 --> 01:05:48.260 It's the Temple of the Moon. 01:05:48.260 --> 01:05:54.350 In Tenochtitlan on the Street of the Dead, to the same height 01:05:54.350 --> 01:05:56.090 and put the priests on the top. 01:05:58.800 --> 01:06:03.620 There are many fragments of this which make up an idea of a kind 01:06:03.620 --> 01:06:09.290 of city which is no longer prevalent in our thing 01:06:09.290 --> 01:06:16.940 but still remains to the extent when I said in our last class 01:06:16.940 --> 01:06:22.550 that we cannot under Darwinian science explain phenomenon such 01:06:22.550 --> 01:06:25.640 as consciousness or mind. 01:06:28.610 --> 01:06:31.700 Quoting from a recent book called 01:06:31.700 --> 01:06:39.350 Cosmos of Mind, which is a critique of Darwinian science, 01:06:39.350 --> 01:06:42.110 "architects more than planners, by and large, 01:06:42.110 --> 01:06:48.980 have a sense of the innate importance of experience 01:06:48.980 --> 01:06:53.870 and believe through working at it and every day observation 01:06:53.870 --> 01:07:02.090 and studying things you can approximate good solutions." 01:07:02.090 --> 01:07:07.160 Whether a street in Fifth Avenue in Manhattan 01:07:07.160 --> 01:07:11.060 has cosmic significance, I don't know. 01:07:11.060 --> 01:07:15.750 Whether the Macy's parade adds to that significance 01:07:15.750 --> 01:07:18.470 I don't know. 01:07:18.470 --> 01:07:22.130 I certainly know that the parade in Madurai 01:07:22.130 --> 01:07:25.430 is different from the Macy's parade. 01:07:25.430 --> 01:07:29.840 This Macy's parade is not a godly phenomenon-- 01:07:29.840 --> 01:07:32.360 it's the experience phenomenon. 01:07:32.360 --> 01:07:39.020 As we go on in this case, I'll be fussing around 01:07:39.020 --> 01:07:42.750 with this epistemological problem. 01:07:42.750 --> 01:07:45.320 How much is assumed in our construction 01:07:45.320 --> 01:07:50.600 of the form of cities in the rational system, 01:07:50.600 --> 01:07:54.770 which we've learned since the Enlightenment? 01:07:54.770 --> 01:08:02.240 To what extent do we consciously or how much 01:08:02.240 --> 01:08:06.470 do we attempt to maintain an interest 01:08:06.470 --> 01:08:11.770 and extend in our explicit interest in symbolic form? 01:08:14.630 --> 01:08:21.569 Symbolic form is a powerful measure 01:08:21.569 --> 01:08:25.290 of the success of this generation of cities. 01:08:25.290 --> 01:08:28.340 There's no question that all the evidence suggests 01:08:28.340 --> 01:08:33.680 that our cities start with a consciousness and expression 01:08:33.680 --> 01:08:36.990 of religious form. 01:08:36.990 --> 01:08:40.160 There is the stories. 01:08:40.160 --> 01:08:42.380 You have to believe me-- 01:08:42.380 --> 01:08:43.744 no reason to. 01:08:43.744 --> 01:08:44.929 Let's look at some pictures. 01:08:48.569 --> 01:08:52.130 This is Kevin Lynch's depiction of the sites 01:08:52.130 --> 01:08:54.920 of cities that we're talking about, 01:08:54.920 --> 01:08:59.960 Mesoamerica around about 1100 BC, 01:08:59.960 --> 01:09:11.210 700 BC, Egypt, well, 3500 BC, Jericho, 8000, Sumer, 4000, 01:09:11.210 --> 01:09:19.165 Indus, 2500, Shang China about 1700 BC. 01:09:19.165 --> 01:09:19.665 Next. 01:09:22.560 --> 01:09:29.729 OK, this is a painting of the town of Catalhuyuk, 01:09:29.729 --> 01:09:33.720 which Jane Jacobs claims to have been 01:09:33.720 --> 01:09:36.960 a center for the production of obsidian 01:09:36.960 --> 01:09:42.359 and used the agricultural area around it as servicing 01:09:42.359 --> 01:09:45.330 the industrial function. 01:09:45.330 --> 01:09:48.660 The curious thing about another depiction, 01:09:48.660 --> 01:09:52.470 which is on the other slide, is that there is hardly 01:09:52.470 --> 01:09:55.350 any public space at all. 01:09:55.350 --> 01:10:01.290 These are obviously alleys from one group of houses to another. 01:10:01.290 --> 01:10:02.050 Any questions? 01:10:02.050 --> 01:10:04.380 AUDIENCE: What's the name of the [INAUDIBLE]?? 01:10:04.380 --> 01:10:06.000 JULIAN BEINART: Catalhuyuk-- 01:10:06.000 --> 01:10:12.700 C-A-T-A-L-H-U-Y-U-K. It's in Anatolia. 01:10:15.480 --> 01:10:18.060 I don't know whether it's in Iraq or Turkey. 01:10:18.060 --> 01:10:19.500 AUDIENCE: It's in Turkey. 01:10:19.500 --> 01:10:21.390 JULIAN BEINART: It's in Turkey. 01:10:21.390 --> 01:10:23.845 Catalhuyuk is Turkish, isn't it. 01:10:23.845 --> 01:10:26.280 AUDIENCE: There is a book by Bill Bryson called At Home 01:10:26.280 --> 01:10:28.140 where he talks about the ceilings 01:10:28.140 --> 01:10:30.000 and how peculiar are the entrances 01:10:30.000 --> 01:10:32.160 and exits between buildings. 01:10:32.160 --> 01:10:33.660 How is that reflected in the map? 01:10:33.660 --> 01:10:34.350 I'm trying to-- 01:10:34.350 --> 01:10:36.250 JULIAN BEINART: I don't know. 01:10:36.250 --> 01:10:42.510 These maps, like the map in just outside Oman, 01:10:42.510 --> 01:10:49.440 the first map of Jerusalem, are very abstract depictions. 01:10:49.440 --> 01:10:50.520 This is a wall painting. 01:10:50.520 --> 01:10:52.041 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 01:10:52.041 --> 01:10:57.360 JULIAN BEINART: And the other one is an abstraction. 01:10:57.360 --> 01:11:01.350 I would place very little faith in the observations 01:11:01.350 --> 01:11:05.310 of these towns. 01:11:05.310 --> 01:11:08.570 Archaeology is safer, and I don't 01:11:08.570 --> 01:11:11.550 know how much archaeological investigation has 01:11:11.550 --> 01:11:13.445 been done at Catalhuyuk. 01:11:13.445 --> 01:11:15.734 AUDIENCE: That's why he talks about double 01:11:15.734 --> 01:11:20.390 spaced in between and a [INAUDIBLE] grid. 01:11:20.390 --> 01:11:23.130 JULIAN BEINART: I don't think it's Jane Jacobs, 01:11:23.130 --> 01:11:25.600 but somebody has spoken about the roofs 01:11:25.600 --> 01:11:30.330 as being planes of utility. 01:11:30.330 --> 01:11:32.100 I don't think there's much to be gained. 01:11:32.100 --> 01:11:34.110 It looks like a contemporary drawing 01:11:34.110 --> 01:11:36.670 for a squatter settlement. 01:11:36.670 --> 01:11:37.170 Next. 01:11:40.350 --> 01:11:44.430 Returning to particular place. 01:11:44.430 --> 01:11:48.360 Banaras is on the left, Kaaba on the right-- 01:11:48.360 --> 01:11:54.935 an annual pilgrimage, an every day pilgrimage. 01:11:54.935 --> 01:11:55.435 Next. 01:11:58.150 --> 01:12:05.600 Catalhuyuk-- the notion that the water 01:12:05.600 --> 01:12:15.190 is the replication of the ocean and the vertical building 01:12:15.190 --> 01:12:19.465 the depiction of a mountain. 01:12:19.465 --> 01:12:22.990 Mircea Eliade often talks about mountains and cities 01:12:22.990 --> 01:12:28.160 as being center in this kind of cosmic model. 01:12:28.160 --> 01:12:28.660 Next. 01:12:35.800 --> 01:12:37.960 One of the reasons for the towers 01:12:37.960 --> 01:12:45.940 is because people have no capacity 01:12:45.940 --> 01:12:49.705 to span any large distance, so the distances are very small. 01:12:53.230 --> 01:12:58.520 Here is a parade of stone figures on a sports field, 01:12:58.520 --> 01:12:59.740 where it's just behind this. 01:12:59.740 --> 01:13:01.900 The royal palace doesn't exist anymore 01:13:01.900 --> 01:13:03.590 because it's built out of wood. 01:13:03.590 --> 01:13:04.090 Next. 01:13:09.140 --> 01:13:14.835 The phenomenon, and this is Chichen Itza. 01:13:14.835 --> 01:13:15.335 Next. 01:13:21.700 --> 01:13:32.980 Chichen Itza, Masada, one of Herod's vacation homes 01:13:32.980 --> 01:13:36.400 built on the side of the hill. 01:13:36.400 --> 01:13:41.650 Again, the notion of building on top of something. 01:13:41.650 --> 01:13:46.690 The Romans finally conquered Masada 01:13:46.690 --> 01:13:51.905 by building a earth bridge to the top. 01:13:51.905 --> 01:13:52.405 Next. 01:13:57.190 --> 01:13:59.800 A depiction of the Babylon tower. 01:14:02.710 --> 01:14:05.080 Not a very good one. 01:14:05.080 --> 01:14:09.250 And the mixture of astronomy and religion 01:14:09.250 --> 01:14:13.420 in the case of Tenochtitlan. 01:14:13.420 --> 01:14:16.955 Equinox sunrise over the Templo Mayor. 01:14:16.955 --> 01:14:17.455 Next. 01:14:21.320 --> 01:14:23.795 Here's the city of the Dipper. 01:14:23.795 --> 01:14:27.980 The constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor superimposed 01:14:27.980 --> 01:14:31.400 in the plan of Han Dynasty, Chang'an. 01:14:31.400 --> 01:14:35.510 The popular belief of subsequent generations that the city was 01:14:35.510 --> 01:14:37.790 consciously designed to this pattern 01:14:37.790 --> 01:14:41.570 is unsupported by any independent event, 01:14:41.570 --> 01:14:44.990 nor do the positions of the imperial palaces 01:14:44.990 --> 01:14:51.320 coincide with that of the pulse star, and so and so. 01:14:51.320 --> 01:14:54.680 There's some doubt about this, but it's a nice drawing. 01:15:00.060 --> 01:15:00.560 Next. 01:15:06.800 --> 01:15:10.030 The astronomical observatory in Chichen Itza. 01:15:17.720 --> 01:15:21.050 A temple town in Southern India. 01:15:21.050 --> 01:15:24.800 Now in each of these vertical constructions 01:15:24.800 --> 01:15:30.130 is not an astronomical tower, but there's 01:15:30.130 --> 01:15:34.850 a regularity of the vertical phenomenon throughout the town 01:15:34.850 --> 01:15:36.735 depicting something or other. 01:15:36.735 --> 01:15:37.235 Next. 01:15:41.860 --> 01:15:46.330 a gnomon, a tool used by the Romans 01:15:46.330 --> 01:15:49.480 for finding a propitious site. 01:15:49.480 --> 01:15:54.040 And the geomancer's an astrobiological instrument 01:15:54.040 --> 01:15:57.530 for choosing the right site. 01:15:57.530 --> 01:15:58.030 Next. 01:16:01.510 --> 01:16:07.240 Chinchiri in Anatolia. 01:16:07.240 --> 01:16:09.610 Interesting, the first town-- 01:16:09.610 --> 01:16:14.470 settlement is fortified with a wall that 01:16:14.470 --> 01:16:22.090 is small that surrounds the town as intimately as possible. 01:16:22.090 --> 01:16:25.450 When the town is economically successful, 01:16:25.450 --> 01:16:30.160 it builds itself in the first century before Christ 01:16:30.160 --> 01:16:33.370 a surrounding wall which is based 01:16:33.370 --> 01:16:42.650 on a superior geometry, a perfect geometry, a geometry 01:16:42.650 --> 01:16:48.020 which can be associated with centrality, 01:16:48.020 --> 01:16:53.450 with permanent symbolic enclosure of high order 01:16:53.450 --> 01:16:54.650 and so on. 01:16:54.650 --> 01:16:57.830 Here the town of [INAUDIBLE] in the 1st century BC. 01:17:01.610 --> 01:17:04.640 It used to be in the south of the USSR-- 01:17:04.640 --> 01:17:07.730 I don't know where it is now-- 01:17:07.730 --> 01:17:11.470 which has an astronomical center. 01:17:11.470 --> 01:17:15.980 It has astronomical observation site in the center. 01:17:15.980 --> 01:17:23.295 And the town follows the pattern as it moves outwards. 01:17:23.295 --> 01:17:23.795 Next. 01:17:28.500 --> 01:17:31.500 The town of Edfu on the Nile. 01:17:34.200 --> 01:17:35.565 Peculiar. 01:17:35.565 --> 01:17:42.180 A marvelous conjunction of light and shadow 01:17:42.180 --> 01:17:45.675 in the marking of a special place. 01:17:50.100 --> 01:17:51.600 Edfu is the town. 01:17:51.600 --> 01:17:53.343 It's a small town on the banks of the-- 01:17:53.343 --> 01:17:54.260 AUDIENCE: Of the Nile. 01:17:54.260 --> 01:17:56.040 JULIAN BEINART: But you have replications 01:17:56.040 --> 01:17:59.970 of this in Luxor and in Karnak and so on. 01:18:03.150 --> 01:18:08.580 I chose that one because I happen to photograph it myself 01:18:08.580 --> 01:18:13.290 and I was still struck by the conjunction 01:18:13.290 --> 01:18:16.740 of the positive light in the form of the towers. 01:18:19.860 --> 01:18:24.520 Here's a typical perfect Chinese town. 01:18:27.570 --> 01:18:31.200 The emperor is in position number 1. 01:18:31.200 --> 01:18:37.230 The subsequent position's in 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 01:18:37.230 --> 01:18:41.310 But the town is symmetrically divided between right and left. 01:18:41.310 --> 01:18:45.570 There's a color for the right, there's a color for the left. 01:18:45.570 --> 01:18:49.080 This is a town which is perfectly controlled. 01:18:49.080 --> 01:18:52.320 And its form is a pristine object 01:18:52.320 --> 01:18:58.090 for depicting symbolic security and actual security. 01:18:58.090 --> 01:18:58.590 Next. 01:19:03.120 --> 01:19:09.130 Jerusalem is the head of the three continents. 01:19:09.130 --> 01:19:12.600 The Temple Mount, which I will describe in much greater detail 01:19:12.600 --> 01:19:13.975 as we go on in this class. 01:19:13.975 --> 01:19:14.475 Next. 01:19:19.400 --> 01:19:22.760 Oh, here we've gone out again. 01:19:28.390 --> 01:19:32.680 Those are the formation seen from the sky in Glastonbury 01:19:32.680 --> 01:19:33.755 and Dorset. 01:19:33.755 --> 01:19:34.255 Next. 01:19:38.670 --> 01:19:43.540 The map of Mexico City and the actual first settlement. 01:19:43.540 --> 01:19:44.040 Next. 01:19:49.635 --> 01:19:56.540 The moiety town of the Bororo, the position 01:19:56.540 --> 01:20:01.370 of the clan system, and moiety A and moiety B, 01:20:01.370 --> 01:20:04.800 specifying the significance of place. 01:20:04.800 --> 01:20:07.580 Place is not arbitrary. 01:20:07.580 --> 01:20:10.810 Place is connected to fundamental existence. 01:20:10.810 --> 01:20:17.120 And here in the town in Cameroon we 01:20:17.120 --> 01:20:23.630 have a similar disposition of man, wife, man, man, man, man, 01:20:23.630 --> 01:20:27.800 man, man, wife, wife, wife, and so on. 01:20:27.800 --> 01:20:29.540 Not to be mixed up. 01:20:29.540 --> 01:20:31.790 No cohabitation. 01:20:31.790 --> 01:20:32.290 Next. 01:20:37.960 --> 01:20:39.430 The depiction of place. 01:20:39.430 --> 01:20:42.610 This is the Gate of Heavenly Peace, 01:20:42.610 --> 01:20:48.940 the marker of the distinction between the whole Heavenly 01:20:48.940 --> 01:20:59.650 City and the Sacred City, marked here by a more recent emperor. 01:20:59.650 --> 01:21:05.450 And here are the location of the Mausoleum 01:21:05.450 --> 01:21:11.710 to Mao on Tiananmen Square, bereft of any disposition 01:21:11.710 --> 01:21:15.190 of location which is fundamentally wed 01:21:15.190 --> 01:21:19.270 into the system of the town. 01:21:19.270 --> 01:21:21.490 It is anywhere. 01:21:21.490 --> 01:21:28.550 It looks as if it could be anywhere, and it doesn't. 01:21:28.550 --> 01:21:31.310 The strength of that pattern on the left 01:21:31.310 --> 01:21:37.328 is infinitely larger than the strength-- 01:21:37.328 --> 01:21:41.360 the construction of the right is not wed, 01:21:41.360 --> 01:21:47.720 is not bred into the large identity of the city. 01:21:47.720 --> 01:21:50.010 Next. 01:21:50.010 --> 01:21:52.760 It could be anywhere. 01:21:52.760 --> 01:21:54.860 Let's just pass this. 01:21:54.860 --> 01:21:57.310 This is a feng shui problem. 01:21:57.310 --> 01:21:59.930 Next. 01:21:59.930 --> 01:22:03.860 Depictions of the system of approach 01:22:03.860 --> 01:22:09.560 to the central imperial position in the city. 01:22:09.560 --> 01:22:13.040 Here are the idea of a set of boxes, 01:22:13.040 --> 01:22:16.725 revealing more as you go into the system. 01:22:16.725 --> 01:22:17.225 Next. 01:22:20.410 --> 01:22:25.270 The mandala, the central premise of the Indian system. 01:22:28.030 --> 01:22:35.170 A depiction of the body of the Brahma in a system 01:22:35.170 --> 01:22:38.860 of subdivision of land here. 01:22:45.878 --> 01:22:49.630 The Hindu religion has a number of texts 01:22:49.630 --> 01:22:53.360 about this siting of place. 01:22:53.360 --> 01:22:56.590 The south Shilpa Shastras. 01:22:56.590 --> 01:23:02.140 Here you see some depictions of the way 01:23:02.140 --> 01:23:07.925 in which the basic mandala system can be demarcated. 01:23:07.925 --> 01:23:08.425 Next. 01:23:13.750 --> 01:23:17.140 Let's take one of them. 01:23:17.140 --> 01:23:20.440 The village [INAUDIBLE] is appropriate for retired life. 01:23:20.440 --> 01:23:24.080 The village is one, two-- five parallel streets 01:23:24.080 --> 01:23:25.000 from east to west. 01:23:25.000 --> 01:23:28.780 Can you imagine us living in a system where 01:23:28.780 --> 01:23:31.870 we control the environment so religiously 01:23:31.870 --> 01:23:34.690 that a developer in Florida would 01:23:34.690 --> 01:23:40.135 be told to build a religious center on this basis 01:23:40.135 --> 01:23:43.130 of a mandala construction. 01:23:43.130 --> 01:23:46.285 It's beyond our belief system. 01:23:46.285 --> 01:23:46.785 Next. 01:23:50.000 --> 01:23:50.595 Jaipur. 01:23:50.595 --> 01:23:51.095 Next. 01:23:53.870 --> 01:24:00.590 In Madurai the rituals performed regularly 01:24:00.590 --> 01:24:07.980 throughout the year conforming to the town's structure. 01:24:07.980 --> 01:24:13.160 So that when you are performing a ritual, it is territorial-- 01:24:13.160 --> 01:24:15.260 you're passing through territory. 01:24:15.260 --> 01:24:21.620 Number 2, it is reinforcing your notion of the plan of the town. 01:24:21.620 --> 01:24:26.000 What do we do today to reinforce your understanding 01:24:26.000 --> 01:24:28.820 of the plan of Boston? 01:24:28.820 --> 01:24:31.130 It's unnecessary. 01:24:31.130 --> 01:24:35.270 Maybe if you're driving a car and you move along the river, 01:24:35.270 --> 01:24:39.140 there's some sensibility about the movement from the suburb 01:24:39.140 --> 01:24:41.690 to the center of the city. 01:24:41.690 --> 01:24:43.010 Next. 01:24:43.010 --> 01:24:44.270 The Street of the Dead. 01:24:51.340 --> 01:24:59.200 Here's the vacant geometry of a typical settlement 01:24:59.200 --> 01:25:02.840 in the Mayan world. 01:25:02.840 --> 01:25:07.990 Apparent lack of axial relationships, 01:25:07.990 --> 01:25:10.795 the so-called vacant city because there's 01:25:10.795 --> 01:25:13.990 very little evidence the way people lived. 01:25:13.990 --> 01:25:18.700 Again, what is left are elements of stone construction, 01:25:18.700 --> 01:25:19.200 monument. 01:25:23.740 --> 01:25:25.095 I think that's the lot. 01:25:28.490 --> 01:25:35.150 On Tuesday, we will look at some examples 01:25:35.150 --> 01:25:44.120 of a completely different formal system, 01:25:44.120 --> 01:25:46.850 one which is open-ended, loose, not 01:25:46.850 --> 01:25:49.235 regulated by a central force. 01:25:52.780 --> 01:25:55.830 So, have a good weekend.