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JULIAN BEINART: We'll focus
on the third and fourth case

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00:00:32,194 --> 00:00:32,694
study.

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00:00:35,490 --> 00:00:38,870
These case studies which
were concluded on Thursday

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00:00:38,870 --> 00:00:46,610
with Chicago are
all examples of what

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00:00:46,610 --> 00:00:52,640
19th century urbanism or
more premodern urbanism

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00:00:52,640 --> 00:00:53,810
contended with.

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They all contended more or less
with similar circumstances--

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the rise of industrial
poverty, the weakening

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of the aristocracy and the
royal presence, in some cases

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00:01:14,220 --> 00:01:18,780
the existence of walls
or fortification,

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which is becoming redundant.

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Chicago is very different.

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00:01:26,460 --> 00:01:30,825
Chicago has no royalty,
no autocracy, no walls.

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00:01:33,540 --> 00:01:38,880
So Thursday we will look
at Chicago comparatively.

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00:01:38,880 --> 00:01:43,960
Today, I want to look at two
case studies, one of Vienna,

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00:01:43,960 --> 00:01:46,125
which has a great
deal to do with walls.

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00:01:48,900 --> 00:01:52,340
And the second is
Barcelona, which

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00:01:52,340 --> 00:01:59,120
we're going to focus on the
most common emancipation

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00:01:59,120 --> 00:02:02,240
in the 19th century from
some of these problems.

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00:02:02,240 --> 00:02:04,670
That is to leave
the center of city

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00:02:04,670 --> 00:02:09,410
alone and build on
new land outside.

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00:02:09,410 --> 00:02:15,350
Cerda's plan for Barcelona is
the largest planned housing

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00:02:15,350 --> 00:02:18,410
project in the world.

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00:02:18,410 --> 00:02:21,400
Certainly the largest
housing project in Europe.

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00:02:24,550 --> 00:02:25,550
Let's start with Vienna.

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00:02:29,080 --> 00:02:33,850
Vienna was the major bastion.

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00:02:33,850 --> 00:02:39,090
Well, let me try to
explain what I gave you.

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00:02:42,350 --> 00:02:47,000
The first diagram is the
replacement of the walls

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00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:51,560
and the various sectors of
the continuous 2 and 1/2

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00:02:51,560 --> 00:02:57,080
mile road, which
became the urban symbol

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00:02:57,080 --> 00:03:01,940
of the post-feudal city.

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00:03:04,490 --> 00:03:11,450
The second is innovation
of Karl Marx-Hof, which

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00:03:11,450 --> 00:03:17,600
is this, an element in the
third stage of the city

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00:03:17,600 --> 00:03:20,030
from the feudal city,
to the liberal city,

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00:03:20,030 --> 00:03:22,790
to the socialist
city for a relatively

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00:03:22,790 --> 00:03:29,400
short time from 1919 onward.

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00:03:29,400 --> 00:03:35,940
The next page is the ensanche
of that part of Barcelona

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00:03:35,940 --> 00:03:44,960
which is based on the 1859
plan of Ildefons Cerda

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00:03:44,960 --> 00:03:48,550
is called the ensanche.

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00:03:48,550 --> 00:03:54,675
You can see the extended
pattern of the similar block.

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00:03:59,280 --> 00:04:02,160
The next page are the
two [? completely ?]

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00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:06,240
winning two finalists
in the competition.

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00:04:06,240 --> 00:04:08,580
Cerda's plan on the north.

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00:04:08,580 --> 00:04:14,040
The print is a little obscured,
and the alternative plan,

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Antoni Rovira i Trias's plan.

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00:04:18,470 --> 00:04:20,239
We'll discuss this
in some detail.

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00:04:23,400 --> 00:04:29,850
The next page is an
element of Cerda's plan.

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00:04:29,850 --> 00:04:36,060
[? He erected ?] the same
square block, 113 meters by 113

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00:04:36,060 --> 00:04:39,720
meters, with options
for development

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00:04:39,720 --> 00:04:44,370
to create a flexible
environment in which

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00:04:44,370 --> 00:04:53,030
only a portion of
the block is built.

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00:04:53,030 --> 00:04:58,700
And lastly, the town in
Apulia in Southern Italy

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showing the conventional plan,
which exists in smaller towns,

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maintaining the central area,
developing a grid system

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outside the central area
connected to the central area

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by the gates of the walls.

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OK.

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00:05:29,465 --> 00:05:29,965
Vienna.

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Who threatened Vienna
from the 16th century

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to the 17th century?

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AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

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JULIAN BEINART: Yeah.

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Islam focused its
threat on the West.

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I'm forgetting about Islam
in North Africa and Spain,

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but in Central Europe,
Islam made to major attacks

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on Vienna.

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00:06:06,300 --> 00:06:09,270
1529.

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00:06:09,270 --> 00:06:15,010
They were repelled, causing
the building of walls,

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enormous wall system, 20
years later in Vienna,

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00:06:20,030 --> 00:06:23,910
a wall system which had
11 bastions, a moat,

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00:06:23,910 --> 00:06:29,550
and an area called the
glacis, G-L-A-C-I-S.

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00:06:29,550 --> 00:06:35,580
It refers to the open space
around the walls to create

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00:06:35,580 --> 00:06:43,740
an arena for military
firepower, gun firepower.

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You understand the concept.

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So you have not only
the walls, but you

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00:06:47,340 --> 00:06:51,600
have a span of free
space like a green belt

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00:06:51,600 --> 00:06:57,150
around the walls, which
enables improved fortification.

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00:07:00,770 --> 00:07:06,920
These walls were subjected to
another major larger attack

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00:07:06,920 --> 00:07:14,210
by Islam in 1683, in
which case for two months

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Vienna was on its last legs.

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00:07:17,720 --> 00:07:19,970
They managed to
subvert [? them ?]

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00:07:19,970 --> 00:07:25,100
by tunneling under the
walls, breaking through

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00:07:25,100 --> 00:07:31,580
from the south, and Vienna
was within a morning

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00:07:31,580 --> 00:07:36,740
of collapsing when
all of the forces

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00:07:36,740 --> 00:07:41,390
galvanized by the pope
in Rome to the extent

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00:07:41,390 --> 00:07:49,220
that he still had
support couldn't deflect

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00:07:49,220 --> 00:07:51,350
the energy of the Islam attack.

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00:07:54,330 --> 00:07:56,990
An extraordinary
event in history.

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00:07:56,990 --> 00:08:04,040
The Polish Catholic King
of Poland, John Sobieski,

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00:08:04,040 --> 00:08:08,390
had refused to take part
in the defense of Vienna

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00:08:08,390 --> 00:08:11,060
for reasons I don't know.

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00:08:11,060 --> 00:08:14,900
The last morning, Vienna had
already being penetrated.

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00:08:14,900 --> 00:08:18,170
The old city had been
virtually-- either

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00:08:18,170 --> 00:08:21,170
all the people had
been killed or left.

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00:08:21,170 --> 00:08:26,150
Sobieski decided to send
his cavalry south to Vienna.

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00:08:26,150 --> 00:08:31,370
They arrived, and Islam
had concentrated its attack

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00:08:31,370 --> 00:08:33,530
on the south of the city.

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00:08:33,530 --> 00:08:37,700
It didn't expect any
attack from the north,

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00:08:37,700 --> 00:08:40,370
so it was completely
vulnerable in the north.

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00:08:40,370 --> 00:08:43,715
Sobieski saved Vienna
in one morning.

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00:08:46,770 --> 00:08:51,350
There's a wonderful book on the
story of this whole episode.

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If you're interested
in the book, tell me

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00:08:54,888 --> 00:08:56,055
and I'll give you the title.

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00:08:59,840 --> 00:09:08,060
It's an extraordinary idea of
the scale of an Islamic attack,

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00:09:08,060 --> 00:09:15,320
the organization in Istanbul
of the army, and all the food,

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00:09:15,320 --> 00:09:19,850
and all of the prostitutes
that accompanied

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00:09:19,850 --> 00:09:23,765
the army as they moved
through Hungary to Vienna.

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00:09:26,900 --> 00:09:32,690
That is one of the signal events
in the urban history of Europe.

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00:09:32,690 --> 00:09:38,240
Had Islam succeeded,
there might have been no--

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00:09:41,960 --> 00:09:43,230
I don't know.

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00:09:43,230 --> 00:09:47,480
Certainly probably no Freud.

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00:09:47,480 --> 00:09:55,890
Perhaps no Beethoven, Mozart,
and Haydn, et cetera, et

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00:09:55,890 --> 00:09:58,280
cetera.

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00:09:58,280 --> 00:10:03,770
I don't know how to claim
Islam's contribution

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00:10:03,770 --> 00:10:05,660
had it captured Vienna.

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00:10:05,660 --> 00:10:08,150
I don't know what
would have happened

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00:10:08,150 --> 00:10:13,100
to Europe, but Vienna was the
fourth largest city in Europe--

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00:10:13,100 --> 00:10:15,080
Vienna, London, Paris, Berlin--

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00:10:17,730 --> 00:10:25,010
and in many respects,
certainly in the last years

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00:10:25,010 --> 00:10:32,360
of the 19th century, one of
the major artistic centers

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00:10:32,360 --> 00:10:33,725
of European culture.

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00:10:41,330 --> 00:10:44,930
What year do you
think Brahms died?

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00:10:44,930 --> 00:10:45,605
Take a guess.

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00:10:50,820 --> 00:10:56,990
Brahms was born in about 1830.

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00:10:56,990 --> 00:11:01,670
He died in 1897,
as late as that.

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00:11:01,670 --> 00:11:06,350
He was the tutor of the
philosopher Wittgenstein's

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00:11:06,350 --> 00:11:08,810
sister.

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00:11:08,810 --> 00:11:10,940
Taught him the piano.

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00:11:10,940 --> 00:11:16,880
Gustav Mahler played music
in the Wittgensteins' houses.

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00:11:16,880 --> 00:11:22,820
The Wittgenstein family owned
12 houses in Vienna itself.

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00:11:22,820 --> 00:11:25,970
Wittgenstein-- do
you know anything

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00:11:25,970 --> 00:11:29,510
about the history of
modern philosophy?

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00:11:29,510 --> 00:11:32,990
Wittgenstein is one of the--

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00:11:32,990 --> 00:11:35,120
Bertrand Russell, the
British philosopher,

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00:11:35,120 --> 00:11:38,510
called him the greatest
philosophical genius

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00:11:38,510 --> 00:11:39,450
who ever lived.

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00:11:42,520 --> 00:11:46,280
He was interested in
architecture, and he had his--

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00:11:46,280 --> 00:11:47,630
oh, forget about that.

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00:11:47,630 --> 00:11:50,360
It's off on a tangent.

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00:11:50,360 --> 00:11:56,000
But Ludwig Wittgenstein
is an art product

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00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:57,440
of the culture of Vienna.

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00:12:02,250 --> 00:12:11,610
So we have a setting in which
Vienna survives in 1683.

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00:12:11,610 --> 00:12:18,270
Royal presence maintains
itself until about 1860,

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00:12:18,270 --> 00:12:21,960
in which the liberals
win in the government,

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00:12:21,960 --> 00:12:27,580
take over the government, and
start a process of modernizing

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00:12:27,580 --> 00:12:28,080
the city.

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00:12:37,700 --> 00:12:41,420
What I didn't mention in the
case of Haussmann in Paris

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00:12:41,420 --> 00:12:43,520
was the number of
things that Haussmann

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00:12:43,520 --> 00:12:49,430
did in the provision of parks,
open space, unifying the bus

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00:12:49,430 --> 00:12:53,270
system, improving
the infrastructure

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00:12:53,270 --> 00:12:54,860
of the city as a whole.

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00:12:54,860 --> 00:12:57,560
Other than the building
of these roads,

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00:12:57,560 --> 00:13:01,880
he's known only for the
avenues that he built,

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00:13:01,880 --> 00:13:05,900
the housing that he built on
either side of the avenues,

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00:13:05,900 --> 00:13:09,410
and for the major monuments.

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00:13:09,410 --> 00:13:12,830
But at the same time,
he built a repertoire

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00:13:12,830 --> 00:13:15,440
of infrastructure improvements.

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00:13:15,440 --> 00:13:20,630
The same year, the Danube
constantly flooded the city.

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00:13:20,630 --> 00:13:24,750
The city's always been on the
southern part of the Danube.

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00:13:24,750 --> 00:13:26,360
The walls were on the--

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00:13:26,360 --> 00:13:27,470
as you can see.

169
00:13:33,340 --> 00:13:39,490
Today, the Danube fringes
the northern boundary

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00:13:39,490 --> 00:13:44,650
of the southern city by a canal.

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00:13:44,650 --> 00:13:48,820
The water flooding
problem was bypassed,

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00:13:48,820 --> 00:13:54,340
and in the same sense--

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00:13:54,340 --> 00:14:01,860
at the same time,
there was improvements

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00:14:01,860 --> 00:14:05,940
in the health system, the
first public hospital,

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00:14:05,940 --> 00:14:09,120
and a whole set of
improvements, but nothing

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00:14:09,120 --> 00:14:18,150
as major as the decision to
isolate the center of the city

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00:14:18,150 --> 00:14:21,930
and to build a new environment.

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00:14:21,930 --> 00:14:24,930
Instead of the new
environment being

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00:14:24,930 --> 00:14:29,850
similar to the plan of
Cerda for Barcelona,

180
00:14:29,850 --> 00:14:33,900
he took the
extraordinary opportunity

181
00:14:33,900 --> 00:14:39,330
for using the glacis and
the remnants of the walls

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00:14:39,330 --> 00:14:45,000
to build a single container
around the outskirts

183
00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:47,340
of the old city.

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00:14:47,340 --> 00:14:53,190
This was a container
in which almost

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00:14:53,190 --> 00:14:59,040
all the sectors of a
new middle-class economy

186
00:14:59,040 --> 00:15:00,780
could be satisfied.

187
00:15:00,780 --> 00:15:05,700
Number one, from the diagram--

188
00:15:05,700 --> 00:15:09,900
textile warehouses and
offices on the Danube canal.

189
00:15:09,900 --> 00:15:14,460
Number two, financial center
on the Stock Exchange.

190
00:15:14,460 --> 00:15:16,680
Number three, a university.

191
00:15:16,680 --> 00:15:20,580
Number four, the
famous connection

192
00:15:20,580 --> 00:15:24,420
of the parliament, the town
hall, the president's palace.

193
00:15:24,420 --> 00:15:28,800
Number five, museums, number
six, music, number seven,

194
00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:30,150
private apartments.

195
00:15:33,180 --> 00:15:42,160
Nowhere in the connected
structure of urbanism

196
00:15:42,160 --> 00:15:45,670
has there ever been
an attempt to build

197
00:15:45,670 --> 00:15:50,020
one continuous movement
system accompanied

198
00:15:50,020 --> 00:15:53,920
by surroundings as
diverse as making up

199
00:15:53,920 --> 00:15:56,200
virtually the components
of a whole city.

200
00:15:58,820 --> 00:16:04,520
It's a dramatic idea,
an incredible idea.

201
00:16:04,520 --> 00:16:07,760
It had many of its
manifestations.

202
00:16:07,760 --> 00:16:09,980
First of all, the
buildings are not

203
00:16:09,980 --> 00:16:16,400
oriented to each other but
oriented to the street.

204
00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:21,500
The street is everything
that animates the performance

205
00:16:21,500 --> 00:16:22,880
of the buildings on its sides.

206
00:16:29,370 --> 00:17:04,720
Secondly, instead
of as in England,

207
00:17:04,720 --> 00:17:10,329
every effort was made to connect
the space beyond the old city

208
00:17:10,329 --> 00:17:12,970
with its center city.

209
00:17:12,970 --> 00:17:20,220
In this case, the old city
was where workers lived

210
00:17:20,220 --> 00:17:21,780
and-- sorry, not the old city.

211
00:17:21,780 --> 00:17:27,060
This is the old city,
where people were poor,

212
00:17:27,060 --> 00:17:31,440
where there were factories,
where hygiene was

213
00:17:31,440 --> 00:17:33,770
unclean and untaken care of.

214
00:17:49,830 --> 00:17:56,230
[INAUDIBLE] from here to
here is equivalent in size

215
00:17:56,230 --> 00:17:58,150
to the whole city.

216
00:17:58,150 --> 00:17:59,090
To the old city.

217
00:17:59,090 --> 00:17:59,590
Sorry.

218
00:17:59,590 --> 00:18:02,020
I'm talking badly this morning.

219
00:18:02,020 --> 00:18:04,360
To the old city.

220
00:18:04,360 --> 00:18:10,150
So you've constructed a
new city along one line

221
00:18:10,150 --> 00:18:11,760
2 and 1/2 miles long.

222
00:18:25,900 --> 00:18:29,700
It should come therefore
as no surprise that in 1919

223
00:18:29,700 --> 00:18:34,470
when socialists
took over the city

224
00:18:34,470 --> 00:18:38,550
that they would concentrate
their efforts in the area

225
00:18:38,550 --> 00:18:41,100
beyond the Ringstrasse.

226
00:18:41,100 --> 00:18:44,880
Karl Marx-Hof-- we took a
look at in a little detail--

227
00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:49,710
exists outside of the ring.

228
00:18:49,710 --> 00:18:55,740
The ring didn't contain the
elements of the feudal city.

229
00:18:55,740 --> 00:18:59,520
Since Stephen's Church was
not replaced in the ring,

230
00:18:59,520 --> 00:19:04,200
the vote of church in the
ring is simply a thanksgiving

231
00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:07,470
for Vienna's victories.

232
00:19:11,170 --> 00:19:14,070
The royal palace
ensemble, which is

233
00:19:14,070 --> 00:19:17,670
a large part of the
old city, attempted

234
00:19:17,670 --> 00:19:20,760
to penetrate onto the ring.

235
00:19:20,760 --> 00:19:24,300
Gottfried Semper did a
plan for the extension

236
00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:32,220
of the royal palace site to the
ring, which has sort of softly

237
00:19:32,220 --> 00:19:34,980
connected but not.

238
00:19:34,980 --> 00:19:37,110
The presence on the
ring is everything

239
00:19:37,110 --> 00:19:39,360
to do with a
middle-class economy.

240
00:19:47,350 --> 00:19:56,830
It's the classic example
of a road space dominating

241
00:19:56,830 --> 00:20:00,370
everything that surrounds it.

242
00:20:13,220 --> 00:20:15,610
In a few minutes time when--

243
00:20:15,610 --> 00:20:17,650
towards the end of
our story, then I

244
00:20:17,650 --> 00:20:22,840
will concentrate on the
difference between proponents

245
00:20:22,840 --> 00:20:28,210
of archaism like Camillo
Sitte and Otto Wagner,

246
00:20:28,210 --> 00:20:29,410
the great modernist.

247
00:20:32,200 --> 00:20:42,760
It's interesting, though, Wagner
the modernist was fascinated

248
00:20:42,760 --> 00:20:45,040
by the possibility
that one could move

249
00:20:45,040 --> 00:20:50,110
along a street and the street
could be there primarily

250
00:20:50,110 --> 00:20:55,060
because it supports the
significant phenomenon

251
00:20:55,060 --> 00:20:57,790
of movement.

252
00:20:57,790 --> 00:21:01,540
The buildings on the
side of the street

253
00:21:01,540 --> 00:21:05,080
had no unifying architecture.

254
00:21:05,080 --> 00:21:05,815
In the complex--

255
00:21:09,420 --> 00:21:13,200
I'll quote you from somebody
who liked the complex, which

256
00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:18,270
is the city hall, the theater,
the university, and parliament.

257
00:21:18,270 --> 00:21:25,260
I quote-- I ran from one
object of interest to another.

258
00:21:25,260 --> 00:21:28,050
For hours, I would
gaze at the parliament.

259
00:21:28,050 --> 00:21:31,170
The whole ring
boulevard seemed to me

260
00:21:31,170 --> 00:21:35,610
like an enchantment
from the 1,001 nights.

261
00:21:35,610 --> 00:21:36,450
Who was this?

262
00:21:40,671 --> 00:21:43,460
He became a significant
figure in history.

263
00:21:43,460 --> 00:21:45,362
Even you might know who he is.

264
00:21:48,080 --> 00:21:50,132
Adolf Hitler.

265
00:21:50,132 --> 00:21:52,880
He wanted to study
architecture in Vienna,

266
00:21:52,880 --> 00:21:54,830
and they wouldn't let him.

267
00:21:54,830 --> 00:21:55,779
Pity.

268
00:21:55,779 --> 00:21:59,272
[LAUGHTER]

269
00:22:04,770 --> 00:22:12,690
There was something
about this complex which

270
00:22:12,690 --> 00:22:14,910
exemplifies the interest in--

271
00:22:17,710 --> 00:22:19,600
not the interest
in, but the fact

272
00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:23,500
that there was no consuming
architectural style

273
00:22:23,500 --> 00:22:25,960
which could unify a street.

274
00:22:25,960 --> 00:22:32,920
For instance, in this complex,
expression then was used.

275
00:22:32,920 --> 00:22:38,140
The town hall is compared
to a free medieval commune

276
00:22:38,140 --> 00:22:40,930
and is built in Gothic style.

277
00:22:40,930 --> 00:22:46,960
The theater exemplifies
the aesthetic enthusiasm

278
00:22:46,960 --> 00:22:50,200
and is therefore given
the Baroque style.

279
00:22:50,200 --> 00:22:54,160
The university is the symbol
of enlightened culture.

280
00:22:54,160 --> 00:22:56,530
It's given the
Renaissance style.

281
00:22:56,530 --> 00:22:58,840
Parliament is democracy.

282
00:22:58,840 --> 00:23:02,290
It's given the Greek style.

283
00:23:02,290 --> 00:23:07,570
We did some work in
Bratislava in Slovakia.

284
00:23:07,570 --> 00:23:12,280
Bratislava and Vienna are
the two closest capitals

285
00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:16,660
in the world of
neighboring countries.

286
00:23:16,660 --> 00:23:23,230
We had meetings with the
deputy mayor of Vienna, who is

287
00:23:23,230 --> 00:23:25,445
the chief of Vienna's planning.

288
00:23:29,140 --> 00:23:35,080
To find his office in
this Gothic construction,

289
00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:43,708
this large Gothic construction,
takes almost a supporting dog.

290
00:23:43,708 --> 00:23:45,460
[LAUGHTER]

291
00:23:45,460 --> 00:23:51,190
It is still an
amazing construction.

292
00:23:55,570 --> 00:24:01,960
Camillo Sitte archaism
was to counter

293
00:24:01,960 --> 00:24:06,700
the flow of continuous
movement in cities.

294
00:24:06,700 --> 00:24:15,940
For him, he would break up the
continuity by creating plazas,

295
00:24:15,940 --> 00:24:19,480
had significant intervals
along the street.

296
00:24:19,480 --> 00:24:23,130
I'll show you a slide for his
proposal for one of the plazas.

297
00:24:26,860 --> 00:24:33,520
There was no such
enthusiasm for curtailing

298
00:24:33,520 --> 00:24:39,050
the emphasis of this
middle-class continuity.

299
00:24:45,700 --> 00:24:59,120
I'll just-- imagine
choosing to build buildings

300
00:24:59,120 --> 00:25:04,970
according to an image of
the essential performance

301
00:25:04,970 --> 00:25:10,520
and therefore to choose
the historical style which

302
00:25:10,520 --> 00:25:13,010
supports that.

303
00:25:13,010 --> 00:25:15,845
I can't think of it
being done anywhere else.

304
00:25:18,710 --> 00:25:22,760
By concentrating on
the power of a street,

305
00:25:22,760 --> 00:25:25,940
perhaps it frees you from any--

306
00:25:25,940 --> 00:25:29,540
it allows you to
accept any device

307
00:25:29,540 --> 00:25:33,120
to create the
architecture along it.

308
00:25:33,120 --> 00:25:37,820
There's something about
a system of streets,

309
00:25:37,820 --> 00:25:41,900
a simple system of
public ways which

310
00:25:41,900 --> 00:25:45,020
may enable the
environment or which

311
00:25:45,020 --> 00:25:52,720
supports it to be free of having
to perform those functions,

312
00:25:52,720 --> 00:25:55,060
a continuous facade functions.

313
00:25:59,410 --> 00:26:02,380
It's a thought which
strikes me from Vienna.

314
00:26:08,700 --> 00:26:13,170
If you allowed Zaha
Hadid to build in Vienna

315
00:26:13,170 --> 00:26:15,900
in the old city of
Vienna, at least

316
00:26:15,900 --> 00:26:18,840
you'd have the
Ringstrasse to hold you

317
00:26:18,840 --> 00:26:20,430
into some public format.

318
00:26:24,420 --> 00:26:28,080
The trouble with the new Vienna
on the north side of the river

319
00:26:28,080 --> 00:26:33,120
is that it has no armature
either of the old city

320
00:26:33,120 --> 00:26:36,160
or of the ring structure
to hold it together.

321
00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:41,610
You have buildings which the
entrances to the buildings

322
00:26:41,610 --> 00:26:43,950
are unidentifiable.

323
00:26:43,950 --> 00:26:48,210
It is the biggest load of
garbage I've ever seen,

324
00:26:48,210 --> 00:26:50,760
done by some of Europe's
great architects.

325
00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:57,490
This organization in
the ring structure

326
00:26:57,490 --> 00:27:02,050
of buildings knowing and
showing where you enter them--

327
00:27:02,050 --> 00:27:06,970
this is true of all of the
buildings of the old city.

328
00:27:06,970 --> 00:27:11,090
There's a logic to
where a street is--

329
00:27:11,090 --> 00:27:15,760
that the street is public,
that once you leave the street

330
00:27:15,760 --> 00:27:21,300
you are directed by a building
[INAUDIBLE] performance.

331
00:27:24,730 --> 00:27:29,350
It's a powerful conjunction.

332
00:27:29,350 --> 00:27:33,140
The Ringstrasse is
about 200 feet wide,

333
00:27:33,140 --> 00:27:36,940
which is about the width
of Commonwealth Avenue,

334
00:27:36,940 --> 00:27:37,570
if I remember.

335
00:27:44,920 --> 00:27:54,630
The housing on both
on the Ringstrasse

336
00:27:54,630 --> 00:27:56,160
was private housing.

337
00:27:56,160 --> 00:28:01,290
Again, the tradition of the
middle class emulating formally

338
00:28:01,290 --> 00:28:10,170
the facade idea of
the royalty occurs.

339
00:28:10,170 --> 00:28:14,550
I will show you slides of
the facades of something

340
00:28:14,550 --> 00:28:17,020
called a [INAUDIBLE] house.

341
00:28:17,020 --> 00:28:19,230
This is a condominium building.

342
00:28:19,230 --> 00:28:23,280
The lots were large, and
the accumulated building

343
00:28:23,280 --> 00:28:26,460
of a kind which we
now to accept is

344
00:28:26,460 --> 00:28:33,630
common was accepted as the mode.

345
00:28:33,630 --> 00:28:42,780
The financing of the
Ringstrasse was largely state,

346
00:28:42,780 --> 00:28:47,460
but also the land was free.

347
00:28:47,460 --> 00:28:52,050
So when it-- because of
the glacis and the walls

348
00:28:52,050 --> 00:28:55,240
belonged to nobody
but the state.

349
00:28:55,240 --> 00:29:03,390
So the money made in privatizing
the parts of the Ringstrasse

350
00:29:03,390 --> 00:29:07,980
for housing or offices
meant a return of income

351
00:29:07,980 --> 00:29:11,850
to the city, which they
could use for parks

352
00:29:11,850 --> 00:29:14,340
and other public facilities.

353
00:29:19,920 --> 00:29:26,370
It's interesting that throughout
the formal agenda of buildings

354
00:29:26,370 --> 00:29:29,760
in the various cities,
from the feudal city

355
00:29:29,760 --> 00:29:33,960
to the Ringstrasse of the
city to the socialist city,

356
00:29:33,960 --> 00:29:36,060
certain archetypal ideas--

357
00:29:36,060 --> 00:29:40,050
for instance Karl Marx-Hof
has sculpture on the facade.

358
00:29:40,050 --> 00:29:42,220
There's flags on the facade.

359
00:29:42,220 --> 00:29:50,250
This is a Marxist
socialist environment,

360
00:29:50,250 --> 00:29:55,230
which still pays tribute
to the Royal appurtenances.

361
00:29:55,230 --> 00:29:59,790
There's a strong sense of the
need to maintain continuity

362
00:29:59,790 --> 00:30:03,120
throughout the history
of this modern city,

363
00:30:03,120 --> 00:30:11,770
or certainly from 1860 onward.

364
00:30:11,770 --> 00:30:17,350
A few words about
archaism versus modernism.

365
00:30:19,930 --> 00:30:23,865
Camillo Sitte was an
architect and critic

366
00:30:23,865 --> 00:30:27,580
who wrote a book which
had a lot of influence.

367
00:30:31,590 --> 00:30:37,770
He was against the evident
preoccupation of modernism

368
00:30:37,770 --> 00:30:42,780
with economic progress,
with speed, with fluidity,

369
00:30:42,780 --> 00:30:48,270
with movement against
the rationalization

370
00:30:48,270 --> 00:30:51,750
of traffic, and hygiene,
and the technology

371
00:30:51,750 --> 00:30:56,610
which is appropriate for
that kind of performance.

372
00:30:56,610 --> 00:30:58,410
He was much more
interested in the world

373
00:30:58,410 --> 00:31:01,800
of the artisan, the
world of the guilds,

374
00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:04,740
much like [? Raskin ?]
perhaps in London.

375
00:31:04,740 --> 00:31:09,810
He was attracted by
the labor quality

376
00:31:09,810 --> 00:31:17,790
of the guild, the disappearance
of the guild and the artisan.

377
00:31:17,790 --> 00:31:23,700
He was a great admirer
of Richard Wagner.

378
00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:28,890
He was fascinated by
[INAUDIBLE] [? work, ?]

379
00:31:28,890 --> 00:31:33,165
the idea of bringing a genuine
folk art to bear on the city.

380
00:31:38,880 --> 00:31:47,520
For him, the Ringstrasse, which
was a continuous open space,

381
00:31:47,520 --> 00:31:57,200
was a form of
enclosure which was

382
00:31:57,200 --> 00:32:03,620
antithetical to his view
of what a city needed.

383
00:32:03,620 --> 00:32:10,220
A city needed places, public
enclosure, continuity,

384
00:32:10,220 --> 00:32:15,710
understanding, a kind of
psychometric condition

385
00:32:15,710 --> 00:32:18,860
in which everything
which was close to you

386
00:32:18,860 --> 00:32:21,810
would fit to your emotional.

387
00:32:21,810 --> 00:32:23,390
So if you saw a
big building, you

388
00:32:23,390 --> 00:32:27,500
would appreciate its bigness
because it had a purpose,

389
00:32:27,500 --> 00:32:32,450
and you had a continuous space,
a public space from which you

390
00:32:32,450 --> 00:32:37,040
could appreciate its
emotional circumstance

391
00:32:37,040 --> 00:32:40,760
rather than being disrupted
by the continuous flow

392
00:32:40,760 --> 00:32:43,520
of an open-ended system.

393
00:32:43,520 --> 00:32:48,600
Richard Otto Wagner,
on the other hand--

394
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:55,190
I might point out that Camillo
Sitte was not the only person.

395
00:32:55,190 --> 00:32:58,040
He was an advocate
of the picturesque,

396
00:32:58,040 --> 00:33:01,790
of the effect of the
emotional, but he

397
00:33:01,790 --> 00:33:08,000
was one of the people who
started worrying about the fact

398
00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:15,500
that city planning in Europe was
[? wissenschaft, ?] was moving

399
00:33:15,500 --> 00:33:21,530
in its representation only of
the two-dimensional surface

400
00:33:21,530 --> 00:33:23,420
of the city.

401
00:33:23,420 --> 00:33:27,980
For Sitte, the third
dimension was being excluded.

402
00:33:27,980 --> 00:33:32,780
Referring to Baumeister's,
the German books

403
00:33:32,780 --> 00:33:34,550
on traffic engineering.

404
00:33:34,550 --> 00:33:40,430
Baumeister's book of 1876
and Heinrich Steuben's book

405
00:33:40,430 --> 00:33:42,830
of 1907.

406
00:33:42,830 --> 00:33:46,490
Quote, the traffic systems
and direction of their flow

407
00:33:46,490 --> 00:33:51,800
form the basis of the plan
of construction of cities.

408
00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:57,710
So city growth, city
enlargement, city planning

409
00:33:57,710 --> 00:34:05,500
was seen as a two-dimensional
exercise of the organization

410
00:34:05,500 --> 00:34:08,110
of movement.

411
00:34:08,110 --> 00:34:12,460
Wagner was too
sensitive an architect.

412
00:34:12,460 --> 00:34:16,389
In fact, he was a kind
of hybrid personality.

413
00:34:16,389 --> 00:34:21,010
The demands of efficiency,
economy, and physics

414
00:34:21,010 --> 00:34:22,550
were attractive to him.

415
00:34:22,550 --> 00:34:23,800
He was a modern man.

416
00:34:23,800 --> 00:34:26,420
He believed the
city could expand,

417
00:34:26,420 --> 00:34:29,830
and his project for
the expansion of Vienna

418
00:34:29,830 --> 00:34:34,750
are reproductions of
the old city of Vienna,

419
00:34:34,750 --> 00:34:41,800
about 100,000 to 150,000 units
all linked by movement systems.

420
00:34:41,800 --> 00:34:45,400
He spent his time
building buildings

421
00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:49,210
for the new Danube
canal sluice gates.

422
00:34:49,210 --> 00:34:53,710
He did the wonderful
subway stop,

423
00:34:53,710 --> 00:34:57,640
the [? car ?] [? plots ?] and
a number of the subway stops

424
00:34:57,640 --> 00:34:59,730
in the new Vienna subway system.

425
00:34:59,730 --> 00:35:12,120
At the same time, he designed
neoclassical monuments.

426
00:35:12,120 --> 00:35:15,210
His great [INAUDIBLE]
Vienna should

427
00:35:15,210 --> 00:35:26,820
go to see his small church in
the medical facility, housing

428
00:35:26,820 --> 00:35:31,260
facility in the city.

429
00:35:31,260 --> 00:35:34,140
It's been restored
with a golden dome

430
00:35:34,140 --> 00:35:38,010
and doesn't look like anything
that a modernist would

431
00:35:38,010 --> 00:35:40,140
have anything to do with.

432
00:35:40,140 --> 00:35:42,180
Perhaps his most
significant building

433
00:35:42,180 --> 00:35:47,070
is the Postal Savings
Bank on the Ringstrasse,

434
00:35:47,070 --> 00:35:50,130
the only building that he built
on the ring dresser, which

435
00:35:50,130 --> 00:35:54,150
has a rectangular
grid set of windows.

436
00:35:54,150 --> 00:35:57,030
But between the grid
of windows, there

437
00:35:57,030 --> 00:36:02,400
are [? French ?] tiles decorated
with floral decorations,

438
00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:04,580
sinews, floral decorations.

439
00:36:30,490 --> 00:36:33,115
You know, I've said most of
the things that I want to say.

440
00:36:43,780 --> 00:36:47,170
Amongst Otto
Wagner's fascination

441
00:36:47,170 --> 00:36:52,330
was what he called the painless
uncertainty of modernism,

442
00:36:52,330 --> 00:36:59,900
which is an extraordinary kind
of comment that if you pay--

443
00:36:59,900 --> 00:37:04,300
Wagner in my mind was a
brilliantly confused man

444
00:37:04,300 --> 00:37:08,710
at the time of the
intersection of traditionalism

445
00:37:08,710 --> 00:37:09,730
with modernism.

446
00:37:12,280 --> 00:37:15,370
For those of you who want
to study his architecture,

447
00:37:15,370 --> 00:37:17,470
look at the work of
a great architect.

448
00:37:20,350 --> 00:37:24,070
He had an enormous influence
for a number of his students

449
00:37:24,070 --> 00:37:31,210
were involved in the building
of the hofs after 1919.

450
00:37:31,210 --> 00:37:34,270
But the idea of
painless uncertainty,

451
00:37:34,270 --> 00:37:38,680
that one is not going
to be sure about what

452
00:37:38,680 --> 00:37:41,570
is going to happen over time.

453
00:37:41,570 --> 00:37:44,200
In fact, it is
impossible to know what's

454
00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:47,110
going to happen over
time, and therefore you

455
00:37:47,110 --> 00:37:52,090
have to try to understand
how to deal with uncertainty.

456
00:37:52,090 --> 00:37:57,940
This is the first time that I
think a 19th century architect

457
00:37:57,940 --> 00:38:05,570
or city person makes an
important statement about what

458
00:38:05,570 --> 00:38:10,060
preoccupies a lot of the
thinking in the 20th century

459
00:38:10,060 --> 00:38:12,070
and still does today--

460
00:38:12,070 --> 00:38:18,850
that is open-mindedness,
diversity, change, and a number

461
00:38:18,850 --> 00:38:22,000
of the associated phenomena.

462
00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:25,060
We'll see in Cerda's
plan for Barcelona

463
00:38:25,060 --> 00:38:30,260
an attempt to allow
for that to take place.

464
00:38:30,260 --> 00:38:38,590
But just two other stories.

465
00:38:38,590 --> 00:38:45,880
The post-1919 story.

466
00:38:45,880 --> 00:38:51,200
The real estate speculation
after the rebuilding

467
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:55,640
of the Ringstrasse had resulted
in enormous increases in rent

468
00:38:55,640 --> 00:38:58,310
for porting housing
conditions for working class.

469
00:39:01,510 --> 00:39:07,690
And the 1917 census showed
that 73% of Vienna housing

470
00:39:07,690 --> 00:39:12,890
was quote, in unspeakable
conditions of overcrowding

471
00:39:12,890 --> 00:39:13,390
and hygiene.

472
00:39:20,340 --> 00:39:27,270
Workers were paying 25% of
their income to housing.

473
00:39:27,270 --> 00:39:32,160
In 1919, Vienna
became Red Vienna

474
00:39:32,160 --> 00:39:38,190
with the socialist majority,
and Red Vienna has remained.

475
00:39:38,190 --> 00:39:40,740
There's a book by
Eve Blau at Harvard

476
00:39:40,740 --> 00:39:45,670
on Red Vienna which
is worth looking at,

477
00:39:45,670 --> 00:39:50,250
but this was a time when the
London County Council in London

478
00:39:50,250 --> 00:39:55,995
was established a similar
planning operation in Berlin.

479
00:39:58,530 --> 00:40:06,990
From 1919 to 1925, they
invested in a radical policy

480
00:40:06,990 --> 00:40:12,810
of land acquisition,
law controlling rent,

481
00:40:12,810 --> 00:40:16,740
and the building
of new apartments.

482
00:40:16,740 --> 00:40:22,020
By 1934, they had
built 63,700 dwellings,

483
00:40:22,020 --> 00:40:29,610
equivalent to 70% of the entire
production between the wars.

484
00:40:29,610 --> 00:40:34,680
Housing was something like a
tenth of the city's population.

485
00:40:34,680 --> 00:40:36,480
There was a
controversy about what

486
00:40:36,480 --> 00:40:41,550
form these new socialist
housing should take place.

487
00:40:41,550 --> 00:40:48,150
Adolf Loos and a number
of other architects

488
00:40:48,150 --> 00:40:52,500
proposed following
the German example

489
00:40:52,500 --> 00:40:54,840
of the [? siedlungen. ?]
The siedlungen,

490
00:40:54,840 --> 00:40:59,250
but the famous
siedlungen in Stuttgart

491
00:40:59,250 --> 00:41:03,540
and so on were
examples of housing

492
00:41:03,540 --> 00:41:10,410
the poor in green
circumstances with houses

493
00:41:10,410 --> 00:41:15,750
which were single family with
gardens and self-sufficiency

494
00:41:15,750 --> 00:41:18,210
that deprived from the
center of the city.

495
00:41:24,770 --> 00:41:30,560
Another group of people
felt that it was about time

496
00:41:30,560 --> 00:41:34,070
that the workers made
their presence felt,

497
00:41:34,070 --> 00:41:38,600
and the way they could
make their presence

498
00:41:38,600 --> 00:41:43,940
felt was to develop a pugnacious
housing response to the market

499
00:41:43,940 --> 00:41:45,140
housing.

500
00:41:45,140 --> 00:41:50,660
This took the form of
the hof, H-O-F. "Hof"

501
00:41:50,660 --> 00:41:58,610
is the same word in
German as "court".

502
00:41:58,610 --> 00:42:04,220
So by calling their
housing a court,

503
00:42:04,220 --> 00:42:09,560
they have another reflection
back to the feudal city.

504
00:42:09,560 --> 00:42:12,260
It seems to me that
revolutionists never

505
00:42:12,260 --> 00:42:14,840
abandon everything.

506
00:42:14,840 --> 00:42:18,080
They abandoned the
key variable, or they

507
00:42:18,080 --> 00:42:21,020
destroy the key
variable, the market,

508
00:42:21,020 --> 00:42:25,940
and maintain everything
else of a secondary order.

509
00:42:25,940 --> 00:42:31,100
We look at this when we discuss
the post-revolutionary work

510
00:42:31,100 --> 00:42:40,130
in Russia from 1917,
particularly to 1932,

511
00:42:40,130 --> 00:42:46,280
in the work of the disurbanists,
and urbanists, and others.

512
00:42:46,280 --> 00:42:53,442
Karl Marx-Hof of is the
largest of the enterprises.

513
00:42:53,442 --> 00:42:54,650
There were a number of them--

514
00:42:57,620 --> 00:43:01,460
[INAUDIBLE],, [? Viessmann ?]
Hof, [INAUDIBLE] Hof,

515
00:43:01,460 --> 00:43:04,760
[INAUDIBLE] Hof,
[INAUDIBLE] Hof--

516
00:43:04,760 --> 00:43:10,590
built between 1924 and 1927.

517
00:43:10,590 --> 00:43:14,730
Karl Ehn, the architect
for Karl Marx-Hof,

518
00:43:14,730 --> 00:43:18,240
is a rather
undistinguished figure.

519
00:43:18,240 --> 00:43:21,060
He worked in the
city government.

520
00:43:21,060 --> 00:43:22,200
He had done some housing.

521
00:43:26,310 --> 00:43:32,230
Unfortunately, stayed on and
worked for the Nazis as well,

522
00:43:32,230 --> 00:43:38,010
so maybe his vocabulary
was very widespread.

523
00:43:38,010 --> 00:43:41,730
Karl Marx-Hof was
a pugnacious island

524
00:43:41,730 --> 00:43:48,750
which built apartments,
1,380 apartments,

525
00:43:48,750 --> 00:43:54,630
plus a large interior
space containing nurseries,

526
00:43:54,630 --> 00:43:59,910
collective laundries, library,
offices shops, clinic,

527
00:43:59,910 --> 00:44:00,810
and so on.

528
00:44:05,050 --> 00:44:07,690
This period didn't
last very long,

529
00:44:07,690 --> 00:44:18,300
and Karl Marx-Hof and
Red Vienna remained

530
00:44:18,300 --> 00:44:23,790
as a kind of intellectual
fascination for our urbanists

531
00:44:23,790 --> 00:44:25,650
afterwards.

532
00:44:25,650 --> 00:44:29,220
Karl Marx-Hof is still
worth visiting today.

533
00:44:29,220 --> 00:44:31,800
It's located connected
to the center

534
00:44:31,800 --> 00:44:38,820
of the city by light rail,
by heavy rail, by bus.

535
00:44:38,820 --> 00:44:40,680
It's easy to get to.

536
00:44:40,680 --> 00:44:42,240
It's extraordinarily large.

537
00:44:45,330 --> 00:44:46,765
Has anybody been to Vienna?

538
00:44:50,710 --> 00:44:52,731
What did you see in Vienna?

539
00:44:52,731 --> 00:44:54,575
AUDIENCE: Museum [INAUDIBLE].

540
00:44:54,575 --> 00:44:56,420
[LAUGHTER]

541
00:44:56,420 --> 00:44:57,930
JULIAN BEINART: I
don't blame you.

542
00:44:57,930 --> 00:45:00,640
Wonderful museum.

543
00:45:00,640 --> 00:45:02,770
You couldn't go to a
concert, I suppose.

544
00:45:02,770 --> 00:45:04,370
AUDIENCE: No, I just--

545
00:45:04,370 --> 00:45:09,280
JULIAN BEINART: There's no
democracy of tickets in Vienna.

546
00:45:09,280 --> 00:45:14,440
I had to listen to the Vienna
Philharmonic play in Cleveland

547
00:45:14,440 --> 00:45:17,270
because I've always wanted to
hear the Vienna Philharmonic

548
00:45:17,270 --> 00:45:17,770
play.

549
00:45:20,770 --> 00:45:22,660
Vienna Philharmonic
didn't include

550
00:45:22,660 --> 00:45:26,620
women in the [INAUDIBLE]
until relatively recently,

551
00:45:26,620 --> 00:45:30,620
so there are a
lot of throwbacks.

552
00:45:30,620 --> 00:45:35,260
Their attitude towards Jews
is signally despicable.

553
00:45:35,260 --> 00:45:38,800
Gustav Mahler who was
born a Jew and a bohemian.

554
00:45:38,800 --> 00:45:42,400
In order to become the
conductor of the Vienna

555
00:45:42,400 --> 00:45:45,820
[? Philharmonic, ?] he had
become Catholic temporarily so

556
00:45:45,820 --> 00:45:47,860
that he could play music.

557
00:45:47,860 --> 00:45:49,780
Extraordinary stories.

558
00:45:49,780 --> 00:45:55,090
You should go to the
Judenplatz in the old city,

559
00:45:55,090 --> 00:45:57,550
where the Jews were massacred.

560
00:45:57,550 --> 00:46:01,560
There's a wonderful sculpture
by the British sculptor.

561
00:46:01,560 --> 00:46:06,670
A woman-- I forget her name--

562
00:46:06,670 --> 00:46:14,655
built a concrete sculpture
made of books as a remnant.

563
00:46:18,060 --> 00:46:21,990
There's one last
thing about Vienna.

564
00:46:21,990 --> 00:46:31,680
The last 10, 20 years of the
end of that century, Vienna

565
00:46:31,680 --> 00:46:36,630
underwent one of the
great cultural performance

566
00:46:36,630 --> 00:46:42,960
spans which we associate
with great cities.

567
00:46:42,960 --> 00:46:52,350
We associate it with
15th century Florence,

568
00:46:52,350 --> 00:46:55,500
the great painters, the great
sculptors, the Medici family.

569
00:46:58,500 --> 00:47:01,740
This is a similar
period in the West.

570
00:47:05,160 --> 00:47:09,240
We have the transference
from 19th century

571
00:47:09,240 --> 00:47:12,660
romantic music to modern music.

572
00:47:15,300 --> 00:47:21,480
Brahms died in 1897.

573
00:47:21,480 --> 00:47:28,440
Schoenberg lived from 1874
to 1951, Alban Berg from 1885

574
00:47:28,440 --> 00:47:36,960
to 1935, Anton Webern 1852
to 1945, Gustav Mahler

575
00:47:36,960 --> 00:47:40,680
from 1860 to 1911.

576
00:47:40,680 --> 00:47:42,840
These were the
people who invented

577
00:47:42,840 --> 00:47:48,480
the post-romantic music for us.

578
00:47:48,480 --> 00:47:51,060
You may not like the music.

579
00:47:51,060 --> 00:47:55,800
Amongst them, only Mahlers
are now conventionally played

580
00:47:55,800 --> 00:48:00,180
by the Boston [INAUDIBLE].

581
00:48:00,180 --> 00:48:04,380
Very few people play Schoenberg
except in their living rooms.

582
00:48:08,370 --> 00:48:13,320
[INAUDIBLE] opera is
performed now and then,

583
00:48:13,320 --> 00:48:14,535
Alban Berg's music.

584
00:48:17,440 --> 00:48:21,250
But this the significance
of a city, that it

585
00:48:21,250 --> 00:48:25,390
can transform culture
in significant ways.

586
00:48:25,390 --> 00:48:28,930
Why it happens in cities--

587
00:48:28,930 --> 00:48:29,780
Austria.

588
00:48:29,780 --> 00:48:35,770
Vienna was not it economic
after the separation of the--

589
00:48:35,770 --> 00:48:39,160
no, that took
place-- it was later.

590
00:48:39,160 --> 00:48:41,650
There are a number of theories
as to why this happened.

591
00:48:41,650 --> 00:48:43,900
Peter Hall, the
British urbanist,

592
00:48:43,900 --> 00:48:46,240
has written about this
in one of his books.

593
00:48:50,020 --> 00:48:52,930
There's a sort of culmination
of the coming together

594
00:48:52,930 --> 00:48:58,060
of all of the elements of
good culture in a place.

595
00:48:58,060 --> 00:49:03,310
This despite anti-Semitism,
violent anti-Semitism

596
00:49:03,310 --> 00:49:06,490
which was taken
over by the Nazis

597
00:49:06,490 --> 00:49:08,905
when they took over Austria.

598
00:49:17,200 --> 00:49:26,980
It happened in New
York from 1945 to 1970

599
00:49:26,980 --> 00:49:30,970
with the invention of a number
of new forms of modern art.

600
00:49:30,970 --> 00:49:36,880
The great painters,
Jackson Pollock and others.

601
00:49:39,760 --> 00:49:42,190
I just mentioned it
because it's something

602
00:49:42,190 --> 00:49:45,790
that is not indulged in.

603
00:49:45,790 --> 00:49:52,330
Not many cities in the world
grabbed the world by its--

604
00:49:52,330 --> 00:49:56,050
and it's very
difficult to explain

605
00:49:56,050 --> 00:50:01,460
what in the history of
Vienna predicted this.

606
00:50:01,460 --> 00:50:07,630
It's certainly true that the
great romantic composers--

607
00:50:07,630 --> 00:50:11,720
Mozart, Haydn, and Beethoven--
spent time in Vienna.

608
00:50:11,720 --> 00:50:14,260
Their music was
constantly performed.

609
00:50:14,260 --> 00:50:16,990
People learned to
play the music.

610
00:50:16,990 --> 00:50:20,425
Wittgenstein's
sister, as an example.

611
00:50:23,860 --> 00:50:25,900
There were small
groups of philosophy.

612
00:50:25,900 --> 00:50:29,860
The Vienna Circle, the
philosophers in the 1920s,

613
00:50:29,860 --> 00:50:31,640
was significant.

614
00:50:31,640 --> 00:50:35,710
There was music
played in houses.

615
00:50:35,710 --> 00:50:36,640
People were familiar.

616
00:50:42,980 --> 00:50:47,360
Wittgenstein's father had
a large set of children.

617
00:50:47,360 --> 00:50:48,950
Three of them committed suicide.

618
00:50:51,860 --> 00:50:54,500
They were all musically attuned.

619
00:50:54,500 --> 00:51:00,110
One of them as a child could,
according to a biography,

620
00:51:00,110 --> 00:51:02,260
distinguish between--

621
00:51:02,260 --> 00:51:05,900
when a band played
outside their house,

622
00:51:05,900 --> 00:51:09,050
he could tell what was wrong
with the band's playing.

623
00:51:09,050 --> 00:51:14,010
He could tell which instruments
were playing the wrong music.

624
00:51:14,010 --> 00:51:18,170
So there was a culture of
music built into the society.

625
00:51:18,170 --> 00:51:21,320
I don't know if Freud had
anything to do with music.

626
00:51:21,320 --> 00:51:25,610
He probably was too
busy with his trying

627
00:51:25,610 --> 00:51:28,145
to understand the psychic mind.

628
00:51:31,260 --> 00:51:35,580
So the Vienna story is an art
story of a number of things--

629
00:51:35,580 --> 00:51:39,600
the move from a feudal to a
liberal to a socialist city

630
00:51:39,600 --> 00:51:42,210
and then back to a modern city.

631
00:51:45,770 --> 00:51:48,260
A number of things
that I've touched on.

632
00:51:48,260 --> 00:51:54,290
It's one of the great
cities in history.

633
00:51:54,290 --> 00:52:00,800
It's the only city which built
a single road to dedicate itself

634
00:52:00,800 --> 00:52:05,090
to a new environment,
economically and socially.

635
00:52:07,840 --> 00:52:10,090
And what else can
one say about Vienna?

636
00:52:10,090 --> 00:52:13,660
It's still a city which
is remarkably well

637
00:52:13,660 --> 00:52:16,320
cared for planning-wise.

638
00:52:16,320 --> 00:52:19,840
The deputy mayor had
a staff of something

639
00:52:19,840 --> 00:52:23,800
like 1,500 people in his
planning transportation

640
00:52:23,800 --> 00:52:24,940
section.

641
00:52:24,940 --> 00:52:34,120
It has a journey to work,
which is 60%, I think,

642
00:52:34,120 --> 00:52:39,400
in public transportation, 40%
in private transportation.

643
00:52:39,400 --> 00:52:45,220
It's done very well.

644
00:52:45,220 --> 00:52:49,090
Barcelona is a smaller
city out on the fringes.

645
00:52:49,090 --> 00:52:52,720
All of these cities of
course were Roman cities--

646
00:52:52,720 --> 00:52:55,720
London, Paris,
Vienna, and Barcelona.

647
00:53:03,730 --> 00:53:08,710
The story of Barcelona,
Cerda, and the ensanche

648
00:53:08,710 --> 00:53:11,950
is a complicated story and
requires a lot of time,

649
00:53:11,950 --> 00:53:13,900
so I'll jump very quickly.

650
00:53:16,410 --> 00:53:21,510
The old city of Barcelona
with its Roman walls

651
00:53:21,510 --> 00:53:29,140
and then its enlarged walls was
the densest in Europe in 1830.

652
00:53:29,140 --> 00:53:31,750
It had 300 inhabitants
per hectare.

653
00:53:31,750 --> 00:53:35,385
It was twice the density
of the very dense Paris.

654
00:53:38,140 --> 00:53:57,190
It suffered from epidemics in
1834, 1854, 1864, and 1870.

655
00:53:57,190 --> 00:54:05,020
Between 1837 and 1847, average
life expectancy amongst men

656
00:54:05,020 --> 00:54:11,950
was 38.9 for the rich
and 19.7 for the poor.

657
00:54:11,950 --> 00:54:14,560
It's difficult to believe
that the average life

658
00:54:14,560 --> 00:54:17,720
expectancy could be
under 20 years of age,

659
00:54:17,720 --> 00:54:21,790
but if you include the
infant mortality in that,

660
00:54:21,790 --> 00:54:26,320
infant mortality takes a
large number of deaths.

661
00:54:35,670 --> 00:54:40,800
So we have the condition
of an old city.

662
00:54:40,800 --> 00:54:53,430
No apparent market for the
wealthy occupying the old city.

663
00:54:53,430 --> 00:54:58,080
No program is in Paris or
London for the transformation

664
00:54:58,080 --> 00:55:01,980
of the old city.

665
00:55:01,980 --> 00:55:04,320
There was no royalty
in Barcelona.

666
00:55:04,320 --> 00:55:06,120
Royalty was in Madrid.

667
00:55:06,120 --> 00:55:10,770
There was a constant tension
between Barcelona and Madrid.

668
00:55:10,770 --> 00:55:15,270
In fact, Barcelona claimed
a certain independence

669
00:55:15,270 --> 00:55:21,190
for Catalonia, and
Catalonia has always

670
00:55:21,190 --> 00:55:25,780
been stuck between
Spain and France.

671
00:55:25,780 --> 00:55:28,990
Perhaps that's why Picasso
comes from Catalonia.

672
00:55:34,530 --> 00:55:40,070
I want to jump into the
story of the extension.

673
00:55:46,258 --> 00:55:49,500
The extension is the mark
of one man's thinking.

674
00:55:52,430 --> 00:55:59,790
It was [INAUDIBLE] Ildefons
Cerda born in 1845--

675
00:55:59,790 --> 00:56:00,290
sorry.

676
00:56:00,290 --> 00:56:02,660
1815.

677
00:56:02,660 --> 00:56:07,220
Decided to study engineering,
and at the age of 19

678
00:56:07,220 --> 00:56:08,300
went to Madrid--

679
00:56:08,300 --> 00:56:13,520
he comes from Barcelona,
went to Madrid to study.

680
00:56:13,520 --> 00:56:18,680
Graduated in 1847.

681
00:56:18,680 --> 00:56:24,320
Enlisted in the national
militia from 1841 to 1848.

682
00:56:24,320 --> 00:56:28,520
He did projects in cities in
Spain, highways infrastructure

683
00:56:28,520 --> 00:56:30,980
for the ministry of engineering.

684
00:56:30,980 --> 00:56:35,120
He developed a powerful
political base in Madrid.

685
00:56:35,120 --> 00:56:40,610
He returned to
Barcelona in 1849.

686
00:56:40,610 --> 00:56:44,015
In 1854, the walls
began to be taken down.

687
00:56:48,620 --> 00:56:52,820
Cerda did something
extraordinary.

688
00:56:52,820 --> 00:56:56,255
He first of all decided to
do research in the old city.

689
00:57:00,290 --> 00:57:04,760
In volume three of his book
General Themes of Urbanization,

690
00:57:04,760 --> 00:57:13,160
written in 1858, he details
patterns of food consumption,

691
00:57:13,160 --> 00:57:16,040
compares the old city
with other cities,

692
00:57:16,040 --> 00:57:20,320
detailed maps, mortality rates.

693
00:57:20,320 --> 00:57:22,340
He found that the
bourgeois had an average

694
00:57:22,340 --> 00:57:31,270
of 3.6 cubic meters of space,
where the working class only

695
00:57:31,270 --> 00:57:33,730
had 0.9.

696
00:57:33,730 --> 00:57:35,440
That's four times less.

697
00:57:41,860 --> 00:57:44,590
Imagine this man going
into the old city

698
00:57:44,590 --> 00:57:50,020
and doing all of this work.

699
00:57:50,020 --> 00:57:53,050
I don't know what
his ambitions were,

700
00:57:53,050 --> 00:57:57,670
but this example of
research before plan

701
00:57:57,670 --> 00:58:01,780
stands as the first
time somebody has

702
00:58:01,780 --> 00:58:08,200
taken the obligation to
study existing facts,

703
00:58:08,200 --> 00:58:10,660
especially above poverty.

704
00:58:10,660 --> 00:58:14,780
Remember that Booth's
map in London was 1789.

705
00:58:14,780 --> 00:58:15,280
No.

706
00:58:15,280 --> 00:58:17,800
1879.

707
00:58:17,800 --> 00:58:19,990
This was before
Booth's map of London.

708
00:58:26,620 --> 00:58:29,170
This is not Engels
studying Manchester.

709
00:58:32,080 --> 00:58:36,280
[INAUDIBLE] studied
Manchester partly

710
00:58:36,280 --> 00:58:41,320
to gather the facts on which to
base a large universal theory

711
00:58:41,320 --> 00:58:43,850
of society.

712
00:58:43,850 --> 00:58:49,480
It's unclear what
Cerda was doing.

713
00:58:49,480 --> 00:58:52,150
He just wanted to know facts.

714
00:58:52,150 --> 00:58:54,430
He wanted to know reality.

715
00:58:54,430 --> 00:58:55,870
He had no large theory.

716
00:58:55,870 --> 00:58:57,730
Apparently he didn't have.

717
00:59:02,890 --> 00:59:13,960
In 1859, there was a
competition for designing

718
00:59:13,960 --> 00:59:20,140
a plan outside the old city.

719
00:59:20,140 --> 00:59:29,250
Cerda and a man
called Rovira i Trias

720
00:59:29,250 --> 00:59:34,050
competed for the final
of architects in general.

721
00:59:34,050 --> 00:59:37,800
And most of the
people of Barcelona

722
00:59:37,800 --> 00:59:41,100
preferred Rovira i Trias's plan.

723
00:59:41,100 --> 00:59:46,560
Rovira i Trias took the old
city as the center, created

724
00:59:46,560 --> 00:59:50,720
the [INAUDIBLE]
[? republica ?] north of it,

725
00:59:50,720 --> 00:59:55,800
and from that point radiated
out five avenues out

726
00:59:55,800 --> 00:59:58,330
to the perimeter.

727
00:59:58,330 --> 01:00:05,990
This is a neoclassical plan
which was relatively common

728
01:00:05,990 --> 01:00:07,400
in city expansion.

729
01:00:10,070 --> 01:00:17,540
Cerda's plan was a series of
113 meters by 113 meters blocks,

730
01:00:17,540 --> 01:00:22,850
all identical except for the
disposition of the buildings

731
01:00:22,850 --> 01:00:24,240
on them.

732
01:00:24,240 --> 01:00:29,180
So there was a grid system laid
out over an extensive area.

733
01:00:29,180 --> 01:00:34,760
It could continue
without disruption.

734
01:00:34,760 --> 01:00:42,200
Roads were 20 meters, 35
meters, or 50 meters wide.

735
01:00:42,200 --> 01:00:45,720
There was six cubic meters
of space per person.

736
01:00:45,720 --> 01:00:52,820
It was double the middle
income level at the time.

737
01:00:52,820 --> 01:00:57,950
It was part of Cerda that
was extremely rational.

738
01:00:57,950 --> 01:01:02,930
That formula that is on
the left is his formula

739
01:01:02,930 --> 01:01:15,770
for the width of the road, x
being the side of the block,

740
01:01:15,770 --> 01:01:18,440
2b being the width
of the street,

741
01:01:18,440 --> 01:01:21,090
f being the depth of
the building site,

742
01:01:21,090 --> 01:01:24,350
v being the number of
inhabitants per house,

743
01:01:24,350 --> 01:01:30,440
p equals the squared
meters size per person,

744
01:01:30,440 --> 01:01:33,650
d equals the height
of the facade,

745
01:01:33,650 --> 01:01:39,170
all rationally
calculated to produce it.

746
01:01:39,170 --> 01:01:41,910
The detail of the
formula is not important.

747
01:01:41,910 --> 01:01:45,260
It's nonsense, but
it shows something

748
01:01:45,260 --> 01:01:50,170
about the mind of a person who--

749
01:01:50,170 --> 01:01:53,860
what's going on in his mind?

750
01:01:53,860 --> 01:01:55,420
He's trained as an engineer.

751
01:01:55,420 --> 01:02:00,130
He's worked in cities
all over Spain.

752
01:02:03,100 --> 01:02:06,670
He returns to Barcelona,
spends his efforts

753
01:02:06,670 --> 01:02:10,705
documenting poverty,
then emerges with a plan.

754
01:02:14,510 --> 01:02:17,440
There's an interesting
side story to this.

755
01:02:21,130 --> 01:02:26,890
The critics and writers about
the ensanche in Barcelona

756
01:02:26,890 --> 01:02:29,860
were extraordinarily
loyal to the Barcelona

757
01:02:29,860 --> 01:02:36,640
and to Ildefons Cerda, who is
considered a national hero.

758
01:02:36,640 --> 01:02:42,520
By the way, the reason the
city chose Cerda's plan

759
01:02:42,520 --> 01:02:46,345
over Trias's plan was because
of pressure from Madrid.

760
01:02:50,550 --> 01:02:53,130
Cerda in his years
in Madrid working

761
01:02:53,130 --> 01:02:56,610
for the national militia
had made friends,

762
01:02:56,610 --> 01:03:02,610
and his radical plan
was forced on Barcelona.

763
01:03:02,610 --> 01:03:07,940
Now Barcelona cannot be
happier about the plan.

764
01:03:07,940 --> 01:03:10,560
Cerda is a great hero.

765
01:03:10,560 --> 01:03:15,090
There's an aspect of
Cerda which comes through

766
01:03:15,090 --> 01:03:17,670
not from Barcelonans.

767
01:03:17,670 --> 01:03:21,480
I don't know the Barcelona
literature extensively,

768
01:03:21,480 --> 01:03:25,740
but a man has recently
written a book

769
01:03:25,740 --> 01:03:31,830
pointing out that Cerda belonged
to a small group of people,

770
01:03:31,830 --> 01:03:37,890
intellectuals in Barcelona who
were attracted to socialism.

771
01:03:40,950 --> 01:03:44,460
Amongst their members was
a man called [INAUDIBLE],,

772
01:03:44,460 --> 01:03:48,810
who was one of the designers
of the modern submarine.

773
01:03:48,810 --> 01:03:50,635
Strange people.

774
01:03:50,635 --> 01:03:51,135
Poets.

775
01:03:53,840 --> 01:03:57,440
Apparently, they were
very influenced by French

776
01:03:57,440 --> 01:04:02,730
intellectual utopianist called
Etienne Cabet, C-A-B-E-T,

777
01:04:02,730 --> 01:04:07,550
who wrote a book called
A Voyage to Icaria.

778
01:04:13,720 --> 01:04:22,420
Cabet proposed in his ideal
city a center with the capital,

779
01:04:22,420 --> 01:04:25,210
and then an equal
distribution of space

780
01:04:25,210 --> 01:04:29,180
every 360 degrees
around the center.

781
01:04:32,980 --> 01:04:36,970
Cabet worked in the
British Museum reading room

782
01:04:36,970 --> 01:04:38,830
just like Marx did.

783
01:04:38,830 --> 01:04:40,430
I don't think they
knew each other.

784
01:04:40,430 --> 01:04:43,750
They were years apart.

785
01:04:43,750 --> 01:04:50,170
Cabet insisted that
the United States

786
01:04:50,170 --> 01:04:56,708
was the place to build a
utopia, as many Europeans did.

787
01:04:56,708 --> 01:04:57,625
Fourier, for instance.

788
01:05:01,810 --> 01:05:05,830
There's a paradox about Fourier
and the Fourierist community

789
01:05:05,830 --> 01:05:09,760
in the United States, but that's
for another class when you talk

790
01:05:09,760 --> 01:05:14,140
about utopianism next week.

791
01:05:14,140 --> 01:05:21,010
Cabet bought land in New Orleans
and took 79 Cabetians with him

792
01:05:21,010 --> 01:05:23,650
to New Orleans.

793
01:05:23,650 --> 01:05:25,000
They hated New Orleans.

794
01:05:25,000 --> 01:05:26,800
The climate was awful.

795
01:05:26,800 --> 01:05:30,490
They didn't know anything
about the land they bought.

796
01:05:30,490 --> 01:05:35,180
They were sold a piece of
land which was really bad.

797
01:05:35,180 --> 01:05:40,280
They moved north to Nauvoo,
N-A-U-V-O-O, Illinois,

798
01:05:40,280 --> 01:05:45,730
which is one of the sequence
of places that the Mormons

799
01:05:45,730 --> 01:05:50,440
capitalized on on the trek from
the East Coast to Salt Lake

800
01:05:50,440 --> 01:05:51,670
City.

801
01:05:51,670 --> 01:05:56,410
They took over Nauvoo,
Illinois, which didn't succeed.

802
01:05:56,410 --> 01:05:59,620
[INAUDIBLE],, for instance,
wanted to join them.

803
01:05:59,620 --> 01:06:05,170
He wrote to Etienne Cabet, but
Cabet had died in the meantime,

804
01:06:05,170 --> 01:06:07,870
and the whole enterprise
suffered terribly.

805
01:06:10,910 --> 01:06:18,320
How much of this Cerda knew
or how much of this Cerda

806
01:06:18,320 --> 01:06:23,180
was interested in is
difficult to know.

807
01:06:23,180 --> 01:06:27,170
He remains an enigmatic
figure but a man

808
01:06:27,170 --> 01:06:31,910
who achieved enormous amounts.

809
01:06:31,910 --> 01:06:39,800
His plan was built, built
to a certain degree.

810
01:06:42,950 --> 01:06:54,800
The grid system was maintained,
but the amount and disposition

811
01:06:54,800 --> 01:06:57,730
of this site changed.

812
01:06:57,730 --> 01:07:02,570
It's in the diagram on one
of the pages I gave you.

813
01:07:02,570 --> 01:07:11,000
We'll see Cerda's wish to have
a fluctuating system, where

814
01:07:11,000 --> 01:07:14,960
the site was either occupied
by two buildings, three

815
01:07:14,960 --> 01:07:20,600
buildings, or four completely
enclosed by four buildings.

816
01:07:20,600 --> 01:07:23,480
For Cerda, the
height of the facade

817
01:07:23,480 --> 01:07:28,730
was to be limited
to three floors.

818
01:07:28,730 --> 01:07:32,940
There were no elevators
in existence yet.

819
01:07:32,940 --> 01:07:33,440
Anyway.

820
01:07:41,840 --> 01:07:44,930
The height of the blocks
were 16 meters maximum.

821
01:07:44,930 --> 01:07:47,600
That's a ground floor
and three floors,

822
01:07:47,600 --> 01:07:49,640
and the maximum
coverage was 50%.

823
01:07:56,220 --> 01:08:05,060
Cerda had very little to do with
the application of the plan.

824
01:08:08,520 --> 01:08:13,080
Here there was no accompanying
policy to make sure

825
01:08:13,080 --> 01:08:14,400
who lived in the space.

826
01:08:21,229 --> 01:08:23,270
The number of
devices which we've

827
01:08:23,270 --> 01:08:28,460
invented since Cerda's time to
make sure that we have a mixed

828
01:08:28,460 --> 01:08:33,500
population in space sometimes
as simply as putting

829
01:08:33,500 --> 01:08:38,189
a percentage, 15% on new
development in Cambridge,

830
01:08:38,189 --> 01:08:41,990
Massachusetts to be allocated
to affordable housing

831
01:08:41,990 --> 01:08:45,439
as a part of any
building of new housing.

832
01:08:45,439 --> 01:08:46,760
There was nothing like that.

833
01:08:46,760 --> 01:08:51,350
Cerda envisioned an
equal spatial plan,

834
01:08:51,350 --> 01:08:55,370
and isotropic plan
spatially, but he

835
01:08:55,370 --> 01:08:59,840
didn't understand how to get
an isotropic distribution

836
01:08:59,840 --> 01:09:02,569
of population.

837
01:09:02,569 --> 01:09:08,029
He envisioned baker's living
next to bankers, communities

838
01:09:08,029 --> 01:09:11,240
within this grid, each
with their own school,

839
01:09:11,240 --> 01:09:15,109
and so on, and so on, and so
on, but he played little role

840
01:09:15,109 --> 01:09:20,120
that I know in the
execution of the plan.

841
01:09:20,120 --> 01:09:24,529
There's a great--
oh, I've got to rush.

842
01:09:24,529 --> 01:09:27,310
There's a great paradox here.

843
01:09:27,310 --> 01:09:32,120
Over time, ensanche
has become developed

844
01:09:32,120 --> 01:09:33,469
at a much greater density.

845
01:09:39,450 --> 01:09:47,029
Coverage was increased from
50% to 70%, even more than 70%.

846
01:09:47,029 --> 01:09:52,729
Height was increased
to 24 meters.

847
01:09:52,729 --> 01:09:56,370
The volume of Cerda's
plan was supposed

848
01:09:56,370 --> 01:10:00,430
to be 67,000 meters squared.

849
01:10:00,430 --> 01:10:04,620
The 1958 volume of what
has being built on his plan

850
01:10:04,620 --> 01:10:17,960
is over three times as
much, 290,000 square meters.

851
01:10:17,960 --> 01:10:23,440
The paradox is that if you go
down the [INAUDIBLE],, which

852
01:10:23,440 --> 01:10:27,820
is the great road built through
the ensanche, this great avenue

853
01:10:27,820 --> 01:10:31,060
which I'll show you
an image of, you

854
01:10:31,060 --> 01:10:34,720
can feel the pedestrian volume.

855
01:10:34,720 --> 01:10:40,013
He allowed five meters
of pedestrian width

856
01:10:40,013 --> 01:10:40,930
throughout the scheme.

857
01:10:44,450 --> 01:10:48,260
There's an intensity of urban
intensity in this area, which

858
01:10:48,260 --> 01:10:49,925
is part of its charm.

859
01:10:57,370 --> 01:11:02,860
Cerda's plan was so
pro forma in a sense

860
01:11:02,860 --> 01:11:05,260
that it allowed so
many things to happen

861
01:11:05,260 --> 01:11:09,850
after his time, such as the
increase of density and still,

862
01:11:09,850 --> 01:11:14,530
except for automobile traffic,
able to cope with the world.

863
01:11:14,530 --> 01:11:17,297
The fact that he made
sideways sidewalks that

864
01:11:17,297 --> 01:11:20,320
were all that wide
was an indication

865
01:11:20,320 --> 01:11:26,710
of some thinking about
the advent of density.

866
01:11:26,710 --> 01:11:37,130
He didn't include techniques
which could frustrate

867
01:11:37,130 --> 01:11:40,580
subsequent development.

868
01:11:40,580 --> 01:11:42,770
What happened is
that, as you'll see--

869
01:11:42,770 --> 01:11:46,790
let's look at the pictures now.

870
01:11:46,790 --> 01:11:51,470
The Danube, and Vienna
below on the southern border

871
01:11:51,470 --> 01:11:52,580
of the Danube next.

872
01:11:56,070 --> 01:12:06,570
The walls as walkways and
pedestrian perambulation zones

873
01:12:06,570 --> 01:12:08,310
prior to their being removed.

874
01:12:08,310 --> 01:12:10,255
The glacis on the right.

875
01:12:10,255 --> 01:12:10,755
Next.

876
01:12:14,160 --> 01:12:17,520
The clear space
after the walls have

877
01:12:17,520 --> 01:12:21,390
been taken down, and the
filling in of this space

878
01:12:21,390 --> 01:12:23,490
with a single spine.

879
01:12:23,490 --> 01:12:24,540
Next.

880
01:12:24,540 --> 01:12:35,680
The parliament, town
hall, university, theater,

881
01:12:35,680 --> 01:12:37,870
accommodation.

882
01:12:37,870 --> 01:12:41,290
That's Hitler's drawing of
the parliament, by the way.

883
01:12:41,290 --> 01:12:42,792
Not bad.

884
01:12:42,792 --> 01:12:45,635
He should've got into
architecture school.

885
01:12:45,635 --> 01:12:46,135
Next.

886
01:12:50,530 --> 01:12:54,200
The medieval town hall,
which still exists.

887
01:12:54,200 --> 01:12:54,700
Next.

888
01:12:57,900 --> 01:13:01,140
A [INAUDIBLE],, an
apartment building.

889
01:13:01,140 --> 01:13:11,610
Large blocks, large volume, and
the phenomenon [? again in ?]

890
01:13:11,610 --> 01:13:16,830
[? the ?] facade of decorating
the facade with sculpture.

891
01:13:16,830 --> 01:13:18,870
This is not a flat facade.

892
01:13:18,870 --> 01:13:19,370
Next.

893
01:13:23,160 --> 01:13:26,670
The entrance to the
apartment building

894
01:13:26,670 --> 01:13:40,500
has this zone of almost
regal or royal pertinence.

895
01:13:40,500 --> 01:13:45,390
Again, these decorative
system which is open and free,

896
01:13:45,390 --> 01:13:54,840
giving spatial quality to
the extrinsic experience.

897
01:13:54,840 --> 01:13:57,595
Next.

898
01:13:57,595 --> 01:14:03,570
And Camillo Sitte, a
critique of the what

899
01:14:03,570 --> 01:14:06,510
he calls the turbine
plaza, a plaza in which you

900
01:14:06,510 --> 01:14:08,395
enter and move--

901
01:14:08,395 --> 01:14:11,550
a plaza which is
correctly organized,

902
01:14:11,550 --> 01:14:16,770
where you enter and leave
only in special places.

903
01:14:16,770 --> 01:14:19,530
In the center of
the plaza is a space

904
01:14:19,530 --> 01:14:25,750
for emotional contemplation.

905
01:14:25,750 --> 01:14:34,620
His proposal in the shaded
zones for recreating a proper

906
01:14:34,620 --> 01:14:38,460
appearance in front of the
[? votive ?] [? church, ?]

907
01:14:38,460 --> 01:14:43,920
breaking down the openness,
which is credited to actors

908
01:14:43,920 --> 01:14:45,180
called [INAUDIBLE].

909
01:14:45,180 --> 01:14:49,860
He was afraid of open space,
demarcating space in relation

910
01:14:49,860 --> 01:14:52,300
to particular buildings.

911
01:14:52,300 --> 01:14:52,800
Next.

912
01:14:55,570 --> 01:15:00,520
Otto Wagner's impression for
the expansion of the city

913
01:15:00,520 --> 01:15:04,120
is a series of zones
that articulated

914
01:15:04,120 --> 01:15:08,240
by a kind of expansionist line.

915
01:15:08,240 --> 01:15:13,300
Here is his design
for one of the--

916
01:15:13,300 --> 01:15:21,070
sorry-- or one of the proposed
extension expansion areas.

917
01:15:21,070 --> 01:15:23,590
Next.

918
01:15:23,590 --> 01:15:28,000
His preoccupation with
designing industrial buildings.

919
01:15:28,000 --> 01:15:31,870
This is sluice building
on the Danube canal.

920
01:15:31,870 --> 01:15:34,840
You can see these are--

921
01:15:34,840 --> 01:15:40,450
can you see the wavelike
decoration up on the right?

922
01:15:40,450 --> 01:15:45,430
This is a man who's carrying
a kind of hybrid system

923
01:15:45,430 --> 01:15:50,350
in his head, on the one hand,
wanting to make something as

924
01:15:50,350 --> 01:15:52,940
decidedly modern as possible.

925
01:15:52,940 --> 01:16:00,760
On the other, decorating it
with a frieze facade decoration.

926
01:16:00,760 --> 01:16:07,440
His subway stop, the Karlsplatz.

927
01:16:07,440 --> 01:16:07,940
Next.

928
01:16:11,530 --> 01:16:17,190
His buildings in the railways
[INAUDIBLE] new railway system.

929
01:16:17,190 --> 01:16:21,830
At the same time, this is
a competition entry of his.

930
01:16:21,830 --> 01:16:24,490
I can't remember what
the building was.

931
01:16:24,490 --> 01:16:27,970
I think the Academy
of Fine Arts,

932
01:16:27,970 --> 01:16:31,150
and this is the Postal
Savings Bank building,

933
01:16:31,150 --> 01:16:34,750
where the decorative
system is on the facade

934
01:16:34,750 --> 01:16:38,755
in between the regular
machine-like windows.

935
01:16:38,755 --> 01:16:39,255
Next.

936
01:16:42,910 --> 01:16:47,630
I didn't have time to go
into this in greater detail,

937
01:16:47,630 --> 01:16:54,730
but this is Joseph Hoffman's
work in the industrial design

938
01:16:54,730 --> 01:17:00,880
sector in the great
advances in modern design,

939
01:17:00,880 --> 01:17:04,370
using new materials.

940
01:17:04,370 --> 01:17:11,170
This is a list of the
theater performances

941
01:17:11,170 --> 01:17:15,875
for the weekend in Vienna.

942
01:17:15,875 --> 01:17:16,375
Next.

943
01:17:18,940 --> 01:17:25,930
Mahler's great Symphony
Number Six, and, to my mind,

944
01:17:25,930 --> 01:17:29,770
greatest book of
Freud's interpretation

945
01:17:29,770 --> 01:17:33,075
of dreams in 1911.

946
01:17:33,075 --> 01:17:33,575
Next.

947
01:17:37,170 --> 01:17:41,265
Karl Marx-Hof and some
of the other hof blocks.

948
01:17:45,040 --> 01:17:47,500
Karl Marx-Hof on the left.

949
01:17:47,500 --> 01:17:50,450
I think it's 1 and
1/2 kilometers long.

950
01:17:50,450 --> 01:17:50,950
Next.

951
01:17:54,900 --> 01:18:00,765
The abiding preoccupation
with sculpture and a flag.

952
01:18:08,700 --> 01:18:10,335
These arches are not entrances.

953
01:18:10,335 --> 01:18:13,530
They're zones of penetration.

954
01:18:13,530 --> 01:18:15,570
These are the entrance zones.

955
01:18:15,570 --> 01:18:19,050
Again, they decorate.

956
01:18:19,050 --> 01:18:22,650
Apartments are very small.

957
01:18:22,650 --> 01:18:26,610
Once when I was
visiting this building,

958
01:18:26,610 --> 01:18:30,390
the taxi driver had lived
in this Karl Marx-Hof,

959
01:18:30,390 --> 01:18:32,250
and he said he left
because he couldn't

960
01:18:32,250 --> 01:18:36,930
swing a cat in his apartment.

961
01:18:36,930 --> 01:18:38,793
Those were his words.

962
01:18:38,793 --> 01:18:42,657
[LAUGHTER]

963
01:18:42,657 --> 01:18:47,790
An enormously powerful
manifestation.

964
01:18:47,790 --> 01:18:52,050
Michael Graves must have
looked at this architecture

965
01:18:52,050 --> 01:18:56,590
to gain some inspiration
for his buildings.

966
01:18:56,590 --> 01:18:57,090
Next.

967
01:19:00,100 --> 01:19:02,190
Barcelona.

968
01:19:02,190 --> 01:19:08,740
Look at the size of the ensanche
compared to the old city,

969
01:19:08,740 --> 01:19:12,640
and you can imagine what Cerda
would have done to Paris,

970
01:19:12,640 --> 01:19:13,710
the [INAUDIBLE] of Paris.

971
01:19:21,280 --> 01:19:25,150
It's worth spending
10 minutes to talk

972
01:19:25,150 --> 01:19:29,050
about that as an
alternative model for what

973
01:19:29,050 --> 01:19:34,130
the post-modern Paris
competition's entries did.

974
01:19:34,130 --> 01:19:34,630
Next.

975
01:19:37,260 --> 01:19:41,820
Cerda's vision, a
three-floor set of blocks

976
01:19:41,820 --> 01:19:45,660
differentiating
between two blocks

977
01:19:45,660 --> 01:19:49,030
which only had one arm
on them, others which

978
01:19:49,030 --> 01:19:53,420
had two buildings, some which
had three buildings, some where

979
01:19:53,420 --> 01:19:55,750
the square was enclosed.

980
01:19:55,750 --> 01:20:00,420
What was actually built is
represented on the right--

981
01:20:00,420 --> 01:20:04,590
enclosed space in the
center, not public space,

982
01:20:04,590 --> 01:20:10,260
but ambiguous space, sometimes
space which was taken over

983
01:20:10,260 --> 01:20:14,550
by residents, sometimes space
which was made into parking

984
01:20:14,550 --> 01:20:18,870
lots, sometimes space
which is just dilapidated,

985
01:20:18,870 --> 01:20:22,830
but no resolution of the
internal space [? of a ?]

986
01:20:22,830 --> 01:20:25,465
consolidated four-sided block.

987
01:20:25,465 --> 01:20:25,965
Next.

988
01:20:29,270 --> 01:20:31,490
You can see some of
the interior of the--

989
01:20:37,130 --> 01:20:41,140
there's a difference
between making Karl Marx-Hof

990
01:20:41,140 --> 01:20:45,820
interior space as a space for
the community with clinics,

991
01:20:45,820 --> 01:20:50,980
shops, medical facilities,
schools, and so on as

992
01:20:50,980 --> 01:20:52,090
a concept.

993
01:20:52,090 --> 01:20:57,640
This is a concept which enclosed
a block in order to galvanize

994
01:20:57,640 --> 01:21:03,280
the quality of the street,
to increase density,

995
01:21:03,280 --> 01:21:09,455
but left the whole
completely unavailable.

996
01:21:09,455 --> 01:21:09,955
Next.

997
01:21:16,960 --> 01:21:19,150
Cerda's plan calls
for the blocks

998
01:21:19,150 --> 01:21:21,730
to be truncated on the corners.

999
01:21:21,730 --> 01:21:27,790
Here you can see an intersection
of the four corners,

1000
01:21:27,790 --> 01:21:35,710
leaving a messy transportation
intersection problem there.

1001
01:21:35,710 --> 01:21:39,460
One of the arguments made
by the Barcelonans today

1002
01:21:39,460 --> 01:21:42,640
is that this creates
another facade,

1003
01:21:42,640 --> 01:21:45,880
and each of these small
square intersections

1004
01:21:45,880 --> 01:21:51,275
have unique facades
facing onto them.

1005
01:21:51,275 --> 01:21:51,775
Next.

1006
01:21:54,660 --> 01:22:02,190
[INAUDIBLE],, the medieval public
walk, and the [INAUDIBLE],,

1007
01:22:02,190 --> 01:22:06,030
this great avenue which
links to the town of Gracia

1008
01:22:06,030 --> 01:22:07,775
in the hills.

1009
01:22:07,775 --> 01:22:08,275
Next.

1010
01:22:13,380 --> 01:22:17,250
The [INAUDIBLE]
[? guardian. ?] Sorry.

1011
01:22:17,250 --> 01:22:21,470
[INAUDIBLE] on the left, the
[INAUDIBLE] on the right.

1012
01:22:21,470 --> 01:22:21,970
Next.

1013
01:22:27,520 --> 01:22:33,730
A great unfinished
cathedral, an attempt

1014
01:22:33,730 --> 01:22:38,230
to modernize the ensanche.

1015
01:22:38,230 --> 01:22:38,730
Next.

1016
01:22:44,180 --> 01:22:46,640
The Barcelona Games
is the only games

1017
01:22:46,640 --> 01:22:51,440
that position the
center of the city

1018
01:22:51,440 --> 01:22:56,390
as central to the four sides--

1019
01:22:56,390 --> 01:23:02,786
the [INAUDIBLE] side on the
top left, the [INAUDIBLE] side

1020
01:23:02,786 --> 01:23:11,840
for the athletes' housing.

1021
01:23:11,840 --> 01:23:20,840
Of all the Olympic sites, from
Munich, to Tokyo, to Sydney,

1022
01:23:20,840 --> 01:23:25,760
to Melbourne, London, and
so on, none of [INAUDIBLE]

1023
01:23:25,760 --> 01:23:31,910
incorporated the proposition
within the central city system.

1024
01:23:31,910 --> 01:23:32,410
Next.

1025
01:23:36,770 --> 01:23:40,550
Two post-Cerda propositions.

1026
01:23:40,550 --> 01:23:42,530
Could you just focus
this one please?

1027
01:23:42,530 --> 01:23:44,630
Thank you.

1028
01:23:44,630 --> 01:23:47,390
This is Corbusier's
and a group called

1029
01:23:47,390 --> 01:23:53,360
[INAUDIBLE],, a modern version
of the extension of the Cerda

1030
01:23:53,360 --> 01:23:55,200
system.

1031
01:23:55,200 --> 01:23:59,430
The streets are
gone, or they ignored

1032
01:23:59,430 --> 01:24:08,190
the [INAUDIBLE] system of
Corbusier's engaged in housing.

1033
01:24:08,190 --> 01:24:10,480
There's a huge
amount of open space

1034
01:24:10,480 --> 01:24:14,700
which is not allocated
to anybody in particular.

1035
01:24:14,700 --> 01:24:19,810
One prefers the scheme
on the left infinitely.

1036
01:24:19,810 --> 01:24:25,840
A crazy man, Léon Krier,
saying that the problem with

1037
01:24:25,840 --> 01:24:31,910
Cerda's plan is the 113
meter size is too large.

1038
01:24:31,910 --> 01:24:38,740
Krier has a dislike of
anything continuous,

1039
01:24:38,740 --> 01:24:43,060
so he suggests that
the clock be broken up

1040
01:24:43,060 --> 01:24:52,360
into four modules
of 25 meters each,

1041
01:24:52,360 --> 01:24:55,330
where he believed
the market is for all

1042
01:24:55,330 --> 01:24:59,590
of the shopping on
these little corners,

1043
01:24:59,590 --> 01:25:04,420
and the confusion caused
by creating as many corners

1044
01:25:04,420 --> 01:25:06,055
as you like.

1045
01:25:06,055 --> 01:25:10,030
Léon Krier should visit Tel Aviv
and see what happens when you

1046
01:25:10,030 --> 01:25:15,490
subdivide blocks into
two smaller distance.

1047
01:25:15,490 --> 01:25:22,070
It's a silly diagram, but
two examples of post-Cerda

1048
01:25:22,070 --> 01:25:22,570
thinking.

1049
01:25:28,510 --> 01:25:30,015
I think that's a lot.

1050
01:25:30,015 --> 01:25:30,890
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

1051
01:25:30,890 --> 01:25:33,190
JULIAN BEINART: Oh, sorry.

1052
01:25:33,190 --> 01:25:35,350
The idea of expanding from--

1053
01:25:35,350 --> 01:25:40,810
by leaving the center allowed
an expanding outwards.

1054
01:25:40,810 --> 01:25:43,870
This is Antonelli's
plan for Torino.

1055
01:25:43,870 --> 01:25:46,720
That is Custer's
plan for Madrid.

1056
01:25:46,720 --> 01:25:48,550
Next.

1057
01:25:48,550 --> 01:25:51,010
This is [INAUDIBLE]
plan for [INAUDIBLE],,

1058
01:25:51,010 --> 01:25:54,580
and this is
[? Kritanthis's ?] plan--

1059
01:25:54,580 --> 01:25:57,730
[? Krianthis-Schubert's ?]
plan for Athens.

1060
01:25:57,730 --> 01:26:01,330
All suggest in the
dark gray that you

1061
01:26:01,330 --> 01:26:04,630
maintain the core of
the city, take away

1062
01:26:04,630 --> 01:26:11,320
the walls if necessary, and
produce a free zone outside.

1063
01:26:11,320 --> 01:26:13,750
Next.

1064
01:26:13,750 --> 01:26:17,050
Here in the small town
of Altamura in Apulia,

1065
01:26:17,050 --> 01:26:20,830
you see the system
operating in a small town.

1066
01:26:20,830 --> 01:26:26,170
Radiating outwards are
gates to the old city.

1067
01:26:31,280 --> 01:26:33,650
I haven't got time to
go into the detail.

1068
01:26:33,650 --> 01:26:39,110
Here you see a grid
system employed almost

1069
01:26:39,110 --> 01:26:46,610
throughout the surroundings
of the existing walled city.

1070
01:26:46,610 --> 01:26:49,220
If the walls are
taken away or replaced

1071
01:26:49,220 --> 01:26:52,040
by a boulevard
surrounding the city,

1072
01:26:52,040 --> 01:26:56,210
nothing like the boulevard
of the Ringstrasse.

1073
01:26:56,210 --> 01:26:58,040
OK.

1074
01:26:58,040 --> 01:27:03,880
Sorry it's so rushed, but the
world is full of information.