1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,520 The following content is provided under a Creative 2 00:00:02,520 --> 00:00:03,970 Commons license. 3 00:00:03,970 --> 00:00:06,360 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 4 00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:10,660 continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,660 --> 00:00:13,350 To make a donation or view additional materials 6 00:00:13,350 --> 00:00:17,190 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 7 00:00:17,190 --> 00:00:18,326 at ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:22,430 --> 00:00:27,350 JULIAN BEINART: This class has been taught continuously 9 00:00:27,350 --> 00:00:28,940 since 19-- 10 00:00:28,940 --> 00:00:30,890 the earliest record I have of it is 11 00:00:30,890 --> 00:00:38,510 1956, when Kevin Lynch probably taught it for the first time. 12 00:00:38,510 --> 00:00:42,650 Now this is the 34th year in which I'm teaching the class. 13 00:00:42,650 --> 00:00:46,550 I overlapped with Lynch for two years, 14 00:00:46,550 --> 00:00:51,540 and this is the last time I'm teaching this class. 15 00:00:51,540 --> 00:00:57,590 So I'm going to go through a lot of small things, details, 16 00:00:57,590 --> 00:00:59,860 plus some general idea about. 17 00:01:03,970 --> 00:01:08,830 In 1956, Kevin Lynch called this class 18 00:01:08,830 --> 00:01:12,100 The Visual Form of the City. 19 00:01:12,100 --> 00:01:17,500 Between '56 and '76, he changed the title 20 00:01:17,500 --> 00:01:20,320 to Theory of City Form. 21 00:01:20,320 --> 00:01:28,060 I have kept the title the same as it was originally, well, 22 00:01:28,060 --> 00:01:32,530 the 1976 title. 23 00:01:32,530 --> 00:01:35,410 I think the "theory," it gives the impression 24 00:01:35,410 --> 00:01:38,140 that we have significant theories, 25 00:01:38,140 --> 00:01:41,620 as in post-Darwinian science. 26 00:01:41,620 --> 00:01:44,290 We don't. 27 00:01:44,290 --> 00:01:49,570 Our basis, our theological basis is somewhat vague. 28 00:01:49,570 --> 00:01:52,930 We are somewhere between a science and an art. 29 00:01:52,930 --> 00:01:56,690 In the Media Lab, they now have a group called City Science. 30 00:01:56,690 --> 00:01:59,920 I want to know what City Science is. 31 00:01:59,920 --> 00:02:02,170 We certainly know what City Art is. 32 00:02:05,050 --> 00:02:10,539 If numerical consequence is the basis of City Science, 33 00:02:10,539 --> 00:02:14,150 we will deal with that in the appropriate manner. 34 00:02:14,150 --> 00:02:17,110 We will also deal with very difficult things, 35 00:02:17,110 --> 00:02:21,520 such as the human experience of built form, 36 00:02:21,520 --> 00:02:25,820 which is not a scientific phenomenon at all. 37 00:02:25,820 --> 00:02:27,500 In fact, for those of you interested 38 00:02:27,500 --> 00:02:30,250 to have a background in philosophy, 39 00:02:30,250 --> 00:02:33,670 there's a new book called Cosmos and Mind, 40 00:02:33,670 --> 00:02:36,790 by Thomas Nagel, who's a professor at New York 41 00:02:36,790 --> 00:02:43,030 University, who argues that Darwinian science has lead us 42 00:02:43,030 --> 00:02:46,670 in the wrong direction, that Darwinian science, 43 00:02:46,670 --> 00:02:51,910 we can't explain concepts such as consciousness or mind, 44 00:02:51,910 --> 00:02:56,470 that we need a new teleological approach to science 45 00:02:56,470 --> 00:03:03,200 which would embrace these now difficult to achieve responses. 46 00:03:03,200 --> 00:03:06,580 I'm not a philosopher nor a historian. 47 00:03:06,580 --> 00:03:08,860 This is not a class in history, although we 48 00:03:08,860 --> 00:03:12,640 will use a lot of information from the past 49 00:03:12,640 --> 00:03:20,470 as examples to give us a better idea of the present, 50 00:03:20,470 --> 00:03:23,260 not that you shouldn't know history. 51 00:03:23,260 --> 00:03:24,800 If you're going to take this class, 52 00:03:24,800 --> 00:03:27,670 I would recommend a couple of books. 53 00:03:27,670 --> 00:03:30,595 There is no superb urban history. 54 00:03:33,730 --> 00:03:37,060 If there were, Harvard or MIT would teach it. 55 00:03:39,630 --> 00:03:42,600 It is bizarre that these two great universities 56 00:03:42,600 --> 00:03:43,845 don't teach urban history. 57 00:03:46,580 --> 00:03:49,660 It's difficult to explain. 58 00:03:49,660 --> 00:03:52,810 Partly, it's explained by the traditions 59 00:03:52,810 --> 00:03:56,500 of history and architecture. 60 00:03:56,500 --> 00:04:00,670 Architecture, you cannot study in the arts without knowing 61 00:04:00,670 --> 00:04:02,810 history. 62 00:04:02,810 --> 00:04:04,960 It's difficult to achieve a degree in music 63 00:04:04,960 --> 00:04:09,280 without knowing who Mozart was, but it's very difficult 64 00:04:09,280 --> 00:04:11,950 to achieve a good degree in architecture 65 00:04:11,950 --> 00:04:14,830 without knowing who Palladio was. 66 00:04:14,830 --> 00:04:17,260 But you can achieve a degree in science 67 00:04:17,260 --> 00:04:23,080 without knowing who Copernicus was. 68 00:04:23,080 --> 00:04:26,710 It's difficult to avoid Copernicus, 69 00:04:26,710 --> 00:04:29,170 but you may be able to. 70 00:04:29,170 --> 00:04:33,290 There's no teaching here at MIT in-- 71 00:04:33,290 --> 00:04:37,750 there's no required teaching, in achieving an engineering 72 00:04:37,750 --> 00:04:41,990 or science degree, in the history of science. 73 00:04:41,990 --> 00:04:44,560 There's no architecture program that I know anywhere 74 00:04:44,560 --> 00:04:48,100 in the world that doesn't have a requirement that you 75 00:04:48,100 --> 00:04:50,500 study the history of architecture, 76 00:04:50,500 --> 00:04:53,890 some poorly taught, of course. 77 00:04:53,890 --> 00:04:58,060 I assume many of you are architects by background. 78 00:04:58,060 --> 00:05:01,420 Has anybody done urban history? 79 00:05:01,420 --> 00:05:04,570 Has anybody in this class taken a formal subject 80 00:05:04,570 --> 00:05:07,780 in urban history? 81 00:05:07,780 --> 00:05:11,720 OK, if you have, answer the following question. 82 00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:16,000 What theory would you assume for the genesis of cities? 83 00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:18,610 Why do cities exist? 84 00:05:18,610 --> 00:05:21,620 AUDIENCE: We studied Chinese urban history. 85 00:05:21,620 --> 00:05:22,960 JULIAN BEINART: Oh, no, no. 86 00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:24,430 You haven't answered my question. 87 00:05:24,430 --> 00:05:27,160 You've told me what you've studied. 88 00:05:27,160 --> 00:05:30,820 All right, we'll return to this question. 89 00:05:30,820 --> 00:05:35,470 Because we'll talk about the conflicting theories 90 00:05:35,470 --> 00:05:37,390 about the genesis of cities. 91 00:05:37,390 --> 00:05:41,380 When did cities first occur, time-wise? 92 00:05:41,380 --> 00:05:46,350 AUDIENCE: As in the poor city? 93 00:05:46,350 --> 00:05:53,020 JULIAN BEINART: I asked you, give me a time, a date. 94 00:05:53,020 --> 00:05:57,570 AUDIENCE: About 5,000 ago, AD. 95 00:05:57,570 --> 00:06:01,140 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah, I would now 96 00:06:01,140 --> 00:06:07,320 claim Jericho to be the oldest city, probably about 10,000 BC. 97 00:06:07,320 --> 00:06:10,470 But if you say it's [? South Alleyouk ?] 98 00:06:10,470 --> 00:06:16,350 or someplace else, paleontology is very vague. 99 00:06:16,350 --> 00:06:23,110 Most of our understanding of cities comes from archaeology. 100 00:06:23,110 --> 00:06:27,930 There's no theory which explains the origin of language. 101 00:06:27,930 --> 00:06:29,325 There are multiple theories. 102 00:06:34,170 --> 00:06:40,860 Cities occur very late in the humanoid evolution. 103 00:06:40,860 --> 00:06:47,160 The first tool is dated at 2.6 million years 104 00:06:47,160 --> 00:06:52,155 ago in the Olduvai Gorge in Kenya, found by Louis Leakey. 105 00:06:55,920 --> 00:07:00,870 So if cities date from 10,000 years BC, 106 00:07:00,870 --> 00:07:06,420 we have an anomalous period of time from four million years 107 00:07:06,420 --> 00:07:11,310 before Christ to 10,000 BC. 108 00:07:11,310 --> 00:07:15,150 During that period of time, a great deal of paleontology 109 00:07:15,150 --> 00:07:17,640 has been-- 110 00:07:17,640 --> 00:07:22,060 one of the transformations of the humanoid 111 00:07:22,060 --> 00:07:27,210 to the human erectus deals with nutrition. 112 00:07:30,570 --> 00:07:38,550 Until you have a tool which can make food possible other 113 00:07:38,550 --> 00:07:44,790 than vegetables, you'll have the capacity 114 00:07:44,790 --> 00:07:47,250 to take in nutritional substances 115 00:07:47,250 --> 00:07:51,270 into the body, which theoretically include 116 00:07:51,270 --> 00:07:53,160 the creation of a larger brain. 117 00:07:57,240 --> 00:07:59,960 So the brain size of Australopithecus, 118 00:07:59,960 --> 00:08:07,790 which is about four million years old, a post-ape animal, 119 00:08:07,790 --> 00:08:11,210 has a brain of about 400 cubic centimeters. 120 00:08:11,210 --> 00:08:15,890 You have brains of about 1,200 to 1,400 cubic centimeters, 121 00:08:15,890 --> 00:08:19,560 depending how big you are and how smart you are. 122 00:08:19,560 --> 00:08:24,440 I don't think smartness has any connection to size of brain. 123 00:08:24,440 --> 00:08:27,710 But I'm throwing in just one other thought here 124 00:08:27,710 --> 00:08:29,690 around the idea of the genesis. 125 00:08:29,690 --> 00:08:35,450 I'll go into this more carefully with you on Thursday. 126 00:08:35,450 --> 00:08:38,240 There's a British paleontologist-psychologist 127 00:08:38,240 --> 00:08:46,670 called Robin Dunbar who studied the increase in human brain 128 00:08:46,670 --> 00:08:52,100 size and argues that human brains increased more 129 00:08:52,100 --> 00:08:57,590 significantly in communities of 150 people 130 00:08:57,590 --> 00:09:02,000 than when people stayed on their own 131 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:05,420 or didn't partake in rituals of 150 people. 132 00:09:08,140 --> 00:09:11,830 This theory is called the gossip theory 133 00:09:11,830 --> 00:09:16,570 and argues that people and children need 134 00:09:16,570 --> 00:09:22,330 to be indoctrinated into the rules of this settlement, 135 00:09:22,330 --> 00:09:26,440 and it takes about 150 people to make sure 136 00:09:26,440 --> 00:09:29,380 that these rules are properly disseminated. 137 00:09:33,010 --> 00:09:35,940 How this was done, nobody knows. 138 00:09:40,740 --> 00:09:44,410 If you believe Chomsky's theory of language acquisition, 139 00:09:44,410 --> 00:09:48,280 you'll believe that human beings have an innate capacity 140 00:09:48,280 --> 00:09:50,650 for language, and at a certain point, 141 00:09:50,650 --> 00:09:54,070 almost like the strike of a piece of lightning, 142 00:09:54,070 --> 00:09:56,640 it was activated in the human brain. 143 00:09:59,170 --> 00:10:00,880 There are many, many other theories. 144 00:10:00,880 --> 00:10:03,850 I'm not a linguist nor a philosopher, 145 00:10:03,850 --> 00:10:13,420 but I'm just trying to explain to you in a very primitive way 146 00:10:13,420 --> 00:10:19,720 how the advent of cities is late, how the advent of cities 147 00:10:19,720 --> 00:10:22,930 is difficult to explain. 148 00:10:22,930 --> 00:10:26,680 I will deal on Thursday with two contrasting theories, 149 00:10:26,680 --> 00:10:32,590 the theory of surplus, and the theory of cosmic knowledge. 150 00:10:43,700 --> 00:10:46,010 Let me go through some of the practical things 151 00:10:46,010 --> 00:10:49,400 that you need to know. 152 00:10:49,400 --> 00:10:53,900 You're going to be overwhelmed with reading. 153 00:10:53,900 --> 00:10:58,190 You have to develop a mature understanding of what to read 154 00:10:58,190 --> 00:11:00,170 and what not to read. 155 00:11:00,170 --> 00:11:02,510 I'm giving you an exercise. 156 00:11:02,510 --> 00:11:06,890 The required reading is about 1,500 pages for the semester. 157 00:11:06,890 --> 00:11:10,670 That's about four books, four books 158 00:11:10,670 --> 00:11:13,700 for graduate student learning about cities, 159 00:11:13,700 --> 00:11:16,010 the form of cities, is not very much. 160 00:11:19,540 --> 00:11:22,030 By the way, one of the reasons for the increase 161 00:11:22,030 --> 00:11:26,740 for the size of the reading list is the enormous expansion 162 00:11:26,740 --> 00:11:29,860 of material in this field. 163 00:11:29,860 --> 00:11:38,830 I have in front of me the 1956 references from Kevin Lynch. 164 00:11:38,830 --> 00:11:43,060 He totals 50 books, 51 books. 165 00:11:45,940 --> 00:11:51,070 My expanded reading list is 500 books. 166 00:11:56,850 --> 00:11:58,065 Let me give you an example. 167 00:12:01,270 --> 00:12:16,420 in 1964-- that's eight years after Kevin Lynch started 168 00:12:16,420 --> 00:12:18,530 teaching this class-- 169 00:12:18,530 --> 00:12:21,340 the first book that dealt with third world cities, 170 00:12:21,340 --> 00:12:23,980 or developing country cities appeared. 171 00:12:23,980 --> 00:12:28,750 1964, MIT published Man's Struggle for Shelter 172 00:12:28,750 --> 00:12:33,640 in an Urbanizing World, a book by Charlie Abrams, still one 173 00:12:33,640 --> 00:12:37,570 of the best books published. 174 00:12:37,570 --> 00:12:40,750 Can you imagine that the literature 175 00:12:40,750 --> 00:12:46,090 on what now constitutes the majority of the world 176 00:12:46,090 --> 00:12:55,520 was not available in English until 1964? 177 00:12:55,520 --> 00:12:59,270 When I first started teaching this class, 178 00:12:59,270 --> 00:13:02,270 students wanted to do papers on cities 179 00:13:02,270 --> 00:13:05,180 where they came from, Nairobi. 180 00:13:05,180 --> 00:13:07,730 There's no urban geography on Nairobi. 181 00:13:07,730 --> 00:13:11,300 Now there's an urban geography on almost every city 182 00:13:11,300 --> 00:13:14,150 that exists in the world. 183 00:13:14,150 --> 00:13:17,765 When we did a studio in Chandigarh 19-- 184 00:13:17,765 --> 00:13:19,643 god only knows when-- 185 00:13:19,643 --> 00:13:26,330 in the 1980's, I think, you couldn't 186 00:13:26,330 --> 00:13:27,840 get a plan of Chandigarh. 187 00:13:27,840 --> 00:13:31,070 It was prohibited by the Indian government 188 00:13:31,070 --> 00:13:33,090 for security reasons. 189 00:13:33,090 --> 00:13:36,950 The only one that you could buy was through Russian sources 190 00:13:36,950 --> 00:13:40,610 via Houston for $2,000. 191 00:13:40,610 --> 00:13:43,520 So we did this study of Chandigarh, which we 192 00:13:43,520 --> 00:13:46,280 had to make our own base map. 193 00:13:46,280 --> 00:13:49,610 Today, that would be ridiculous. 194 00:13:49,610 --> 00:13:54,140 So if this class has a bit of a lag, 195 00:13:54,140 --> 00:14:00,080 it was built at a time when there were few books, 196 00:14:00,080 --> 00:14:03,710 and material on cities was scarce. 197 00:14:06,850 --> 00:14:11,170 I'm not here to teach for history or for posterity. 198 00:14:11,170 --> 00:14:17,780 I'm here to teach you as human beings in the best way I can. 199 00:14:17,780 --> 00:14:21,790 But I will talk, I will cover the material 200 00:14:21,790 --> 00:14:26,540 as best I can in about 40 to 45 minutes, 201 00:14:26,540 --> 00:14:29,350 then I will show illustrated material 202 00:14:29,350 --> 00:14:34,420 in almost all the classes for about 15 to 20 minutes. 203 00:14:34,420 --> 00:14:37,210 And then there will be a period of 10 minutes 204 00:14:37,210 --> 00:14:40,420 for general observation. 205 00:14:40,420 --> 00:14:44,920 If we cannot, as in the case of case studies like Paris 206 00:14:44,920 --> 00:14:48,460 and London, finish with-- 207 00:14:48,460 --> 00:14:54,640 there may be no time for asking questions or deliberating 208 00:14:54,640 --> 00:14:56,440 on the subject. 209 00:14:56,440 --> 00:15:01,810 We may start the next class with me asking your questions about, 210 00:15:01,810 --> 00:15:06,280 what questions you have about what I presented, 211 00:15:06,280 --> 00:15:11,045 such as, why is Paris twice as dense as London? 212 00:15:11,045 --> 00:15:11,545 Why? 213 00:15:17,530 --> 00:15:24,340 Both developed significantly from 1750 onwards. 214 00:15:24,340 --> 00:15:29,980 Why did London develop less densely than Paris? 215 00:15:29,980 --> 00:15:31,654 You should know these things. 216 00:15:31,654 --> 00:15:34,320 AUDIENCE: The wall? 217 00:15:34,320 --> 00:15:37,830 JULIAN BEINART: You're right in some ways. 218 00:15:37,830 --> 00:15:44,280 The wall, the last wall of the five Parisian walls was built 219 00:15:44,280 --> 00:15:49,770 as late as the 1820's. 220 00:15:49,770 --> 00:15:54,780 London, there's a rule you can, if you don't know European 221 00:15:54,780 --> 00:15:57,420 history, and you don't know European cities-- 222 00:15:57,420 --> 00:16:01,540 and some of you who come from the Orient may not-- 223 00:16:01,540 --> 00:16:05,970 the fortification of cities is more extreme 224 00:16:05,970 --> 00:16:09,870 as you go eastwards from England. 225 00:16:09,870 --> 00:16:14,130 The wall of London was a pretty miserable wall, a little bit 226 00:16:14,130 --> 00:16:17,700 of it left in the gates, like Ludgate and so on, 227 00:16:17,700 --> 00:16:19,860 but basically, it wasn't very much. 228 00:16:23,190 --> 00:16:30,480 Vienna's walls were never penetrated except in 1683 229 00:16:30,480 --> 00:16:33,900 by the Ottoman Empire. 230 00:16:33,900 --> 00:16:36,100 You don't need to know all of these details, 231 00:16:36,100 --> 00:16:40,110 but you have to understand the conceptual structure. 232 00:16:40,110 --> 00:16:44,250 Why would you build a city? 233 00:16:44,250 --> 00:16:51,110 One of my favorite quotations is from Marx talking 234 00:16:51,110 --> 00:16:53,870 about the origin of cities. 235 00:16:53,870 --> 00:17:00,590 He says "the antagonism between town and country 236 00:17:00,590 --> 00:17:04,280 begins with the transition from barbarism 237 00:17:04,280 --> 00:17:09,920 to civilization, from tribe to state, from locality to nation, 238 00:17:09,920 --> 00:17:13,220 and runs through the whole history of civilization 239 00:17:13,220 --> 00:17:15,170 to the present day." 240 00:17:15,170 --> 00:17:17,290 The first antagonism he talks about 241 00:17:17,290 --> 00:17:21,319 is between town and country. 242 00:17:21,319 --> 00:17:23,810 Cities were always clearly demarcated 243 00:17:23,810 --> 00:17:26,180 between town and country. 244 00:17:26,180 --> 00:17:30,770 It took until renaissance for nature 245 00:17:30,770 --> 00:17:37,460 to be introduced in the walls, within the womb of the city. 246 00:17:37,460 --> 00:17:46,730 The Romans used to say, I think, [LATIN],, they are lions. 247 00:17:46,730 --> 00:17:54,530 The world outside the walls was a world of treachery 248 00:17:54,530 --> 00:17:57,095 and difficulty and fantasy. 249 00:18:02,210 --> 00:18:04,260 There are many ideas about cities 250 00:18:04,260 --> 00:18:08,040 which are complex as that idea, but the antagonism 251 00:18:08,040 --> 00:18:11,040 between country and city still lasts today. 252 00:18:14,560 --> 00:18:17,830 President Obama was elected because of the majority 253 00:18:17,830 --> 00:18:19,610 that he had in cities. 254 00:18:19,610 --> 00:18:22,570 The Democratic Party is an urban party, 255 00:18:22,570 --> 00:18:27,010 by and large, although this has changed significantly 256 00:18:27,010 --> 00:18:29,460 as the size of cities has changed, 257 00:18:29,460 --> 00:18:35,260 and as the demarcation of polling districts has changed. 258 00:18:39,130 --> 00:18:42,130 But we'll talk about this distinction between country 259 00:18:42,130 --> 00:18:45,400 and city, and in the third class, 260 00:18:45,400 --> 00:18:47,020 we'll deal with the organic model. 261 00:18:49,570 --> 00:18:52,000 But you could see somebody like Marx, 262 00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:54,580 who really tried to do everything, 263 00:18:54,580 --> 00:19:01,090 and was right about 50% and wrong about 50%, judgment 264 00:19:01,090 --> 00:19:03,655 about the significance of the advent of cities. 265 00:19:08,353 --> 00:19:13,010 We know relatively little about these things, 266 00:19:13,010 --> 00:19:21,630 and I tend to prefer histories which deal with examples. 267 00:19:21,630 --> 00:19:25,130 So Morris's book The History of Urban Form, 268 00:19:25,130 --> 00:19:27,770 or Braudel's book on the Mediterranean, 269 00:19:27,770 --> 00:19:33,530 or on the structure of everyday life are better than-- 270 00:19:33,530 --> 00:19:36,230 although Lewis Mumford, The Culture of Cities, 271 00:19:36,230 --> 00:19:38,800 is still the standard. 272 00:19:38,800 --> 00:19:43,385 He's wrong on many things, but he's full of ideas. 273 00:19:47,920 --> 00:19:52,870 It's a Mumfordism to claim-- 274 00:19:52,870 --> 00:19:55,050 anyway, forget about Mumford. 275 00:19:55,050 --> 00:19:57,820 We'll talk about him sufficiently. 276 00:20:06,390 --> 00:20:11,780 Let's see in these generalized notes. 277 00:20:19,080 --> 00:20:20,610 By the way, there are other reasons 278 00:20:20,610 --> 00:20:24,900 why Paris is more dense than London. 279 00:20:24,900 --> 00:20:26,310 There's not one simple reason. 280 00:20:35,510 --> 00:20:38,000 What kind of houses did Englishmen live in? 281 00:20:42,430 --> 00:20:45,670 As opposed to what kind of houses did, 282 00:20:45,670 --> 00:20:49,622 during the time of Haussmann, did the French live in? 283 00:20:54,680 --> 00:20:57,950 We'll go into some of those. 284 00:20:57,950 --> 00:21:04,580 Look, I'm not a historian, and this is not a class in history. 285 00:21:04,580 --> 00:21:09,590 It's a class in deriving ideas from a number of sources 286 00:21:09,590 --> 00:21:12,440 and arguing them with you. 287 00:21:12,440 --> 00:21:17,030 I have no, other than a lot of time 288 00:21:17,030 --> 00:21:19,910 spent teaching and preparing for this class, 289 00:21:19,910 --> 00:21:24,410 and a lot of external experience practicing in cities 290 00:21:24,410 --> 00:21:30,650 all over the world, I have no golden formula for the truth. 291 00:21:30,650 --> 00:21:32,870 I don't claim to have that. 292 00:21:32,870 --> 00:21:36,140 I'm not sure that I believe anybody who says they do. 293 00:21:43,310 --> 00:21:47,210 I'm not a theist, and I'll come across quite often 294 00:21:47,210 --> 00:21:51,380 as an agnostic, if not an atheist, with regard 295 00:21:51,380 --> 00:21:52,495 to truths of religion. 296 00:21:56,870 --> 00:22:05,220 Jerusalem has only been the capital of a city, of a country 297 00:22:05,220 --> 00:22:09,540 twice, once during the period of the 10th century, 298 00:22:09,540 --> 00:22:14,220 during the crusader occupation, and after 1948 299 00:22:14,220 --> 00:22:17,400 with the advent of Israel. 300 00:22:17,400 --> 00:22:23,430 Jerusalem, which we will do in great detail in one case study, 301 00:22:23,430 --> 00:22:30,540 is subject to an enormous number of philosophical 302 00:22:30,540 --> 00:22:33,810 interpretations of history. 303 00:22:33,810 --> 00:22:36,360 There is no single truth about Jerusalem 304 00:22:36,360 --> 00:22:42,600 that is outside the truth of geopolitics at the moment. 305 00:22:42,600 --> 00:22:45,690 This is true for much of-- 306 00:22:48,520 --> 00:22:52,420 so if I, to use the term "theory," 307 00:22:52,420 --> 00:22:54,180 which Kevin Lynch started-- 308 00:22:57,160 --> 00:22:58,690 I will use the term-- 309 00:22:58,690 --> 00:23:02,860 I would have not called this class Theory of City Form. 310 00:23:02,860 --> 00:23:07,780 We live in a predominantly scientific age, in which theory 311 00:23:07,780 --> 00:23:16,630 is theory in physics, and it's about as precise as it can be. 312 00:23:16,630 --> 00:23:20,320 Theory in the social sciences is much looser, 313 00:23:20,320 --> 00:23:25,040 in theory in city form is even looser than that. 314 00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:27,580 So I would have called it, this class, 315 00:23:27,580 --> 00:23:31,270 really, more preoccupied with normative ideas, 316 00:23:31,270 --> 00:23:35,950 normative and functional ideas about the former cities, rather 317 00:23:35,950 --> 00:23:37,660 than theory. 318 00:23:37,660 --> 00:23:40,330 If I taught this class in Paris, I 319 00:23:40,330 --> 00:23:44,530 would be deriving theory from theory. 320 00:23:44,530 --> 00:23:48,340 This class follows the Chicago style, 321 00:23:48,340 --> 00:23:51,250 and I only will discuss a theory if I 322 00:23:51,250 --> 00:23:55,870 can attribute an example in association with it. 323 00:23:58,920 --> 00:24:05,130 So I will be making propositions and choosing an example 324 00:24:05,130 --> 00:24:07,200 to adumbrate that proposition. 325 00:24:07,200 --> 00:24:12,540 The example will come from architecture very much. 326 00:24:12,540 --> 00:24:16,800 Amongst the social sciences or disciplines 327 00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:21,370 other than urbanism, if there is such a thing as the discipline 328 00:24:21,370 --> 00:24:27,000 of urbanism, much of my material will come from the built world. 329 00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:30,900 It's a bias, which I accept, and it's the only one 330 00:24:30,900 --> 00:24:32,545 that I know a little bit about. 331 00:24:39,710 --> 00:24:44,200 So for instance, if I want to talk about the problem of how 332 00:24:44,200 --> 00:24:49,540 you deal with the future expansion of a city, 333 00:24:49,540 --> 00:24:55,600 I will look at the plans of university buildings designed 334 00:24:55,600 --> 00:25:03,970 in competition from 1955 and 1960 to 1990, 335 00:25:03,970 --> 00:25:10,720 where an attempt to design for a system which could accept 336 00:25:10,720 --> 00:25:13,990 change is much easier to see. 337 00:25:13,990 --> 00:25:16,990 I'll also refer to a thesis done here 338 00:25:16,990 --> 00:25:21,670 on MIT, which looks at the way MIT has been 339 00:25:21,670 --> 00:25:26,830 able to expand using the same trajectory of expansion, 340 00:25:26,830 --> 00:25:28,120 formal expansion. 341 00:25:30,730 --> 00:25:31,270 What else? 342 00:25:38,330 --> 00:25:41,210 As for the definition of a city, I'm 343 00:25:41,210 --> 00:25:48,485 going to use any definition that you wish to bring forward. 344 00:25:51,010 --> 00:25:56,480 Cities are, by and large, denser than non-cities. 345 00:25:56,480 --> 00:25:59,420 And that's about all you can say. 346 00:25:59,420 --> 00:26:03,470 The SMSA definition of a metropolitan area 347 00:26:03,470 --> 00:26:06,950 is useful for statistical purposes, 348 00:26:06,950 --> 00:26:11,360 but god alone knows what Mexico City, 349 00:26:11,360 --> 00:26:14,330 what are the boundaries of Mexico City? 350 00:26:14,330 --> 00:26:16,850 There's more investment outside of the city 351 00:26:16,850 --> 00:26:20,300 of Mexico City in the metropolitan area 352 00:26:20,300 --> 00:26:21,920 than there is in the city itself. 353 00:26:28,810 --> 00:26:33,220 Is Foxborough, where the Patriots play football 354 00:26:33,220 --> 00:26:37,595 every Sunday during the winter, part of the metropolitan area 355 00:26:37,595 --> 00:26:38,095 of Boston? 356 00:26:41,020 --> 00:26:44,500 The city of Boston had nothing to do with the decision 357 00:26:44,500 --> 00:26:48,220 to locate it in Foxborough. 358 00:26:48,220 --> 00:26:50,780 As cities have expanded horizontally, 359 00:26:50,780 --> 00:26:53,800 so the issue of what the boundary of a city is 360 00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:58,930 becomes more complex and more interesting. 361 00:26:58,930 --> 00:27:02,800 There are more new prototypes of urbanism created 362 00:27:02,800 --> 00:27:07,060 by the expansion, or horizontal expansions, and more anger 363 00:27:07,060 --> 00:27:10,750 by architects who believe that cities should still be 364 00:27:10,750 --> 00:27:14,710 framed as if they were walled. 365 00:27:14,710 --> 00:27:19,450 Both of these arguments are pretty viable, 366 00:27:19,450 --> 00:27:22,480 and will be worth discussing them. 367 00:27:22,480 --> 00:27:25,510 OK, I'm going on and on and on. 368 00:27:25,510 --> 00:27:30,940 Any questions about procedure? 369 00:27:30,940 --> 00:27:34,210 You're all very silent. 370 00:27:34,210 --> 00:27:36,895 Has anything I've said been wrong? 371 00:27:40,730 --> 00:27:42,720 That's amazing. 372 00:27:42,720 --> 00:27:43,820 You're much too gullible. 373 00:27:52,010 --> 00:27:54,920 Look, I will, at times, say things 374 00:27:54,920 --> 00:28:00,680 which I feel more strongly than I feel about other things. 375 00:28:00,680 --> 00:28:03,560 That's my privilege, because I teach this class. 376 00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:07,950 If you taught the class, you would have that privilege. 377 00:28:07,950 --> 00:28:11,870 You are absolutely free to question everything I say. 378 00:28:16,460 --> 00:28:21,650 Let me just say something, which I hope you'll remember. 379 00:28:21,650 --> 00:28:25,490 In one of the evaluations of this class, which 380 00:28:25,490 --> 00:28:31,250 is done every year, there was a question from the students 381 00:28:31,250 --> 00:28:35,750 as to why they didn't ask more questions. 382 00:28:35,750 --> 00:28:38,510 And one of the number of answers here, the professor 383 00:28:38,510 --> 00:28:39,590 knows too much. 384 00:28:42,110 --> 00:28:45,710 My response is, would you prefer to be taught by a professor who 385 00:28:45,710 --> 00:28:49,080 knows too little? 386 00:28:49,080 --> 00:28:50,555 That's a stupid response. 387 00:28:53,700 --> 00:28:59,130 Please just don't feel because I have had 34 years of experience 388 00:28:59,130 --> 00:29:02,430 teaching this class, that you should understand it 389 00:29:02,430 --> 00:29:05,670 all without question. 390 00:29:05,670 --> 00:29:11,190 I feel free to diverge and choose opportunities 391 00:29:11,190 --> 00:29:15,330 to say things which come to me for the first time. 392 00:29:15,330 --> 00:29:18,900 That's the way I think. 393 00:29:18,900 --> 00:29:21,210 I would like you to think in the same way, 394 00:29:21,210 --> 00:29:26,412 even if you might get irritated by my presumption. 395 00:29:26,412 --> 00:29:32,070 There is no single theory of city form that exists. 396 00:29:32,070 --> 00:29:35,700 There is no absolute theory. 397 00:29:35,700 --> 00:29:40,320 There are many theories, and there are preferred theories, 398 00:29:40,320 --> 00:29:43,650 as opposed to silly theories. 399 00:29:43,650 --> 00:29:45,135 There are many, many problems. 400 00:29:49,020 --> 00:29:54,570 Robin Dunbar's theory of 150 people has been taken up, 401 00:29:54,570 --> 00:29:58,620 and firms, corporate firms, have divided their manpower 402 00:29:58,620 --> 00:30:04,680 into groups of 150 people based on Dunbar's studies. 403 00:30:04,680 --> 00:30:07,040 We're not going to do something as silly as that. 404 00:30:10,170 --> 00:30:15,390 Reading, there's two pieces by Kevin Lynch generated 405 00:30:15,390 --> 00:30:20,310 in this class through discussion. 406 00:30:20,310 --> 00:30:25,440 And I think they ask questions which are interesting, 407 00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:29,250 and answers which are interesting. 408 00:30:29,250 --> 00:30:33,780 The first three classes, starting on Thursday, deal-- 409 00:30:33,780 --> 00:30:36,810 well, let me generalize first. 410 00:30:36,810 --> 00:30:40,470 There are three major sections in this class. 411 00:30:40,470 --> 00:30:44,910 Section one deals with the nature of city form theory 412 00:30:44,910 --> 00:30:51,270 and goes on till the fourth, goes on till the sixth class. 413 00:30:51,270 --> 00:30:56,220 The first six classes deal with examples and ideas 414 00:30:56,220 --> 00:30:59,595 about the form of cities. 415 00:30:59,595 --> 00:31:02,260 There are three analogical examples. 416 00:31:02,260 --> 00:31:05,250 The first one, which I'll deal with on Thursday, 417 00:31:05,250 --> 00:31:09,990 posits a metaphysical relationship 418 00:31:09,990 --> 00:31:14,400 between the form of the city and the cosmos 419 00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:17,670 that will deal with all of the material 420 00:31:17,670 --> 00:31:20,760 from paleontologists and philosophers, 421 00:31:20,760 --> 00:31:27,000 like Mircea Eliade, who will argue 422 00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:33,210 that the archaic cities had connections 423 00:31:33,210 --> 00:31:35,010 to celestial systems. 424 00:31:35,010 --> 00:31:38,560 We want to ask why. 425 00:31:38,560 --> 00:31:42,030 What are the implications of survival, 426 00:31:42,030 --> 00:31:45,450 in terms of practical methods of dealing 427 00:31:45,450 --> 00:31:48,750 with survival in the form of the city, 428 00:31:48,750 --> 00:31:52,920 as opposed to metaphysical? 429 00:31:52,920 --> 00:31:59,850 Why is the temple of Marduk, the city god of Babylon, 430 00:31:59,850 --> 00:32:03,345 on top of the Tower of Babel? 431 00:32:03,345 --> 00:32:07,020 Estimates of the Tower of Babel are about 300 feet 432 00:32:07,020 --> 00:32:09,060 in brick and stone. 433 00:32:09,060 --> 00:32:11,430 You can't build much taller than that, 434 00:32:11,430 --> 00:32:15,660 although the pyramids of Giza are about 300 meters, I think. 435 00:32:19,210 --> 00:32:25,870 Why place a temple on top of a tower? 436 00:32:25,870 --> 00:32:28,900 We will ask questions of this kind. 437 00:32:28,900 --> 00:32:33,650 We will ask why, this is one of the earlier-- 438 00:32:33,650 --> 00:32:35,380 and you can help us here-- 439 00:32:35,380 --> 00:32:39,430 one of the earliest cities of dynastic China 440 00:32:39,430 --> 00:32:43,810 has a pattern which resembles the star system of the dipper. 441 00:32:48,610 --> 00:32:54,815 Essentially, Lynch, Mumford, Adams, 442 00:32:54,815 --> 00:32:58,270 are amongst the major protagonists 443 00:32:58,270 --> 00:33:03,280 of the cosmic theory of archaic city form. 444 00:33:03,280 --> 00:33:08,030 By this theory, it means we know where a city should be located. 445 00:33:08,030 --> 00:33:10,030 We have techniques for finding the place 446 00:33:10,030 --> 00:33:13,060 where it should be best built. It 447 00:33:13,060 --> 00:33:16,070 has a relationship with survival. 448 00:33:16,070 --> 00:33:19,060 It has three-tiered systems. 449 00:33:19,060 --> 00:33:20,710 One of the things I will do, is I 450 00:33:20,710 --> 00:33:25,465 will give you a piece, a series of pieces of paper every class. 451 00:33:27,990 --> 00:33:29,910 So for instance, instead of me having 452 00:33:29,910 --> 00:33:32,790 to make a list of all of the reasons 453 00:33:32,790 --> 00:33:36,570 for why the cosmic, or what the cosmic form can do, 454 00:33:36,570 --> 00:33:40,740 I will hand it out to you on a sheet of paper. 455 00:33:40,740 --> 00:33:42,270 This is a gift. 456 00:33:42,270 --> 00:33:47,430 You would have 26 gifts at the end of the semester 457 00:33:47,430 --> 00:33:52,950 to add to your numerous amounts of paper. 458 00:33:52,950 --> 00:33:55,080 I will often show a diagram which 459 00:33:55,080 --> 00:34:03,210 I can't show in slide form to help us manipulate the class. 460 00:34:03,210 --> 00:34:06,600 I will sometimes try to bring the class up 461 00:34:06,600 --> 00:34:10,230 to date by giving you a piece from the New York 462 00:34:10,230 --> 00:34:11,400 Times that day. 463 00:34:16,040 --> 00:34:20,960 The New York Times will come up in some of these. 464 00:34:20,960 --> 00:34:23,989 One of the problems with teaching a class for 34 years 465 00:34:23,989 --> 00:34:25,065 is that you get bored. 466 00:34:27,590 --> 00:34:31,400 Most of you who graduate from MIT with advanced degrees 467 00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:34,199 teach. 468 00:34:34,199 --> 00:34:38,389 I don't know how you teach the calculus for 34 years 469 00:34:38,389 --> 00:34:41,420 without going around the bend. 470 00:34:41,420 --> 00:34:45,830 So what I try to do is to teach the class differently 471 00:34:45,830 --> 00:34:48,270 every time I teach it. 472 00:34:48,270 --> 00:34:51,560 So I will start off taking a piece from this morning's 473 00:34:51,560 --> 00:35:00,440 paper on Hurricane Sandy and what Mayor Bloomberg proposes 474 00:35:00,440 --> 00:35:04,010 to do, and tie it into the theory 475 00:35:04,010 --> 00:35:06,890 that we're examining that day. 476 00:35:06,890 --> 00:35:09,770 And I will give you that piece of paper, or those sheets 477 00:35:09,770 --> 00:35:12,230 of paper, sometimes three. 478 00:35:12,230 --> 00:35:15,080 Sometimes I'll give you a series of plans 479 00:35:15,080 --> 00:35:17,570 which will take five pages. 480 00:35:17,570 --> 00:35:22,280 For instance, when we talk about the Grand Paris competition, 481 00:35:22,280 --> 00:35:28,010 I will give you excerpts from the competition. 482 00:35:28,010 --> 00:35:29,420 So I'll give you a paper. 483 00:35:29,420 --> 00:35:30,830 You can throw it away. 484 00:35:30,830 --> 00:35:32,770 You can use it during the class. 485 00:35:32,770 --> 00:35:34,250 It's an adjunct. 486 00:35:34,250 --> 00:35:35,900 You can give me gifts in return. 487 00:35:38,980 --> 00:35:40,440 Don't take that seriously. 488 00:35:43,310 --> 00:35:48,100 The second of the analogical propositions we look at 489 00:35:48,100 --> 00:35:51,370 will be the machine model. 490 00:35:51,370 --> 00:35:56,260 These three models were derived in this class with Kevin Lynch 491 00:35:56,260 --> 00:36:02,320 a number of years ago, and I've adapted them for this 492 00:36:02,320 --> 00:36:04,420 and modernized them. 493 00:36:04,420 --> 00:36:09,970 The machine model deals with everything 494 00:36:09,970 --> 00:36:17,980 from the first grid city to the laws of the Indies 495 00:36:17,980 --> 00:36:23,980 to contemporary attempts at machine interpretation. 496 00:36:23,980 --> 00:36:27,040 The fourth class looks with the tradition 497 00:36:27,040 --> 00:36:31,330 of regarding the city as a function of nature 498 00:36:31,330 --> 00:36:34,150 and looks to organic analogies. 499 00:36:34,150 --> 00:36:37,270 We will look at a number of theorists 500 00:36:37,270 --> 00:36:42,190 of this kind, Patrick Geddes, Ebenezer Howard, and so on. 501 00:36:42,190 --> 00:36:44,290 But I will be skeptical about this. 502 00:36:44,290 --> 00:36:52,400 I'm skeptical about biomorphism, and I will say I'm skeptical. 503 00:36:52,400 --> 00:36:56,080 I will go through very briefly with you 504 00:36:56,080 --> 00:37:01,030 the history from 1933 of the greatest planning 505 00:37:01,030 --> 00:37:06,100 effort in this country, the Tennessee Valley Authority. 506 00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:12,700 I will show you how in 1933, I will tell you 507 00:37:12,700 --> 00:37:17,860 about Roosevelt's theoretical understanding of nature. 508 00:37:17,860 --> 00:37:24,220 I will talk to you about the Southern urbanists' reaction 509 00:37:24,220 --> 00:37:29,280 to that, viewing nature in a completely different way. 510 00:37:29,280 --> 00:37:31,810 I will talk to you about Henry Ford's proposition 511 00:37:31,810 --> 00:37:37,000 to build Muscle Shoals as an industrial-agricultural city 512 00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:39,610 instead of the new. 513 00:37:39,610 --> 00:37:44,050 Henry Ford proposed to the United States Congress 514 00:37:44,050 --> 00:37:47,860 to buy the first dam for $1 million, 515 00:37:47,860 --> 00:37:53,020 and the Senator Norris, great man, turned it down. 516 00:37:53,020 --> 00:37:58,740 Instead, we'll go on to new images of nature, 517 00:37:58,740 --> 00:38:02,460 and we'll talk about the establishment 518 00:38:02,460 --> 00:38:09,510 of the controversy about the small fish in one of the dams. 519 00:38:09,510 --> 00:38:14,760 We'll go on to the fact that the 28 dams are now, 520 00:38:14,760 --> 00:38:18,690 the 28 dams that are built no longer provide 521 00:38:18,690 --> 00:38:22,860 sufficient hydroelectric energy, and 60% 522 00:38:22,860 --> 00:38:27,990 of the industry supported by electricity comes from coal. 523 00:38:27,990 --> 00:38:32,010 The worst coal disaster, the worst environmental disaster 524 00:38:32,010 --> 00:38:36,930 in history took place in the Tennessee Valley Authority. 525 00:38:36,930 --> 00:38:38,800 You see what I'm trying to do? 526 00:38:38,800 --> 00:38:43,200 I'm trying to say nature is not a fixed commodity. 527 00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:48,490 In one project, there are annual protests against the-- where 528 00:38:48,490 --> 00:38:50,100 did the Manhattan Project-- 529 00:38:50,100 --> 00:38:52,920 where was the Manhattan Project? 530 00:38:52,920 --> 00:38:56,230 It was in the Tennessee Valley Authority. 531 00:38:56,230 --> 00:38:59,065 There are anti-nuclear protests every year. 532 00:39:03,760 --> 00:39:05,970 Nature is a difficult subject. 533 00:39:05,970 --> 00:39:09,000 Forget about nature. 534 00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:10,600 You're a human being. 535 00:39:10,600 --> 00:39:11,860 You have an animal. 536 00:39:11,860 --> 00:39:15,670 You have a brain many, many times the size 537 00:39:15,670 --> 00:39:18,100 of any other living creature. 538 00:39:18,100 --> 00:39:22,210 Your decisions are not bad ones. 539 00:39:22,210 --> 00:39:23,860 At least that's my point of view. 540 00:39:23,860 --> 00:39:25,030 I'm a humanist. 541 00:39:25,030 --> 00:39:26,410 Forgive me. 542 00:39:26,410 --> 00:39:30,250 I'm not a naturalist. 543 00:39:30,250 --> 00:39:33,970 We'll debate that proposition. 544 00:39:33,970 --> 00:39:36,280 I then will spend two classes looking 545 00:39:36,280 --> 00:39:40,390 at theoretical propositions, one largely 546 00:39:40,390 --> 00:39:45,410 from the social sciences, economics, political science, 547 00:39:45,410 --> 00:39:47,140 history, and so on. 548 00:39:47,140 --> 00:39:54,760 And then I will look at four attempts to create reasonable 549 00:39:54,760 --> 00:40:00,400 theory, Lynch, Martin, Alexander, 550 00:40:00,400 --> 00:40:05,510 [? Brockin ?] and [? Helia ?] as examples. 551 00:40:05,510 --> 00:40:07,810 We will stop there with the introduction. 552 00:40:07,810 --> 00:40:11,980 That is a large introduction to the class. 553 00:40:11,980 --> 00:40:15,370 I will start Section 2 with the first early cities 554 00:40:15,370 --> 00:40:16,420 of capitalism. 555 00:40:22,130 --> 00:40:26,420 Nothing that preceded in human history, 556 00:40:26,420 --> 00:40:29,210 as far as urbanization is concerned, 557 00:40:29,210 --> 00:40:35,550 is as important as what happened from 1750 onwards. 558 00:40:35,550 --> 00:40:40,140 I will try to convince you not to ignore urban history-- 559 00:40:43,030 --> 00:40:44,120 it's not taught anyway-- 560 00:40:47,440 --> 00:40:54,130 but to really concentrate on the period from 1750 onwards. 561 00:40:54,130 --> 00:40:56,440 The greatest event in human history 562 00:40:56,440 --> 00:40:57,745 is the Industrial Revolution. 563 00:40:57,745 --> 00:41:01,960 Why it took place in England, why it took place 564 00:41:01,960 --> 00:41:07,180 in the first place, we will look at a number of theories which 565 00:41:07,180 --> 00:41:14,080 explain that, including a recent theoretical exploration 566 00:41:14,080 --> 00:41:18,050 by a man from California called Clark. 567 00:41:18,050 --> 00:41:23,020 His book A Farewell to Alms is an interesting biogenetic 568 00:41:23,020 --> 00:41:33,430 attempt to explain the change in human behavior 569 00:41:33,430 --> 00:41:35,455 in the 19th century in England. 570 00:41:39,460 --> 00:41:45,400 In 1850, London was the largest city in the world. 571 00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:47,650 It was the first city in the world since Rome 572 00:41:47,650 --> 00:41:52,000 to have achieve 1 million population, more or less. 573 00:41:52,000 --> 00:41:55,450 We don't measure these things very accurately. 574 00:41:55,450 --> 00:41:58,720 At the same time, the first rules 575 00:41:58,720 --> 00:42:03,350 were introduced into boxing. 576 00:42:03,350 --> 00:42:05,510 Why? 577 00:42:05,510 --> 00:42:12,140 Medieval boxing was dealt with cruelty to animals. 578 00:42:12,140 --> 00:42:15,230 I would treat you to the story about the burning 579 00:42:15,230 --> 00:42:19,460 of a cat in front of royalty in the population 580 00:42:19,460 --> 00:42:22,010 in Paris in the 18th century. 581 00:42:25,890 --> 00:42:29,100 Boxing in a medieval sporting event was-- 582 00:42:29,100 --> 00:42:32,850 didn't separate big giants from small men. 583 00:42:32,850 --> 00:42:33,795 Women didn't box. 584 00:42:36,640 --> 00:42:43,000 Cockfighting, Hemingway says that bullfighting 585 00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:45,820 is the last vestige of sport. 586 00:42:45,820 --> 00:42:49,030 What he's saying is that the transformation 587 00:42:49,030 --> 00:42:56,530 from free-ranging animal-human interaction in medieval sport 588 00:42:56,530 --> 00:43:01,300 changed dramatically with industrialization. 589 00:43:01,300 --> 00:43:06,610 1855, the Marquis of Queensbury rules in boxing 590 00:43:06,610 --> 00:43:10,930 limited the length of boxing around to two minutes, I think, 591 00:43:10,930 --> 00:43:14,380 or five minutes, whatever it is. 592 00:43:14,380 --> 00:43:17,900 That's when Manchester United was formed. 593 00:43:17,900 --> 00:43:23,440 So we look at sport as an analogy to culture in relation 594 00:43:23,440 --> 00:43:24,580 to-- 595 00:43:24,580 --> 00:43:27,100 we'll deal with Marx. 596 00:43:27,100 --> 00:43:29,020 Not Marx, Marx, yes. 597 00:43:29,020 --> 00:43:31,330 We'll always deal with Marx. 598 00:43:31,330 --> 00:43:34,750 You can't avoid him. 599 00:43:34,750 --> 00:43:40,090 We'll deal with Engels' period in Manchester and his book 600 00:43:40,090 --> 00:43:43,960 The Condition of the Working Class in England. 601 00:43:43,960 --> 00:43:48,220 We'll deal with a number of things 602 00:43:48,220 --> 00:43:50,870 when we do the case study of London. 603 00:43:50,870 --> 00:43:54,160 We'll deal with a number of economic and social 604 00:43:54,160 --> 00:43:59,950 transformation, which I consider fundamental to any 605 00:43:59,950 --> 00:44:02,440 consideration of a modern city. 606 00:44:02,440 --> 00:44:06,190 The first is the invention of the mortgage system. 607 00:44:06,190 --> 00:44:09,070 None of you know anything about the mortgage system. 608 00:44:09,070 --> 00:44:11,740 Nobody knows very much. 609 00:44:11,740 --> 00:44:13,750 Do you realize that one of the great causes 610 00:44:13,750 --> 00:44:16,450 for the American depression was that you couldn't 611 00:44:16,450 --> 00:44:20,800 engage in a domestic mortgage to borrow money 612 00:44:20,800 --> 00:44:23,830 for buying a house? 613 00:44:23,830 --> 00:44:29,080 That was invented as part of the feudal system in Manchester 614 00:44:29,080 --> 00:44:33,790 and Birmingham in the 1830's onwards. 615 00:44:33,790 --> 00:44:38,650 I'll talk about the conquest of cholera 616 00:44:38,650 --> 00:44:44,140 in London, in the building and the-- 617 00:44:44,140 --> 00:44:46,780 London in 1850 with a million people 618 00:44:46,780 --> 00:44:51,730 with the most filthy city in world history. 619 00:44:51,730 --> 00:44:54,280 There were a number of people who made livings 620 00:44:54,280 --> 00:45:00,370 just scavenging the dirt in London, in the Thames, digging 621 00:45:00,370 --> 00:45:02,845 out bodies, old waste. 622 00:45:06,240 --> 00:45:14,220 Cholera was considered to be a disease through the air. 623 00:45:14,220 --> 00:45:18,330 A wonderful doctor, there's this great book 624 00:45:18,330 --> 00:45:20,860 which I refer to in reading. 625 00:45:27,140 --> 00:45:32,510 The Ghost Map is the book which goes 626 00:45:32,510 --> 00:45:36,300 into detail about how this man discovered that cholera was 627 00:45:36,300 --> 00:45:40,610 a waterborne disease, which led to the greatest public building 628 00:45:40,610 --> 00:45:49,310 works in the history of London, the redistribution of water 629 00:45:49,310 --> 00:45:55,370 from the North and the South into bypasses which takes 630 00:45:55,370 --> 00:45:59,555 the polluted water horizontally away from the center of London. 631 00:46:02,360 --> 00:46:03,920 We'll do the same with Paris. 632 00:46:03,920 --> 00:46:07,310 Here I will deal with another fundamental innovation, 633 00:46:07,310 --> 00:46:09,710 and that's deficit spending. 634 00:46:09,710 --> 00:46:14,090 You cannot do major works in a city without borrowing money. 635 00:46:17,940 --> 00:46:21,450 The great conflict amongst the prefects of the Seine 636 00:46:21,450 --> 00:46:27,990 until Haussmann about building as much as the purse would 637 00:46:27,990 --> 00:46:31,440 allow, which was very little. 638 00:46:31,440 --> 00:46:34,680 Haussmann benefited from the great work 639 00:46:34,680 --> 00:46:38,460 of Saint-Simon and other economists 640 00:46:38,460 --> 00:46:41,550 which showed that if you borrowed money, 641 00:46:41,550 --> 00:46:46,500 you could pay it back at enormous benefit. 642 00:46:46,500 --> 00:46:52,050 Haussmann borrowed enough money in the years between 1850 643 00:46:52,050 --> 00:46:55,740 and 1870 to rebuild Paris. 644 00:46:55,740 --> 00:47:01,350 That loan, those loans were only repaid in 1928. 645 00:47:01,350 --> 00:47:03,137 Deficit spending has become-- 646 00:47:05,760 --> 00:47:10,170 if you're interested, we can talk about deficit spending, 647 00:47:10,170 --> 00:47:13,060 national deficit spending. 648 00:47:13,060 --> 00:47:19,530 The great trauma, economically, in United States politics 649 00:47:19,530 --> 00:47:24,290 is an extension of deficit spending. 650 00:47:24,290 --> 00:47:28,850 Most of the Democrats believe that a large deficit 651 00:47:28,850 --> 00:47:33,180 isn't a fundamental flaw in the economic system. 652 00:47:33,180 --> 00:47:37,580 Republicans, by and large, have the opposite position. 653 00:47:37,580 --> 00:47:40,160 They believe that a national economy 654 00:47:40,160 --> 00:47:44,120 is much like developing a mortgage. 655 00:47:44,120 --> 00:47:46,310 You can't have too large a mortgage, 656 00:47:46,310 --> 00:47:50,490 as opposed to how much economic growth you have. 657 00:47:50,490 --> 00:47:55,040 We will touch on this economic distinction, 658 00:47:55,040 --> 00:47:59,000 and I'll refer you to reading a book by the Nobel Prize winner 659 00:47:59,000 --> 00:48:07,040 Joseph Stiglitz, who talks about the fundamental problem 660 00:48:07,040 --> 00:48:11,690 of disparity, large disparities of income as measured 661 00:48:11,690 --> 00:48:17,310 by the Gini coefficient, and economic growth. 662 00:48:17,310 --> 00:48:21,920 But this starts in Paris in the years, 663 00:48:21,920 --> 00:48:26,570 in the 20-year period from 1850 to 1870. 664 00:48:26,570 --> 00:48:28,940 Now, architects look at Haussmann and say, 665 00:48:28,940 --> 00:48:29,795 he built avenues. 666 00:48:32,810 --> 00:48:36,350 If you don't like avenues, you say he's a horrible man. 667 00:48:36,350 --> 00:48:38,475 If you like avenues, then you think he was a saint. 668 00:48:41,550 --> 00:48:43,970 He did lots of other things than build avenues. 669 00:48:43,970 --> 00:48:48,420 He built the avenues according to an economic relationship 670 00:48:48,420 --> 00:48:52,970 with the banks, which allowed him to borrow 671 00:48:52,970 --> 00:48:54,470 enormous amounts of money. 672 00:48:58,910 --> 00:49:03,660 So we'll move on from the case studies of Paris and London, 673 00:49:03,660 --> 00:49:05,390 which are classic-- 674 00:49:05,390 --> 00:49:06,500 I should hurry up-- 675 00:49:09,770 --> 00:49:13,820 to looking at one of the conventional 19th century 676 00:49:13,820 --> 00:49:17,420 responses to the first cities of capitalism, 677 00:49:17,420 --> 00:49:20,580 and that's Barcelona. 678 00:49:23,910 --> 00:49:28,380 We'll look at the genius of Ildefons Cerda's 679 00:49:28,380 --> 00:49:34,200 plan for Barcelona, the largest housing plan in Europe, 680 00:49:34,200 --> 00:49:35,040 a number of issues. 681 00:49:39,210 --> 00:49:43,830 I presume some of you have been to Barcelona and know 682 00:49:43,830 --> 00:49:45,570 the Ensanche. 683 00:49:45,570 --> 00:49:48,000 Almost every theorist from Barcelona, 684 00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:53,040 including my friend Morales, who died last year, 685 00:49:53,040 --> 00:49:56,430 claims there's something significant in the Ensanche. 686 00:49:56,430 --> 00:49:58,020 I want to know what you think. 687 00:49:58,020 --> 00:50:01,650 Has anybody-- who's been to Barcelona? 688 00:50:01,650 --> 00:50:05,820 You all better go before the class. 689 00:50:05,820 --> 00:50:08,820 There are number of intriguing things about the competition 690 00:50:08,820 --> 00:50:15,690 which set one against a modern proposition for modular growth, 691 00:50:15,690 --> 00:50:19,590 as opposed to the neoclassical proposition of the man 692 00:50:19,590 --> 00:50:20,415 who he defeated. 693 00:50:25,830 --> 00:50:30,750 We'll look at it Ildefons Cerda in a way which 694 00:50:30,750 --> 00:50:33,690 very few people tend to look at him, 695 00:50:33,690 --> 00:50:38,280 and that's part of a neo-Marxian notion 696 00:50:38,280 --> 00:50:40,500 of what urbanism should be. 697 00:50:43,490 --> 00:50:48,370 We'll look at a man from Paris who came to this country 698 00:50:48,370 --> 00:50:50,840 with the new Icarian system. 699 00:50:50,840 --> 00:50:55,520 Anyway, we'll look at Vienna, again, 700 00:50:55,520 --> 00:50:57,770 as the reuse of infrastructure. 701 00:51:00,680 --> 00:51:04,400 Vienna is interesting for a number of ways, 702 00:51:04,400 --> 00:51:11,230 not only the building of the Ringstrasse, 703 00:51:11,230 --> 00:51:16,790 but for the 1683 attempt by the Ottoman Empire to take Vienna. 704 00:51:16,790 --> 00:51:20,390 Vienna was within one morning of being taken over 705 00:51:20,390 --> 00:51:22,280 by the Ottomans. 706 00:51:22,280 --> 00:51:28,940 The Ottomans succeeded in defeating Christianity in 1453 707 00:51:28,940 --> 00:51:34,820 by using a German cannon which had 708 00:51:34,820 --> 00:51:42,560 to be schlepped across Europe to Istanbul by 30 oxen. 709 00:51:42,560 --> 00:51:45,230 They had to build bridges on the way over there 710 00:51:45,230 --> 00:51:47,060 to cross a waterway. 711 00:51:47,060 --> 00:51:49,800 When they brought it to Istanbul, 712 00:51:49,800 --> 00:51:53,420 it destroyed the Christian double wall and moat 713 00:51:53,420 --> 00:52:02,150 by sending rocks 1,300 meters away. 714 00:52:02,150 --> 00:52:09,650 The attempt to defeat Vienna after crossing all the way 715 00:52:09,650 --> 00:52:14,330 from Istanbul is very well-documented in a very good 716 00:52:14,330 --> 00:52:15,260 book. 717 00:52:15,260 --> 00:52:18,440 But the savior of Vienna for Christianity 718 00:52:18,440 --> 00:52:23,960 by the intervention of the King of Poland's cavalry 719 00:52:23,960 --> 00:52:26,780 is one of these extraordinary events in history 720 00:52:26,780 --> 00:52:29,180 which, had it not happened, Vienna 721 00:52:29,180 --> 00:52:35,450 would have been an Islamic city, and Europe's future 722 00:52:35,450 --> 00:52:44,510 would have been without Sigmund Freud, Beethoven, Mozart, et 723 00:52:44,510 --> 00:52:46,530 cetera, et cetera. 724 00:52:46,530 --> 00:52:48,320 Now, that may be better for Europe. 725 00:52:48,320 --> 00:52:51,420 I'm not arguing that I know. 726 00:52:51,420 --> 00:52:54,140 But it's one of the cardinal-- 727 00:52:57,460 --> 00:52:59,170 it's in connection with the wall, 728 00:52:59,170 --> 00:53:05,140 because the Islamic engineers dug under the Earth 729 00:53:05,140 --> 00:53:11,050 and built a tunnel under the southern wall into the center. 730 00:53:11,050 --> 00:53:15,700 So walls didn't pay off, altogether. 731 00:53:15,700 --> 00:53:17,350 After these case studies-- 732 00:53:17,350 --> 00:53:20,550 well, the last of the case studies will be Chicago. 733 00:53:20,550 --> 00:53:25,720 Chicago has no aristocracy, only a middle class 734 00:53:25,720 --> 00:53:31,930 and immigrant population, and is one of the few great 735 00:53:31,930 --> 00:53:34,180 19th century cities. 736 00:53:34,180 --> 00:53:36,910 Which other cities were developed in the 19th century? 737 00:53:41,980 --> 00:53:43,150 Can you name me one? 738 00:53:46,270 --> 00:53:48,203 AUDIENCE: San Francisco. 739 00:53:48,203 --> 00:53:49,870 JULIAN BEINART: Yeah, it's a bit dubious 740 00:53:49,870 --> 00:53:51,800 about what its origins are. 741 00:53:51,800 --> 00:53:53,020 But you are maybe right. 742 00:53:53,020 --> 00:53:56,710 Johannesburg is certainly one. 743 00:53:56,710 --> 00:54:00,940 Chicago is unusual in really only having been 744 00:54:00,940 --> 00:54:06,010 developed from 1830 onwards. 745 00:54:06,010 --> 00:54:10,840 Chicago is also unbelievably interesting in relation 746 00:54:10,840 --> 00:54:18,230 to the role of the private sector 747 00:54:18,230 --> 00:54:20,880 in the development of a city. 748 00:54:20,880 --> 00:54:25,520 The European examples really deal with governance. 749 00:54:25,520 --> 00:54:28,850 The private sector in Chicago built 750 00:54:28,850 --> 00:54:32,030 an illegal underground subway system 751 00:54:32,030 --> 00:54:35,650 without the city knowing it. 752 00:54:35,650 --> 00:54:39,635 Now, if you have a city which has enough hubris 753 00:54:39,635 --> 00:54:46,100 to allow a private subway system to be built, 754 00:54:46,100 --> 00:54:50,570 it also deals with the Chicago World's Fair 755 00:54:50,570 --> 00:54:53,450 and the various episodes leading to it. 756 00:54:53,450 --> 00:54:56,690 We'll spend some time going through the Chicago World's 757 00:54:56,690 --> 00:55:01,400 Fair, and we'll contrast it with The Devil in the White City, 758 00:55:01,400 --> 00:55:06,410 the book which many of you probably know, 759 00:55:06,410 --> 00:55:11,330 and the incredible lack of public governance 760 00:55:11,330 --> 00:55:14,270 in a city which was being developed 761 00:55:14,270 --> 00:55:15,365 by the private sector. 762 00:55:19,470 --> 00:55:24,920 Section 2 will end with two classes, one on utopianism, 763 00:55:24,920 --> 00:55:27,920 which I dislike as an idea. 764 00:55:27,920 --> 00:55:30,440 But we'll do the class anyway. 765 00:55:30,440 --> 00:55:33,390 You may enjoy it more than I do. 766 00:55:33,390 --> 00:55:38,730 But the interesting-- we'll realize 767 00:55:38,730 --> 00:55:46,860 the link between English and the Shakers. 768 00:55:46,860 --> 00:55:48,920 Do you realize that the woman who 769 00:55:48,920 --> 00:55:55,650 started the Shaker movement came from Manchester, 770 00:55:55,650 --> 00:55:59,480 and after having, I think, her fifth stillborn baby, 771 00:55:59,480 --> 00:56:03,110 she reviled against six, left to the United States, 772 00:56:03,110 --> 00:56:06,110 and came to start the Shaker utopian 773 00:56:06,110 --> 00:56:07,785 movement in this country. 774 00:56:07,785 --> 00:56:10,160 There's a relationship between the evils 775 00:56:10,160 --> 00:56:17,960 of capitalism, pre-hygiene and the utopian movement. 776 00:56:17,960 --> 00:56:22,250 Utopianism has many interesting followers. 777 00:56:22,250 --> 00:56:26,870 And then we'll do a brief look at some 20th century 778 00:56:26,870 --> 00:56:30,380 organizations in England, the British Town Planning 779 00:56:30,380 --> 00:56:42,380 Movement after 1946, and the socialist city in Russia. 780 00:56:42,380 --> 00:56:45,260 Look, all of these are enormous topics, 781 00:56:45,260 --> 00:56:48,080 and I'm just going to select a couple of ideas 782 00:56:48,080 --> 00:56:50,540 and go with those ideas. 783 00:56:50,540 --> 00:56:53,865 This is an enormous attic of stuff. 784 00:56:53,865 --> 00:57:00,300 This class is over-fat and tries to do too much. 785 00:57:00,300 --> 00:57:05,165 It's the accumulation of 34 years of not being on a diet. 786 00:57:07,880 --> 00:57:12,020 So you have thoughts of the fragments of stuff. 787 00:57:12,020 --> 00:57:18,830 The last half of the class deals with current theory 788 00:57:18,830 --> 00:57:21,240 and practice. 789 00:57:21,240 --> 00:57:25,010 The first section deals with the question, 790 00:57:25,010 --> 00:57:27,170 is there a relationship, or what is 791 00:57:27,170 --> 00:57:31,610 the relationship between the way a city is made and its form? 792 00:57:35,330 --> 00:57:39,890 The second group deal with, what is the relationship 793 00:57:39,890 --> 00:57:43,790 between social structure and spatial structure? 794 00:57:43,790 --> 00:57:50,240 And here we do case studies of Jerusalem, Johannesburg, 795 00:57:50,240 --> 00:57:58,040 the border between Mexico and the United States, and colonial 796 00:57:58,040 --> 00:57:59,180 Delhi in India. 797 00:58:05,030 --> 00:58:09,920 That takes us to the third week of April, 798 00:58:09,920 --> 00:58:12,020 and it's spring already, I hope. 799 00:58:15,080 --> 00:58:21,020 And we can keep these windows open for the sun to come in. 800 00:58:21,020 --> 00:58:23,870 I deal with a number of propositions, 801 00:58:23,870 --> 00:58:27,635 formal propositions, number 20, four models-- 802 00:58:31,370 --> 00:58:34,130 sorry, number 19, four models. 803 00:58:34,130 --> 00:58:38,780 One deals with modern and postmodern urbanism, 804 00:58:38,780 --> 00:58:40,790 deals with the origin of modernism, 805 00:58:40,790 --> 00:58:46,400 and mainly the CIM discourse on urbanism 806 00:58:46,400 --> 00:58:50,540 and some reactions to it. 807 00:58:50,540 --> 00:58:52,880 Number 20 deals with the proposition 808 00:58:52,880 --> 00:58:56,480 about the city as an opportunity for building 809 00:58:56,480 --> 00:59:01,970 in an open-ended fashion, questions of prophecy, 810 00:59:01,970 --> 00:59:05,300 questions of imagining the future, 811 00:59:05,300 --> 00:59:09,770 questions of finding formal structures which 812 00:59:09,770 --> 00:59:17,310 can accommodate change with the minimum cost are part of this. 813 00:59:17,310 --> 00:59:19,940 I will look at the previous research done 814 00:59:19,940 --> 00:59:25,310 at the Cambridge University Build Form and Land Use Studies 815 00:59:25,310 --> 00:59:30,170 Group, Leslie Martin for six weeks. 816 00:59:32,900 --> 00:59:35,820 I will look at the opposite notion in the work, 817 00:59:35,820 --> 00:59:39,890 in the theories of Leon Krier and Aldo Rossi, two 818 00:59:39,890 --> 00:59:43,960 European theorists, which those of you 819 00:59:43,960 --> 00:59:50,630 will know from architecture, postulating 820 00:59:50,630 --> 00:59:55,280 that it is the past that should govern any preoccupation 821 00:59:55,280 --> 00:59:57,980 with the form of a city. 822 00:59:57,980 --> 01:00:02,930 Rossi has a theory of monumentality 823 01:00:02,930 --> 01:00:05,120 which we need to examine. 824 01:00:05,120 --> 01:00:11,810 Krier has some intelligent but really remarkably stupid 825 01:00:11,810 --> 01:00:19,730 notions about classicism, and the revival of classicism, 826 01:00:19,730 --> 01:00:23,330 and that cities were great during classical times. 827 01:00:23,330 --> 01:00:29,330 And this is the derivation from neoclassicism which 828 01:00:29,330 --> 01:00:33,180 we need to look at carefully. 829 01:00:33,180 --> 01:00:39,350 We need to take a careful look at the way in which we 830 01:00:39,350 --> 01:00:42,300 derive notions from history. 831 01:00:42,300 --> 01:00:48,635 The next class deals with memory. 832 01:00:51,590 --> 01:00:56,216 Memory and history are two different things in urbanism. 833 01:00:56,216 --> 01:01:00,350 I will try to explain it through the attempt, to which all of us 834 01:01:00,350 --> 01:01:04,670 have, for maintaining continuity. 835 01:01:04,670 --> 01:01:15,200 We'll deal with the work, the writing of Maurice Halbwachs, 836 01:01:15,200 --> 01:01:22,070 the book Collective Memory, and other examples of the conflict 837 01:01:22,070 --> 01:01:24,230 between history and memory. 838 01:01:24,230 --> 01:01:28,580 Pierre Nora is writing about the French, 839 01:01:28,580 --> 01:01:32,930 about the loss of living memory through history, 840 01:01:32,930 --> 01:01:39,930 that history displaces living memory, and so on. 841 01:01:39,930 --> 01:01:46,040 But the fact that we now have more stuff 842 01:01:46,040 --> 01:01:53,670 in cities than ever before, and are building less and less 843 01:01:53,670 --> 01:01:58,950 and reusing more and more material 844 01:01:58,950 --> 01:02:03,180 argues for look at memory. 845 01:02:03,180 --> 01:02:08,070 The last few classes deal with the difference, 846 01:02:08,070 --> 01:02:10,770 the contemporary difference between the public and private 847 01:02:10,770 --> 01:02:17,160 domain, the relationship between the external, 848 01:02:17,160 --> 01:02:19,780 the [NON-ENGLISH] and the [NON-ENGLISH],, 849 01:02:19,780 --> 01:02:26,730 the suburbs and the center city in the United States. 850 01:02:26,730 --> 01:02:29,190 The last few classes will take a brief look 851 01:02:29,190 --> 01:02:39,070 at splintering urbanism, the effective modern virtual 852 01:02:39,070 --> 01:02:41,260 communication systems on the form, 853 01:02:41,260 --> 01:02:49,180 of the predicted form of cities, take a brief look 854 01:02:49,180 --> 01:02:57,490 at the effective issues of climate change 855 01:02:57,490 --> 01:03:00,220 and sustainability. 856 01:03:00,220 --> 01:03:06,540 On the last day of class, I will deal 857 01:03:06,540 --> 01:03:12,825 with a major issue of the Gini coefficient and poverty. 858 01:03:16,740 --> 01:03:20,760 In my view, one issue which urbanism 859 01:03:20,760 --> 01:03:24,450 is doing less about than any other, 860 01:03:24,450 --> 01:03:29,710 and is theoretically seemingly incapable of doing that, 861 01:03:29,710 --> 01:03:32,280 that is reducing the level of poverty 862 01:03:32,280 --> 01:03:37,920 in the non-European, non-American world. 863 01:03:37,920 --> 01:03:41,640 That's an animal, a nasty animal which 864 01:03:41,640 --> 01:03:47,310 we bypass, as we do any serious attempt at universal climate 865 01:03:47,310 --> 01:03:48,780 change theory. 866 01:03:56,500 --> 01:04:02,650 It's what I think the nasty future holds for us, 867 01:04:02,650 --> 01:04:07,790 and we'll end with that rather dismal proposition. 868 01:04:07,790 --> 01:04:10,150 On the other hand, I'll at the same time 869 01:04:10,150 --> 01:04:12,820 be talking about the wonderful successes 870 01:04:12,820 --> 01:04:22,270 that we've achieved over 10,000 years, 871 01:04:22,270 --> 01:04:24,355 well, a little more than 10,000 years, 872 01:04:24,355 --> 01:04:27,220 but 10,000 of human history, just 873 01:04:27,220 --> 01:04:32,830 to be able to teach this class with all of this stuff. 874 01:04:32,830 --> 01:04:34,730 Whether it's a good class or a bad class 875 01:04:34,730 --> 01:04:37,770 is only due to the fact that we've 876 01:04:37,770 --> 01:04:40,140 accumulated enough experience. 877 01:04:40,140 --> 01:04:44,400 We've had enough human minds thinking about urbanism 878 01:04:44,400 --> 01:04:46,600 for this period of time. 879 01:04:46,600 --> 01:04:49,200 It's a major, major achievement. 880 01:04:49,200 --> 01:04:50,250 Marx is right. 881 01:04:50,250 --> 01:04:55,070 Without cities, there'd be no civilization. 882 01:04:55,070 --> 01:05:00,150 And without civilization, we wouldn't be sitting here today. 883 01:05:00,150 --> 01:05:03,200 But the two gaps, one of which, of course, 884 01:05:03,200 --> 01:05:05,725 Marx and Engels made a living off 885 01:05:05,725 --> 01:05:11,150 was picking up on the notion of the inability 886 01:05:11,150 --> 01:05:16,370 to deal with the unnatural distinction between wealth 887 01:05:16,370 --> 01:05:24,170 and poverty, and what that means in the latest attempts 888 01:05:24,170 --> 01:05:28,520 by groups such as Slum Dwellers International. 889 01:05:28,520 --> 01:05:31,250 I don't know if any of you saw the exhibition at the United 890 01:05:31,250 --> 01:05:37,460 Nations last year or the year before produced 891 01:05:37,460 --> 01:05:43,180 by the Cooper Hewitt museum on third world cities. 892 01:05:43,180 --> 01:05:47,750 OK, so you don't know. 893 01:05:47,750 --> 01:05:49,040 What else? 894 01:05:49,040 --> 01:05:50,595 Is that enough for one semester? 895 01:05:53,600 --> 01:05:56,090 We're going to go quickly, and I am not 896 01:05:56,090 --> 01:06:00,680 going to be able to explain second order, third order 897 01:06:00,680 --> 01:06:02,220 issues. 898 01:06:02,220 --> 01:06:05,000 This is an open-ended system. 899 01:06:05,000 --> 01:06:07,490 It's got infinite dimensions. 900 01:06:07,490 --> 01:06:10,850 We're going to look at the core dimensions. 901 01:06:10,850 --> 01:06:14,510 And if they lead us outward, great. 902 01:06:14,510 --> 01:06:17,420 Maybe you'll have a universal theory of urbanism 903 01:06:17,420 --> 01:06:19,010 by the end of this class. 904 01:06:19,010 --> 01:06:21,410 I haven't got one. 905 01:06:21,410 --> 01:06:23,651 Any questions? 906 01:06:23,651 --> 01:06:27,200 You're all very silent. 907 01:06:27,200 --> 01:06:39,380 If you find a piece of reading in this class schedule, 908 01:06:39,380 --> 01:06:42,810 you will find the reference in the thicker bibliography I've 909 01:06:42,810 --> 01:06:47,710 given you, if it's up to date. 910 01:06:47,710 --> 01:06:50,000 And I hope it is. 911 01:06:50,000 --> 01:06:53,380 I check it every year and try to keep it up to date. 912 01:06:53,380 --> 01:06:57,100 If you have any trouble with a book or a reference, 913 01:06:57,100 --> 01:06:58,990 just send me an email. 914 01:06:58,990 --> 01:07:02,350 I like the email system, because it allows 915 01:07:02,350 --> 01:07:06,380 me to do things in my own time. 916 01:07:06,380 --> 01:07:09,200 But if you need to talk, let's talk. 917 01:07:09,200 --> 01:07:12,290 That's an open invitation. 918 01:07:12,290 --> 01:07:13,940 We are all very busy people. 919 01:07:17,470 --> 01:07:19,210 So for instance, when I mentioned 920 01:07:19,210 --> 01:07:26,440 Halbwachs and his book, The Collective Memory, it's not-- 921 01:07:26,440 --> 01:07:29,420 I will quote a bit from it in the class. 922 01:07:29,420 --> 01:07:33,820 But I purposely didn't put it as required reading, 923 01:07:33,820 --> 01:07:35,670 because you'd have to read the whole book. 924 01:07:42,120 --> 01:07:44,260 There's a part of me which had an upbringing 925 01:07:44,260 --> 01:07:47,530 that I had to read whole books. 926 01:07:47,530 --> 01:07:50,800 You couldn't read a piece of Shakespeare. 927 01:07:50,800 --> 01:07:55,570 We were beaten over our heads. 928 01:07:55,570 --> 01:07:57,040 We've got five minutes. 929 01:07:57,040 --> 01:08:00,790 We were beaten over our heads if we 930 01:08:00,790 --> 01:08:08,560 came in and read only a piece of Henry V, famous speech. 931 01:08:08,560 --> 01:08:13,030 I am understanding of the amount of energy and time 932 01:08:13,030 --> 01:08:16,270 it takes to read. 933 01:08:16,270 --> 01:08:19,120 So I've tried to give the required 934 01:08:19,120 --> 01:08:21,410 readings as parts of books. 935 01:08:21,410 --> 01:08:24,430 There's not one whole book that I've referred to. 936 01:08:24,430 --> 01:08:26,920 In the case of Halbwachs, it's very difficult 937 01:08:26,920 --> 01:08:30,550 to extract a chapter. 938 01:08:30,550 --> 01:08:32,460 There's a wonderful chapter on memory 939 01:08:32,460 --> 01:08:35,350 in music, which fascinates me. 940 01:08:35,350 --> 01:08:39,250 I mean, whenever I hear somebody conducting Mahler's Ninth 941 01:08:39,250 --> 01:08:44,120 Symphony without a score, I'm amazed 942 01:08:44,120 --> 01:08:49,210 at how it is humanly possible to understand such complex music 943 01:08:49,210 --> 01:08:56,569 and direct it for two hours, an hour and 40 minutes, perhaps. 944 01:08:56,569 --> 01:09:00,229 He tries to explain that individual memory is 945 01:09:00,229 --> 01:09:03,649 impossible, that the social memory is 946 01:09:03,649 --> 01:09:05,424 what creates individual memory. 947 01:09:10,310 --> 01:09:13,910 He was a collectivist sociologist 948 01:09:13,910 --> 01:09:18,109 and wrote some brilliant things about memory. 949 01:09:18,109 --> 01:09:20,930 But there's a case, if you read the book, 950 01:09:20,930 --> 01:09:24,200 it'll be worth reading. 951 01:09:24,200 --> 01:09:27,510 Maybe I'll excite you about the book. 952 01:09:27,510 --> 01:09:31,250 OK, I'll see you next Thursday, if you continue. 953 01:09:31,250 --> 01:09:34,869 If you don't, good luck with the rest of your life.