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JULIAN BEINART: The piece that
I've had handed out to you

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00:00:32,049 --> 00:00:39,790
covers the trajectory that
we will follow from 1 to 7.

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00:00:46,700 --> 00:00:50,420
Let me make a comment
about the formal structure

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00:00:50,420 --> 00:00:51,810
of these examples.

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00:00:55,490 --> 00:00:59,810
The grid is a
universal language.

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00:00:59,810 --> 00:01:05,330
It is used in the cosmic
model in Xi'an in 190 BC.

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00:01:05,330 --> 00:01:12,830
And it's used in the 1811
Manhattan extension plan.

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00:01:12,830 --> 00:01:18,920
The assumption is, if one
takes this too literally,

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00:01:18,920 --> 00:01:23,240
is that the grid
is a language which

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00:01:23,240 --> 00:01:28,695
can perform its function
in almost any context.

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00:01:33,400 --> 00:01:35,140
That is possibly true.

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00:01:35,140 --> 00:01:38,380
In each case, it requires
one to ask questions

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00:01:38,380 --> 00:01:41,830
about the nature of
the grid-- its context,

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00:01:41,830 --> 00:01:49,450
its size, its manifestation,
what the contemporary culture

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00:01:49,450 --> 00:01:52,690
was attempting to produce.

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00:01:52,690 --> 00:01:56,830
The commissioners who laid out
the 1811 Plan for Manhattan

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00:01:56,830 --> 00:01:59,620
spoke in terms of
trying to create

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00:01:59,620 --> 00:02:04,540
the most everyday
environment they could.

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00:02:04,540 --> 00:02:06,700
What does every
day mean to them?

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00:02:06,700 --> 00:02:09,800
They're the examples
of New Amsterdam,

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00:02:09,800 --> 00:02:12,730
the Dutch settlement, and
the British settlement,

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00:02:12,730 --> 00:02:14,680
which followed.

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00:02:14,680 --> 00:02:18,280
Wall Street, by the
way, was the separation

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00:02:18,280 --> 00:02:20,590
between the English
and Dutch settlements.

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00:02:26,070 --> 00:02:31,800
So the explanation for the
centralized cosmic order

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00:02:31,800 --> 00:02:36,720
of Xi'an and the
same or similar use

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00:02:36,720 --> 00:02:41,910
of a grid in
Manhattan many years

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00:02:41,910 --> 00:02:54,210
later with this second set
of plans or plans for grids

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00:02:54,210 --> 00:03:00,120
of many European center cities.

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00:03:00,120 --> 00:03:02,970
They're all grids,
but infinitely varied

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00:03:02,970 --> 00:03:05,220
in size and dimension.

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00:03:08,070 --> 00:03:19,000
The diagram is that of a
Bastide town in the southwest.

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00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:23,260
This one happens to be a town
which divides the blocks up

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00:03:23,260 --> 00:03:26,170
according to a
diagonal measurement.

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00:03:26,170 --> 00:03:31,630
I'll deal with that
move more carefully.

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00:03:31,630 --> 00:03:35,650
The next is a diagram,
a fictitious diagram,

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00:03:35,650 --> 00:03:43,000
of a Roman town showing
the rectangularity which

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00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:46,330
exists around the
tying of a central knot

46
00:03:46,330 --> 00:03:49,780
by this subdivision
of the blocks

47
00:03:49,780 --> 00:03:54,070
according to a
horizontal east-west line

48
00:03:54,070 --> 00:04:01,420
and this north-south line,
the Decumanus and the Cardo.

49
00:04:01,420 --> 00:04:04,630
And the second last--

50
00:04:04,630 --> 00:04:10,270
the last is an example of
contemporary fascination

51
00:04:10,270 --> 00:04:17,709
with linearity following the
notion of machine performance.

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00:04:22,120 --> 00:04:27,190
Henry Ford who probably
advocated assembly line

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00:04:27,190 --> 00:04:32,470
production more than any other
industrialist in modern times

54
00:04:32,470 --> 00:04:38,230
when he wanted to make
his own city in Muscle

55
00:04:38,230 --> 00:04:45,730
Shoals in Alabama, didn't
use a linear system.

56
00:04:45,730 --> 00:04:49,930
Well, maybe-- there are very
few plans of Muscle Shoals.

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00:04:49,930 --> 00:04:55,740
But it was a long city
which really interfaced

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00:04:55,740 --> 00:04:58,150
agriculture and industry.

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00:04:58,150 --> 00:05:02,950
Ford's notion was
that America had

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00:05:02,950 --> 00:05:05,530
gone wrong in
building industrialism

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00:05:05,530 --> 00:05:08,874
without agriculture.

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00:05:08,874 --> 00:05:11,980
He's postured it for
Muscle Shoals, which I'll

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00:05:11,980 --> 00:05:14,110
discuss later in this class.

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00:05:14,110 --> 00:05:16,690
It's interesting.

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00:05:16,690 --> 00:05:22,240
Every person-- Henry Ford
said, anybody who works for me

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00:05:22,240 --> 00:05:26,530
should spend part of
his time in a garden

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00:05:26,530 --> 00:05:32,740
or in a creative agricultural
performance of some kind.

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00:05:36,880 --> 00:05:41,440
The example on the
second to last page,

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00:05:41,440 --> 00:05:46,690
Southwest Washington in
plan, and our first notion

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00:05:46,690 --> 00:05:52,210
that the city should be made up
over time by points of interest

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00:05:52,210 --> 00:05:56,410
based on the topography and
on a diagonalized system

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00:05:56,410 --> 00:06:01,240
of connection was
opposed by Jefferson.

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00:06:01,240 --> 00:06:04,330
Jefferson made an
earlier plan which

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00:06:04,330 --> 00:06:07,000
is very difficult
to decipher but is

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00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:12,550
longitudinal and rectangular.

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00:06:12,550 --> 00:06:17,060
L'Enfant is quoted here as
saying, how boring a grid plan

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00:06:17,060 --> 00:06:17,560
is.

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00:06:26,190 --> 00:06:30,670
"Grid plans are tiresome and
insipid, however, answerable

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00:06:30,670 --> 00:06:33,750
they may appear on
paper or seducing

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00:06:33,750 --> 00:06:37,740
as they may be on first
aspect to the eyes,"

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00:06:37,740 --> 00:06:40,740
compared to Alexandria
in 77, which

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00:06:40,740 --> 00:06:43,800
was a rectangular
plan, which was

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00:06:43,800 --> 00:06:46,080
occupied right
from the beginning

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00:06:46,080 --> 00:06:53,110
and worked
subsequently very well.

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00:06:53,110 --> 00:06:56,520
So one of the aspects
of the machine model,

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00:06:56,520 --> 00:07:01,350
which this seems to
suggest, is that it has

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00:07:01,350 --> 00:07:05,520
a very high speed of return.

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00:07:05,520 --> 00:07:12,090
You can have a plan in an
extreme situation, which

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00:07:12,090 --> 00:07:17,350
requires a minimal
amount of surveying.

90
00:07:17,350 --> 00:07:21,000
It has a high aspect
of legibility.

91
00:07:23,550 --> 00:07:28,380
According to Gestalt's
theorist of urban form,

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00:07:28,380 --> 00:07:32,250
they would say that it's
because there is only one angle

93
00:07:32,250 --> 00:07:35,010
in a right angle intersection.

94
00:07:35,010 --> 00:07:38,430
Any other intersection
involves more than one angle.

95
00:07:38,430 --> 00:07:42,090
And the basic fundamental
law of visual economy,

96
00:07:42,090 --> 00:07:45,420
would suggest that you
would prefer the security

97
00:07:45,420 --> 00:07:47,190
of the right angle.

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00:07:47,190 --> 00:07:52,200
That is a linguistic assumption.

99
00:07:52,200 --> 00:07:56,860
And it's probably got a meta
truth associated with it.

100
00:07:56,860 --> 00:08:02,130
It's not the only reason
that this grid form

101
00:08:02,130 --> 00:08:06,570
appears in the machine model.

102
00:08:06,570 --> 00:08:11,220
The cosmic model, which
we discussed last time,

103
00:08:11,220 --> 00:08:14,010
put forward the ideal
of a crystalline city,

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00:08:14,010 --> 00:08:19,050
stable and hierarchical,
a magical microcosmos

105
00:08:19,050 --> 00:08:24,390
in which each part was fused
into a perfectly ordered whole.

106
00:08:24,390 --> 00:08:29,190
If it changed at all, it did
so only in this mechanical--

107
00:08:29,190 --> 00:08:31,860
not in mechanical--
rhythmical, ordered,

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00:08:31,860 --> 00:08:33,630
completely unchanging way.

109
00:08:37,120 --> 00:08:40,110
Thinking of the city as a
practical machine on their own

110
00:08:40,110 --> 00:08:42,999
is an utterly
different conception.

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00:08:42,999 --> 00:08:45,450
A machine also has
permanent parts,

112
00:08:45,450 --> 00:08:48,340
but the parts move
and move each other.

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00:08:48,340 --> 00:08:50,970
The machine can change,
although it does so

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00:08:50,970 --> 00:08:55,430
in some clearly predictable way.

115
00:08:55,430 --> 00:08:59,010
Stability is inherent in
the parts, not necessarily

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00:08:59,010 --> 00:09:00,660
in the whole.

117
00:09:00,660 --> 00:09:02,940
A whole grows by addition.

118
00:09:02,940 --> 00:09:07,270
The wider meaning is simply
the sum of its parts.

119
00:09:07,270 --> 00:09:10,380
It can be taken apart,
put together in reverse.

120
00:09:10,380 --> 00:09:12,690
Its pieces can be replaced.

121
00:09:12,690 --> 00:09:18,210
It is factual, functional,
cool, not magical at all.

122
00:09:21,120 --> 00:09:26,030
This is a very basic statement,
that you can arm machine

123
00:09:26,030 --> 00:09:28,820
with magical
properties is perfectly

124
00:09:28,820 --> 00:09:31,040
possible for the human brain.

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00:09:31,040 --> 00:09:33,410
We will see in
the later examples

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00:09:33,410 --> 00:09:43,800
where, in fact, this is an
aspect of the machine model

127
00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:45,900
which appears much later.

128
00:09:45,900 --> 00:09:48,225
In its earliest
times, it's very pure.

129
00:09:51,330 --> 00:09:58,620
The machine model occurs
historically most often

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00:09:58,620 --> 00:10:04,140
when its settlements are
temporary, secondly when

131
00:10:04,140 --> 00:10:07,320
they have to be built
in haste or being

132
00:10:07,320 --> 00:10:12,000
built for clear,
limited practical aims.

133
00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:17,430
The expansion of Manhattan
North of Houston Street

134
00:10:17,430 --> 00:10:20,760
invoked no magical properties.

135
00:10:20,760 --> 00:10:26,170
When the Rockefellers intervened
and built Rockefeller Center,

136
00:10:26,170 --> 00:10:32,940
there was some sense they did
so partly, historians claim,

137
00:10:32,940 --> 00:10:37,620
to maintain the hegemony
over that part of Manhattan

138
00:10:37,620 --> 00:10:40,110
where their house was.

139
00:10:40,110 --> 00:10:44,130
Rockefeller Center
can be seen to fit

140
00:10:44,130 --> 00:10:48,030
into the overall machine-like
system of Manhattan,

141
00:10:48,030 --> 00:10:55,140
yet on its own it evokes
larger cultural invocation.

142
00:10:55,140 --> 00:11:00,040
We'll talk more about that as
we talk later on in this class

143
00:11:00,040 --> 00:11:03,300
about some of this.

144
00:11:09,360 --> 00:11:18,650
I said, it's most useful
in temporary situations

145
00:11:18,650 --> 00:11:22,430
when the environment
is built in haste,

146
00:11:22,430 --> 00:11:26,870
when it's built for clear of
limited practical purposes.

147
00:11:26,870 --> 00:11:31,610
But it's also used to allocate
land and resources quickly.

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00:11:31,610 --> 00:11:36,500
There's a kind of built-in idea
of equal distribution in mind

149
00:11:36,500 --> 00:11:38,360
as well.

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00:11:38,360 --> 00:11:40,790
You'll recall
Marx's comment which

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00:11:40,790 --> 00:11:42,680
I made at the
beginning of the class

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00:11:42,680 --> 00:11:47,810
about the emerging distinction
between country and city.

153
00:11:47,810 --> 00:11:50,720
What emerges as
urbanization occurs

154
00:11:50,720 --> 00:11:54,800
is increasing gap in land
value between anything

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00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:58,840
that's urbanized and
anything that ruralized.

156
00:12:01,760 --> 00:12:09,320
To pay back the enormous
investment in labor,

157
00:12:09,320 --> 00:12:11,570
the Romans, for
instance, paid back

158
00:12:11,570 --> 00:12:15,740
veterans who served
in the army by land.

159
00:12:15,740 --> 00:12:21,380
It needed to subdivide the
land in an equitable fashion.

160
00:12:21,380 --> 00:12:27,500
The word in English "lot,"
it refers to a plot of land

161
00:12:27,500 --> 00:12:30,410
has the same root
as the word lottery.

162
00:12:30,410 --> 00:12:33,680
The lottery was used
quite extensively

163
00:12:33,680 --> 00:12:36,140
in this equalization.

164
00:12:36,140 --> 00:12:43,460
So the machine model becomes
a checkerboard in some sense

165
00:12:43,460 --> 00:12:52,400
in which you can give people
the promise of land value,

166
00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:57,470
but you cannot exactly
initiate a central point.

167
00:12:57,470 --> 00:13:00,320
There may be a central point
the crossing of the Cardo

168
00:13:00,320 --> 00:13:04,700
and Decumanus, but that would
be reserved for the Roman Forum,

169
00:13:04,700 --> 00:13:05,930
not for private land.

170
00:13:05,930 --> 00:13:13,340
In the Laws of the
Indies, Los Angeles,

171
00:13:13,340 --> 00:13:16,550
the last of the Laws of in the
Indies cities in the United

172
00:13:16,550 --> 00:13:23,480
States, the Central Plaza
was 200 by 400 feet.

173
00:13:23,480 --> 00:13:25,990
And then the grid
spread out from that.

174
00:13:29,150 --> 00:13:35,330
So this notion of a democratic
distribution of urban land

175
00:13:35,330 --> 00:13:40,895
is fundamentally in the process
of urbanizing at low cost--

176
00:13:43,400 --> 00:13:46,590
conditional low cost.

177
00:13:46,590 --> 00:13:50,480
The cosmic model required
enormous investments

178
00:13:50,480 --> 00:13:51,020
in defense.

179
00:13:56,230 --> 00:14:05,050
The first set of examples we
look at are the Egyptian slave

180
00:14:05,050 --> 00:14:11,590
quarters built to
promote the eternal life

181
00:14:11,590 --> 00:14:18,280
of the pharaonic
cult. For reasons

182
00:14:18,280 --> 00:14:26,080
which are rather obscure,
Egypt was not accompanied.

183
00:14:26,080 --> 00:14:30,700
Egypt's development
from 3,000 BC onwards

184
00:14:30,700 --> 00:14:35,560
didn't involve
internecine warfare,

185
00:14:35,560 --> 00:14:39,430
which meant that no
investment need to be made

186
00:14:39,430 --> 00:14:43,240
in wars to defend a local site.

187
00:14:43,240 --> 00:14:46,480
Once you invest
in the local site

188
00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:50,545
and pay for the cost of
fortification, you don't move.

189
00:14:54,930 --> 00:14:57,660
Cairo was a much
later phenomenon.

190
00:14:57,660 --> 00:15:04,110
In the 3,000 years
until about 600 BC,

191
00:15:04,110 --> 00:15:07,680
there were no cities in Egypt.

192
00:15:07,680 --> 00:15:12,420
Thebes and Memphis were
only temporary cities.

193
00:15:12,420 --> 00:15:19,350
They were built to enable the
construction of the metamorph--

194
00:15:19,350 --> 00:15:25,860
not metamorphosis-- the
metaphysical structures

195
00:15:25,860 --> 00:15:29,280
for the post-life
of the pharaoh.

196
00:15:29,280 --> 00:15:32,910
It took so much
human labor to build

197
00:15:32,910 --> 00:15:44,420
one of these cosmic structures
that the idea of labor and cost

198
00:15:44,420 --> 00:15:48,950
and materials didn't go
into anything which we would

199
00:15:48,950 --> 00:15:51,200
describe as a normal city.

200
00:15:51,200 --> 00:15:53,480
It went instead
into the business

201
00:15:53,480 --> 00:15:58,310
of construction and the
environment for the afterlife.

202
00:15:58,310 --> 00:16:03,290
Yet that piece of the
pharaonic complex,

203
00:16:03,290 --> 00:16:08,660
which housed the laborers,
were based on a per striga

204
00:16:08,660 --> 00:16:11,930
system of block
development, which

205
00:16:11,930 --> 00:16:14,490
we'll show you in the slide.

206
00:16:14,490 --> 00:16:14,990
But--

207
00:16:18,210 --> 00:16:19,845
AUDIENCE: I have
a question there.

208
00:16:19,845 --> 00:16:21,765
JULIAN BEINART: Yes.

209
00:16:21,765 --> 00:16:23,640
AUDIENCE: If I wanted
to make of these cities

210
00:16:23,640 --> 00:16:27,000
the amount of resources
that you have invested,

211
00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:31,020
both in time and
effort, that cements

212
00:16:31,020 --> 00:16:32,300
the population [INAUDIBLE]

213
00:16:32,300 --> 00:16:33,720
JULIAN BEINART: Sure, sure.

214
00:16:33,720 --> 00:16:37,180
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE],, how
does it work in cities like--

215
00:16:37,180 --> 00:16:38,880
I'm thinking of
Teotihuacan in Mexico,

216
00:16:38,880 --> 00:16:43,590
Fatehpur Sikri in India,
that for this vast complex

217
00:16:43,590 --> 00:16:44,792
that eventually they--

218
00:16:44,792 --> 00:16:46,500
JULIAN BEINART: Both
of them disappeared.

219
00:16:49,620 --> 00:16:51,960
Fatehpur Sikri
disappeared because

220
00:16:51,960 --> 00:16:55,920
of a fundamental problem
of water, a miscalculation

221
00:16:55,920 --> 00:16:58,320
of the amount of
salt in the water,

222
00:16:58,320 --> 00:16:59,940
which caused the city to be--

223
00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:06,530
prior to modern times few
cities have disappeared.

224
00:17:06,530 --> 00:17:09,859
Fatehpur Sikri is one of them.

225
00:17:09,859 --> 00:17:16,790
Teotihuacan under Mexican rule
became a tourist artifact.

226
00:17:16,790 --> 00:17:20,060
The Aztec religion was
no more fundamental

227
00:17:20,060 --> 00:17:24,589
after the Spanish hegemony.

228
00:17:24,589 --> 00:17:27,440
So it lost its
fundamental purpose.

229
00:17:27,440 --> 00:17:31,290
We don't lose citizens
easily anymore.

230
00:17:31,290 --> 00:17:37,100
And that is an argument will
come about later in this class.

231
00:17:37,100 --> 00:17:41,780
But bear in it mind,
the death of cities

232
00:17:41,780 --> 00:17:45,920
is really a phenomenon
of pre-modern times.

233
00:17:45,920 --> 00:17:50,750
And both examples
you give, in the one

234
00:17:50,750 --> 00:17:55,820
lost its fundamental
mechanical system.

235
00:17:55,820 --> 00:18:00,200
Salty water is no longer the
basis for a wonderful town

236
00:18:00,200 --> 00:18:03,080
that Fatehpur Sikri was.

237
00:18:03,080 --> 00:18:10,160
And Teotihuacan didn't
have an adaptive mechanism

238
00:18:10,160 --> 00:18:13,040
to sustain its growth.

239
00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:16,460
It was no reason for it to grow.

240
00:18:16,460 --> 00:18:21,950
Tenochtitlan, on the other
hand, had all of the capacity

241
00:18:21,950 --> 00:18:24,500
as a capital city on the lake.

242
00:18:24,500 --> 00:18:27,530
The combination of
the mysterious quality

243
00:18:27,530 --> 00:18:33,890
of the original-- of
the landing of the eagle

244
00:18:33,890 --> 00:18:35,195
in the center of the cosmos.

245
00:18:37,700 --> 00:18:42,020
That was taken over as
an astronomic-- anyway,

246
00:18:42,020 --> 00:18:43,820
we'll talk more about this.

247
00:18:43,820 --> 00:18:45,290
You raised an
interesting argument.

248
00:18:50,090 --> 00:18:56,230
According to the fifth century
Greek historian Herodotus

249
00:18:56,230 --> 00:18:57,410
told--

250
00:18:57,410 --> 00:19:00,950
I don't know how he knew
this, but 100,000 men

251
00:19:00,950 --> 00:19:03,410
were engaged for
three months each year

252
00:19:03,410 --> 00:19:10,670
for 20 years in moving blocks
of stone to a pharaonic site.

253
00:19:13,710 --> 00:19:15,630
He claims that
there must have been

254
00:19:15,630 --> 00:19:18,360
something like
4,000 workers which

255
00:19:18,360 --> 00:19:20,400
had to be housed permanently.

256
00:19:24,980 --> 00:19:27,740
So Leonard Woolley
the archaeologist

257
00:19:27,740 --> 00:19:32,750
writing about Tell el-Amarna
describes the housing

258
00:19:32,750 --> 00:19:37,220
as monotonously alike, each with
its kitchen parlor in front,

259
00:19:37,220 --> 00:19:39,740
its cupboards and
bedrooms behind,

260
00:19:39,740 --> 00:19:43,385
the very patina of mechanically
devised industrial building.

261
00:19:46,070 --> 00:19:49,960
Same arguments made by
other archaeologists.

262
00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:57,290
The distinction between
enslavement of labor and cultic

263
00:19:57,290 --> 00:20:02,881
objectives is characteristic
of this Egyptian phenomenon.

264
00:20:06,650 --> 00:20:11,540
A more elaborate system
of using the machine model

265
00:20:11,540 --> 00:20:13,730
takes place in
Hellenistic towns.

266
00:20:16,700 --> 00:20:19,970
In colonial situations,
it's very unlikely

267
00:20:19,970 --> 00:20:23,360
that the mother city
will be replicated

268
00:20:23,360 --> 00:20:25,850
in the colonial system.

269
00:20:25,850 --> 00:20:28,190
Delhi is not like London.

270
00:20:28,190 --> 00:20:35,000
The Laws of the Indies towns,
Bogota, is not like Madrid.

271
00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:39,290
Athens had its own
unique structure.

272
00:20:39,290 --> 00:20:41,570
It was an Iraqi site.

273
00:20:41,570 --> 00:20:46,340
It had limited
agricultural resources.

274
00:20:46,340 --> 00:20:51,830
And it needed to expand as part
of its Mediterranean expansion

275
00:20:51,830 --> 00:20:56,900
to the south to Africa,
to the east to Asia Minor,

276
00:20:56,900 --> 00:21:03,065
and to the west eventually to
Sicily and to Southern Italy.

277
00:21:08,330 --> 00:21:17,240
The building of
colonial empire took

278
00:21:17,240 --> 00:21:23,060
place not because of the
advantages of the mother city.

279
00:21:23,060 --> 00:21:26,900
In fact, fifth century
democracy in Athens

280
00:21:26,900 --> 00:21:29,880
is unlikely to have been spread.

281
00:21:29,880 --> 00:21:34,430
There's one theory that
says the Greek islands

282
00:21:34,430 --> 00:21:38,530
or the Greek colonial sites--

283
00:21:38,530 --> 00:21:44,180
not islands-- were the result
of the expansion of democracy.

284
00:21:44,180 --> 00:21:48,740
Democracy only occurred
in the first century BC.

285
00:21:48,740 --> 00:21:56,420
The colonial expansion
of the Greeks

286
00:21:56,420 --> 00:22:00,500
prior to that,
the most important

287
00:22:00,500 --> 00:22:03,590
of the colonial towns,
the grid-like towns,

288
00:22:03,590 --> 00:22:09,830
was built in 479 by the planner
Hippodamus, who had a stutter,

289
00:22:09,830 --> 00:22:14,220
he had long hair, and had
interesting political theories.

290
00:22:14,220 --> 00:22:17,000
He discovered the method
of dividing cities

291
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:19,190
and cut up Pireas.

292
00:22:19,190 --> 00:22:22,850
He's also known
by some historians

293
00:22:22,850 --> 00:22:25,870
as the inventor of the
gridiron and the father

294
00:22:25,870 --> 00:22:28,010
of town planning.

295
00:22:28,010 --> 00:22:33,200
Hippodamus, 479, Miletus--
this was the first time

296
00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:40,850
that a town was considered as
a totality in a certain sense.

297
00:22:40,850 --> 00:22:44,330
All the parts of the
town were in place,

298
00:22:44,330 --> 00:22:46,070
except perhaps for industry.

299
00:22:46,070 --> 00:22:48,470
One doesn't know
from archaeology

300
00:22:48,470 --> 00:22:52,190
how much industry took place
in these colonial times.

301
00:22:52,190 --> 00:22:55,160
They were essentially
trading towns.

302
00:22:55,160 --> 00:22:59,330
Mumford argues that
the grid serves

303
00:22:59,330 --> 00:23:05,660
as a method for making form of
clarity of international trade.

304
00:23:08,360 --> 00:23:10,550
There's something to
be said for having

305
00:23:10,550 --> 00:23:14,630
a recognizable or legible
environment as you

306
00:23:14,630 --> 00:23:17,780
move into new environments.

307
00:23:17,780 --> 00:23:19,580
You put your stamp on a place.

308
00:23:19,580 --> 00:23:23,870
It's almost like building a
Hilton Hotel, which hardly

309
00:23:23,870 --> 00:23:26,780
serves to emulate
the environment

310
00:23:26,780 --> 00:23:29,210
or to affect the environment.

311
00:23:29,210 --> 00:23:33,530
But Mumford's argument is
that modern trade requires

312
00:23:33,530 --> 00:23:36,680
a standardization of commodity.

313
00:23:36,680 --> 00:23:41,360
He later on, in talking about
American grid of expediency,

314
00:23:41,360 --> 00:23:45,710
refers to capitalism and
the grid of expediency

315
00:23:45,710 --> 00:23:51,960
as phenomenally correct
and absolutely connected.

316
00:23:51,960 --> 00:23:55,740
Whether this is
true, we will discuss

317
00:23:55,740 --> 00:23:59,010
as we go through this class.

318
00:23:59,010 --> 00:24:04,410
There's no absolute connection
between capitalist theory

319
00:24:04,410 --> 00:24:05,870
and grid phenomena.

320
00:24:08,750 --> 00:24:15,240
I'll speak to this point
a bit later in this class.

321
00:24:15,240 --> 00:24:18,210
The other towns of
distinction were

322
00:24:18,210 --> 00:24:21,750
Olynthus in the Northern
Greek peninsula.

323
00:24:21,750 --> 00:24:23,520
Oh no, it's not on
the peninsula-- it's

324
00:24:23,520 --> 00:24:25,650
further north, north of Athens.

325
00:24:25,650 --> 00:24:29,250
And Priene, 300 BC.

326
00:24:29,250 --> 00:24:33,930
All of these involve
the same phenomena

327
00:24:33,930 --> 00:24:36,000
shaped within the grid.

328
00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:40,080
And agora, a wall, a
wall didn't conform

329
00:24:40,080 --> 00:24:44,190
to the grid-like system.

330
00:24:44,190 --> 00:24:47,490
These towns were built
on defensible sites

331
00:24:47,490 --> 00:24:52,650
so that the wall system was
informal and took account

332
00:24:52,650 --> 00:24:59,990
of the minimum ways of building
infrastructure on sloping land.

333
00:24:59,990 --> 00:25:04,590
The British architect Peter
Smithson in a talk on the BBC

334
00:25:04,590 --> 00:25:08,820
once argued against the
classical vocabulary of Greece.

335
00:25:08,820 --> 00:25:10,710
He of course, is
an architect who

336
00:25:10,710 --> 00:25:13,740
very interested in informalism.

337
00:25:13,740 --> 00:25:15,450
And he argued that
one should really

338
00:25:15,450 --> 00:25:19,530
look at the Greek fortifications
as a structure for one's

339
00:25:19,530 --> 00:25:25,260
intellectual heritage rather
than the classical system

340
00:25:25,260 --> 00:25:28,080
of the Greeks.

341
00:25:28,080 --> 00:25:31,830
Cartilaginous whether he's right
or wrong, and he won't tell us.

342
00:25:45,580 --> 00:25:52,345
There is no central axis made by
the intersection of major axis.

343
00:25:52,345 --> 00:25:55,180
The agora was at the center.

344
00:25:55,180 --> 00:26:00,940
The grid was exemplified, again,
as a grid of absolute equality.

345
00:26:07,360 --> 00:26:12,040
These towns have had lives
beyond the Greek time.

346
00:26:12,040 --> 00:26:18,130
They were taken by Hellenism,
by Romans, and most of them

347
00:26:18,130 --> 00:26:19,030
disappeared.

348
00:26:22,060 --> 00:26:29,470
They couldn't withstand-- the
requirements have changed.

349
00:26:29,470 --> 00:26:33,970
Greece was replaced as a
power in the Mediterranean

350
00:26:33,970 --> 00:26:37,540
and [INAUDIBLE] disappeared.

351
00:26:37,540 --> 00:26:45,540
But I have referred to Mumford.

352
00:26:45,540 --> 00:26:49,140
He says, I quote, "a new
regularity and system

353
00:26:49,140 --> 00:26:56,430
in commercial affairs
causes a formal order

354
00:26:56,430 --> 00:27:01,095
that when you are faced with
the presence of a hill or curved

355
00:27:01,095 --> 00:27:04,590
bay, there's no
effort to adaptation

356
00:27:04,590 --> 00:27:08,420
for change of pattern."

357
00:27:08,420 --> 00:27:14,840
A similar phenomenon
occurs in the Roman Empire.

358
00:27:14,840 --> 00:27:16,340
I'm just going
through these things

359
00:27:16,340 --> 00:27:19,730
very quickly because
we're limited in time.

360
00:27:19,730 --> 00:27:24,140
Each of these examples has
a literature available.

361
00:27:24,140 --> 00:27:29,900
If any of you want to follow the
particular literature involved,

362
00:27:29,900 --> 00:27:34,370
just send me an email and
I'll send you the references.

363
00:27:34,370 --> 00:27:38,330
It's impossible in a class like
this to go into the details

364
00:27:38,330 --> 00:27:42,050
more than the
general description.

365
00:27:42,050 --> 00:27:46,460
You have to assume that the
generalizations are correct.

366
00:27:46,460 --> 00:27:48,860
It's my fault if they wrong.

367
00:27:55,650 --> 00:27:59,610
Built cities in an empire--

368
00:27:59,610 --> 00:28:07,710
there was no empire to the
extent in the world's history

369
00:28:07,710 --> 00:28:11,160
prior to the Roman
Empire, not in scale.

370
00:28:11,160 --> 00:28:16,260
The Romans built something
like 5,627 towns.

371
00:28:16,260 --> 00:28:18,720
Towns were often
at the intersection

372
00:28:18,720 --> 00:28:21,435
of important points.

373
00:28:21,435 --> 00:28:29,640
Her empire stretched
from Scotland to Slovakia

374
00:28:29,640 --> 00:28:36,390
to the Middle East
to North Africa.

375
00:28:36,390 --> 00:28:39,060
Again, some of the same
phenomena occurred.

376
00:28:39,060 --> 00:28:43,740
Timgad, the great Roman
town in North Africa,

377
00:28:43,740 --> 00:28:45,990
is a town for veterans.

378
00:28:45,990 --> 00:28:48,630
It's subdivided
into equal blocks

379
00:28:48,630 --> 00:28:52,520
to repay veterans for service.

380
00:28:52,520 --> 00:28:57,450
There are two characteristics
of a Roman town.

381
00:28:57,450 --> 00:29:00,465
Again, the same phenomenon
of the commercial order,

382
00:29:00,465 --> 00:29:03,450
of an international
commercial order,

383
00:29:03,450 --> 00:29:08,420
creating the logic for formal
order or local formal order.

384
00:29:11,450 --> 00:29:16,650
Germanicus, the
Roman, general says,

385
00:29:16,650 --> 00:29:19,890
"I can feel I'm
still in Rome if I

386
00:29:19,890 --> 00:29:24,660
journey from London or the
beginning of London, Londinium,

387
00:29:24,660 --> 00:29:25,380
to Rome."

388
00:29:28,830 --> 00:29:34,200
The poet Rutilius Namatianus
says, "a city of the far flung

389
00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:35,880
Earth you have made."

390
00:29:35,880 --> 00:29:39,180
So there are two compunctions
in the Roman city.

391
00:29:39,180 --> 00:29:43,470
The one is to create a locus,
a place of significance,

392
00:29:43,470 --> 00:29:45,150
much like a camp.

393
00:29:45,150 --> 00:29:50,460
For that already the
connections to the space outside

394
00:29:50,460 --> 00:29:53,965
of the town is made by
emphasizing the Cardo

395
00:29:53,965 --> 00:29:54,840
and Decumanus system.

396
00:30:00,260 --> 00:30:04,850
We have the Greek town,
much like the magical town

397
00:30:04,850 --> 00:30:05,360
before it.

398
00:30:05,360 --> 00:30:08,060
It was an isolated
phenomenon sitting

399
00:30:08,060 --> 00:30:16,610
on often very complex territory,
and building a wall which

400
00:30:16,610 --> 00:30:18,780
fitted the territory's form.

401
00:30:24,470 --> 00:30:29,590
And although there may be a port
here, as in the case of Priene,

402
00:30:29,590 --> 00:30:34,480
there was no attempt to
connect this to anything else.

403
00:30:34,480 --> 00:30:36,925
There was no empire
large enough.

404
00:30:36,925 --> 00:30:48,620
The Roman town was
an empire town.

405
00:30:51,470 --> 00:30:57,090
The Cardo and Decumanus
centralized in a forum

406
00:30:57,090 --> 00:31:03,010
and was an version of
an encampment which

407
00:31:03,010 --> 00:31:05,330
could be built anywhere.

408
00:31:05,330 --> 00:31:08,560
It's the basis of London,
it's the basis of Paris,

409
00:31:08,560 --> 00:31:11,860
it's the basis of
Bratislava, it's

410
00:31:11,860 --> 00:31:20,130
the basis of 5,000 settlements.

411
00:31:20,130 --> 00:31:32,320
That's A. And we call
this castrametation,

412
00:31:32,320 --> 00:31:35,320
a nominal phenomenon.

413
00:31:35,320 --> 00:31:40,750
That is to logically extend
the marking of the territory

414
00:31:40,750 --> 00:31:42,490
outside the town.

415
00:31:42,490 --> 00:31:44,170
This is called centuriation.

416
00:31:48,274 --> 00:31:52,060
Sorry, you can't read my
handwriting-- castrametation,

417
00:31:52,060 --> 00:31:53,680
centuriation.

418
00:31:53,680 --> 00:32:04,440
That is the measuring of land
outside the town by a surveying

419
00:32:04,440 --> 00:32:11,040
technique using a gromaticus,
a manual on utility

420
00:32:11,040 --> 00:32:17,590
needs how to lay
out parcels of land.

421
00:32:17,590 --> 00:32:25,080
These were both used for
agricultural purposes

422
00:32:25,080 --> 00:32:29,520
and also as payment for service.

423
00:32:33,830 --> 00:32:41,600
So the hermetic quality of
the Greek colonial settlement

424
00:32:41,600 --> 00:32:45,020
is quite different in spirit.

425
00:32:48,790 --> 00:32:51,955
Every crossing was a town.

426
00:33:03,710 --> 00:33:10,400
The notion of being
the center of a empire

427
00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:12,920
is different than the
metaphysics of being

428
00:33:12,920 --> 00:33:17,180
the center of the Earth.

429
00:33:17,180 --> 00:33:19,760
The one is provable,
the one is not provable.

430
00:33:19,760 --> 00:33:24,470
The one is metaphysical,
as in the cosmic model.

431
00:33:24,470 --> 00:33:28,370
You'll remember my
quoting Vassiliadis

432
00:33:28,370 --> 00:33:37,610
regarding the centeredness
of the archaic world.

433
00:33:40,280 --> 00:33:46,260
The centeredness
here is the linking.

434
00:33:46,260 --> 00:33:49,940
Of course, the center of
Rome, with all its fora

435
00:33:49,940 --> 00:33:57,560
and magnificence, was the
center of a fundamental system

436
00:33:57,560 --> 00:33:59,980
of financial distribution.

437
00:33:59,980 --> 00:34:03,350
The Roman Empire was
built on physicality.

438
00:34:03,350 --> 00:34:09,199
That is, on the learning how
to tax people locally, and then

439
00:34:09,199 --> 00:34:12,900
feed the money back
into a central place.

440
00:34:12,900 --> 00:34:17,900
This is the first model
of colonial enterprise.

441
00:34:17,900 --> 00:34:22,250
You find some wonderful
reactions to it.

442
00:34:22,250 --> 00:34:27,679
Bellini's opera Norma--
has anybody seen Norma?

443
00:34:27,679 --> 00:34:29,810
You should see Norma.

444
00:34:29,810 --> 00:34:32,750
Norma is the story of
the Roman occupation

445
00:34:32,750 --> 00:34:35,659
of the capital city of Gaul.

446
00:34:35,659 --> 00:34:42,000
And Norma is the
local woman who leads

447
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:44,330
the revolt against the Romans.

448
00:34:44,330 --> 00:34:48,139
She of course falls in love
with a Roman lieutenant.

449
00:34:48,139 --> 00:34:54,980
And both of them disappear
into the God only knows what.

450
00:34:59,060 --> 00:35:03,650
Or if you want another
invocation of the Roman city,

451
00:35:03,650 --> 00:35:08,990
read Shakespeare's
play Coriolanus.

452
00:35:08,990 --> 00:35:15,860
Coriolanus is a bad Roman
and he suffers on his attempt

453
00:35:15,860 --> 00:35:20,270
to return to Rome to
his mother center,

454
00:35:20,270 --> 00:35:25,460
but fails in his attempt.

455
00:35:25,460 --> 00:35:28,430
OK, there's a lot to be
said about the Romans.

456
00:35:40,040 --> 00:35:45,710
The territory subdivided by the
gromaticus is generally 6 by 6,

457
00:35:45,710 --> 00:35:48,050
or 36 units.

458
00:35:48,050 --> 00:35:50,630
And this is the
circumference of land

459
00:35:50,630 --> 00:35:52,940
plowed by one ox in one day.

460
00:35:58,560 --> 00:36:02,460
I'm wanting to go through
this very quickly because we

461
00:36:02,460 --> 00:36:05,880
have to look at some images
and there's no point.

462
00:36:05,880 --> 00:36:10,170
I'm only trying to make a
central an argument as I

463
00:36:10,170 --> 00:36:13,080
can about each case.

464
00:36:13,080 --> 00:36:14,970
One of the arguments
I'm not making

465
00:36:14,970 --> 00:36:19,380
is the influence of materials.

466
00:36:19,380 --> 00:36:23,640
The Romans were the first
people to invent concrete.

467
00:36:23,640 --> 00:36:27,420
And the public quality
of the Roman city

468
00:36:27,420 --> 00:36:32,190
is ascribed to the
availability of concrete.

469
00:36:32,190 --> 00:36:34,090
For those of you
interested, there's

470
00:36:34,090 --> 00:36:39,450
is a piece by an MIT
Professor, Heather Lechtman

471
00:36:39,450 --> 00:36:45,210
called Roman Concrete and the
Roman Architecture Revolution.

472
00:36:45,210 --> 00:36:50,880
She argues that
hydraulic setting cement

473
00:36:50,880 --> 00:36:54,690
was an attractive ceramic
medium for a period buildings.

474
00:36:54,690 --> 00:36:57,870
These could be processed
at ambient temperatures

475
00:36:57,870 --> 00:37:00,960
from readily available
raw ingredients

476
00:37:00,960 --> 00:37:03,585
and cast into large,
designated spaces.

477
00:37:06,420 --> 00:37:09,780
It produced integral
monolithic structures,

478
00:37:09,780 --> 00:37:13,530
which could be
incrementally extended.

479
00:37:13,530 --> 00:37:17,880
The Greeks had to meet
in the open space.

480
00:37:17,880 --> 00:37:20,580
The Jews still meet
in the open space

481
00:37:20,580 --> 00:37:24,540
up against the Western
Wall against the remnants

482
00:37:24,540 --> 00:37:27,195
of Herod's Temple.

483
00:37:27,195 --> 00:37:29,460
The Romans for the
first time made

484
00:37:29,460 --> 00:37:36,370
it possible to enclose
space and convert the spaces

485
00:37:36,370 --> 00:37:40,410
is no larger than about six
feet enormities corridor

486
00:37:40,410 --> 00:37:45,120
is a very concrete phenomenon.

487
00:37:45,120 --> 00:37:48,870
The Pantheon is an example.

488
00:37:48,870 --> 00:37:51,660
But Lechtman doesn't only
refer to the Pantheon.

489
00:37:51,660 --> 00:37:55,500
She refers to the aqueducts,
to the whole system

490
00:37:55,500 --> 00:37:59,160
of building public buildings
at the scale that they did.

491
00:37:59,160 --> 00:38:01,365
The Greeks weren't
great builders.

492
00:38:01,365 --> 00:38:02,675
They were aesthetes.

493
00:38:07,440 --> 00:38:12,440
There's a thesis last year by
Daniele Cappelletti who argues

494
00:38:12,440 --> 00:38:16,340
that the Romans enabled the
beginning of what he called

495
00:38:16,340 --> 00:38:18,410
[INAUDIBLE] architecture--

496
00:38:18,410 --> 00:38:20,720
that is, the interior
of buildings.

497
00:38:20,720 --> 00:38:23,360
The Greeks weren't
interested in interiors--

498
00:38:23,360 --> 00:38:27,986
they were exterior,
externalizers.

499
00:38:27,986 --> 00:38:31,750
A plan of the agora
doesn't follow any access.

500
00:38:31,750 --> 00:38:37,010
It's a jumble of things,
much like the Mayan town.

501
00:38:37,010 --> 00:38:41,330
If you devote yourself to
creating buildings which only

502
00:38:41,330 --> 00:38:44,780
makes sense given the
exterior, what they can see

503
00:38:44,780 --> 00:38:54,080
or how they can be seen, you
can deviate from the model

504
00:38:54,080 --> 00:38:55,595
that the Romans used.

505
00:38:58,910 --> 00:39:02,630
The post-Roman period,
we call the Middle Ages.

506
00:39:06,110 --> 00:39:09,620
In my learning of history,
these were the Dark Ages.

507
00:39:09,620 --> 00:39:12,050
Nothing happened--
the world only

508
00:39:12,050 --> 00:39:19,070
emerged after a period of
immense turmoil in Europe.

509
00:39:21,620 --> 00:39:28,070
There's been recent history done
on this period from 300 to 900

510
00:39:28,070 --> 00:39:35,495
AD, from 400 to 880 AD,
to mention two new books.

511
00:39:39,980 --> 00:39:44,170
There's not too much to be said.

512
00:39:44,170 --> 00:39:51,600
The Roman system was
localized in every respect.

513
00:39:51,600 --> 00:39:55,230
Large families and the
church took over sites

514
00:39:55,230 --> 00:39:59,940
from Roman camps.

515
00:39:59,940 --> 00:40:06,720
The fiscal system-- there wasn't
a centralized economy funding

516
00:40:06,720 --> 00:40:11,400
taxation into Rome,
so each set up

517
00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:14,130
a competitive system for towns.

518
00:40:16,710 --> 00:40:19,620
One of the things that
the Roman roads did

519
00:40:19,620 --> 00:40:26,710
was to allow the subsequent
cultures to use the system

520
00:40:26,710 --> 00:40:31,650
of moving large distances.

521
00:40:31,650 --> 00:40:35,760
The Christian Church
took advantage of this.

522
00:40:35,760 --> 00:40:46,260
In the story of [INAUDIBLE]
what's the town in the--

523
00:40:52,740 --> 00:40:55,230
my mind has slipped--

524
00:40:55,230 --> 00:40:57,720
the town I wrote about
in the first reading?

525
00:41:02,210 --> 00:41:06,200
It's [INAUDIBLE] one of the
saintly cities in Northern

526
00:41:06,200 --> 00:41:09,867
Spain, [INAUDIBLE] named--

527
00:41:09,867 --> 00:41:10,700
AUDIENCE: Compostela

528
00:41:10,700 --> 00:41:12,080
JULIAN BEINART: Compostela.

529
00:41:12,080 --> 00:41:13,970
Of course, it's
named after James.

530
00:41:13,970 --> 00:41:19,220
It's got the same name as San
Diego and all of the-- sorry,

531
00:41:19,220 --> 00:41:22,460
I try to remember too much.

532
00:41:26,450 --> 00:41:31,490
Pilgrimage was made possible
by virtue of the Roman roads,

533
00:41:31,490 --> 00:41:36,920
so was in medieval
connections in commerce.

534
00:41:36,920 --> 00:41:44,210
A pilgrim could come to
Compostela from Bulgaria,

535
00:41:44,210 --> 00:41:51,320
walk or take a donkey,
move through France

536
00:41:51,320 --> 00:41:54,650
where they would stay
in religious hostels,

537
00:41:54,650 --> 00:41:58,040
eat Coquilles
Saint-Jacques, which

538
00:41:58,040 --> 00:42:04,760
is the food which emanates from
Compostela, because Compostela

539
00:42:04,760 --> 00:42:12,050
is a signature in the scallop,
much like shell petroleum.

540
00:42:12,050 --> 00:42:17,135
It adopted the scallop
as its important logo.

541
00:42:20,210 --> 00:42:26,360
I think the first
post-medieval notion

542
00:42:26,360 --> 00:42:31,580
of the machine-like
phenomenon occurs

543
00:42:31,580 --> 00:42:36,890
with the expansion
in the 13th century

544
00:42:36,890 --> 00:42:40,640
of the French Bastide towns.

545
00:42:40,640 --> 00:42:53,510
Bastides is B-A-S-T-I-D-E-S.
In the 13th century,

546
00:42:53,510 --> 00:43:01,210
the Central Royal Authority
built something like 177 new

547
00:43:01,210 --> 00:43:07,430
towns in the French
territory in the south.

548
00:43:07,430 --> 00:43:14,950
Between 1241 and
1330, you have towns

549
00:43:14,950 --> 00:43:20,560
like Carcassonne, Beauvais,
Montpensier, [INAUDIBLE]..

550
00:43:20,560 --> 00:43:26,920
These settlers who were asked
to come and populate these towns

551
00:43:26,920 --> 00:43:31,980
were there because of the
French authority's wish

552
00:43:31,980 --> 00:43:35,620
to propose to defend,
imposed their will

553
00:43:35,620 --> 00:43:38,680
on the distant
parts of the empire.

554
00:43:38,680 --> 00:43:41,390
They also developed
as markets centers.

555
00:43:43,990 --> 00:43:46,270
A grid of convenience,
the quickest

556
00:43:46,270 --> 00:43:52,150
and most equitable way of
laying out a town on a new site.

557
00:43:52,150 --> 00:43:55,780
The form of these towns
is also grid-like.

558
00:43:55,780 --> 00:43:59,800
The plan differs in some
fundamental respects.

559
00:43:59,800 --> 00:44:03,940
The plan is a formal order
which is generally orthogonal.

560
00:44:03,940 --> 00:44:08,920
But the plan, it doesn't
follow the Roman preoccupation

561
00:44:08,920 --> 00:44:10,750
with a single axis.

562
00:44:10,750 --> 00:44:12,545
It pairs roads.

563
00:44:29,220 --> 00:44:32,160
This is the central square.

564
00:44:32,160 --> 00:44:41,130
And where the road passes
through the central square,

565
00:44:41,130 --> 00:44:42,315
it is arcaded.

566
00:44:52,730 --> 00:44:57,820
The church is generally
located on a side site.

567
00:44:57,820 --> 00:45:07,720
These sites was subdivided
in grid fashion.

568
00:45:07,720 --> 00:45:13,870
There's a gate here, a gate
here, there's a gate here,

569
00:45:13,870 --> 00:45:15,190
and there's a gate here.

570
00:45:18,557 --> 00:45:23,660
And the same impulse to make
it attractive for people

571
00:45:23,660 --> 00:45:30,830
to migrate, to pay them for the
effort of migration, the state

572
00:45:30,830 --> 00:45:36,110
takes on the role of building
the walls, and so on.

573
00:45:39,440 --> 00:45:42,290
Has any of you been
to a town like this?

574
00:45:45,580 --> 00:45:49,060
Which town do you remember?

575
00:45:49,060 --> 00:45:51,815
AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]

576
00:45:51,815 --> 00:45:53,400
JULIAN BEINART:
Well, Montpensier

577
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:54,960
is probably the best known.

578
00:45:54,960 --> 00:45:58,695
It has the most developed
system of arcades.

579
00:46:01,350 --> 00:46:10,080
If you have any chance to
visit Montpensier, do so.

580
00:46:10,080 --> 00:46:11,250
The wine is good.

581
00:46:19,520 --> 00:46:21,600
The arcades are called cornier.

582
00:46:25,100 --> 00:46:26,930
And the subdivision
of the land is

583
00:46:26,930 --> 00:46:31,220
called in French it's
referred to as checkers.

584
00:46:31,220 --> 00:46:38,600
And popular game checkers
has similar notation,

585
00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:42,830
formal notation, as
the layout of the town.

586
00:46:42,830 --> 00:46:45,050
By the way, Winston
Churchill's house

587
00:46:45,050 --> 00:46:47,180
was named Checkers as well.

588
00:46:47,180 --> 00:46:50,195
Haven't the faintest idea
why, but it's amusing.

589
00:46:54,010 --> 00:47:02,380
The largest decentralization
after the Roman

590
00:47:02,380 --> 00:47:07,630
occurs in the Spanish
occupation of Latin America

591
00:47:07,630 --> 00:47:09,540
and the southern part
of the United States.

592
00:47:45,730 --> 00:47:48,340
This is about a crude
a generalization as one

593
00:47:48,340 --> 00:47:52,840
could make, but I'll try.

594
00:47:52,840 --> 00:47:55,930
In 1494, the Meridian
of Tordesillas

595
00:47:55,930 --> 00:48:04,110
is divided Latin America
into Portuguese domain

596
00:48:04,110 --> 00:48:05,220
and the Spanish domain.

597
00:48:10,450 --> 00:48:17,110
The Laws of the Indies
applies to this domain here

598
00:48:17,110 --> 00:48:20,800
and also to this domain
here, which was part

599
00:48:20,800 --> 00:48:23,410
of South America at the time.

600
00:48:26,110 --> 00:48:30,760
We'll talk about the
grid of expediency here

601
00:48:30,760 --> 00:48:33,070
and the cattaneo model here.

602
00:48:36,310 --> 00:48:45,970
C-A-T-T-A-N-E-O-- New
Haven, Savannah, Charleston.

603
00:48:49,870 --> 00:48:52,180
Let's makes
generalizations about them.

604
00:48:57,140 --> 00:49:07,060
In 1573, Philip
II, understanding

605
00:49:07,060 --> 00:49:13,840
the military, religious, and
financial availability of land

606
00:49:13,840 --> 00:49:18,790
in the hinterland
of the Americas,

607
00:49:18,790 --> 00:49:23,740
created an argument or set
of principles on which towns

608
00:49:23,740 --> 00:49:25,210
would be laid out.

609
00:49:25,210 --> 00:49:29,005
These are called in English
the Laws of the Indies.

610
00:49:32,220 --> 00:49:47,650
They describe the way you are
set of rules which specify--

611
00:49:51,480 --> 00:50:00,145
I'd better hurry-- the size
of the individual components

612
00:50:00,145 --> 00:50:00,645
of the town.

613
00:50:03,750 --> 00:50:05,460
The main plaza
was to be oriented

614
00:50:05,460 --> 00:50:08,040
so its four corners
pointed to the four

615
00:50:08,040 --> 00:50:10,245
cardinal points of a compass.

616
00:50:10,245 --> 00:50:14,490
It shall not be smaller
than 200 feet wide

617
00:50:14,490 --> 00:50:19,680
and 300 feet long, no larger
than 800 feet long, and so on.

618
00:50:23,730 --> 00:50:27,900
It had a formal
message to convey

619
00:50:27,900 --> 00:50:32,850
to the Indians who located
around where the new settlement

620
00:50:32,850 --> 00:50:35,910
tool place.

621
00:50:35,910 --> 00:50:39,060
"When the Indians see them, they
will be filled with wonder."

622
00:50:39,060 --> 00:50:42,510
That is the church.

623
00:50:42,510 --> 00:50:46,620
The Indians should not
be let into this town

624
00:50:46,620 --> 00:50:49,230
until the church is finished.

625
00:50:49,230 --> 00:50:53,820
The church architecture
represents the formal attribute

626
00:50:53,820 --> 00:50:56,000
of colonial superiority.

627
00:50:58,580 --> 00:51:01,430
The Indians must understand
that they have been conquered

628
00:51:01,430 --> 00:51:05,750
by a superior race,
therefore the church,

629
00:51:05,750 --> 00:51:10,040
which is to the
Spanish the highest

630
00:51:10,040 --> 00:51:15,950
form of contact with God and
the only formal attribute

631
00:51:15,950 --> 00:51:20,510
that we have other than
behavior and ritual,

632
00:51:20,510 --> 00:51:26,670
becomes the temple of
the Roman town, at least

633
00:51:26,670 --> 00:51:28,175
to the Laws of the Indies town.

634
00:51:38,180 --> 00:51:44,180
St. Augustine, Florida
was the first application

635
00:51:44,180 --> 00:51:48,540
of the Laws of the
Indies in 1565.

636
00:51:48,540 --> 00:51:55,550
Los Angeles was the last of
the Spanish settlements, 1781.

637
00:51:55,550 --> 00:52:00,770
So the period of
this 1565 to 1781

638
00:52:00,770 --> 00:52:07,040
takes care of many of
the towns, St. Augustine.

639
00:52:07,040 --> 00:52:11,240
The Anglo-American grid, which
is the grid of experience

640
00:52:11,240 --> 00:52:18,140
to the North, overlaps with
the Laws of the Indies grid

641
00:52:18,140 --> 00:52:20,570
in towns like Albuquerque.

642
00:52:20,570 --> 00:52:26,810
If you want to look further
into how this structure works

643
00:52:26,810 --> 00:52:31,025
when the two collide, I'll
give you the reference.

644
00:52:31,025 --> 00:52:33,530
It's a piece written
by an ex-student

645
00:52:33,530 --> 00:52:38,540
from this class published
a number of years ago.

646
00:52:42,420 --> 00:52:46,130
The Portuguese Empire
was left to develop

647
00:52:46,130 --> 00:52:49,800
according to a pattern different
from the Spanish towns.

648
00:52:49,800 --> 00:52:53,550
The Portuguese
Empire was casual.

649
00:52:53,550 --> 00:52:58,200
It really spent
most of its presence

650
00:52:58,200 --> 00:53:02,040
in the Iberian Peninsula
looking outwards and being

651
00:53:02,040 --> 00:53:10,440
dramatic, reoriented, and
conquering the sea routes.

652
00:53:10,440 --> 00:53:13,860
Sao Paulo, which is now one
of the world's largest cities,

653
00:53:13,860 --> 00:53:17,040
one of the few 20
million-person cities,

654
00:53:17,040 --> 00:53:20,010
has its origin in
nothing more than three

655
00:53:20,010 --> 00:53:25,860
different religious sects
forming the town on a hill

656
00:53:25,860 --> 00:53:27,780
away from the water.

657
00:53:27,780 --> 00:53:30,910
Sao Paulo should have
been on the water.

658
00:53:30,910 --> 00:53:36,000
These people made a
mistake, and in competition

659
00:53:36,000 --> 00:53:41,940
with each other set up
three points of growth

660
00:53:41,940 --> 00:53:45,390
in central Sao Paulo.

661
00:53:45,390 --> 00:53:47,355
AUDIENCE: How do
the Law of Indies

662
00:53:47,355 --> 00:53:49,835
apply to a city
like Mexico City,

663
00:53:49,835 --> 00:53:53,321
because it was actually
kind of established.

664
00:53:53,321 --> 00:53:54,480
JULIAN BEINART: It adapted.

665
00:53:57,570 --> 00:54:01,470
Most of these
generalizations and rules

666
00:54:01,470 --> 00:54:12,480
are systems of order which have
to compete with the existing

667
00:54:12,480 --> 00:54:13,680
structure.

668
00:54:13,680 --> 00:54:16,500
The Greek town, had
it been in the desert,

669
00:54:16,500 --> 00:54:19,600
would have been paid
less attention to it.

670
00:54:19,600 --> 00:54:23,190
The Egyptian town,
being on the flat land,

671
00:54:23,190 --> 00:54:24,840
didn't deal with topography.

672
00:54:28,050 --> 00:54:30,340
The story of Mexico
is a long story,

673
00:54:30,340 --> 00:54:32,406
and I haven't got time
unfortunately to--

674
00:54:35,100 --> 00:54:37,290
maybe I can send you
an email about it.

675
00:54:37,290 --> 00:54:39,900
But the story of Mexico City.

676
00:54:39,900 --> 00:54:40,857
Where are you from.

677
00:54:40,857 --> 00:54:41,940
AUDIENCE: I'm from Mexico.

678
00:54:41,940 --> 00:54:42,857
JULIAN BEINART: Where?

679
00:54:42,857 --> 00:54:44,760
AUDIENCE: So I know
the story of Mexico.

680
00:54:44,760 --> 00:54:48,240
What I'm trying to
understand is how

681
00:54:48,240 --> 00:54:53,650
it deviated from one
standardized town

682
00:54:53,650 --> 00:54:55,190
the photos and another.

683
00:55:00,782 --> 00:55:06,110
JULIAN BEINART: It followed
it as best it could.

684
00:55:06,110 --> 00:55:08,990
One needs to look
at Bogota or Quito

685
00:55:08,990 --> 00:55:10,880
to find much more pure example--

686
00:55:10,880 --> 00:55:14,330
I'm sure both Bogota
and Quito are much purer

687
00:55:14,330 --> 00:55:18,140
examples of building
new towns on the basis

688
00:55:18,140 --> 00:55:19,790
of little competition.

689
00:55:19,790 --> 00:55:21,960
Mexico City was unusual.

690
00:55:21,960 --> 00:55:24,635
Most of the Laws of the
Indies towns were new towns.

691
00:55:28,990 --> 00:55:34,280
OK, let's jump.

692
00:55:47,450 --> 00:56:03,600
The amount of time
left for discussing

693
00:56:03,600 --> 00:56:08,730
the influences on the laying
out of most of Central--

694
00:56:08,730 --> 00:56:12,510
not Central America,
Central and North America--

695
00:56:12,510 --> 00:56:16,860
can be found in books by
John Rep's Town Planning

696
00:56:16,860 --> 00:56:21,030
in Frontier America,
a number of texts.

697
00:56:21,030 --> 00:56:26,790
One of the best that I would
refer to is Conzen's writing.

698
00:56:26,790 --> 00:56:28,860
The reference isn't
in this class,

699
00:56:28,860 --> 00:56:31,590
it's for class number 24.

700
00:56:31,590 --> 00:56:36,300
Conzen, a British
geographer, has

701
00:56:36,300 --> 00:56:39,610
written very excellent stuff.

702
00:56:39,610 --> 00:56:45,250
Essentially the components
of the grid of expediency

703
00:56:45,250 --> 00:56:46,650
are the following--

704
00:56:46,650 --> 00:56:50,250
number 1, the Land
Ordinance of 1785

705
00:56:50,250 --> 00:56:55,320
which divided the unbuilt
parts of the United States,

706
00:56:55,320 --> 00:56:58,570
first only part of
it, then finally

707
00:56:58,570 --> 00:57:04,410
most of the United States,
into a grid of 6 by 6 miles.

708
00:57:04,410 --> 00:57:08,070
Local authorities or
local towns could then

709
00:57:08,070 --> 00:57:10,890
subdivide within this grid.

710
00:57:10,890 --> 00:57:17,400
Most of the subdivision was
taken care of by two forces,

711
00:57:17,400 --> 00:57:21,630
either private development,
which subdivided length

712
00:57:21,630 --> 00:57:30,600
into smaller units, or the
railroad companies which

713
00:57:30,600 --> 00:57:34,260
merged [INAUDIBLE] develop
[INAUDIBLE] profits

714
00:57:34,260 --> 00:57:36,420
hand-in-hand.

715
00:57:36,420 --> 00:57:40,050
The standard plan used
by railroads for 33 towns

716
00:57:40,050 --> 00:57:44,400
developed by one group
alone in Illinois.

717
00:57:44,400 --> 00:57:46,440
There was another
force at work, and that

718
00:57:46,440 --> 00:57:51,240
was the movement of religious
groups such as the Mormons

719
00:57:51,240 --> 00:57:53,190
across this country.

720
00:57:53,190 --> 00:57:57,930
There were Mormons starting
in 1913 up in New York.

721
00:57:57,930 --> 00:58:02,690
They moved to a Kirkland, Ohio,
they were pushed out of there.

722
00:58:02,690 --> 00:58:05,970
They move to Missouri,
the revelation

723
00:58:05,970 --> 00:58:08,430
that this is the new place.

724
00:58:08,430 --> 00:58:10,350
They moved out of there.

725
00:58:10,350 --> 00:58:15,900
They went to Nauvoo in Illinois
and spent the winter quarters

726
00:58:15,900 --> 00:58:18,630
in 1847 in Nebraska.

727
00:58:18,630 --> 00:58:24,450
And finally in 1847, after
a journey of 17 years,

728
00:58:24,450 --> 00:58:27,900
Brigham Young said,
this is the place

729
00:58:27,900 --> 00:58:31,350
and he developed Salt Lake City.

730
00:58:31,350 --> 00:58:37,500
Salt Lake City is a grid city,
which has a set of micro-rules

731
00:58:37,500 --> 00:58:38,880
about street--

732
00:58:38,880 --> 00:58:42,660
which lots can be facing
the streets, and so on.

733
00:58:42,660 --> 00:58:46,215
I'll talk about that later.

734
00:58:51,280 --> 00:58:59,440
Two people who've argued
about the grid of expediency--

735
00:58:59,440 --> 00:59:02,650
Lewis Mumford has
called urban land

736
00:59:02,650 --> 00:59:07,180
becoming a mere commodity
by the parceling of land

737
00:59:07,180 --> 00:59:11,090
a quick conversion of
farmstead into real estate

738
00:59:11,090 --> 00:59:14,050
and a quick sale.

739
00:59:14,050 --> 00:59:18,920
Richard Sennett has written
in the Conscience of the Eye

740
00:59:18,920 --> 00:59:22,570
about the Protestant
ethic of being

741
00:59:22,570 --> 00:59:28,690
satisfied with what he calls
the Protestant ethic of space.

742
00:59:28,690 --> 00:59:31,690
"Here is where the
good found its place.

743
00:59:31,690 --> 00:59:34,570
It was a space for
economic competition

744
00:59:34,570 --> 00:59:36,910
to be played upon
like a chessboard.

745
00:59:36,910 --> 00:59:40,540
It was a space of neutrality,
and neutrality achieved

746
00:59:40,540 --> 00:59:45,780
by denying to the environment
any value of its own."

747
00:59:45,780 --> 00:59:52,210
This attempt to
argue in this way

748
00:59:52,210 --> 00:59:58,030
argues that, if I
buy any IBM share,

749
00:59:58,030 --> 01:00:00,160
I buy a piece of
its typewriters--

750
01:00:00,160 --> 01:00:02,590
I don't know if they
still makes them--

751
01:00:02,590 --> 01:00:06,820
a piece of real estate,
a piece of its land.

752
01:00:06,820 --> 01:00:13,210
My $5 share, or $47
share, is a commodity

753
01:00:13,210 --> 01:00:17,080
as a reduction of a
large complex whole.

754
01:00:17,080 --> 01:00:20,620
The argument is that the
city is a complex whole.

755
01:00:20,620 --> 01:00:24,790
And reducing it to a
commodity by gridding it

756
01:00:24,790 --> 01:00:29,870
takes no account of the
essential qualities of a city.

757
01:00:29,870 --> 01:00:35,410
There's a kind of cosmic memory
associated with his critique.

758
01:00:38,170 --> 01:00:42,370
How capitalism developed
Boston with no grid

759
01:00:42,370 --> 01:00:45,060
is, of course, a question
I would ask Richard Sennett

760
01:00:45,060 --> 01:00:46,120
or Lewis Mumford.

761
01:00:48,870 --> 01:00:52,200
Not all American cities
were like Chicago.

762
01:00:58,140 --> 01:01:03,660
The cattaneo of cities
on the East Coast,

763
01:01:03,660 --> 01:01:05,520
I have got time to--

764
01:01:05,520 --> 01:01:07,710
but they essentially
are best described

765
01:01:07,710 --> 01:01:13,050
by the Plan of Savannah, written
very elegantly in an analysis

766
01:01:13,050 --> 01:01:16,590
by Stanford Anderson, who's
a Professor in the Department

767
01:01:16,590 --> 01:01:18,030
of Architecture.

768
01:01:18,030 --> 01:01:21,060
It essentially
takes the grid plan

769
01:01:21,060 --> 01:01:26,220
and centers it
into neighborhoods

770
01:01:26,220 --> 01:01:28,350
with parks in the center.

771
01:01:28,350 --> 01:01:32,460
It divides the road
system into wider roads

772
01:01:32,460 --> 01:01:34,500
which run north-south.

773
01:01:34,500 --> 01:01:39,180
Why do the roads in Manhattan
are wider, 100 feet wide,

774
01:01:39,180 --> 01:01:43,170
going north-south, and 50
feet wide going east-west?

775
01:01:47,510 --> 01:01:50,540
What are the roads
connecting in the Rome sense?

776
01:01:53,720 --> 01:02:00,180
Docks, water traffic on
either side of the island.

777
01:02:00,180 --> 01:02:03,200
So the east-west street
should have been wider

778
01:02:03,200 --> 01:02:05,590
than the north-south street.

779
01:02:05,590 --> 01:02:09,225
The north-south are avenues.

780
01:02:09,225 --> 01:02:09,725
Why?

781
01:02:12,290 --> 01:02:14,540
Let's try to answer
that question

782
01:02:14,540 --> 01:02:19,640
in talking about the 1811 Plan.

783
01:02:19,640 --> 01:02:24,590
The 1811 Plan was
no cosmic plan.

784
01:02:24,590 --> 01:02:27,260
According to Roy
Strickland's writing,

785
01:02:27,260 --> 01:02:29,720
it simply adapted
the measurements

786
01:02:29,720 --> 01:02:34,310
of the British
settlement, which took

787
01:02:34,310 --> 01:02:42,630
over the Dutch original
1623 settlement.

788
01:02:42,630 --> 01:02:46,590
There was a wonderful exhibition
of the 1811 Plan in New York

789
01:02:46,590 --> 01:02:47,770
last year.

790
01:02:47,770 --> 01:02:49,950
I don't know if
any of you saw it.

791
01:02:49,950 --> 01:02:52,200
Did you see it?

792
01:02:52,200 --> 01:02:54,260
Pretty.

793
01:02:54,260 --> 01:02:58,430
It says more than
I can possibly say.

794
01:02:58,430 --> 01:03:04,280
In the commissioner's
report, it says,

795
01:03:04,280 --> 01:03:06,665
"we could not bear in
mind that a city is

796
01:03:06,665 --> 01:03:10,370
to compose principally of
the habitations of men,

797
01:03:10,370 --> 01:03:13,610
and that straight-sided
and right-angled houses

798
01:03:13,610 --> 01:03:18,960
are the most cheap to build and
the most convenient to live in,

799
01:03:18,960 --> 01:03:23,480
effective these plain and simple
reflections are decisive."

800
01:03:26,700 --> 01:03:36,400
So here we have a plan which
many people have commented on,

801
01:03:36,400 --> 01:03:42,766
a plan which is allowed enormous
subdivisional specialization,

802
01:03:42,766 --> 01:03:46,720
a plan which has allowed
the southern sector to grow

803
01:03:46,720 --> 01:03:48,730
as a financial center.

804
01:03:48,730 --> 01:03:55,910
A central part is a part
for department stores,

805
01:03:55,910 --> 01:03:59,710
the combination of
housing and offices

806
01:03:59,710 --> 01:04:05,275
and commerce in the
rest of the plan.

807
01:04:08,350 --> 01:04:13,450
Essentially, it's a plan which
[INAUDIBLE] has correctly

808
01:04:13,450 --> 01:04:18,370
written about as delirious.

809
01:04:18,370 --> 01:04:23,920
One of the advantages
of a free system.

810
01:04:23,920 --> 01:04:28,030
There have been rules about
building a Manhattan ever

811
01:04:28,030 --> 01:04:31,771
since, the protection
of the sidewalks--

812
01:04:31,771 --> 01:04:33,700
the height at
which buildings get

813
01:04:33,700 --> 01:04:36,430
build, and so on, over time.

814
01:04:36,430 --> 01:04:40,180
But the central
grid has remained.

815
01:04:40,180 --> 01:04:44,290
It is fundamental to the
grid system of New York

816
01:04:44,290 --> 01:04:47,335
that Central Park
connects east and west.

817
01:04:50,420 --> 01:04:53,990
The grid system is the
fundamental flexibility

818
01:04:53,990 --> 01:04:57,150
phenomenon of Manhattan.

819
01:04:57,150 --> 01:05:00,530
And it coupled with
the combination

820
01:05:00,530 --> 01:05:08,280
of income and density
produces a unique situation

821
01:05:08,280 --> 01:05:13,710
which we will examine more
carefully later in this class.

822
01:05:13,710 --> 01:05:17,340
But could Manhattan be developed
on a different principle

823
01:05:17,340 --> 01:05:18,150
than a grid?

824
01:05:21,350 --> 01:05:23,600
That's asking a big question.

825
01:05:23,600 --> 01:05:26,490
We'd have to do
different plans for that

826
01:05:26,490 --> 01:05:31,130
and try to assemble the
conjecture that follows.

827
01:05:31,130 --> 01:05:34,940
We're not doing it, and
it's ridiculous to do it.

828
01:05:34,940 --> 01:05:37,010
The lessons from
Manhattan are to be

829
01:05:37,010 --> 01:05:41,870
learned by virtue of
reading the original plan

830
01:05:41,870 --> 01:05:45,050
and studying the
attempts to modify it.

831
01:05:47,750 --> 01:05:52,850
It like many-- how are we doing?

832
01:05:52,850 --> 01:05:58,700
Two minutes-- like
many city plans,

833
01:05:58,700 --> 01:06:01,130
is in a constant
state of adaptation.

834
01:06:05,270 --> 01:06:08,800
The Second Avenue
Subway is the last

835
01:06:08,800 --> 01:06:13,160
of the most recent of
the distortions of--

836
01:06:13,160 --> 01:06:16,580
not the distortions,
that adaptations

837
01:06:16,580 --> 01:06:20,210
to the plan, the attempt to--

838
01:06:22,850 --> 01:06:27,710
Rowe Price Manhattan
failed, it's probably

839
01:06:27,710 --> 01:06:31,660
likely to occur at sometime.

840
01:06:31,660 --> 01:06:37,490
The impossibility of connecting
the hinterland to the center

841
01:06:37,490 --> 01:06:41,600
is evidenced by the
fact that New York, one

842
01:06:41,600 --> 01:06:44,660
of the primary commercial
cities of the world,

843
01:06:44,660 --> 01:06:51,770
has the worst international
airport system of any city

844
01:06:51,770 --> 01:06:53,870
competitively.

845
01:06:53,870 --> 01:06:56,360
It's only the
arrogance of New York

846
01:06:56,360 --> 01:07:00,090
that let's it get away with
having a second rate airport

847
01:07:00,090 --> 01:07:00,590
system.

848
01:07:04,874 --> 01:07:10,670
Those of who have experienced
LaGuardia and Kennedy and New

849
01:07:10,670 --> 01:07:15,590
Jersey and have been
to great, new airports

850
01:07:15,590 --> 01:07:19,130
can argue for yourselves
the distinction.

851
01:07:22,850 --> 01:07:26,600
Carnegie Hall is one of the
most uncomfortable places

852
01:07:26,600 --> 01:07:28,820
to listen to great music.

853
01:07:28,820 --> 01:07:32,570
Again, New York gets
away through a kind

854
01:07:32,570 --> 01:07:34,890
of economic arrogance.

855
01:07:34,890 --> 01:07:39,230
The theory, which is highly
personal to me, that is,

856
01:07:39,230 --> 01:07:42,830
if you develop enough
economic strength,

857
01:07:42,830 --> 01:07:49,040
you need not follow it by
making everything of the highest

858
01:07:49,040 --> 01:07:51,520
order.

859
01:07:51,520 --> 01:07:54,670
It's a stupid phenomenon,
but maybe it's true.

860
01:07:54,670 --> 01:07:58,600
It's only in China, which
has new wealth, that people

861
01:07:58,600 --> 01:08:02,570
can build new airports.

862
01:08:02,570 --> 01:08:05,280
It's of course not totally true.

863
01:08:05,280 --> 01:08:13,700
But one of the major concerns
about the additive quality

864
01:08:13,700 --> 01:08:20,210
of the Chinese city is that
it is a city of addition

865
01:08:20,210 --> 01:08:25,550
and has lost any of the
attributes of the cosmos

866
01:08:25,550 --> 01:08:30,529
or even the Roman camp.

867
01:08:30,529 --> 01:08:32,960
We will go into that some more.

868
01:08:32,960 --> 01:08:35,240
The last group of
slides will deal

869
01:08:35,240 --> 01:08:41,840
with the evocation of linearity
and more modern concepts

870
01:08:41,840 --> 01:08:45,350
of the use of the
idea of the machine.

871
01:08:45,350 --> 01:08:48,649
So why don't we look at them,
otherwise we will just go on.

872
01:08:48,649 --> 01:08:50,000
This is a long class.

873
01:08:50,000 --> 01:08:51,980
This is an enormous
amount of stuff.

874
01:08:57,640 --> 01:09:01,689
I don't apologize for
these first three classes.

875
01:09:01,689 --> 01:09:05,229
Most you haven't done
enough urban history.

876
01:09:05,229 --> 01:09:06,670
Here are two examples.

877
01:09:06,670 --> 01:09:09,720
The one on the right
is from Tell el-Armana.

878
01:09:09,720 --> 01:09:21,100
The one on the left is from
Kahun 2460 BC and 320 BC.

879
01:09:21,100 --> 01:09:21,600
Next.

880
01:09:25,649 --> 01:09:28,080
This is the town
of Tell el-Amarna

881
01:09:28,080 --> 01:09:32,500
on the east side of the Nile
built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten

882
01:09:32,500 --> 01:09:36,090
and occupied for only 40 years.

883
01:09:36,090 --> 01:09:39,930
He had a religious argument
with the priest in Thebes

884
01:09:39,930 --> 01:09:43,350
and went across the Nile
to build his new town.

885
01:09:43,350 --> 01:09:51,479
The yellow in the plan
refers to the workers lair.

886
01:09:51,479 --> 01:09:55,140
There's another story,
which I haven't got time

887
01:09:55,140 --> 01:09:58,590
much to go into that.

888
01:09:58,590 --> 01:10:03,240
In Freud's writing
about Moses, the book

889
01:10:03,240 --> 01:10:06,220
is called Moses
and Monotheism, he

890
01:10:06,220 --> 01:10:11,580
talks about the connection
between pharaonic Egypt

891
01:10:11,580 --> 01:10:16,560
and the emergence of
Palestine, the sum notion

892
01:10:16,560 --> 01:10:21,550
that this land for Jerusalem
is taken from the Dead Sea

893
01:10:21,550 --> 01:10:22,050
Scrolls.

894
01:10:25,290 --> 01:10:31,230
The sum notion that there
was some connection passing

895
01:10:31,230 --> 01:10:34,260
on information
from the Jevasites,

896
01:10:34,260 --> 01:10:38,490
the first occupiers of
Jerusalem, or one of the first,

897
01:10:38,490 --> 01:10:40,410
and the Egyptians.

898
01:10:40,410 --> 01:10:40,910
Next.

899
01:10:43,920 --> 01:10:47,220
The Greek town, Miletus--

900
01:10:47,220 --> 01:10:49,600
Miletus, you can
see the structure

901
01:10:49,600 --> 01:10:50,850
of the containing wall.

902
01:10:54,080 --> 01:10:58,340
The orange and darker colors
of the imposition of the Romans

903
01:10:58,340 --> 01:11:00,440
on top of the Greek plan.

904
01:11:00,440 --> 01:11:02,750
Next.

905
01:11:02,750 --> 01:11:13,060
OK, Priene, the
main axes roads--

906
01:11:13,060 --> 01:11:17,500
again north-south with
minor roads east-west,

907
01:11:17,500 --> 01:11:23,350
and the central agora
complex and temple complex

908
01:11:23,350 --> 01:11:28,230
and part of the central
parts of the town.

909
01:11:28,230 --> 01:11:34,110
The Roman road system, an
extraordinary phenomenon.

910
01:11:34,110 --> 01:11:39,360
Just imagine at
the birth of Christ

911
01:11:39,360 --> 01:11:42,850
or a couple of hundred
years afterwards

912
01:11:42,850 --> 01:11:47,820
that there'd be an empire
built as significantly

913
01:11:47,820 --> 01:11:48,840
connected as this.

914
01:11:48,840 --> 01:11:54,000
This gives some indication
of the location of the Roman

915
01:11:54,000 --> 01:11:54,900
towns--

916
01:11:54,900 --> 01:11:59,215
5,627 according
to one authority.

917
01:11:59,215 --> 01:11:59,715
Next.

918
01:12:03,690 --> 01:12:07,710
castrametation, the
idea of the town

919
01:12:07,710 --> 01:12:11,550
as being cemented by
two connecting roads,

920
01:12:11,550 --> 01:12:17,220
a fortification
around the outskirts,

921
01:12:17,220 --> 01:12:22,140
and the notion of a
gridded system outside.

922
01:12:22,140 --> 01:12:25,680
It takes an enormous
amount of thought

923
01:12:25,680 --> 01:12:30,060
to imagine a town which
has a fortification having

924
01:12:30,060 --> 01:12:33,720
a counterpart formal
order outside the town.

925
01:12:33,720 --> 01:12:35,520
That is unique to the Romans.

926
01:12:35,520 --> 01:12:41,040
They were so conscious of
the clarity of the empire

927
01:12:41,040 --> 01:12:47,880
that they could imagine
making the land--

928
01:12:47,880 --> 01:12:53,670
again, the land as opposed to
the city in marks, the land

929
01:12:53,670 --> 01:12:55,980
as a friend of the city.

930
01:12:55,980 --> 01:12:58,668
Next.

931
01:12:58,668 --> 01:13:03,920
Here is the 6 by 6 system
of land subdivision

932
01:13:03,920 --> 01:13:10,520
for an ox which can
perambulate in one day

933
01:13:10,520 --> 01:13:18,010
the layout made by a [INAUDIBLE]
at the hands of a gromaticus.

934
01:13:18,010 --> 01:13:22,210
Here near [INAUDIBLE]
in Central Italy,

935
01:13:22,210 --> 01:13:27,620
you can see some of the effects
even today of the length

936
01:13:27,620 --> 01:13:31,890
of the centuriation pattern.

937
01:13:31,890 --> 01:13:36,570
The city is only in
existence in its relationship

938
01:13:36,570 --> 01:13:43,110
to this space outside it as it
is condensed in its interior.

939
01:13:43,110 --> 01:13:44,470
It's a phenomenal idea.

940
01:13:46,990 --> 01:13:50,070
It's an idea which
American cities have not,

941
01:13:50,070 --> 01:13:54,370
or modern cities, have
not understood completely.

942
01:13:54,370 --> 01:13:54,870
Next.

943
01:13:57,740 --> 01:14:03,920
Timgad, the great Roman city
for veterans on North Africa.

944
01:14:03,920 --> 01:14:07,220
The Cardo and Decumanus
here are shortened

945
01:14:07,220 --> 01:14:11,280
because of the location of the
forum and the amphitheater.

946
01:14:11,280 --> 01:14:11,780
Next.

947
01:14:14,860 --> 01:14:20,800
Two plans-- Verona on the
right and the first attempt

948
01:14:20,800 --> 01:14:29,830
in a relatively Renaissance plan
of Florence based on attempts

949
01:14:29,830 --> 01:14:33,040
to introduce a local
taxation system

950
01:14:33,040 --> 01:14:36,305
and still respecting
the Roman grid.

951
01:14:36,305 --> 01:14:36,805
Next.

952
01:14:39,920 --> 01:14:42,500
The southwest of France--

953
01:14:42,500 --> 01:14:45,390
the Bastide town,
a pair of towns.

954
01:14:45,390 --> 01:14:48,540
The cornier in the center,
the church on the side.

955
01:14:48,540 --> 01:14:49,040
Next.

956
01:14:51,896 --> 01:14:56,230
[SPEAKING FRENCH] Here you
see something interesting

957
01:14:56,230 --> 01:14:57,700
geometrically.

958
01:14:57,700 --> 01:15:02,010
The blocks as they go
further from the center

959
01:15:02,010 --> 01:15:05,140
have the horizontal length
based on the diagonal

960
01:15:05,140 --> 01:15:07,120
of the previous.

961
01:15:07,120 --> 01:15:11,335
So the blocks get
bigger as you go out.

962
01:15:11,335 --> 01:15:13,992
It's a geometric trick.

963
01:15:13,992 --> 01:15:16,730
Here it is.

964
01:15:16,730 --> 01:15:19,430
Next.

965
01:15:19,430 --> 01:15:26,120
[INAUDIBLE] the great
town on the Mediterranean,

966
01:15:26,120 --> 01:15:27,980
clearly in prismatic.

967
01:15:27,980 --> 01:15:30,290
This served is one
of the launching

968
01:15:30,290 --> 01:15:37,370
points for many crusades
to Christianize Jerusalem.

969
01:15:37,370 --> 01:15:41,450
And here's [INAUDIBLE]
one of the roads running

970
01:15:41,450 --> 01:15:44,660
through the central
plaza, a cornier

971
01:15:44,660 --> 01:15:49,190
system of creating
a greater pedestrian

972
01:15:49,190 --> 01:15:51,830
opportunity in the center.

973
01:15:51,830 --> 01:15:56,325
It's like building a permanent
arcade around the center.

974
01:15:56,325 --> 01:15:56,825
Next.

975
01:15:59,630 --> 01:16:02,060
Here's the Meridian
of Tordesillas--

976
01:16:02,060 --> 01:16:05,690
the Spanish world and
the North American world.

977
01:16:05,690 --> 01:16:09,020
Here's a typical Laws
of the Indies town.

978
01:16:09,020 --> 01:16:12,930
I think it's Caracas
central plaza.

979
01:16:12,930 --> 01:16:13,430
Next.

980
01:16:17,860 --> 01:16:25,060
In contrast, the development
of the typical Portuguese town,

981
01:16:25,060 --> 01:16:28,180
as you can see from
its early stages,

982
01:16:28,180 --> 01:16:31,025
has developed long strips.

983
01:16:31,025 --> 01:16:31,525
Next.

984
01:16:35,560 --> 01:16:40,580
Again, this is-- thank you.

985
01:16:40,580 --> 01:16:44,000
This is a thesis done
on examining the Laws

986
01:16:44,000 --> 01:16:46,380
of the Indies in detail.

987
01:16:46,380 --> 01:16:52,310
It's a thesis here at MIT
by Guillermo Frontado.

988
01:16:52,310 --> 01:16:56,900
He looks at the
streets at the plazas

989
01:16:56,900 --> 01:17:00,260
and interprets the
laws in formal terms--

990
01:17:00,260 --> 01:17:05,055
what distances they occupy,
what sections they produce,

991
01:17:05,055 --> 01:17:06,630
and so on.

992
01:17:06,630 --> 01:17:07,130
Next.

993
01:17:10,720 --> 01:17:14,020
So here is the
subsequent development

994
01:17:14,020 --> 01:17:19,960
of two central capital
Latin American cities based

995
01:17:19,960 --> 01:17:21,130
on the Laws of the Indies.

996
01:17:21,130 --> 01:17:25,660
Here are the major churches
on the central plaza.

997
01:17:25,660 --> 01:17:30,940
Here you see the adaptation
of the central plaza

998
01:17:30,940 --> 01:17:35,440
theme in subsequent
decentralized plazas.

999
01:17:35,440 --> 01:17:35,940
Next.

1000
01:17:42,390 --> 01:17:49,260
Subdivision of the 6
by 6 mile 1785 system.

1001
01:17:49,260 --> 01:17:49,760
Next.

1002
01:17:52,630 --> 01:17:57,610
Salt Lake City,
Harrington, Kansas--

1003
01:17:57,610 --> 01:17:59,540
built the railway company.

1004
01:17:59,540 --> 01:18:00,040
Next.

1005
01:18:04,790 --> 01:18:08,720
Chicago, which we'll deal
with in some detail later on.

1006
01:18:08,720 --> 01:18:16,400
And Burnham's Plan
1907, 1905 Plan

1007
01:18:16,400 --> 01:18:23,250
to centralize the
grid of Chicago.

1008
01:18:23,250 --> 01:18:28,380
It's an extraordinary
plan, diagonalizing

1009
01:18:28,380 --> 01:18:31,740
the grid towards the center.

1010
01:18:31,740 --> 01:18:35,905
It's kind of attempt
cosmetize Chicago.

1011
01:18:35,905 --> 01:18:36,405
Next.

1012
01:18:39,650 --> 01:18:43,490
1811 Plan.

1013
01:18:43,490 --> 01:18:46,280
Again, this is out of focus.

1014
01:18:46,280 --> 01:18:48,740
Now, why then change this.

1015
01:18:48,740 --> 01:18:54,060
The story of Central
Park is another story.

1016
01:18:54,060 --> 01:18:55,280
Next.

1017
01:18:55,280 --> 01:19:00,410
The inevitable connections
of the east and west,

1018
01:19:00,410 --> 01:19:04,280
maintaining the grid,
while still producing

1019
01:19:04,280 --> 01:19:06,870
a major public garden.

1020
01:19:06,870 --> 01:19:07,370
Next.

1021
01:19:10,330 --> 01:19:18,310
The cattaneo model-- that
is, dispersing open space

1022
01:19:18,310 --> 01:19:22,180
throughout the system and
having different widths of roads

1023
01:19:22,180 --> 01:19:23,710
is part of the system.

1024
01:19:23,710 --> 01:19:24,730
Next.

1025
01:19:24,730 --> 01:19:32,150
Savannah, Georgia--
still a marvelous town,

1026
01:19:32,150 --> 01:19:35,610
and a town which resisted here.

1027
01:19:35,610 --> 01:19:38,720
There's a book called
the Night of Garden.

1028
01:19:38,720 --> 01:19:39,890
What's the book?

1029
01:19:39,890 --> 01:19:43,600
Anybody know the book?

1030
01:19:43,600 --> 01:19:47,680
Which talks about
Savannah's decision

1031
01:19:47,680 --> 01:19:52,300
not to take large companies,
like insurance companies

1032
01:19:52,300 --> 01:19:55,090
as headquarters because
of their attempt

1033
01:19:55,090 --> 01:19:57,260
to keep the local system.

1034
01:19:57,260 --> 01:19:57,760
Next.

1035
01:20:00,390 --> 01:20:02,540
And a few of the
modern examples.

1036
01:20:02,540 --> 01:20:05,250
This is Soria y Mata,
the Spaniard's plan

1037
01:20:05,250 --> 01:20:12,420
for linearizing the outskirts
of Madrid, a linear model being

1038
01:20:12,420 --> 01:20:15,630
a very popular model,
taken essentially

1039
01:20:15,630 --> 01:20:18,715
from a mass fabrication system.

1040
01:20:18,715 --> 01:20:19,215
Next.

1041
01:20:21,870 --> 01:20:29,670
[INAUDIBLE] the affirming
steed, the magnificent steed,

1042
01:20:29,670 --> 01:20:31,020
the superb steed.

1043
01:20:31,020 --> 01:20:35,410
The engine of the express
train, the steam engine

1044
01:20:35,410 --> 01:20:38,220
which people went to see.

1045
01:20:38,220 --> 01:20:42,570
And the Ascoral Plan,
which Corbusier was one of,

1046
01:20:42,570 --> 01:20:51,880
1940, a plan to link
Europe, to linearize Europe.

1047
01:20:51,880 --> 01:20:52,380
Next.

1048
01:20:56,420 --> 01:21:00,740
Captain [? Chambliss's ?]
plan for linking New York

1049
01:21:00,740 --> 01:21:08,510
and Washington with a
public train system that

1050
01:21:08,510 --> 01:21:10,400
had an effect on
the local-- that

1051
01:21:10,400 --> 01:21:15,020
fed off the agricultural
land next to it.

1052
01:21:15,020 --> 01:21:19,340
Somebody called it a
horizontal skyscraper.

1053
01:21:19,340 --> 01:21:24,860
Kenzo Tange's 1960 plan
for the linearizing Tokyo

1054
01:21:24,860 --> 01:21:28,820
and creating a greater use
of the harbor, of the water.

1055
01:21:28,820 --> 01:21:31,630
Next.

1056
01:21:31,630 --> 01:21:38,500
Stupid plans like this by Jonah
Friedman to linearize Paris.

1057
01:21:38,500 --> 01:21:41,470
Absolute madness--
should lock people up.

1058
01:21:45,680 --> 01:21:46,180
Next.

1059
01:21:49,880 --> 01:21:53,930
The fascination with
bringing together

1060
01:21:53,930 --> 01:21:56,570
a number of mechanical forces--

1061
01:21:56,570 --> 01:22:03,590
train, bus, pedestrian,
and the many schemas

1062
01:22:03,590 --> 01:22:09,710
for maximizing
density in New York.

1063
01:22:09,710 --> 01:22:14,840
The stupidity of the
Archigram proposal for moving.

1064
01:22:14,840 --> 01:22:18,770
Archigram would have
worked very well in Egypt

1065
01:22:18,770 --> 01:22:21,830
where you had no investment
in permanent sites,

1066
01:22:21,830 --> 01:22:23,660
but you moved around.

1067
01:22:23,660 --> 01:22:27,530
This is the grasshopper
city, which moves around.

1068
01:22:27,530 --> 01:22:29,870
If there's anything we've
learned historically,

1069
01:22:29,870 --> 01:22:34,790
that the inertia of
cities in modern times

1070
01:22:34,790 --> 01:22:37,670
maintains this position.

1071
01:22:37,670 --> 01:22:41,870
I've said this before, that you
can count the number of cities.

1072
01:22:41,870 --> 01:22:44,360
There are cities in
trouble like Detroit,

1073
01:22:44,360 --> 01:22:49,460
but there's no disappearance
of cities, or very few,

1074
01:22:49,460 --> 01:22:52,455
compared to previous times.

1075
01:22:52,455 --> 01:22:52,955
Next.

1076
01:22:56,980 --> 01:23:00,300
It's called Buckminster
Fuller and notion

1077
01:23:00,300 --> 01:23:04,230
of using a single
machine to cover

1078
01:23:04,230 --> 01:23:06,760
the whole of the
city of Manhattan.

1079
01:23:06,760 --> 01:23:07,260
Next.

1080
01:23:10,540 --> 01:23:12,710
I think we end here.

1081
01:23:12,710 --> 01:23:15,400
This is Lord
Behrens' proposition

1082
01:23:15,400 --> 01:23:18,610
for the AEG factory--

1083
01:23:18,610 --> 01:23:21,760
just about done--
in Berlin showing

1084
01:23:21,760 --> 01:23:27,340
the wonderful correct place
for every worker in the system.

1085
01:23:27,340 --> 01:23:36,130
And here the nightmare of Soweto
outside Johannesburg, or part

1086
01:23:36,130 --> 01:23:40,240
of Johannesburg,
where race created

1087
01:23:40,240 --> 01:23:47,290
a new town in which the
machine model is exemplified

1088
01:23:47,290 --> 01:23:50,470
par excellence
with no pretension

1089
01:23:50,470 --> 01:23:55,630
paid to anything else but
the disposition of houses

1090
01:23:55,630 --> 01:23:57,800
in free space.

1091
01:23:57,800 --> 01:23:59,350
OK.