1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,980 [SQUEAKING] 2 00:00:01,980 --> 00:00:02,970 [RUSTLING] 3 00:00:02,970 --> 00:00:04,950 [CLICKING] 4 00:00:15,570 --> 00:00:18,110 SARAH HEWETT: All right, let's get started. 5 00:00:18,110 --> 00:00:22,760 And if anybody else shows up, then that'll be fine. 6 00:00:22,760 --> 00:00:25,510 So today, we are going to talk about how 7 00:00:25,510 --> 00:00:27,940 to write a lab report, which is a pretty important part 8 00:00:27,940 --> 00:00:29,920 of this course, since it's going to determine 9 00:00:29,920 --> 00:00:31,750 a good portion of your grade. 10 00:00:31,750 --> 00:00:33,628 And in general, it's good to know 11 00:00:33,628 --> 00:00:35,420 how to communicate the science that you do, 12 00:00:35,420 --> 00:00:37,870 whether it's in this class or in your research, 13 00:00:37,870 --> 00:00:40,270 or in any other context, really. 14 00:00:40,270 --> 00:00:43,000 So I wanted to start just by thinking about these two 15 00:00:43,000 --> 00:00:45,335 questions, which is why is it important to write up 16 00:00:45,335 --> 00:00:47,710 your results, and then how should you write a lab report? 17 00:00:47,710 --> 00:00:49,793 And to help get us thinking about these questions, 18 00:00:49,793 --> 00:00:51,550 I printed out on this handout that 19 00:00:51,550 --> 00:00:53,350 has a good chunk of text on it. 20 00:00:53,350 --> 00:00:55,570 The top part is Ira Remsen's account 21 00:00:55,570 --> 00:00:57,910 of his experiment with copper and nitric acid. 22 00:00:57,910 --> 00:01:00,460 If you have not read it before, it's a pretty good read. 23 00:01:00,460 --> 00:01:01,610 So if you could skim that. 24 00:01:01,610 --> 00:01:06,413 And then at the bottom, there is a shorter description 25 00:01:06,413 --> 00:01:08,080 of the same experiment in a way that you 26 00:01:08,080 --> 00:01:10,390 may find it written either in a lab report 27 00:01:10,390 --> 00:01:12,410 or in a scientific paper if you were 28 00:01:12,410 --> 00:01:14,653 going to publish these results. 29 00:01:14,653 --> 00:01:16,570 So if you guys want to give those a quick skim 30 00:01:16,570 --> 00:01:18,040 through, and then we'll use those 31 00:01:18,040 --> 00:01:20,620 to sort of talk about these topics of how do 32 00:01:20,620 --> 00:01:23,980 you communicate your science. 33 00:01:23,980 --> 00:01:26,560 And if you've never seen this experiment done before, 34 00:01:26,560 --> 00:01:29,050 I have a little bit of video to show 35 00:01:29,050 --> 00:01:32,230 what happens when you put nitric acid on a penny. 36 00:01:32,230 --> 00:01:34,780 So you can have an even more vivid visual 37 00:01:34,780 --> 00:01:37,150 of what Ira Remsen was going through when 38 00:01:37,150 --> 00:01:39,610 he decided to pick this up and throw it out a window. 39 00:01:39,610 --> 00:01:41,230 NARRATOR: A few drops of nitric acid 40 00:01:41,230 --> 00:01:43,120 are placed on an older copper penny. 41 00:01:55,938 --> 00:01:57,730 SARAH HEWETT: And it goes for a while. 42 00:02:12,280 --> 00:02:16,030 So that should give you a little bit of an idea of the situation 43 00:02:16,030 --> 00:02:16,900 that he was in. 44 00:02:16,900 --> 00:02:20,450 And so having had a chance to skim these two things, 45 00:02:20,450 --> 00:02:22,773 does anyone have any answers to these questions about 46 00:02:22,773 --> 00:02:24,940 why is it important to write up your results, or how 47 00:02:24,940 --> 00:02:27,630 should you communicate your results to other people? 48 00:02:33,740 --> 00:02:34,445 Yeah. 49 00:02:34,445 --> 00:02:36,200 AUDIENCE: So it's, like, not ambiguous, 50 00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:38,000 so people know what to expect or they know 51 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:40,552 how to handle the situation. 52 00:02:40,552 --> 00:02:46,050 [INAUDIBLE] oh, let's see what happens [INAUDIBLE] 53 00:02:46,050 --> 00:02:48,447 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah, using really clear language, 54 00:02:48,447 --> 00:02:50,280 so that people know what is going to happen. 55 00:02:50,280 --> 00:02:54,090 Like he said, the language acts upon is very vague. 56 00:02:54,090 --> 00:02:56,880 And it led to this experiment happening 57 00:02:56,880 --> 00:03:00,730 where Ira Remsen burned his hands on some nitric acid. 58 00:03:00,730 --> 00:03:02,760 So instead of acts upon, saying things 59 00:03:02,760 --> 00:03:05,820 like-- what else could you say instead? 60 00:03:05,820 --> 00:03:08,457 What are better words you could use to warn people 61 00:03:08,457 --> 00:03:09,540 of what's going to happen? 62 00:03:14,980 --> 00:03:15,480 Yeah. 63 00:03:15,480 --> 00:03:16,830 AUDIENCE: Corrosive. 64 00:03:16,830 --> 00:03:18,100 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah, corrosive. 65 00:03:18,100 --> 00:03:20,558 Those things that Scott talked about in his safety lecture. 66 00:03:20,558 --> 00:03:22,410 So say some of the general terms that we 67 00:03:22,410 --> 00:03:23,550 use to describe chemicals. 68 00:03:23,550 --> 00:03:27,330 It's corrosive, it will burn, creates toxic gases, 69 00:03:27,330 --> 00:03:29,670 is carcinogenic, things like that. 70 00:03:32,490 --> 00:03:34,650 What other guidelines should there 71 00:03:34,650 --> 00:03:37,190 be for how you want your results written up? 72 00:03:41,182 --> 00:03:42,679 Yeah. 73 00:03:42,679 --> 00:03:48,230 AUDIENCE: Indicate amounts, because of the [INAUDIBLE] 74 00:03:48,230 --> 00:03:49,880 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah, yeah, definitely. 75 00:03:49,880 --> 00:03:52,200 You want to communicate how much you used. 76 00:03:52,200 --> 00:03:54,200 So in that first experiment, he said 77 00:03:54,200 --> 00:03:56,545 I put some nitric acid on a penny. 78 00:03:56,545 --> 00:03:57,920 So you don't know what scale that 79 00:03:57,920 --> 00:04:01,080 was on or what scale it can be safely done at. 80 00:04:01,080 --> 00:04:03,230 So using exact quantities, so that if somebody 81 00:04:03,230 --> 00:04:05,150 is going to redo the experiment, they 82 00:04:05,150 --> 00:04:07,340 would know exactly how much you used 83 00:04:07,340 --> 00:04:10,520 and what they should expect. 84 00:04:10,520 --> 00:04:13,560 In terms of the length of these two pieces of writing, 85 00:04:13,560 --> 00:04:16,196 which one is easier to read? 86 00:04:16,196 --> 00:04:17,552 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 87 00:04:17,552 --> 00:04:21,250 SARAH HEWETT: The bottom one so being clear and concise, 88 00:04:21,250 --> 00:04:24,913 using objective, short sentences, 89 00:04:24,913 --> 00:04:26,830 so that people can follow what you're writing. 90 00:04:26,830 --> 00:04:29,247 And they don't have to read this whole, huge chunk of text 91 00:04:29,247 --> 00:04:31,280 in order to get the gist of what's going on. 92 00:04:31,280 --> 00:04:33,655 So those are some things to keep in mind while writing up 93 00:04:33,655 --> 00:04:34,590 your lab report. 94 00:04:34,590 --> 00:04:35,950 There's a picture of Ira Remsen. 95 00:04:35,950 --> 00:04:38,170 He was a chemist in the 1800s. 96 00:04:38,170 --> 00:04:39,580 He was born in 1846. 97 00:04:39,580 --> 00:04:42,280 And he became the president of Johns Hopkins University, 98 00:04:42,280 --> 00:04:45,490 and also is well-known for discovering the sweetener 99 00:04:45,490 --> 00:04:47,590 saccharin, which he also discovered 100 00:04:47,590 --> 00:04:51,160 by tasting it on his hands as a result of some more poor lab 101 00:04:51,160 --> 00:04:53,097 technique. 102 00:04:53,097 --> 00:04:54,430 I mean, he became pretty famous. 103 00:04:54,430 --> 00:04:59,035 But don't follow his lead necessarily in that way. 104 00:04:59,035 --> 00:05:01,540 So a good lab report starts before the lab even begins. 105 00:05:01,540 --> 00:05:03,040 And so here are some things that you 106 00:05:03,040 --> 00:05:05,650 should be keeping in mind before you even come into the lab 107 00:05:05,650 --> 00:05:08,640 to help set you up to be able to do the experiment successfully, 108 00:05:08,640 --> 00:05:11,140 and to be able to have the data that you need to write a lab 109 00:05:11,140 --> 00:05:11,920 report. 110 00:05:11,920 --> 00:05:13,810 So you want to plan your procedures ahead 111 00:05:13,810 --> 00:05:16,240 of time, things that can influence your results, what 112 00:05:16,240 --> 00:05:18,100 quantities you need to measure, and what 113 00:05:18,100 --> 00:05:20,230 data and results you'll need to collect, so that you can have 114 00:05:20,230 --> 00:05:22,772 all of this in your notebook, so that when you go to write up 115 00:05:22,772 --> 00:05:26,780 your report you have all of the information that you need. 116 00:05:26,780 --> 00:05:28,450 It's very hard to go back into the lab 117 00:05:28,450 --> 00:05:32,028 and write something down that you forgot after you're 118 00:05:32,028 --> 00:05:34,570 in your dorm room at 10:00 PM the night before the lab's due, 119 00:05:34,570 --> 00:05:35,470 going, oh no. 120 00:05:35,470 --> 00:05:37,738 How much did this weigh? 121 00:05:37,738 --> 00:05:39,280 So you want to plan out ahead of time 122 00:05:39,280 --> 00:05:42,915 what you're going to need to collect. 123 00:05:42,915 --> 00:05:44,790 There are a bunch of parts to the lab report. 124 00:05:44,790 --> 00:05:46,350 And this looks slightly overwhelming, 125 00:05:46,350 --> 00:05:49,680 but it's actually there to help you organize your thoughts 126 00:05:49,680 --> 00:05:52,080 and present things in a format that other people can 127 00:05:52,080 --> 00:05:52,590 recognize. 128 00:05:52,590 --> 00:05:54,960 So if you've ever written a report for another course, 129 00:05:54,960 --> 00:05:57,720 or if you've read scientific articles in the literature, 130 00:05:57,720 --> 00:06:00,910 these titles may seem pretty familiar to you. 131 00:06:00,910 --> 00:06:04,980 You guys have written reports for other classes before, yes? 132 00:06:04,980 --> 00:06:07,840 Read articles, most of you, maybe? 133 00:06:07,840 --> 00:06:11,680 OK, so we're going to go through these parts of the lab report, 134 00:06:11,680 --> 00:06:14,710 and talk about in detail what belongs in each section. 135 00:06:14,710 --> 00:06:16,720 And we're going to try to do that in the context 136 00:06:16,720 --> 00:06:18,345 of the ferrocene experiment to help you 137 00:06:18,345 --> 00:06:21,430 guys plan out your report for the one you're going to have 138 00:06:21,430 --> 00:06:23,625 to write starting next week. 139 00:06:23,625 --> 00:06:25,000 Hopefully, you've already started 140 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:27,810 the little pieces of it. 141 00:06:27,810 --> 00:06:29,502 So the first thing is the title. 142 00:06:29,502 --> 00:06:30,710 That's usually pretty boring. 143 00:06:30,710 --> 00:06:32,920 Keep it straight to the point. 144 00:06:32,920 --> 00:06:37,810 Have something to do with what the experiment that you did is. 145 00:06:37,810 --> 00:06:39,310 And then the first thing that you're 146 00:06:39,310 --> 00:06:41,268 going to write after the title is the abstract. 147 00:06:41,268 --> 00:06:43,352 And the abstract that you guys are probably pretty 148 00:06:43,352 --> 00:06:44,560 familiar with is very short. 149 00:06:44,560 --> 00:06:46,540 It's three to four sentences. 150 00:06:46,540 --> 00:06:48,123 Keep it in complete sentences, though. 151 00:06:48,123 --> 00:06:50,165 And then you discuss the point of the experiment. 152 00:06:50,165 --> 00:06:52,390 You briefly tell what you did and what you found. 153 00:06:52,390 --> 00:06:55,210 You can talk about your results-- 154 00:06:55,210 --> 00:06:57,040 if you have any yields, melting points, 155 00:06:57,040 --> 00:07:00,290 easily digestible results that you can put at the end. 156 00:07:00,290 --> 00:07:01,930 So for your ferrocene, you would say, 157 00:07:01,930 --> 00:07:04,510 I synthesized ferrocene this many grams, 158 00:07:04,510 --> 00:07:06,530 this was its melting point-- 159 00:07:06,530 --> 00:07:07,970 something like that. 160 00:07:07,970 --> 00:07:10,920 And the abstract is best written at the end of your report. 161 00:07:10,920 --> 00:07:12,610 So after you've done everything else, 162 00:07:12,610 --> 00:07:14,530 then you can go back and write the abstract, 163 00:07:14,530 --> 00:07:15,880 because the abstract is essentially 164 00:07:15,880 --> 00:07:17,890 just a short summary of everything else you've written. 165 00:07:17,890 --> 00:07:19,348 So if all the other stuff is there, 166 00:07:19,348 --> 00:07:21,050 then you can look at each section, 167 00:07:21,050 --> 00:07:23,170 take a sentence out of it, smush it all together, 168 00:07:23,170 --> 00:07:24,503 and then you have your abstract. 169 00:07:26,670 --> 00:07:30,420 So then after your abstract, on the start in the guidelines 170 00:07:30,420 --> 00:07:32,670 for how to format this and how to write everything 171 00:07:32,670 --> 00:07:33,670 are in your lab manuals. 172 00:07:33,670 --> 00:07:35,253 So you should definitely look at those 173 00:07:35,253 --> 00:07:37,020 while you were preparing your lab report. 174 00:07:37,020 --> 00:07:39,420 And it'll tell you that, after the abstract that 175 00:07:39,420 --> 00:07:40,950 goes on your first page, the start 176 00:07:40,950 --> 00:07:42,450 of the second page of the lab report 177 00:07:42,450 --> 00:07:44,125 is going to be your introduction. 178 00:07:44,125 --> 00:07:45,625 And the introduction should probably 179 00:07:45,625 --> 00:07:47,948 be about a page or two long give or take, 180 00:07:47,948 --> 00:07:49,990 depending on the experiment and how much you need 181 00:07:49,990 --> 00:07:52,390 to introduce ahead of time. 182 00:07:52,390 --> 00:07:54,860 And you're going to tell the reader what you plan to do 183 00:07:54,860 --> 00:07:57,290 and why they should care about it. 184 00:07:57,290 --> 00:07:59,260 Give any background that is necessary-- so 185 00:07:59,260 --> 00:08:01,570 any historic background, any scientific background, 186 00:08:01,570 --> 00:08:03,610 experiments that have come before this one that 187 00:08:03,610 --> 00:08:05,320 influenced your work. 188 00:08:05,320 --> 00:08:07,030 Include balanced chemical equations 189 00:08:07,030 --> 00:08:08,030 of important reactions. 190 00:08:08,030 --> 00:08:09,080 This is very important. 191 00:08:09,080 --> 00:08:11,247 So if you're going to be doing some sort of chemical 192 00:08:11,247 --> 00:08:14,530 reaction, which in this lab we did-- we did two, 193 00:08:14,530 --> 00:08:18,190 then you should include the balanced chemical equation 194 00:08:18,190 --> 00:08:20,870 for the work that you're planning to do. 195 00:08:20,870 --> 00:08:22,720 And then also, any fundamental mathematical 196 00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:25,040 equations that you plan to use to analyze your data. 197 00:08:25,040 --> 00:08:27,040 In this case, we don't have so many in this lab. 198 00:08:27,040 --> 00:08:29,410 But in future labs, like the catalase lab 199 00:08:29,410 --> 00:08:31,990 when you're doing kinetics, you'll 200 00:08:31,990 --> 00:08:34,390 have a lot more mathematical equations 201 00:08:34,390 --> 00:08:36,292 that you're going to need to use and explain 202 00:08:36,292 --> 00:08:37,750 to your reader at the beginning, so 203 00:08:37,750 --> 00:08:39,862 that they know what's coming. 204 00:08:39,862 --> 00:08:42,070 And then you want to discuss any important techniques 205 00:08:42,070 --> 00:08:44,085 and why you need to use them in the lab-- 206 00:08:44,085 --> 00:08:45,460 their relevance to the experiment 207 00:08:45,460 --> 00:08:47,770 that you are planning to do. 208 00:08:47,770 --> 00:08:52,200 So with this in mind, let's brainstorm 209 00:08:52,200 --> 00:08:54,340 what might go in the introduction of your ferrocene 210 00:08:54,340 --> 00:08:54,840 reports. 211 00:09:01,220 --> 00:09:03,170 So you can think about the ferrocene lecture 212 00:09:03,170 --> 00:09:06,790 from Tuesday, stuff you've done in the lab so far. 213 00:09:10,290 --> 00:09:10,980 Yeah. 214 00:09:10,980 --> 00:09:12,600 AUDIENCE: Like, how it was discovered, 215 00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:15,285 and how it launched the transition metal chemistry. 216 00:09:15,285 --> 00:09:16,077 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah. 217 00:09:19,470 --> 00:09:27,390 The discovery and history of ferrocene 218 00:09:27,390 --> 00:09:29,652 and other organometallic chemistry. 219 00:09:33,520 --> 00:09:34,020 Yeah. 220 00:09:34,020 --> 00:09:36,301 AUDIENCE: Relevant uses of ferrocene. 221 00:09:39,598 --> 00:09:41,450 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah, uses of ferrocene. 222 00:09:47,040 --> 00:09:49,040 You guys performed the acetylation of ferrocene. 223 00:09:49,040 --> 00:09:51,165 So why do we care that you can add different groups 224 00:09:51,165 --> 00:09:53,180 to the ferrocene rings? 225 00:09:53,180 --> 00:09:55,392 It's a good thing to mention. 226 00:09:55,392 --> 00:09:57,600 So we've got some historic and scientific background. 227 00:09:57,600 --> 00:09:58,850 What else can we put in there? 228 00:10:02,950 --> 00:10:05,270 AUDIENCE: Like, synthesis of ferrocene. 229 00:10:05,270 --> 00:10:08,318 So like, the equation's of the organic molecules. 230 00:10:08,318 --> 00:10:09,110 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah. 231 00:10:09,110 --> 00:10:11,110 AUDIENCE: And also the acetylation of ferrocene. 232 00:10:11,110 --> 00:10:17,210 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah, chemical equations 233 00:10:17,210 --> 00:10:22,310 for ferrocene and acetylferrocene. 234 00:10:35,010 --> 00:10:36,900 We got our balanced chemical equations. 235 00:10:36,900 --> 00:10:39,025 Do we have any mathematical equations that we need? 236 00:10:42,070 --> 00:10:43,570 No? 237 00:10:43,570 --> 00:10:45,320 Now, what techniques might you talk about? 238 00:10:49,930 --> 00:10:50,430 Yeah. 239 00:10:50,430 --> 00:10:52,160 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] sublimation. 240 00:10:52,160 --> 00:10:53,588 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah, sublimation. 241 00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:02,974 AUDIENCE: Inert atmosphere [INAUDIBLE] 242 00:11:02,974 --> 00:11:06,869 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah, inert air-free technique. 243 00:11:12,630 --> 00:11:13,130 Yes. 244 00:11:13,130 --> 00:11:14,240 You want to talk about that and why 245 00:11:14,240 --> 00:11:15,920 we care about that in relation to what 246 00:11:15,920 --> 00:11:17,750 could happen to the different components 247 00:11:17,750 --> 00:11:19,610 of our ferrocene synthesis. 248 00:11:19,610 --> 00:11:21,170 What other techniques? 249 00:11:21,170 --> 00:11:22,670 AUDIENCE: Thin layer chromatography. 250 00:11:22,670 --> 00:11:25,190 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah, TLC. 251 00:11:25,190 --> 00:11:25,845 And? 252 00:11:25,845 --> 00:11:26,654 AUDIENCE: Column. 253 00:11:26,654 --> 00:11:27,862 SARAH HEWETT: And the column. 254 00:11:34,810 --> 00:11:36,966 Running out of room. 255 00:11:36,966 --> 00:11:39,037 Yeah, TLC and column chromatography. 256 00:11:39,037 --> 00:11:41,620 So how are you going to purify your products when you're done. 257 00:11:41,620 --> 00:11:44,752 Yes, anything else? 258 00:11:44,752 --> 00:11:46,490 AUDIENCE: Filtration? 259 00:11:46,490 --> 00:11:50,324 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah, we can talk about filtration, 260 00:11:50,324 --> 00:11:57,130 how you're going to isolate your products during the synthesis. 261 00:11:57,130 --> 00:12:00,930 AUDIENCE: Measuring a melting point calibration [INAUDIBLE] 262 00:12:00,930 --> 00:12:03,910 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah, melting point. 263 00:12:03,910 --> 00:12:06,730 Melting point and how you can use the melting point analysis. 264 00:12:06,730 --> 00:12:08,420 So what does the melting point tell you? 265 00:12:08,420 --> 00:12:10,170 What information are we getting from that? 266 00:12:10,170 --> 00:12:11,550 Why are we taking melting points? 267 00:12:11,550 --> 00:12:12,050 Yeah. 268 00:12:12,050 --> 00:12:13,350 AUDIENCE: Purity. 269 00:12:13,350 --> 00:12:14,250 SARAH HEWETT: It'll tell you the purity, yeah. 270 00:12:14,250 --> 00:12:16,470 So you can compare it to the literature values, 271 00:12:16,470 --> 00:12:18,930 and you can look at the width of the melting range 272 00:12:18,930 --> 00:12:20,820 to see how pure your compound is. 273 00:12:20,820 --> 00:12:23,700 So all of these things are good things 274 00:12:23,700 --> 00:12:25,590 that you can discuss in your introduction. 275 00:12:25,590 --> 00:12:28,110 And you don't need to go into crazy amounts of detail, 276 00:12:28,110 --> 00:12:31,710 but you want to give enough detail that the reader will 277 00:12:31,710 --> 00:12:37,950 know why those are important for your particular experiment. 278 00:12:37,950 --> 00:12:38,450 Good. 279 00:12:41,670 --> 00:12:43,860 So a note on including equations in a lab report. 280 00:12:43,860 --> 00:12:46,402 We said that you need to include any mathematical or chemical 281 00:12:46,402 --> 00:12:49,080 equations that are going to be used in the introduction. 282 00:12:49,080 --> 00:12:50,700 And the way that you do this is you 283 00:12:50,700 --> 00:12:53,320 give each equation a number. 284 00:12:53,320 --> 00:12:55,442 And when you write it in your report, 285 00:12:55,442 --> 00:12:57,150 you'll write either the chemical equation 286 00:12:57,150 --> 00:12:58,140 or a mathematical equation. 287 00:12:58,140 --> 00:12:59,940 And then over to the right in parentheses, 288 00:12:59,940 --> 00:13:00,732 you'll number them. 289 00:13:00,732 --> 00:13:02,370 And you'll number them in order. 290 00:13:02,370 --> 00:13:05,835 And you can either number them both, the chemical 291 00:13:05,835 --> 00:13:07,710 and the mathematical equations, sequentially. 292 00:13:07,710 --> 00:13:09,900 So any equation, no matter what kind it is, 293 00:13:09,900 --> 00:13:12,000 just go one, two, three all the way down. 294 00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:15,210 Or if you want, you can separate and have 295 00:13:15,210 --> 00:13:18,240 one of the types of equations be in just regular numbers, 296 00:13:18,240 --> 00:13:20,010 and then the other one in Roman numerals. 297 00:13:20,010 --> 00:13:22,765 Both formats are acceptable. 298 00:13:22,765 --> 00:13:24,390 And if you have any questions about how 299 00:13:24,390 --> 00:13:25,973 to do any of the formatting things I'm 300 00:13:25,973 --> 00:13:28,830 going to talk to you about, it's all from the ACS Style Guide. 301 00:13:28,830 --> 00:13:32,610 So we have these books in the lab if you want to borrow one. 302 00:13:32,610 --> 00:13:34,650 There's some information online as well, 303 00:13:34,650 --> 00:13:36,933 or you can talk to me or John or the TAs 304 00:13:36,933 --> 00:13:38,850 if you have questions and can't find anything. 305 00:13:38,850 --> 00:13:41,430 But that's where all of the information for how 306 00:13:41,430 --> 00:13:43,810 to format things from this presentation are coming from. 307 00:13:43,810 --> 00:13:46,802 So we're going to use ACS formatting for everything. 308 00:13:46,802 --> 00:13:49,260 And then the important thing is that equations and anything 309 00:13:49,260 --> 00:13:50,850 else that you add, like tables and figures-- 310 00:13:50,850 --> 00:13:52,170 and we'll talk about those in a little bit, 311 00:13:52,170 --> 00:13:53,420 they can't stand on their own. 312 00:13:53,420 --> 00:13:55,260 You must reference them in the text. 313 00:13:55,260 --> 00:13:56,970 So you can't just throw an equation up here and not 314 00:13:56,970 --> 00:13:57,553 talk about it. 315 00:13:57,553 --> 00:13:59,460 You'll have to throw in a sentence that says, 316 00:13:59,460 --> 00:14:03,600 the reaction of copper nitric acid as shown in equation 1. 317 00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:09,647 So the next part is procedures and observations. 318 00:14:09,647 --> 00:14:11,730 So this includes what you actually did in the lab. 319 00:14:11,730 --> 00:14:13,200 And the really important thing about this 320 00:14:13,200 --> 00:14:15,480 is that it has to match what is in your lab notebook. 321 00:14:15,480 --> 00:14:17,310 So we already gave you an idealized version 322 00:14:17,310 --> 00:14:18,903 of the procedure-- 323 00:14:18,903 --> 00:14:20,820 an idea of how you're supposed to be doing it. 324 00:14:20,820 --> 00:14:22,710 But we want to know what actually happened 325 00:14:22,710 --> 00:14:24,370 when you did the experiment. 326 00:14:24,370 --> 00:14:27,990 So if you accidentally added twice as much cyclopentodiene 327 00:14:27,990 --> 00:14:32,400 as you were supposed to, write that in your procedure. 328 00:14:32,400 --> 00:14:36,250 Don't just re-copy what is in the lab notebook. 329 00:14:36,250 --> 00:14:39,290 Draw a diagram of any specialty glassware that you used. 330 00:14:39,290 --> 00:14:41,110 So you don't need to tell us piece by piece 331 00:14:41,110 --> 00:14:42,310 how you assembled your glassware. 332 00:14:42,310 --> 00:14:43,810 You can just draw a picture and say, 333 00:14:43,810 --> 00:14:46,150 I set up a distillation as shown in figure 1. 334 00:14:46,150 --> 00:14:48,583 And that's all you need to do. 335 00:14:48,583 --> 00:14:50,250 Then you need to give enough information 336 00:14:50,250 --> 00:14:52,260 for one of your classmates to recreate the procedure. 337 00:14:52,260 --> 00:14:54,552 So again, you don't need to go into excruciating detail 338 00:14:54,552 --> 00:14:57,635 about how you injected things out of a syringe. 339 00:14:57,635 --> 00:14:59,760 Assume that one of your classmates is reading this, 340 00:14:59,760 --> 00:15:01,060 and they have the same knowledge that you do. 341 00:15:01,060 --> 00:15:02,730 So if you say, I used a syringe to measure this, 342 00:15:02,730 --> 00:15:04,438 or a syringe was used, because you're not 343 00:15:04,438 --> 00:15:06,480 supposed to use pronouns, then that would 344 00:15:06,480 --> 00:15:10,377 be enough information for one of us to recreate the experiment. 345 00:15:10,377 --> 00:15:12,210 Include all the information about a chemical 346 00:15:12,210 --> 00:15:14,290 with the correct precision. 347 00:15:14,290 --> 00:15:17,460 So when you're measuring-- and we'll 348 00:15:17,460 --> 00:15:19,560 talk about this next week in our lecture, 349 00:15:19,560 --> 00:15:21,690 about the different precision of glassware, 350 00:15:21,690 --> 00:15:24,738 you want to include all relevant significant figures. 351 00:15:24,738 --> 00:15:26,280 So if you're measuring something that 352 00:15:26,280 --> 00:15:28,500 has more than one decimal place, include 353 00:15:28,500 --> 00:15:29,780 all of the decimal places. 354 00:15:29,780 --> 00:15:33,780 So 5.2 milliliters of 8 molar nitric acid was added, 355 00:15:33,780 --> 00:15:36,095 not just 5 milliliters of added in-- 356 00:15:36,095 --> 00:15:38,220 if there's any specific way that you added things-- 357 00:15:38,220 --> 00:15:41,220 like when you guys added your aliquots, 358 00:15:41,220 --> 00:15:43,620 you did 0.25 milliliters at a time, 359 00:15:43,620 --> 00:15:45,245 you want to include that so that people 360 00:15:45,245 --> 00:15:47,203 don't add it all at once-- something like that. 361 00:15:47,203 --> 00:15:48,660 Or if you add something drop-wise, 362 00:15:48,660 --> 00:15:49,902 make sure that's included. 363 00:15:49,902 --> 00:15:51,735 And then you want to give brief observations 364 00:15:51,735 --> 00:15:54,000 about the color, texture, and state of matter 365 00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:54,750 of your product. 366 00:15:54,750 --> 00:15:58,560 So you can say, I formed 5 grams of a white powder-- 367 00:15:58,560 --> 00:16:00,338 something like that, just so that, 368 00:16:00,338 --> 00:16:02,130 again, when the reader's are doing the lab, 369 00:16:02,130 --> 00:16:05,380 if they get a white powder, they want to know is this correct? 370 00:16:05,380 --> 00:16:06,453 Yes. 371 00:16:06,453 --> 00:16:08,370 And then if there are any safety concerns that 372 00:16:08,370 --> 00:16:10,650 are relevant or unusual, those can also 373 00:16:10,650 --> 00:16:14,540 go in your procedure and observation section. 374 00:16:14,540 --> 00:16:16,767 So again, thinking about ferrocene, 375 00:16:16,767 --> 00:16:18,850 what are you going to write out the procedures of? 376 00:16:22,538 --> 00:16:24,080 What was the first thing that we did? 377 00:16:26,650 --> 00:16:30,670 I guess not even that you guys did. 378 00:16:30,670 --> 00:16:34,810 Cracking the cyclopentodiene. 379 00:16:34,810 --> 00:16:37,510 So even though you guys didn't do that necessarily yourselves, 380 00:16:37,510 --> 00:16:39,343 that was an important part of the procedure. 381 00:16:39,343 --> 00:16:44,243 So you should include cracking the cyclopentodiene monomer. 382 00:16:44,243 --> 00:16:45,410 AUDIENCE: I have a question. 383 00:16:45,410 --> 00:16:45,805 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah. 384 00:16:45,805 --> 00:16:48,263 AUDIENCE: Like with the examples where we draw the figures. 385 00:16:48,263 --> 00:16:54,450 So if we're drawing the chemical equation for the [INAUDIBLE] 386 00:16:54,450 --> 00:16:57,750 or drawing sublimation, do we just 387 00:16:57,750 --> 00:16:59,707 scan those into the lab report? 388 00:16:59,707 --> 00:17:01,290 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah, so if you're going 389 00:17:01,290 --> 00:17:05,130 to be drawing any pictures of glassware or chemical 390 00:17:05,130 --> 00:17:07,390 equations, you can handwrite them and scan them in, 391 00:17:07,390 --> 00:17:09,390 and insert them as pictures into your lab report 392 00:17:09,390 --> 00:17:10,470 if that's easier. 393 00:17:10,470 --> 00:17:12,780 You can also use, for chemical equations especially, 394 00:17:12,780 --> 00:17:15,599 ChemDraw if you have access to that on a lab computer. 395 00:17:15,599 --> 00:17:18,690 Or there's some free versions, like MarvinSketch or ChemDoodle 396 00:17:18,690 --> 00:17:20,910 that you can find online that will give you 397 00:17:20,910 --> 00:17:23,390 the actual chemical structures that you can draw. 398 00:17:23,390 --> 00:17:25,140 And then you can just copy and paste those 399 00:17:25,140 --> 00:17:26,579 into your lab report. 400 00:17:26,579 --> 00:17:28,560 And also, if you have ChemDraw, it 401 00:17:28,560 --> 00:17:30,900 has a glassware feature, where you can actually build 402 00:17:30,900 --> 00:17:31,750 different glassware setups. 403 00:17:31,750 --> 00:17:33,500 So you can build the distillation in there 404 00:17:33,500 --> 00:17:34,980 if you wanted do. 405 00:17:34,980 --> 00:17:36,720 But yeah, if you handwrite anything, 406 00:17:36,720 --> 00:17:38,812 like equations or pictures, you can scan those in 407 00:17:38,812 --> 00:17:40,020 and insert them as a picture. 408 00:17:46,603 --> 00:17:48,770 So once you crack the Cp, what was the next big part 409 00:17:48,770 --> 00:17:49,776 of the procedure. 410 00:17:55,025 --> 00:17:55,900 First thing you made. 411 00:18:01,580 --> 00:18:05,540 We'll just call it synthesis of ferrocene-- 412 00:18:05,540 --> 00:18:07,548 of ferrocene. 413 00:18:10,300 --> 00:18:12,320 So that would be, yeah, preparing the KOH. 414 00:18:12,320 --> 00:18:13,960 Preparing the iron chloride. 415 00:18:13,960 --> 00:18:14,950 Mixing them together. 416 00:18:14,950 --> 00:18:17,040 Shaking for who knows how long. 417 00:18:20,560 --> 00:18:22,690 And then your filtration and your isolation 418 00:18:22,690 --> 00:18:24,640 of the ferrocene. 419 00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:38,036 Then the next thing was the synthesis of acetylferrocene, 420 00:18:38,036 --> 00:18:40,890 which some of you have done, and some of you will do today. 421 00:18:40,890 --> 00:18:45,720 And then what are we doing next week, in the last day? 422 00:18:45,720 --> 00:18:48,400 TLC. 423 00:18:48,400 --> 00:18:50,400 The important parts of that are running the TLC, 424 00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:51,510 and also choosing your solvent. 425 00:18:51,510 --> 00:18:53,218 So you want to make sure that you include 426 00:18:53,218 --> 00:18:54,490 both of those things in there. 427 00:18:54,490 --> 00:18:56,240 And then what's the last thing we're going 428 00:18:56,240 --> 00:18:59,810 to do to purify the product? 429 00:18:59,810 --> 00:19:01,201 Column chromatography. 430 00:19:03,632 --> 00:19:05,340 So you'll have a bunch of different parts 431 00:19:05,340 --> 00:19:07,830 to the procedure for this lab, and for most of the labs 432 00:19:07,830 --> 00:19:10,350 that we do, especially since they're all multiple day labs. 433 00:19:10,350 --> 00:19:12,712 So you will have a lot of things to write about 434 00:19:12,712 --> 00:19:13,420 in the procedure. 435 00:19:13,420 --> 00:19:14,970 And so you want to keep those straight between your days. 436 00:19:14,970 --> 00:19:16,980 And this is where your lab notebook and the notes that you 437 00:19:16,980 --> 00:19:19,438 take in the lab are going to be super-important and helpful 438 00:19:19,438 --> 00:19:24,130 in writing up what is happening in this section of the lab. 439 00:19:24,130 --> 00:19:27,887 The way that you write the whole lab report, but especially 440 00:19:27,887 --> 00:19:29,470 the procedure and observation section, 441 00:19:29,470 --> 00:19:31,240 is in the third-person passive voice. 442 00:19:31,240 --> 00:19:34,523 And this feels awkward for a lot of people at first. 443 00:19:34,523 --> 00:19:36,190 But instead of writing something like, I 444 00:19:36,190 --> 00:19:38,800 added 5 milliliters of nitric acid to the copper, 445 00:19:38,800 --> 00:19:41,920 it took this long, and I used 6.2 molar 446 00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:43,990 nitric acid and copper shavings, you 447 00:19:43,990 --> 00:19:46,370 would write it in the passive voice. 448 00:19:46,370 --> 00:19:49,420 So, to a round bottom flask containing copper metal 449 00:19:49,420 --> 00:19:51,970 shavings was added 5 milliliters of nitric acid. 450 00:19:51,970 --> 00:19:55,210 The acid was added drop-wise over the course of 15 minutes. 451 00:19:55,210 --> 00:19:58,870 So there are no real actors in your lab report, 452 00:19:58,870 --> 00:20:00,500 except for the chemicals themselves. 453 00:20:00,500 --> 00:20:01,600 So the chemical was added. 454 00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:04,670 By who, we don't care. 455 00:20:04,670 --> 00:20:06,340 You want to write in the passive voice. 456 00:20:06,340 --> 00:20:08,230 And as an example, here is an article 457 00:20:08,230 --> 00:20:10,630 that was recently published in JACS, 458 00:20:10,630 --> 00:20:13,120 the Journal of the American Chemical Society. 459 00:20:13,120 --> 00:20:17,830 And you can see that this is how a procedural section is 460 00:20:17,830 --> 00:20:20,290 written for something that's going to be published. 461 00:20:20,290 --> 00:20:22,060 And one of the ways that you can do it-- 462 00:20:22,060 --> 00:20:24,430 you can either say in the sentences, like, 463 00:20:24,430 --> 00:20:28,660 10 millimoles of 2,4-Dibromobutyryl chloride was 464 00:20:28,660 --> 00:20:31,767 added, or you can put the quantities in parentheses. 465 00:20:31,767 --> 00:20:34,100 And in this case, they've chosen to do it in millimolar. 466 00:20:34,100 --> 00:20:37,360 In your lab report, you can use whatever quantity you measured. 467 00:20:37,360 --> 00:20:39,670 So if you measured it out in grams or milliliters, 468 00:20:39,670 --> 00:20:45,650 then that's what you should write in your report here. 469 00:20:45,650 --> 00:20:48,670 So that's an example of thing-- and something to note. 470 00:20:48,670 --> 00:20:51,010 This didn't copy over well when I copied and pasted it. 471 00:20:51,010 --> 00:20:52,690 But you should definitely always make 472 00:20:52,690 --> 00:20:54,160 sure to superscript and subscript 473 00:20:54,160 --> 00:20:55,600 things as appropriate. 474 00:20:55,600 --> 00:20:58,740 Take the time and do it. 475 00:20:58,740 --> 00:21:01,225 Yeah, that should go without saying. 476 00:21:01,225 --> 00:21:02,850 And one of the handouts that I gave you 477 00:21:02,850 --> 00:21:05,430 is also another example of a procedural section 478 00:21:05,430 --> 00:21:07,860 that has been written for a lab that you guys are not 479 00:21:07,860 --> 00:21:08,610 going to do. 480 00:21:08,610 --> 00:21:10,830 But it's another example of how the language can go 481 00:21:10,830 --> 00:21:13,530 and what it looks like when it's all written. 482 00:21:16,670 --> 00:21:20,520 The next section is the results. 483 00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:22,250 So the results that you collected 484 00:21:22,250 --> 00:21:24,800 are going to be summarized in your results section, 485 00:21:24,800 --> 00:21:25,940 obviously. 486 00:21:25,940 --> 00:21:29,270 This is best done using tables or graphs if you can. 487 00:21:29,270 --> 00:21:31,260 And this is not the place to analyze your data. 488 00:21:31,260 --> 00:21:32,720 So you don't want to be making any comments 489 00:21:32,720 --> 00:21:34,678 about it, saying, oh, I got this terrible yield 490 00:21:34,678 --> 00:21:36,525 of 22% or whatever. 491 00:21:36,525 --> 00:21:38,150 You really want to write that anywhere. 492 00:21:38,150 --> 00:21:40,483 But here, you're just presenting your results. 493 00:21:40,483 --> 00:21:42,650 And then you will talk about them and what they mean 494 00:21:42,650 --> 00:21:44,610 in your discussion section. 495 00:21:44,610 --> 00:21:47,270 So what sort of results are you going 496 00:21:47,270 --> 00:21:49,160 to have for your ferrocene lab? 497 00:21:51,540 --> 00:21:53,540 And if you're going to put them in a table, what 498 00:21:53,540 --> 00:21:55,670 would our table look like? 499 00:21:55,670 --> 00:21:58,520 What are some good headings for the data 500 00:21:58,520 --> 00:22:01,340 that we will have from ferrocene? 501 00:22:01,340 --> 00:22:02,517 AUDIENCE: Yield? 502 00:22:02,517 --> 00:22:03,350 SARAH HEWETT: Yield. 503 00:22:07,130 --> 00:22:08,075 What units? 504 00:22:08,075 --> 00:22:09,080 AUDIENCE: Grams? 505 00:22:09,080 --> 00:22:11,560 SARAH HEWETT: Grams, sure. 506 00:22:11,560 --> 00:22:14,140 You can do grams, you can do milligrams, 507 00:22:14,140 --> 00:22:16,690 depending on how successful your synthesis was. 508 00:22:18,583 --> 00:22:20,625 AUDIENCE: The first column should be, like, name? 509 00:22:20,625 --> 00:22:22,042 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah, compound name. 510 00:22:25,953 --> 00:22:27,370 What other data can we talk about? 511 00:22:29,490 --> 00:22:30,490 All the way on the left. 512 00:22:30,490 --> 00:22:31,690 AUDIENCE: Melting point. 513 00:22:31,690 --> 00:22:33,183 SARAH HEWETT: Melting point, yeah. 514 00:22:33,183 --> 00:22:35,100 We'll throw that over here because it's small. 515 00:22:41,444 --> 00:22:42,762 AUDIENCE: Molecular weight? 516 00:22:42,762 --> 00:22:45,220 SARAH HEWETT: Molecular weight is not necessarily a result. 517 00:22:45,220 --> 00:22:46,410 So that would be something that you 518 00:22:46,410 --> 00:22:47,827 could include in your calculations 519 00:22:47,827 --> 00:22:50,137 when you're doing your theoretical yield calculation, 520 00:22:50,137 --> 00:22:50,970 something like that. 521 00:22:54,100 --> 00:22:55,120 AUDIENCE: RFs. 522 00:22:55,120 --> 00:22:56,105 SARAH HEWETT: RF. 523 00:22:56,105 --> 00:22:57,730 So you could include that in the table, 524 00:22:57,730 --> 00:23:00,170 but it may be smart to do a separate table for your RF 525 00:23:00,170 --> 00:23:00,670 values. 526 00:23:00,670 --> 00:23:02,295 But that definitely should be in there. 527 00:23:06,720 --> 00:23:07,380 Yeah. 528 00:23:07,380 --> 00:23:08,910 AUDIENCE: I mean, you could include 529 00:23:08,910 --> 00:23:10,818 qualitative-- like, appearance, color. 530 00:23:10,818 --> 00:23:11,610 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah. 531 00:23:18,930 --> 00:23:19,960 Color or appearance. 532 00:23:19,960 --> 00:23:24,390 So you can say it was light orange, dark orange, red. 533 00:23:24,390 --> 00:23:26,820 It was a powder, it was clumpy. 534 00:23:26,820 --> 00:23:30,222 You got big, giant crystals of it-- 535 00:23:30,222 --> 00:23:30,930 whatever you got. 536 00:23:35,378 --> 00:23:37,170 What other information are we going to get? 537 00:23:44,080 --> 00:23:47,180 Related to yield, but what's another way to report yield? 538 00:23:47,180 --> 00:23:48,120 AUDIENCE: Percent. 539 00:23:48,120 --> 00:23:49,537 SARAH HEWETT: Percent yield, yeah. 540 00:23:55,240 --> 00:23:57,508 Excellent. 541 00:23:57,508 --> 00:23:59,050 So this would be a really great table 542 00:23:59,050 --> 00:24:00,823 to include in your ferrocene report 543 00:24:00,823 --> 00:24:01,990 with all of this data in it. 544 00:24:01,990 --> 00:24:04,540 Then what compounds are we going to have all of this information 545 00:24:04,540 --> 00:24:05,040 for? 546 00:24:07,648 --> 00:24:08,680 AUDIENCE: Ferrocene. 547 00:24:08,680 --> 00:24:10,560 SARAH HEWETT: Ferrocene. 548 00:24:10,560 --> 00:24:12,667 What kind of ferrocene? 549 00:24:12,667 --> 00:24:14,250 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] crude ferrocene. 550 00:24:14,250 --> 00:24:15,500 SARAH HEWETT: Crude ferrocene. 551 00:24:19,380 --> 00:24:20,190 What? 552 00:24:20,190 --> 00:24:21,355 AUDIENCE: Purified. 553 00:24:21,355 --> 00:24:22,730 SARAH HEWETT: Purified ferrocene. 554 00:24:27,230 --> 00:24:28,586 And? 555 00:24:28,586 --> 00:24:29,900 AUDIENCE: Acetylferrocene. 556 00:24:29,900 --> 00:24:31,608 SARAH HEWETT: Acetylferrocene, both crude 557 00:24:31,608 --> 00:24:33,640 and pure of that as well, pre and post column? 558 00:24:43,383 --> 00:24:45,800 You may not have all of this data for all these compounds, 559 00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:48,357 but you should be pretty close. 560 00:24:48,357 --> 00:24:49,940 And if you made any diacetylferrocene, 561 00:24:49,940 --> 00:24:51,982 you can put that in here, too, if you have enough 562 00:24:51,982 --> 00:24:53,420 to collect off of your column. 563 00:24:53,420 --> 00:24:57,430 And you'll find out next week if you enough of that. 564 00:24:57,430 --> 00:25:00,072 So yeah, those are your results. 565 00:25:00,072 --> 00:25:01,780 Anything else that we're missing in terms 566 00:25:01,780 --> 00:25:03,070 of results for this lab? 567 00:25:08,810 --> 00:25:11,660 No, it looks pretty good. 568 00:25:11,660 --> 00:25:14,720 So if you wanted to insert a graph, which in this case, 569 00:25:14,720 --> 00:25:16,720 we don't really have any graphs necessarily that 570 00:25:16,720 --> 00:25:17,510 would go into your report. 571 00:25:17,510 --> 00:25:17,830 Yes? 572 00:25:17,830 --> 00:25:20,430 AUDIENCE: I was wondering, where does the calibration come from? 573 00:25:20,430 --> 00:25:21,930 SARAH HEWETT: What a great question. 574 00:25:21,930 --> 00:25:24,190 So you guys are making the calibration curve 575 00:25:24,190 --> 00:25:26,228 for your melting points. 576 00:25:26,228 --> 00:25:27,270 Where would you put that? 577 00:25:30,370 --> 00:25:32,830 We have one vote for calculations, 578 00:25:32,830 --> 00:25:35,850 one vote for appendix. 579 00:25:35,850 --> 00:25:36,480 Any thoughts? 580 00:25:40,930 --> 00:25:44,520 So the things that get inserted into your results 581 00:25:44,520 --> 00:25:46,500 section, or your calculation section, 582 00:25:46,500 --> 00:25:48,300 are things that are very directly related 583 00:25:48,300 --> 00:25:49,950 to the goals of the lab. 584 00:25:49,950 --> 00:25:55,720 So if you need something to get whatever data that you care 585 00:25:55,720 --> 00:25:58,540 about-- so like in the catylase that you guys are going 586 00:25:58,540 --> 00:26:00,610 to be doing, you'll need to make graphs in order 587 00:26:00,610 --> 00:26:03,182 to get some rate constant data. 588 00:26:03,182 --> 00:26:05,140 So those graphs are super-important to the goal 589 00:26:05,140 --> 00:26:05,920 of the lab. 590 00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:07,690 Is a melting point calibration curve 591 00:26:07,690 --> 00:26:10,800 very important to our stated goal of this lab? 592 00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:12,810 Not necessarily, but we need it in order 593 00:26:12,810 --> 00:26:16,600 to get the data that we care about. 594 00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:18,643 So that's something that can go in an appendix. 595 00:26:18,643 --> 00:26:21,060 And that would be an excellent spot for your melting point 596 00:26:21,060 --> 00:26:29,910 calibration curve, because just like anything else, 597 00:26:29,910 --> 00:26:31,410 if you put something in an appendix, 598 00:26:31,410 --> 00:26:32,700 you need to reference it in your lab. 599 00:26:32,700 --> 00:26:34,420 Because why would you include it anywhere 600 00:26:34,420 --> 00:26:35,837 if it doesn't matter for your lab? 601 00:26:35,837 --> 00:26:36,640 Maida? 602 00:26:36,640 --> 00:26:39,480 AUDIENCE: So would the procedure for that go under procedures, 603 00:26:39,480 --> 00:26:41,360 or would we not include that? 604 00:26:41,360 --> 00:26:43,693 SARAH HEWETT: The procedure for making the melting point 605 00:26:43,693 --> 00:26:45,832 calibration curve? 606 00:26:45,832 --> 00:26:46,790 That's a good question. 607 00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:53,550 Any thoughts? 608 00:26:58,260 --> 00:26:59,640 Put it in the appendix? 609 00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:01,950 Yeah, so again, that's something that can probably go 610 00:27:01,950 --> 00:27:03,992 in the appendix, because it's not super-important 611 00:27:03,992 --> 00:27:05,310 to your actual lab, but-- 612 00:27:05,310 --> 00:27:07,372 AUDIENCE: What about in the procedure section 613 00:27:07,372 --> 00:27:10,415 a list of every instrumentation we use, 614 00:27:10,415 --> 00:27:14,438 it is typically written in the synthesis section and then 615 00:27:14,438 --> 00:27:15,730 a list of different techniques. 616 00:27:15,730 --> 00:27:19,490 Can we put melting point determination in there? 617 00:27:19,490 --> 00:27:22,310 The machine's calibrated x, y, z. 618 00:27:22,310 --> 00:27:24,783 SARAH HEWETT: Yes, that's also a good way to do it. 619 00:27:24,783 --> 00:27:25,950 So there's a couple of ways. 620 00:27:25,950 --> 00:27:27,470 So one would be to put the procedure 621 00:27:27,470 --> 00:27:29,420 in the appendix with the melting point calibration curve, 622 00:27:29,420 --> 00:27:31,128 and have a note in your procedure saying, 623 00:27:31,128 --> 00:27:33,500 see appendix for calibration curve and the procedure 624 00:27:33,500 --> 00:27:34,250 for generating it. 625 00:27:34,250 --> 00:27:38,330 Or when you are making your procedure section, 626 00:27:38,330 --> 00:27:41,060 you can have different sections for all of the different things 627 00:27:41,060 --> 00:27:41,670 that we did. 628 00:27:41,670 --> 00:27:47,830 So you would have sections of the procedure for the synthesis 629 00:27:47,830 --> 00:27:52,210 pieces, and then sections of the procedure for the techniques 630 00:27:52,210 --> 00:27:52,820 that you use. 631 00:27:52,820 --> 00:27:55,600 And if you wanted to put a technique section 632 00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:57,190 for the melting point, then you could 633 00:27:57,190 --> 00:27:59,350 say melting point was determined this way, 634 00:27:59,350 --> 00:28:02,098 and then talk about how you made the calibration curve there. 635 00:28:02,098 --> 00:28:03,640 So there's a couple of ways to do it. 636 00:28:03,640 --> 00:28:08,410 As long as the information is there and referenced well, then 637 00:28:08,410 --> 00:28:17,020 that is acceptable 638 00:28:17,020 --> 00:28:20,393 So if you are planning to insert a graph into your lab report, 639 00:28:20,393 --> 00:28:21,810 if you want to put the calibration 640 00:28:21,810 --> 00:28:23,040 curve or any other graph that you make 641 00:28:23,040 --> 00:28:24,630 throughout the semester into your lab report, 642 00:28:24,630 --> 00:28:26,010 you will insert it as a figure. 643 00:28:26,010 --> 00:28:28,650 And the way that you reference your figures 644 00:28:28,650 --> 00:28:30,743 is that you insert the figure or the graph 645 00:28:30,743 --> 00:28:31,660 or whatever it may be. 646 00:28:31,660 --> 00:28:33,368 And then you need to put a caption, which 647 00:28:33,368 --> 00:28:36,113 goes underneath the figure or the graph. 648 00:28:36,113 --> 00:28:37,530 And even though this is a graphic, 649 00:28:37,530 --> 00:28:38,850 it's labeled as figure 1. 650 00:28:38,850 --> 00:28:42,120 And then you number your figures 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, as many 651 00:28:42,120 --> 00:28:44,220 as you have throughout your lab report. 652 00:28:44,220 --> 00:28:46,620 And then you need some sort of description 653 00:28:46,620 --> 00:28:49,553 of what the figure is or what the graph is showing. 654 00:28:49,553 --> 00:28:50,970 And if it's a graph, then you need 655 00:28:50,970 --> 00:28:52,387 to make sure that the graph itself 656 00:28:52,387 --> 00:28:55,530 has a title and axes that are labeled with units. 657 00:28:55,530 --> 00:28:58,590 That goes without saying, and a legend if you need one. 658 00:28:58,590 --> 00:29:00,780 And then all of that information also gets 659 00:29:00,780 --> 00:29:03,820 reiterated in the caption. 660 00:29:03,820 --> 00:29:06,370 The caption goes below the graph, which is important, 661 00:29:06,370 --> 00:29:08,650 because if you're going to insert a table, 662 00:29:08,650 --> 00:29:11,350 then the tables also get inserted. 663 00:29:11,350 --> 00:29:14,200 However, they are called tables, and the caption 664 00:29:14,200 --> 00:29:17,418 goes above the table. 665 00:29:17,418 --> 00:29:19,460 So you want to make sure when you have your table 666 00:29:19,460 --> 00:29:20,930 that you have all of your columns 667 00:29:20,930 --> 00:29:23,810 with headings and with appropriate units, 668 00:29:23,810 --> 00:29:29,390 and if you choose a unit that gives you a reasonable number 669 00:29:29,390 --> 00:29:31,700 of digits in your data. 670 00:29:31,700 --> 00:29:33,560 And if something is getting out of hand, 671 00:29:33,560 --> 00:29:35,150 or if you have one measurement that's 672 00:29:35,150 --> 00:29:36,692 on a different scale than the others, 673 00:29:36,692 --> 00:29:38,078 use scientific notation. 674 00:29:38,078 --> 00:29:39,870 Or you can change the units for one column, 675 00:29:39,870 --> 00:29:44,420 but try to avoid that. 676 00:29:44,420 --> 00:29:48,250 So yeah, that's how you insert a table into your lab report. 677 00:29:51,060 --> 00:29:53,097 Calculations-- so any time that you 678 00:29:53,097 --> 00:29:54,930 present data that was not directly measured, 679 00:29:54,930 --> 00:29:56,580 you need to show how it was calculated 680 00:29:56,580 --> 00:29:58,690 with appropriate units. 681 00:29:58,690 --> 00:30:01,390 So when the data is presented you should show an equation-- 682 00:30:01,390 --> 00:30:04,440 so the general form of the equation that you're using, 683 00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:07,030 a sample calculation with one set of your data, 684 00:30:07,030 --> 00:30:08,440 and then the final answer. 685 00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:11,012 So if you're going to be doing a calculation repeatedly, 686 00:30:11,012 --> 00:30:13,470 like percent yield you're going to calculate percent yields 687 00:30:13,470 --> 00:30:15,240 for a whole bunch of different compounds. 688 00:30:15,240 --> 00:30:17,407 You just need to show the calculation once, and then 689 00:30:17,407 --> 00:30:20,970 just show the yield for the other three compounds 690 00:30:20,970 --> 00:30:22,290 that you're calculating it for. 691 00:30:22,290 --> 00:30:23,820 If there are lengthy calculations 692 00:30:23,820 --> 00:30:25,200 that you can do in an Excel spreadsheet, 693 00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:27,690 then you can include the Excel spreadsheet in an appendix, 694 00:30:27,690 --> 00:30:30,320 as long as in your report you have shown a sample 695 00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:32,070 calculation, and the equations that you're 696 00:30:32,070 --> 00:30:36,157 using to get all of the data in that Excel spreadsheet. 697 00:30:38,513 --> 00:30:39,930 If you have a lot of calculations, 698 00:30:39,930 --> 00:30:42,300 you can include them in an appendix, 699 00:30:42,300 --> 00:30:43,980 as long as the data is well-labeled, 700 00:30:43,980 --> 00:30:47,200 and the sample calculations and equations have been shown. 701 00:30:47,200 --> 00:30:50,490 And again, all of this should be in your report somewhere. 702 00:30:50,490 --> 00:30:52,560 And then if you need to add more in an appendix, 703 00:30:52,560 --> 00:30:54,435 you can if your report's getting really long. 704 00:30:58,770 --> 00:31:00,990 So the discussion-- this is where you finally 705 00:31:00,990 --> 00:31:05,135 get to talk about your data and what it means. 706 00:31:05,135 --> 00:31:06,760 So you will summarize your key results. 707 00:31:06,760 --> 00:31:08,410 Explain any difficulties or errors 708 00:31:08,410 --> 00:31:10,340 that led to erroneous results. 709 00:31:10,340 --> 00:31:12,280 So if you accidentally spilled some 710 00:31:12,280 --> 00:31:15,100 of your ferrocene solution, then you 711 00:31:15,100 --> 00:31:18,090 might talk about how that impacted your yield. 712 00:31:18,090 --> 00:31:20,380 Offer suggestions to improve the experiment. 713 00:31:20,380 --> 00:31:24,210 So one of them could be maybe change the glassware 714 00:31:24,210 --> 00:31:28,170 that you're using if you're spilling a lot of chemicals. 715 00:31:28,170 --> 00:31:30,427 Or if you have an idea for different chemicals 716 00:31:30,427 --> 00:31:32,010 that we could use that would be better 717 00:31:32,010 --> 00:31:34,530 for the similar procedure, that would be a good time 718 00:31:34,530 --> 00:31:38,520 to talk about it, or adjustments to the length of time 719 00:31:38,520 --> 00:31:40,177 that you do something. 720 00:31:40,177 --> 00:31:42,510 Anything that you can think of that may improve the lab, 721 00:31:42,510 --> 00:31:45,503 this would be a nice spot to put it. 722 00:31:45,503 --> 00:31:46,920 And then answer any questions that 723 00:31:46,920 --> 00:31:48,420 are posed in the lab manual. 724 00:31:48,420 --> 00:31:50,932 There are no questions in the lab manual 725 00:31:50,932 --> 00:31:52,140 for the ferrocene experiment. 726 00:31:52,140 --> 00:31:54,510 But you'll notice, if you look at the other labs throughout 727 00:31:54,510 --> 00:31:56,385 later in the semester, at the end of the lab, 728 00:31:56,385 --> 00:31:59,160 there are a set of discussion questions 729 00:31:59,160 --> 00:32:01,680 that relate to the procedures in the data 730 00:32:01,680 --> 00:32:04,390 that you will collect in the lab. 731 00:32:04,390 --> 00:32:06,355 Do not just answer those questions in a list. 732 00:32:06,355 --> 00:32:07,480 A lot of them are numbered. 733 00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:10,000 Don't go through and make your discussion a bulleted 734 00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:12,100 or numbered list of answers to these questions, 735 00:32:12,100 --> 00:32:14,183 and don't just write one sentence after the other. 736 00:32:14,183 --> 00:32:17,800 That's very obviously just answers to the questions. 737 00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:19,660 Your discussion section should flow nicely. 738 00:32:19,660 --> 00:32:22,540 This will be the longest section of your lab report, 739 00:32:22,540 --> 00:32:25,520 and it should be the one with the most thought put into it. 740 00:32:25,520 --> 00:32:28,183 So make it flow like a nice piece of writing. 741 00:32:28,183 --> 00:32:29,350 Your TAs have to read these. 742 00:32:29,350 --> 00:32:31,870 They will appreciate them much more 743 00:32:31,870 --> 00:32:34,900 if you write with good grammar, and in a way that is 744 00:32:34,900 --> 00:32:37,840 intelligent and easy to follow. 745 00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:39,520 The answer should tell a coherent story 746 00:32:39,520 --> 00:32:42,280 throughout all of your discussion. 747 00:32:42,280 --> 00:32:43,930 You can talk about sources of error 748 00:32:43,930 --> 00:32:47,347 that either came from you or random errors. 749 00:32:47,347 --> 00:32:49,930 And we'll talk about different types of error again next week. 750 00:32:49,930 --> 00:32:51,460 And then analyze your data in your errors. 751 00:32:51,460 --> 00:32:53,585 So your calculations should have already been done. 752 00:32:53,585 --> 00:32:55,588 So do not include more calculations 753 00:32:55,588 --> 00:32:56,380 in your discussion. 754 00:32:56,380 --> 00:32:57,838 If you need to calculate something, 755 00:32:57,838 --> 00:33:00,160 go back and do it in the results section. 756 00:33:00,160 --> 00:33:02,020 But now you want to analyze the data 757 00:33:02,020 --> 00:33:03,710 and talk about what it means. 758 00:33:03,710 --> 00:33:05,470 So you've reported your melting point. 759 00:33:05,470 --> 00:33:06,640 You've reported all of your yields. 760 00:33:06,640 --> 00:33:08,020 You've reported your RF values. 761 00:33:08,020 --> 00:33:08,800 What does it mean? 762 00:33:08,800 --> 00:33:11,230 What does it say about the success of the experiment? 763 00:33:11,230 --> 00:33:13,345 Go back to your intro and say, hey, this 764 00:33:13,345 --> 00:33:14,720 is what I said I was going to do. 765 00:33:14,720 --> 00:33:15,580 Did I do it? 766 00:33:15,580 --> 00:33:19,790 And here is my data to explain why. 767 00:33:19,790 --> 00:33:23,792 So what can we talk about in the ferrocene discussion? 768 00:33:32,156 --> 00:33:37,600 AUDIENCE: You get a sense how our percent yield isn't 769 00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:40,810 100% because of errors, potentially because you didn't 770 00:33:40,810 --> 00:33:44,415 scrape all the ferrocene off of the culture dish, something 771 00:33:44,415 --> 00:33:45,340 like that? 772 00:33:45,340 --> 00:33:46,340 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah. 773 00:33:46,340 --> 00:33:48,440 Yeah, so you can talk about your percent yield. 774 00:33:48,440 --> 00:33:51,200 It's not going to be 100%. 775 00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:55,720 And why might that be? 776 00:33:55,720 --> 00:33:57,640 So different parts of the procedure, 777 00:33:57,640 --> 00:33:59,260 where did you lose product? 778 00:33:59,260 --> 00:34:01,120 Scraping it out of the round bottom, that was really hard. 779 00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:02,703 A lot of people were struggling to get 780 00:34:02,703 --> 00:34:07,090 all their acetylferrocene out of the round bottom yesterday, 781 00:34:07,090 --> 00:34:11,230 or scraping stuff off of the ferrocene when you sublimed, 782 00:34:11,230 --> 00:34:12,040 different pieces. 783 00:34:12,040 --> 00:34:13,060 So you can go back again-- and this 784 00:34:13,060 --> 00:34:14,710 is a good spot when your notebook is 785 00:34:14,710 --> 00:34:15,903 going to help you a lot. 786 00:34:15,903 --> 00:34:17,320 If you take good notes in the lab, 787 00:34:17,320 --> 00:34:18,760 then you'll know, oh, yeah. 788 00:34:18,760 --> 00:34:20,500 That's where my product went. 789 00:34:25,593 --> 00:34:26,760 What else can we talk about? 790 00:34:30,010 --> 00:34:32,366 AUDIENCE: After we do chromatography experiments 791 00:34:32,366 --> 00:34:35,354 we'll have a percentage of [INAUDIBLE] compounds 792 00:34:35,354 --> 00:34:38,342 and products. 793 00:34:38,342 --> 00:34:43,050 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah, so after you do your TLC, 794 00:34:43,050 --> 00:34:52,505 you'll have one way to tell how pure your final mixture was. 795 00:34:52,505 --> 00:34:53,880 Did you still have ferrocene left 796 00:34:53,880 --> 00:34:57,250 when you thought you only had made acetylferrocene? 797 00:34:57,250 --> 00:34:59,650 So amounts of compounds left over. 798 00:35:10,552 --> 00:35:12,260 So you'll have that information from TLC. 799 00:35:12,260 --> 00:35:13,640 And from your column, when you run your column, 800 00:35:13,640 --> 00:35:15,098 and you separate out your ferrocene 801 00:35:15,098 --> 00:35:17,750 and your acetylferrocene, you'll see how pure your product was. 802 00:35:17,750 --> 00:35:22,220 And you can talk about that and why you may not have 803 00:35:22,220 --> 00:35:23,470 had a completely pure product. 804 00:35:27,120 --> 00:35:27,690 What else? 805 00:35:37,390 --> 00:35:40,140 So what else is in our results chart that we have not 806 00:35:40,140 --> 00:35:42,188 discussed over here? 807 00:35:42,188 --> 00:35:43,230 AUDIENCE: Melting ranges. 808 00:35:46,033 --> 00:35:47,200 SARAH HEWETT: Melting point. 809 00:35:47,200 --> 00:35:48,325 And what does that tell us? 810 00:35:51,516 --> 00:35:53,260 AUDIENCE: Same thing-- purity. 811 00:35:53,260 --> 00:35:54,302 SARAH HEWETT: Same thing. 812 00:35:54,302 --> 00:35:57,010 You can get purity. 813 00:35:57,010 --> 00:36:02,560 So was your melting point too low or a wide range? 814 00:36:09,620 --> 00:36:12,380 What else can your melting point help you tell, to some extent? 815 00:36:27,080 --> 00:36:28,833 In our case, we're using it to determine 816 00:36:28,833 --> 00:36:30,500 the identity of our products, because we 817 00:36:30,500 --> 00:36:33,350 don't have a lot of really spectroscopic ways 818 00:36:33,350 --> 00:36:34,650 of characterizing this product. 819 00:36:34,650 --> 00:36:43,225 So we are going to use it to identify your products. 820 00:36:47,770 --> 00:36:50,020 So you can tell us how pure your product was, and then 821 00:36:50,020 --> 00:36:54,870 compare it to the literature to see what the identity is. 822 00:36:54,870 --> 00:36:56,340 And hopefully, your melting points 823 00:36:56,340 --> 00:36:58,750 of ferrocene and acetylferrocene are not the same. 824 00:36:58,750 --> 00:37:01,767 So you did, in fact have some evidence that you 825 00:37:01,767 --> 00:37:02,850 made a different compound. 826 00:37:08,387 --> 00:37:08,970 Anything else? 827 00:37:15,190 --> 00:37:17,388 AUDIENCE: Maybe explain the color and appearance 828 00:37:17,388 --> 00:37:18,280 [INAUDIBLE] 829 00:37:18,280 --> 00:37:19,072 SARAH HEWETT: Yeah. 830 00:37:28,530 --> 00:37:31,140 So you can, again, bring in some more of your results. 831 00:37:31,140 --> 00:37:33,350 Talk about the color and the appearance of things. 832 00:37:33,350 --> 00:37:35,100 So your ferrocene and your acetylferrocene 833 00:37:35,100 --> 00:37:35,820 are different colors. 834 00:37:35,820 --> 00:37:37,362 You can talk about why that might be, 835 00:37:37,362 --> 00:37:40,080 and how you can use that to identify 836 00:37:40,080 --> 00:37:42,852 your different compounds, especially on your TLC plate. 837 00:37:42,852 --> 00:37:44,560 So when you run your TLC, in your column, 838 00:37:44,560 --> 00:37:47,790 you'll be able to tell your compounds apart by color-- 839 00:37:47,790 --> 00:37:50,095 hopefully. 840 00:37:50,095 --> 00:37:52,220 So yeah, and then again, if you had any suggestions 841 00:37:52,220 --> 00:37:53,270 for how to improve the procedure, 842 00:37:53,270 --> 00:37:54,680 those can also go in your discussion. 843 00:37:54,680 --> 00:37:56,120 If you were doing something and said, oh, this 844 00:37:56,120 --> 00:37:57,912 would be much better if we did it this way, 845 00:37:57,912 --> 00:38:01,550 or the sublimation, I found this cool trick for it, 846 00:38:01,550 --> 00:38:02,240 please tell us. 847 00:38:02,240 --> 00:38:06,320 And perhaps your genius idea will 848 00:38:06,320 --> 00:38:09,200 help us improve the lab for future semesters of students. 849 00:38:12,287 --> 00:38:13,870 Then at the end, there's a conclusion. 850 00:38:13,870 --> 00:38:15,180 So you briefly summarize your results. 851 00:38:15,180 --> 00:38:17,055 This again is pretty similar to the abstract. 852 00:38:17,055 --> 00:38:20,380 It'll just be about a paragraph, maybe a little bit longer. 853 00:38:20,380 --> 00:38:22,880 A statement about whether you achieve the goals for the lab, 854 00:38:22,880 --> 00:38:24,590 then wrap up your discussion section 855 00:38:24,590 --> 00:38:26,812 and tie everything together. 856 00:38:26,812 --> 00:38:28,520 Based on the abstract and the conclusion, 857 00:38:28,520 --> 00:38:30,020 if people read those two parts, they 858 00:38:30,020 --> 00:38:31,728 should have a generally pretty good idea 859 00:38:31,728 --> 00:38:33,020 about what happened in the lab. 860 00:38:33,020 --> 00:38:36,500 And if they want details, then they can read the rest of it. 861 00:38:36,500 --> 00:38:38,150 So conclusion-- again, wrap it all up. 862 00:38:38,150 --> 00:38:39,290 And then once you're done with all of this, 863 00:38:39,290 --> 00:38:41,248 go back and write your abstract, because now we 864 00:38:41,248 --> 00:38:43,460 have all of the information that needs to be neatly 865 00:38:43,460 --> 00:38:46,400 summarized in our abstract. 866 00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:49,880 The very last thing that we need to talk about is references. 867 00:38:49,880 --> 00:38:52,390 So at the end of your report, you 868 00:38:52,390 --> 00:38:54,140 need to list all the sources that you use, 869 00:38:54,140 --> 00:38:55,610 but you also need to cite them in the text. 870 00:38:55,610 --> 00:38:57,110 And this should not be anything new. 871 00:38:57,110 --> 00:39:00,077 Do not use Wikipedia as a reference. 872 00:39:00,077 --> 00:39:01,910 You can cite the lab manual and the lectures 873 00:39:01,910 --> 00:39:03,492 that's a good idea. 874 00:39:03,492 --> 00:39:05,450 And then there's also a handout that I gave you 875 00:39:05,450 --> 00:39:09,650 as to the format of how to cite different commonly-referenced 876 00:39:09,650 --> 00:39:13,100 sources, like books, articles, things like that. 877 00:39:13,100 --> 00:39:15,525 The ACS Style Guide also has information 878 00:39:15,525 --> 00:39:17,150 about how to cite any type of reference 879 00:39:17,150 --> 00:39:19,328 that you could ever need to cite. 880 00:39:19,328 --> 00:39:21,120 The in-text citations, there are three ways 881 00:39:21,120 --> 00:39:22,180 that you can do them. 882 00:39:22,180 --> 00:39:25,500 So if you're planning to cite this article in your lab report 883 00:39:25,500 --> 00:39:28,560 for some reason, then you would have a sentence. 884 00:39:28,560 --> 00:39:30,150 And then the first way to do it is 885 00:39:30,150 --> 00:39:33,400 to include the author's name and then the year. 886 00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:35,520 You can also have a numbered list, 887 00:39:35,520 --> 00:39:40,700 and you superscript at the end of the sentence. 888 00:39:40,700 --> 00:39:42,430 Or the last way is to put the number 889 00:39:42,430 --> 00:39:44,180 of the reference in parentheses in italics 890 00:39:44,180 --> 00:39:45,305 at the end of the sentence. 891 00:39:45,305 --> 00:39:46,430 So up to you. 892 00:39:46,430 --> 00:39:50,270 All three ways are ACS-approved, whichever one 893 00:39:50,270 --> 00:39:55,263 you find the easiest or most familiar. 894 00:39:55,263 --> 00:39:57,180 Appendices, we talked about this a little bit. 895 00:39:57,180 --> 00:39:58,970 It's a really good way to include relevant information 896 00:39:58,970 --> 00:40:01,220 that doesn't fit well into the body of the lab report, 897 00:40:01,220 --> 00:40:04,970 or maybe isn't the most important thing to the goal 898 00:40:04,970 --> 00:40:06,320 that you're trying to achieve. 899 00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:07,840 They don't count towards your page limit. 900 00:40:07,840 --> 00:40:09,020 So if your lab report is getting long, 901 00:40:09,020 --> 00:40:11,450 and you can find things that would go in the appendix, 902 00:40:11,450 --> 00:40:13,012 that's not a bad thing. 903 00:40:13,012 --> 00:40:14,720 Don't put stuff that should be in the lab 904 00:40:14,720 --> 00:40:17,120 report in the appendix just for the sake of giving yourself 905 00:40:17,120 --> 00:40:18,370 extra space in the lab report. 906 00:40:18,370 --> 00:40:20,348 We will take points off for that. 907 00:40:20,348 --> 00:40:21,890 Appendices have a number and a title. 908 00:40:21,890 --> 00:40:24,940 So appendix 1, and then you would say what's in appendix 1. 909 00:40:24,940 --> 00:40:29,510 Refer to that in the text of the report like anything else. 910 00:40:29,510 --> 00:40:31,940 The format-- this is probably the most important thing 911 00:40:31,940 --> 00:40:32,982 that you guys care about. 912 00:40:32,982 --> 00:40:35,790 There's a 10 page limit, plus or minus 2 pages. 913 00:40:35,790 --> 00:40:37,970 So if yours is significantly shorter than 10 pages 914 00:40:37,970 --> 00:40:42,770 or significantly longer, then you will start to lose points. 915 00:40:42,770 --> 00:40:44,900 10 pages should be the right amount of space 916 00:40:44,900 --> 00:40:47,540 to talk about all of the results in all of these labs. 917 00:40:47,540 --> 00:40:51,410 1 and 1/2 line spacing in Word, one inch margins, 918 00:40:51,410 --> 00:40:53,990 12 point Times New Roman font-- pretty standard stuff. 919 00:40:53,990 --> 00:40:55,002 And then print it out. 920 00:40:55,002 --> 00:40:57,210 If we want an electronic version, we will request it. 921 00:40:57,210 --> 00:41:00,590 But most of the grading is done by hand. 922 00:41:00,590 --> 00:41:03,980 So we print it out, and we will give you back the hard copy 923 00:41:03,980 --> 00:41:06,150 the following week. 924 00:41:06,150 --> 00:41:09,090 Ethics-- we've talked about this before already, 925 00:41:09,090 --> 00:41:10,107 but do your own work. 926 00:41:10,107 --> 00:41:11,940 Don't use a lab reports from prior students. 927 00:41:11,940 --> 00:41:13,898 Do not copy and paste anything that you did not 928 00:41:13,898 --> 00:41:14,730 write yourself. 929 00:41:14,730 --> 00:41:17,310 Cite your sources, and do not go looking for similar reports 930 00:41:17,310 --> 00:41:18,010 on the internet. 931 00:41:18,010 --> 00:41:19,590 Some of the labs that we do here are 932 00:41:19,590 --> 00:41:21,400 similar to labs they do other places. 933 00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:22,817 Some of them are wildly different, 934 00:41:22,817 --> 00:41:25,170 so you won't find anything, anyway. 935 00:41:25,170 --> 00:41:27,550 The TAs and instructors are here to help you succeed. 936 00:41:27,550 --> 00:41:29,860 So we're the ones who are grading your lab reports. 937 00:41:29,860 --> 00:41:32,278 So instead of going, looking up some random report 938 00:41:32,278 --> 00:41:34,320 from some other person at a different institution 939 00:41:34,320 --> 00:41:36,280 on the internet, come talk to us. 940 00:41:36,280 --> 00:41:38,490 We are the ones who know how we will be grading it, 941 00:41:38,490 --> 00:41:40,782 what we are looking for, and what you did specifically, 942 00:41:40,782 --> 00:41:43,530 so we can help you write your lab report 943 00:41:43,530 --> 00:41:46,062 the best way possible. 944 00:41:46,062 --> 00:41:48,520 Here is the point breakdown for how most of the lab reports 945 00:41:48,520 --> 00:41:49,960 are graded. 946 00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:52,720 You can see that the discussion and the results portion 947 00:41:52,720 --> 00:41:55,630 are weighted more heavily than the rest of it. 948 00:41:58,870 --> 00:42:02,470 In the ester lab, you will be identifying an unknown. 949 00:42:02,470 --> 00:42:04,960 And so that's only for one lab, which 950 00:42:04,960 --> 00:42:06,310 is why the range is on here. 951 00:42:06,310 --> 00:42:10,102 It varies from lab to lab based on how much time and effort 952 00:42:10,102 --> 00:42:12,310 you're going to be putting into each of the sections. 953 00:42:14,690 --> 00:42:16,190 Submission and grading-- so labs are 954 00:42:16,190 --> 00:42:18,620 due at the start of on the dates listed in the lab manual. 955 00:42:18,620 --> 00:42:21,500 There is a locked box outside of the stockroom in the lab, 956 00:42:21,500 --> 00:42:23,292 and that's where you will turn your lab in. 957 00:42:23,292 --> 00:42:27,020 Do not turn your lab into your mailbox or to my mailbox 958 00:42:27,020 --> 00:42:28,550 or to John's mailbox. 959 00:42:28,550 --> 00:42:32,247 It goes into the lock box, then the TAs will collect them. 960 00:42:32,247 --> 00:42:34,580 They will grade them, and they will be returned one week 961 00:42:34,580 --> 00:42:35,430 from when you turned it in. 962 00:42:35,430 --> 00:42:36,500 So if have a Monday, Wednesday lab, 963 00:42:36,500 --> 00:42:38,270 if you turn your lab in on Monday, 964 00:42:38,270 --> 00:42:41,123 you will be graded the following Monday. 965 00:42:41,123 --> 00:42:43,040 When you get it back on that following Monday, 966 00:42:43,040 --> 00:42:46,430 you have one week to dispute any points with your TA. 967 00:42:46,430 --> 00:42:49,020 So they'll give you back the lab report with their comments 968 00:42:49,020 --> 00:42:49,520 on it. 969 00:42:49,520 --> 00:42:51,740 And if you disagree with something, talk to you TA. 970 00:42:51,740 --> 00:42:54,740 Try to figure out why they graded it the way they did. 971 00:42:54,740 --> 00:42:56,547 If you guys can resolve whatever point 972 00:42:56,547 --> 00:42:58,130 conflict you think that you're having, 973 00:42:58,130 --> 00:42:59,720 if the TA made a mistake, if you made a mistake 974 00:42:59,720 --> 00:43:01,460 and didn't realize it, figure it out. 975 00:43:01,460 --> 00:43:03,350 If you can't figure it out, then you 976 00:43:03,350 --> 00:43:04,970 can submit your report to me, and I 977 00:43:04,970 --> 00:43:08,240 will regrade the entire thing for either more or less points, 978 00:43:08,240 --> 00:43:12,590 depending on how well you wrote your lab report. 979 00:43:12,590 --> 00:43:16,535 So the last resort is giving it to me. 980 00:43:16,535 --> 00:43:18,410 And then grades will be posted on Stellar one 981 00:43:18,410 --> 00:43:19,910 week after the reports are returned, 982 00:43:19,910 --> 00:43:22,200 once any point disputes have been resolved, 983 00:43:22,200 --> 00:43:25,970 so that you'll be able to keep track of your scores. 984 00:43:25,970 --> 00:43:28,350 Looking ahead, the final report is an oral report. 985 00:43:28,350 --> 00:43:30,680 It'll be a chalk talk, so no PowerPoints. 986 00:43:30,680 --> 00:43:33,170 You'll get a chalkboard and any handouts 987 00:43:33,170 --> 00:43:34,520 that you want to bring. 988 00:43:34,520 --> 00:43:36,800 It'll be you and your TAs, and you 989 00:43:36,800 --> 00:43:39,290 have to convince them that you understand the experiment 990 00:43:39,290 --> 00:43:41,562 and your data analysis. 991 00:43:41,562 --> 00:43:43,770 So this will be for the final report of the semester. 992 00:43:43,770 --> 00:43:46,312 So it's a long ways off, but I wanted to give you a heads up. 993 00:43:46,312 --> 00:43:48,012 Just something to be thinking about. 994 00:43:48,012 --> 00:43:50,220 It's the same information that's in a written report. 995 00:43:50,220 --> 00:43:52,012 It's just a different way of presenting it, 996 00:43:52,012 --> 00:43:53,330 and it should not be scary. 997 00:43:53,330 --> 00:43:54,410 You guys know what you're doing. 998 00:43:54,410 --> 00:43:55,910 And by that point, you'll definitely 999 00:43:55,910 --> 00:43:56,900 know what you're doing. 1000 00:43:56,900 --> 00:44:00,920 And the TAs are, obviously, here to help you guys with anything 1001 00:44:00,920 --> 00:44:01,820 that you need. 1002 00:44:01,820 --> 00:44:04,940 And there will be a couple of class 1003 00:44:04,940 --> 00:44:07,850 lectures later in the semester, where the TAs will give you 1004 00:44:07,850 --> 00:44:12,210 beautiful examples of good oral reports and bad oral reports. 1005 00:44:12,210 --> 00:44:16,217 So if you want to come see your TA's acting skills, 1006 00:44:16,217 --> 00:44:17,300 put that on your calendar. 1007 00:44:19,940 --> 00:44:22,370 Does anyone have any questions about anything 1008 00:44:22,370 --> 00:44:24,410 that we have talked about today? 1009 00:44:24,410 --> 00:44:24,910 Yeah. 1010 00:44:24,910 --> 00:44:27,950 AUDIENCE: For the equations and figures that we draw 1011 00:44:27,950 --> 00:44:32,142 [INAUDIBLE] lab report, or should we 1012 00:44:32,142 --> 00:44:36,750 draw or scan them, and then hand in the scanned drawing? 1013 00:44:36,750 --> 00:44:41,127 SARAH HEWETT: You should scan them in and put them 1014 00:44:41,127 --> 00:44:43,210 in your lab report, and print it out all together. 1015 00:44:43,210 --> 00:44:47,280 Try not to write extra notes on the end afterwards, yeah. 1016 00:44:47,280 --> 00:44:49,770 We want to have everything printed so that it doesn't 1017 00:44:49,770 --> 00:44:53,970 get confused with the TAs notes and people adding things 1018 00:44:53,970 --> 00:44:55,410 after they've been graded. 1019 00:44:55,410 --> 00:44:56,680 Yeah. 1020 00:44:56,680 --> 00:44:58,722 AUDIENCE: So you talked about having office hours 1021 00:44:58,722 --> 00:45:00,540 before having the labs turned in? 1022 00:45:00,540 --> 00:45:01,318 SARAH HEWETT: Yes. 1023 00:45:01,318 --> 00:45:02,610 AUDIENCE: Are those on Stellar? 1024 00:45:02,610 --> 00:45:03,990 SARAH HEWETT: They will be. 1025 00:45:03,990 --> 00:45:06,360 So yeah, there will be office hours 1026 00:45:06,360 --> 00:45:08,580 before every lab report is turned in. 1027 00:45:08,580 --> 00:45:12,240 And the TAs are going to-- 1028 00:45:12,240 --> 00:45:14,952 they'll be posted on Stellar next week once we schedule it 1029 00:45:14,952 --> 00:45:15,660 with all the TAs. 1030 00:45:20,490 --> 00:45:22,040 Great.