WEBVTT

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Today, we're going to do a fun
problem called rooks on a

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chessboard.

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And rooks on a chessboard is a
problem that's going to test

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your ability on counting.

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So hopefully by now in class,
you've learned a few tricks to

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approach counting problems.

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You've learned about
permutations, you've learned

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about k-permutations, you've
learned about combinations,

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and you've learned
about partitions.

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And historically for students
that we've taught in the past

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and many people, counting
can be a tricky topic.

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So this is just one drill
problem to help you get those

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skills under your belt.

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So what does the rooks on a
chessboard problem ask you?

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Well, you're given an 8-by-8
chessboard, which I've tried

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to draw here.

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It's not very symmetrical.

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Sorry about that.

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And you're told that you
have eight rooks.

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I'm sure most of you guys
are familiar with chess.

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But if any of you aren't,
chess is a

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sophisticated board game.

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And one of the types of pieces
you have in this game is

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called a rook.

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And in this particular problem,

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there are eight rooks.

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And your job is to place all
eight rooks onto this 8-by-8

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chessboard.

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Now, you're told in the problem
statement that all

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placements of rooks are
equally likely.

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And you are tasked with finding
the probability that

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you get a safe arrangement.

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So that is to say, you place
your eight rooks on the board.

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What is the probability
that the way you

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placed them is safe?

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So what do I mean by "safe"?

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Well, if you're familiar with
the way chess works, so if you

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place a rook here, it can move
vertically or it can move

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horizontally.

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Those are the only two
legal positions.

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So if you place a rook here
and you have another piece

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here, then this is not a safe
arrangement, because the rook

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can move this way
and kill you.

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Similarly, if you have a rook
here and another piece here,

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the rook can move horizontally
and kill you that way.

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So two rooks on this board are
only safe from each other if

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they are neither in the same
column nor in the same row.

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And that's going to be key for
us to solve this problem.

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So let's see-- where
did my marker go?

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I've been talking a lot,
and I haven't really

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been writing anything.

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So our job is again, to find the
probability that you get a

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safe arrangement.

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So I'm just going to do
"arrange" for short.

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Now, I talked about this
previously, and you guys have

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heard it in lecture.

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Hopefully you remember something
called the discrete

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uniform law.

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So the discrete uniform law is
applicable when your sample

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space is discrete and all
outcomes are equally likely.

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So let's do a quick
check here.

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What is our sample space
for this problem?

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Well, a logical choice would
be that the set of all

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possible outcomes is the set
of all possible spatial

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arrangements of rooks.

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And hopefully it's clear to
you that that is discrete.

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And the problem statement
furthermore gives us that

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they're equally likely.

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So the discrete uniform
law is in fact

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applicable in our setting.

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So I'm going to go ahead and
write what this means.

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So when your sample space is
discrete and all outcomes are

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equally likely, then you can
compute the probability of any

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event, A, simply by counting
the number of outcomes in A

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and then dividing it by the
total number of outcomes in

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your sample space.

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So here we just have to find
the number of total safe

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arrangements and then divide
it by the total number of

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arrangements.

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So again, as you've seen in
other problems, the discrete

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uniform law is really nice,
because you reduce the problem

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of computing probabilities to
the problem of counting.

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And so here's where we're
going to exercise those

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counting skills, as I
promised earlier.

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Now, I would like to start
with computing the

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denominator, or the total
number of arrangements,

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because I think it's a slightly
easier computation.

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So we don't care about the
arrangements being safe.

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We just care about
how many possible

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arrangements are there.

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Now, again, we have eight rooks,
and we need to place

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all of them.

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And we have this 8-by-8 board.

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So pretty quickly, you guys
could probably tell me that

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the total number of square
is 64, because this is

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just 8 times 8.

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Now, I like to approach
problems sequentially.

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That sort of really helps me
think clearly about them.

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So I want you to imagine a
sequential process during

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which we place each rook
one at a time.

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So pick a rook.

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The chessboard is
currently empty.

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So how many squares can you
place that rook in?

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Well, nobody's on the board.

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You can place it in 64 spots.

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So for the first rook that you
pick, there are 64 spots.

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Now, once you place this rook,
you need to place the second

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rook, because again, we're
not done until

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all eight are placed.

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So how many possible
spots are left.

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Well, I claim that there are 63,
because one rule of chess

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is that if you put a piece in
a particular square, you can

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no longer put anything
else on that square.

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You can't put two
or more things.

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So the first rook is occupying
one spot, so there's only 63

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spots left.

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So the second rook has 63 spots
that it could go in.

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Similarly, the third
rook has 62 spots.

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Hopefully you see the pattern.

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You can continue this down.

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And remember, we have to
place all eight rooks.

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So you could do it out
yourself or just

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do the simple math.

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You'll figure out that the
eighth rook only has 57 spots

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that it could be in.

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So this is a good start.

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We've sort of figured out if
we sequentially place each

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rook, how many options
do we have.

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But we haven't combined these
numbers in any useful way yet.

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We haven't counted the number
of total arrangements.

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And this may already be obvious
to some, but it wasn't

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obvious to me when I was first
learning this material, so I

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want to go through
this slowly.

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You have probably heard in
lecture by now about the

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counting principle.

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And what the counting principle
tells you is that

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whenever you have a process that
is done in stages and in

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each stage, you have a
particular number of choices,

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to get the total number of
choices available at the end

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of the process, you simply
multiply the number of choices

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at each stage.

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This might be clear to you,
again, simply from the

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statement, for some of you.

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But for others, it might
still not be clear.

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So let's just take
a simple example.

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Forget about the rook problem
for a second.

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Let's say you're at
a deli, and you

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want to make a sandwich.

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And to make a sandwich, you need
a choice of bread and you

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need a choice of meat.

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So we have a sandwich-building
process,

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and there's two stages.

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First, you have to pick the
bread, and then you have to

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pick the meat.

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So let's say for the choice
of bread, you can

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choose wheat or rye.

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So again, you can always use
a little decision tree--

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wheat or rye.

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And then let's say that
for the meats,

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you have three options.

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You have ham, turkey,
and salami.

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So you can have ham,
turkey, or salami--

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ham, turkey, or salami.

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How many total possible
sandwiches can you make?

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Well, six.

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And I got to that
by 2 times 3.

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And hopefully this makes sense
for you, because there's two

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options in the first stage.

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Freeze an option.

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Given this choice, there's
three options

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at the second stage.

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But you have to also realize
that for every other option

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you have at the first stage, you
have to add an additional

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three options for the
second stage.

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And this is the definition
of multiplication.

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If you add three two times,
you know that's 3 times 2.

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So if you extrapolate this
example to a larger, more

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general picture, you will have
derived for yourself the

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counting principle.

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And we're going to use the
counting principle here to

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determine what the total number
of arrangements are.

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So we have a sequential process,
because we're placing

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the first rook and then the
second rook, et cetera.

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So at the first stage,
we have 64 choices.

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At the second stage,
we have 63 choices.

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At the third stage, we have
62 choices, et cetera.

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And so I'm just multiplying
these numbers together,

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because the counting principle
says I can do this.

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So my claim is that this product
is equal to the total

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number of arrangements.

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And we could stop here, but I'm
going to actually write

00:10:17.540 --> 00:10:20.160
this in a more useful way.

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You guys should have
been introduced to

00:10:22.920 --> 00:10:24.510
the factorial function.

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So you can express this
equivalently as 64 factorial

00:10:29.800 --> 00:10:32.530
divided by 56 factorial.

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And this is not necessary for
your problem solution, but

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sometimes it's helpful to
express these types of

00:10:38.340 --> 00:10:41.170
products in factorials,
because you can see

00:10:41.170 --> 00:10:44.210
cancellations more easily.

00:10:44.210 --> 00:10:48.300
So if it's OK with everybody,
I'm going to erase this work

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to give myself more room.

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So we'll just put our answer for
the denominator up here,

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and then we're going to get
started on the numerator.

00:11:00.230 --> 00:11:04.170
So for the numerator, thanks to
the discrete uniform law,

00:11:04.170 --> 00:11:09.410
we only need to count the number
of safe arrangements.

00:11:09.410 --> 00:11:12.100
But this is a little bit more
tricky, because now, we have

00:11:12.100 --> 00:11:15.420
to apply our definition
of what "safe" means.

00:11:15.420 --> 00:11:18.440
But we're going to use the same
higher-level strategy,

00:11:18.440 --> 00:11:22.510
which is realizing that we can
place rooks sequentially.

00:11:22.510 --> 00:11:25.810
So we can think of it as
a sequential process.

00:11:25.810 --> 00:11:29.940
And then if we figure out how
many choices you have in each

00:11:29.940 --> 00:11:35.040
stage that sort of maintain the
"safeness" of the setup,

00:11:35.040 --> 00:11:37.680
then you can use the counting
principle to multiply all

00:11:37.680 --> 00:11:41.250
those numbers together
and get your answer.

00:11:41.250 --> 00:11:45.060
So we have to place
eight rooks.

00:11:45.060 --> 00:11:49.210
Starting the same way we did
last time, how many spots are

00:11:49.210 --> 00:11:52.880
there for the first rook
that are safe?

00:11:52.880 --> 00:11:56.520
Nobody is on the board yet, so
nobody can harm the first rook

00:11:56.520 --> 00:11:57.500
we put down.

00:11:57.500 --> 00:12:01.940
So I claim that it's just
our total of 64.

00:12:01.940 --> 00:12:04.050
Now, let's see what happens.

00:12:04.050 --> 00:12:05.740
Let's pick a random
square in here.

00:12:05.740 --> 00:12:08.520
Let's say we put our
first rook here.

00:12:08.520 --> 00:12:13.210
Now, I claim a bunch of spots
get invalidated because of the

00:12:13.210 --> 00:12:14.390
rules of chess.

00:12:14.390 --> 00:12:18.570
So before, I told you a rook can
kill anything in the same

00:12:18.570 --> 00:12:20.680
column or in the same row.

00:12:20.680 --> 00:12:25.020
So you can't put a rook here,
because they'll kill each

00:12:25.020 --> 00:12:27.250
other, and you can't
put a rook here.

00:12:27.250 --> 00:12:33.250
So by extension, you can see
that everything in the column

00:12:33.250 --> 00:12:36.970
and the row that I'm
highlighting in blue, it's no

00:12:36.970 --> 00:12:37.850
longer an option.

00:12:37.850 --> 00:12:39.880
You can't place a
rook in there.

00:12:39.880 --> 00:12:41.780
Otherwise, we will
have violated

00:12:41.780 --> 00:12:45.140
our "safety" principle.

00:12:45.140 --> 00:12:50.580
So where can our
second rook go?

00:12:50.580 --> 00:12:55.140
Well, our second rook can go in
any of the blank spots, any

00:12:55.140 --> 00:12:57.630
of the spots that are not
highlighted by blue.

00:12:57.630 --> 00:13:00.110
And let's stare at this
a little bit.

00:13:02.640 --> 00:13:06.560
Imagine that you were to take
scissors to your chessboard

00:13:06.560 --> 00:13:09.370
and cut along this line
and this line and this

00:13:09.370 --> 00:13:10.200
line and this line.

00:13:10.200 --> 00:13:14.190
So you essentially sawed off
this cross that we created.

00:13:14.190 --> 00:13:18.470
Then you would have four
free-floating chessboard

00:13:18.470 --> 00:13:23.070
pieces-- this one, this one,
this one, and this one.

00:13:23.070 --> 00:13:27.650
So this is a 3-by-4 piece,
this is 3-by-3, this is

00:13:27.650 --> 00:13:30.020
4-by-3, and this is 4-by-4.

00:13:30.020 --> 00:13:33.600
Well, because you cut this part
out, you can now slide

00:13:33.600 --> 00:13:36.000
those pieces back together.

00:13:36.000 --> 00:13:39.950
And hopefully you can convince
yourself that that would leave

00:13:39.950 --> 00:13:43.390
you with a 7-by-7 chessboard.

00:13:43.390 --> 00:13:48.650
And you can see that the
dimensions match up here.

00:13:48.650 --> 00:13:53.000
So essentially, the second rook
can be placed anywhere in

00:13:53.000 --> 00:13:55.970
the remaining 7-by-7
chessboard.

00:13:55.970 --> 00:14:00.280
And of course, there are 49
spots in a 7-by-7 chessboard.

00:14:00.280 --> 00:14:03.430
So you get 49.

00:14:03.430 --> 00:14:07.150
So let's do this experiment
again.

00:14:07.150 --> 00:14:11.860
Let me rewrite the reduced
7-by-7 chessboard.

00:14:11.860 --> 00:14:14.540
You're going to have to forgive
me if the lines are

00:14:14.540 --> 00:14:16.680
not perfect--

00:14:16.680 --> 00:14:22.760
one, two, three, four, five,
six, seven; one, two, three,

00:14:22.760 --> 00:14:23.210
four, five, six, seven.

00:14:23.210 --> 00:14:24.630
Yep, I did that right.

00:14:24.630 --> 00:14:32.030
And then we have one, two,
three, four, five, six, seven.

00:14:32.030 --> 00:14:36.800
That's not too bad for
my first attempt.

00:14:36.800 --> 00:14:39.980
So again, how did I get this
chessboard from this one?

00:14:39.980 --> 00:14:43.210
Well, I took scissors and I cut
off of the blue strips,

00:14:43.210 --> 00:14:46.690
and then I just merged the
remaining four pieces.

00:14:46.690 --> 00:14:50.160
So now, I'm placing
my second rook.

00:14:50.160 --> 00:14:54.350
So I know that I can place my
second rook in any of these

00:14:54.350 --> 00:14:58.770
squares, and it'll be
safe from this rook.

00:14:58.770 --> 00:15:00.830
Of course, in reality, you
wouldn't really cut up your

00:15:00.830 --> 00:15:01.390
chessboard.

00:15:01.390 --> 00:15:05.470
I'm just using this as a visual
aid to help you guys

00:15:05.470 --> 00:15:08.220
see why there are 49 spots.

00:15:08.220 --> 00:15:11.020
Another way you could see 49
spots is literally just by

00:15:11.020 --> 00:15:15.890
counting all the white squares,
but I think it takes

00:15:15.890 --> 00:15:17.720
time to count 49 squares.

00:15:17.720 --> 00:15:20.501
And this is a faster
way of seeing it.

00:15:20.501 --> 00:15:23.930
So you can put your second
rook anywhere here.

00:15:23.930 --> 00:15:26.340
Let's actually put in the
corner, because the corner is

00:15:26.340 --> 00:15:27.590
a nice case.

00:15:27.590 --> 00:15:30.700
If you put your rook in the
corner, immediately, all the

00:15:30.700 --> 00:15:35.360
spots in here and all the spots
in here become invalid

00:15:35.360 --> 00:15:38.230
for the third rook, because
otherwise, the rooks can hurt

00:15:38.230 --> 00:15:40.070
each other.

00:15:40.070 --> 00:15:45.130
So again, you'll see that if you
take scissors and cut off

00:15:45.130 --> 00:15:47.940
the blue part, you will have
reduced the dimension of the

00:15:47.940 --> 00:15:49.730
chessboard again.

00:15:49.730 --> 00:15:52.820
And you can see pretty quickly
that what you're left with is

00:15:52.820 --> 00:15:55.100
a 6-by-6 chessboard.

00:15:55.100 --> 00:16:02.820
So for the third rook, you get a
6-by-6 chessboard, which has

00:16:02.820 --> 00:16:06.020
36 free spots.

00:16:06.020 --> 00:16:08.880
And I'm not going to insult
your intelligence.

00:16:08.880 --> 00:16:11.280
You guys can see the pattern--

00:16:11.280 --> 00:16:13.130
64, 49, 36.

00:16:13.130 --> 00:16:16.310
These are just perfect
squares decreasing.

00:16:16.310 --> 00:16:21.740
So you know that the fourth
rook will have 25 spots.

00:16:21.740 --> 00:16:24.840
I'm going to come over here
because I'm out of room.

00:16:24.840 --> 00:16:27.970
The fifth rook will
have 16 spots.

00:16:27.970 --> 00:16:31.230
The sixth rook will
have nine spots.

00:16:31.230 --> 00:16:33.900
The seventh rook will
have four spots.

00:16:33.900 --> 00:16:37.780
And the eighth rook will
just have one spot.

00:16:37.780 --> 00:16:39.360
And now, here we're going
to invoke the

00:16:39.360 --> 00:16:40.880
counting principle again.

00:16:40.880 --> 00:16:43.930
Remember the thing that I just
defined to you by talking

00:16:43.930 --> 00:16:46.680
about sandwiches.

00:16:46.680 --> 00:16:49.240
And we'll see that to get
the total number of safe

00:16:49.240 --> 00:16:50.860
arrangements, we can
just multiply

00:16:50.860 --> 00:16:52.910
these numbers together.

00:16:52.910 --> 00:16:54.750
So I'm going to go ahead
and put that up here.

00:16:54.750 --> 00:17:02.360
You get 64 times 49 times
36 times 25 times 16

00:17:02.360 --> 00:17:05.079
times 9 times 4.

00:17:05.079 --> 00:17:07.810
And in fact, this
is our answer.

00:17:07.810 --> 00:17:10.859
So we're all done.

00:17:10.859 --> 00:17:15.630
So I really like this problem,
because we don't normally ask

00:17:15.630 --> 00:17:18.690
you to think about different
spatial arrangements.

00:17:18.690 --> 00:17:22.339
So it's a nice exercise, because
it lets you practice

00:17:22.339 --> 00:17:27.069
your counting skills in a
new and creative way.

00:17:27.069 --> 00:17:31.220
And in particular, the thing
that we've been using for a

00:17:31.220 --> 00:17:33.730
while now is the discrete
uniform law.

00:17:33.730 --> 00:17:36.730
But now, I also introduced
the counting principle.

00:17:36.730 --> 00:17:39.310
And we used the counting
principle twice--

00:17:39.310 --> 00:17:41.910
once to compute the numerator
and once to compute the

00:17:41.910 --> 00:17:44.210
denominator.

00:17:44.210 --> 00:17:49.480
Counting can take a long time
for you to absorb it.

00:17:49.480 --> 00:17:52.850
So if you still don't totally
buy the counting

00:17:52.850 --> 00:17:54.450
principle, that's OK.

00:17:54.450 --> 00:17:59.440
I just recommend you do some
more examples and try to

00:17:59.440 --> 00:18:02.280
convince yourself that it's
really counting the right

00:18:02.280 --> 00:18:04.020
number of things.

00:18:04.020 --> 00:18:07.510
So counting principle is
the second takeaway.

00:18:07.510 --> 00:18:10.520
And then the other thing that
is just worth mentioning is,

00:18:10.520 --> 00:18:12.980
you guys should get really
comfortable with these

00:18:12.980 --> 00:18:19.960
factorials, because they will
just show up again and again.

00:18:19.960 --> 00:18:21.960
So that's the end of the
problem, and I'll

00:18:21.960 --> 00:18:23.210
see you next time.