WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:00.040 align:middle line:90% 00:00:00.040 --> 00:00:02.470 align:middle line:84% The following content is provided under a Creative 00:00:02.470 --> 00:00:03.880 align:middle line:90% Commons license. 00:00:03.880 --> 00:00:06.920 align:middle line:84% Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to 00:00:06.920 --> 00:00:10.570 align:middle line:84% offer high quality educational resources for free. 00:00:10.570 --> 00:00:13.470 align:middle line:84% To make a donation or view additional materials from 00:00:13.470 --> 00:00:16.430 align:middle line:84% hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare at 00:00:16.430 --> 00:00:17.680 align:middle line:90% ocw.MIT.edu. 00:00:17.680 --> 00:00:20.660 align:middle line:90% 00:00:20.660 --> 00:00:25.140 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: OK, let's see, some administrative stuff, first of 00:00:25.140 --> 00:00:27.590 align:middle line:84% all, Wednesday's our play test. 00:00:27.590 --> 00:00:29.660 align:middle line:90% So it's an internal play test. 00:00:29.660 --> 00:00:32.689 align:middle line:84% You're going to be playing with each other games which 00:00:32.689 --> 00:00:34.630 align:middle line:84% means chances are you are going to get barely enough 00:00:34.630 --> 00:00:38.750 align:middle line:84% time to play one person's game, and enough time for that 00:00:38.750 --> 00:00:40.710 align:middle line:90% group to play your game. 00:00:40.710 --> 00:00:45.194 align:middle line:84% So I'm just going to just, basically, pair up teams. 00:00:45.194 --> 00:00:47.940 align:middle line:84% Hopefully, I think we have four teams. 00:00:47.940 --> 00:00:50.670 align:middle line:84% So I think that works out just right. 00:00:50.670 --> 00:00:54.050 align:middle line:84% One thing I will certainly recommend before going on to 00:00:54.050 --> 00:00:57.360 align:middle line:84% Wednesday's class is making sure that you had a chance to 00:00:57.360 --> 00:00:58.970 align:middle line:84% play test with, at least, someone 00:00:58.970 --> 00:01:00.530 align:middle line:90% who's not in your group. 00:01:00.530 --> 00:01:02.432 align:middle line:84% And the reason for this, what you want to be keeping an eye 00:01:02.432 --> 00:01:06.110 align:middle line:84% out for, are rules that you've already agreed on in your 00:01:06.110 --> 00:01:09.630 align:middle line:84% team, but might have to learn it to write down somewhere. 00:01:09.630 --> 00:01:11.440 align:middle line:90% I want the rules written down. 00:01:11.440 --> 00:01:14.920 align:middle line:84% They don't necessarily need to look great. 00:01:14.920 --> 00:01:18.940 align:middle line:84% Typed is awesome because they're easy to read, and 00:01:18.940 --> 00:01:21.475 align:middle line:90% they're easy to revise later. 00:01:21.475 --> 00:01:22.710 align:middle line:84% It's not actually a requirement. 00:01:22.710 --> 00:01:24.050 align:middle line:84% But you've got to have them written down. 00:01:24.050 --> 00:01:26.440 align:middle line:84% You should be able to just put it in front of a person. 00:01:26.440 --> 00:01:28.520 align:middle line:84% I will suggest that you bring a copy to the office. 00:01:28.520 --> 00:01:33.800 align:middle line:84% If you want to come in early on Wednesday, or I could, 00:01:33.800 --> 00:01:36.690 align:middle line:84% maybe, grab the Xerox if you just bring a couple of copies 00:01:36.690 --> 00:01:39.835 align:middle line:84% so that the entire group of four people is going to be 00:01:39.835 --> 00:01:41.563 align:middle line:84% testing your game, which means, all users at the same 00:01:41.563 --> 00:01:43.040 align:middle line:84% time while you're explaining it to them. 00:01:43.040 --> 00:01:45.840 align:middle line:90% 00:01:45.840 --> 00:01:49.020 align:middle line:84% If you're in a situation where you already have rules that 00:01:49.020 --> 00:01:53.630 align:middle line:84% you think could be understood without explaining, I would 00:01:53.630 --> 00:01:55.290 align:middle line:90% suggest not explaining at all. 00:01:55.290 --> 00:01:58.240 align:middle line:84% Just give them the rules and see what they make of it. 00:01:58.240 --> 00:02:00.700 align:middle line:84% It's going to be very informative that way. 00:02:00.700 --> 00:02:02.420 align:middle line:84% Not every single team may be in that situation. 00:02:02.420 --> 00:02:03.954 align:middle line:84% They may not have that much confidence in their 00:02:03.954 --> 00:02:05.810 align:middle line:90% ability right now. 00:02:05.810 --> 00:02:10.380 align:middle line:84% If you think you've gotten all the rules written down but you 00:02:10.380 --> 00:02:15.187 align:middle line:84% just kind of feel not quite so confident that everything is 00:02:15.187 --> 00:02:17.325 align:middle line:90% in there, do it anyway. 00:02:17.325 --> 00:02:18.580 align:middle line:90% Just don't explain it. 00:02:18.580 --> 00:02:19.260 align:middle line:90% Give it to them. 00:02:19.260 --> 00:02:21.315 align:middle line:84% See what they're having problems with and then you can 00:02:21.315 --> 00:02:22.690 align:middle line:90% explain it. 00:02:22.690 --> 00:02:23.910 align:middle line:90% It will still be informative. 00:02:23.910 --> 00:02:26.240 align:middle line:84% You'll still be able to get that data point of what should 00:02:26.240 --> 00:02:30.820 align:middle line:84% we have written down as a clarification, as a complete 00:02:30.820 --> 00:02:35.010 align:middle line:84% omission, what needs to be reworded before 00:02:35.010 --> 00:02:37.450 align:middle line:90% the game ever starts. 00:02:37.450 --> 00:02:42.580 align:middle line:84% But I do fully recognize that there may be certain teams 00:02:42.580 --> 00:02:46.940 align:middle line:84% that do not have a set of rules that comprehensive yet. 00:02:46.940 --> 00:02:49.682 align:middle line:84% In the end, you'll want to get the operating test and time. 00:02:49.682 --> 00:02:51.960 align:middle line:84% So it's going to take half and hour for somebody to 00:02:51.960 --> 00:02:55.150 align:middle line:84% understand your game just by reading your rules, then you 00:02:55.150 --> 00:02:56.960 align:middle line:84% do want to try and cut that down. 00:02:56.960 --> 00:03:00.200 align:middle line:84% Eventually, before you send me your game you'll want to be in 00:03:00.200 --> 00:03:02.518 align:middle line:84% a situation where someone can understand your entire game 00:03:02.518 --> 00:03:04.430 align:middle line:84% quickly, comprehending the rules. 00:03:04.430 --> 00:03:04.908 align:middle line:90% What's up? 00:03:04.908 --> 00:03:08.550 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: When we're play testing and timing, we weren't 00:03:08.550 --> 00:03:11.500 align:middle line:84% sure or we didn't remember, or we didn't read carefully 00:03:11.500 --> 00:03:14.600 align:middle line:84% enough, what is the maximum time that 00:03:14.600 --> 00:03:15.750 align:middle line:90% the game has to take? 00:03:15.750 --> 00:03:19.720 align:middle line:84% And does that include set up from a complete novice, or 00:03:19.720 --> 00:03:23.970 align:middle line:84% does that include, are you allowed to explain the rules 00:03:23.970 --> 00:03:26.150 align:middle line:84% and have totally experienced players go at it, and once 00:03:26.150 --> 00:03:27.990 align:middle line:84% experienced players go at it they have to take a certain 00:03:27.990 --> 00:03:28.655 align:middle line:90% amount of time? 00:03:28.655 --> 00:03:29.330 align:middle line:90% How does your-- 00:03:29.330 --> 00:03:32.060 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: It was supposed to be for novice players but I'm 00:03:32.060 --> 00:03:36.160 align:middle line:84% just going to check the actual syllabus. 00:03:36.160 --> 00:03:38.240 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Do we have to be able to explain the entire 00:03:38.240 --> 00:03:40.270 align:middle line:84% game, run through an entire play through and all that, in 00:03:40.270 --> 00:03:41.090 align:middle line:90% 10 minutes? 00:03:41.090 --> 00:03:42.610 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: That one I wasn't sure. 00:03:42.610 --> 00:03:44.370 align:middle line:84% I think it's actually on your play through 00:03:44.370 --> 00:03:45.790 align:middle line:90% but give me a second. 00:03:45.790 --> 00:03:46.620 align:middle line:90% I'm going to look up. 00:03:46.620 --> 00:03:49.980 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I'm pretty sure it says 10 minutes. 00:03:49.980 --> 00:03:53.790 align:middle line:84% Yeah, 5 or 10 minutes including setup and play. 00:03:53.790 --> 00:03:54.860 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Including set-up and play. 00:03:54.860 --> 00:03:56.190 align:middle line:84% But that does not necessarily-- 00:03:56.190 --> 00:03:58.690 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It shouldn't include reading the rules. 00:03:58.690 --> 00:03:59.670 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It should not? 00:03:59.670 --> 00:04:00.860 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It should not. 00:04:00.860 --> 00:04:03.820 align:middle line:84% 10 minutes is way too short a time to read and understand 00:04:03.820 --> 00:04:04.796 align:middle line:90% and then play a game. 00:04:04.796 --> 00:04:06.260 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Yeah, let me just verify that. 00:04:06.260 --> 00:04:07.724 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Walks and words. 00:04:07.724 --> 00:04:09.188 align:middle line:90% That's about it. 00:04:09.188 --> 00:04:12.116 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Our game takes two minutes to play at the moment. 00:04:12.116 --> 00:04:19.470 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: What we'll be able to do is take a really long 00:04:19.470 --> 00:04:22.400 align:middle line:84% time for premium effect and have some more information 00:04:22.400 --> 00:04:23.095 align:middle line:90% written on these cards. 00:04:23.095 --> 00:04:25.505 align:middle line:84% It's just taking the time to write it so that way if 00:04:25.505 --> 00:04:27.320 align:middle line:90% somebody's busting a move-- 00:04:27.320 --> 00:04:31.150 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: So it's true. 00:04:31.150 --> 00:04:35.980 align:middle line:84% It doesn't say 10 minutes that you need to be able to play 00:04:35.980 --> 00:04:38.020 align:middle line:84% and understand the game in 10 minutes. 00:04:38.020 --> 00:04:41.490 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to say, set-up and play has to be 10 minutes. 00:04:41.490 --> 00:04:45.261 align:middle line:84% So it's like, every time you reset the game and you play to 00:04:45.261 --> 00:04:48.026 align:middle line:84% the end, that should be under 10 minutes. 00:04:48.026 --> 00:04:49.900 align:middle line:84% If it takes longer than that to understand the 00:04:49.900 --> 00:04:51.320 align:middle line:90% game, that's fine. 00:04:51.320 --> 00:04:54.320 align:middle line:84% But frankly, if it takes more than 10 minutes for someone to 00:04:54.320 --> 00:04:57.660 align:middle line:84% understand your game, you have a problem. 00:04:57.660 --> 00:04:59.890 align:middle line:84% And the problem isn't going to be one that's going to affect 00:04:59.890 --> 00:05:02.420 align:middle line:84% your grade, it's going to be one that you can use the 00:05:02.420 --> 00:05:05.730 align:middle line:84% processes in this class to reiterate on to improve your 00:05:05.730 --> 00:05:07.927 align:middle line:84% game to the point where it doesn't take that long to 00:05:07.927 --> 00:05:09.220 align:middle line:90% understand. 00:05:09.220 --> 00:05:10.738 align:middle line:84% Reading the rules should not take longer 00:05:10.738 --> 00:05:12.410 align:middle line:90% than playing the game. 00:05:12.410 --> 00:05:16.700 align:middle line:84% There are games like that but try not to make those games 00:05:16.700 --> 00:05:20.150 align:middle line:84% and not when it's the first time. 00:05:20.150 --> 00:05:24.070 align:middle line:84% So I would say in for the explaining of the rules should 00:05:24.070 --> 00:05:25.670 align:middle line:90% take within 10 minutes. 00:05:25.670 --> 00:05:30.110 align:middle line:84% Right now, it might be OK if the actual explanation 00:05:30.110 --> 00:05:32.460 align:middle line:84% requires someone who's actually an expert in the game 00:05:32.460 --> 00:05:33.285 align:middle line:90% to explain it. 00:05:33.285 --> 00:05:35.730 align:middle line:84% By the end of this assignment you should be definitely 00:05:35.730 --> 00:05:37.700 align:middle line:84% getting to the point where you don't even need that. 00:05:37.700 --> 00:05:40.190 align:middle line:84% Just a new player with your rules should be able to 00:05:40.190 --> 00:05:42.400 align:middle line:84% understand and play your game in 10 minutes. 00:05:42.400 --> 00:05:45.220 align:middle line:84% It could involve discussion of the entire 00:05:45.220 --> 00:05:46.480 align:middle line:90% group of your players. 00:05:46.480 --> 00:05:48.860 align:middle line:84% You've got four people in-- let's say it's a card game-- 00:05:48.860 --> 00:05:50.492 align:middle line:84% you have four people and they're all looking at the 00:05:50.492 --> 00:05:53.210 align:middle line:84% rules simultaneously, and your friend says, where does 00:05:53.210 --> 00:05:54.550 align:middle line:90% it say so and so? 00:05:54.550 --> 00:05:57.206 align:middle line:84% And somebody else who has never played your game before 00:05:57.206 --> 00:05:57.670 align:middle line:90% answers that. 00:05:57.670 --> 00:05:58.134 align:middle line:90% That's fine. 00:05:58.134 --> 00:06:01.210 align:middle line:84% And that's actually how a lot of people play games. 00:06:01.210 --> 00:06:03.410 align:middle line:84% Sometimes people play in quick thought rules. 00:06:03.410 --> 00:06:06.739 align:middle line:84% This is all you need to know to play your first round of 00:06:06.739 --> 00:06:09.318 align:middle line:84% cards, and that actually helps a lot of 00:06:09.318 --> 00:06:10.491 align:middle line:90% people to get started. 00:06:10.491 --> 00:06:12.310 align:middle line:84% And then you're picking up the-- 00:06:12.310 --> 00:06:14.304 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Lowers the activation energy. 00:06:14.304 --> 00:06:16.410 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Yeah. 00:06:16.410 --> 00:06:17.560 align:middle line:84% In the end, more people play your game. 00:06:17.560 --> 00:06:19.632 align:middle line:90% That's good. 00:06:19.632 --> 00:06:22.190 align:middle line:90% 00:06:22.190 --> 00:06:24.220 align:middle line:90% So that's on Wednesday. 00:06:24.220 --> 00:06:28.144 align:middle line:84% Everyone please come on time because every minute of this 00:06:28.144 --> 00:06:30.830 align:middle line:84% time wins some recognition or pizza [UNINTELLIGIBLE] and if 00:06:30.830 --> 00:06:32.400 align:middle line:90% whole teams don't show up-- 00:06:32.400 --> 00:06:34.820 align:middle line:84% Who's aligning a game that has to be played by both players. 00:06:34.820 --> 00:06:40.190 align:middle line:90% 00:06:40.190 --> 00:06:42.190 align:middle line:90% So there's some teams. 00:06:42.190 --> 00:06:42.690 align:middle line:90% Two? 00:06:42.690 --> 00:06:43.190 align:middle line:90% Three? 00:06:43.190 --> 00:06:44.690 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Two or four. 00:06:44.690 --> 00:06:45.690 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Two or four. 00:06:45.690 --> 00:06:47.190 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:06:47.190 --> 00:06:47.505 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:06:47.505 --> 00:06:48.680 align:middle line:90% No, that's cool. 00:06:48.680 --> 00:06:49.955 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So even if a guy didn't show up 00:06:49.955 --> 00:06:52.810 align:middle line:90% on time that's OK. 00:06:52.810 --> 00:06:58.332 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: OK, so that's the preparation for Wednesday now. 00:06:58.332 --> 00:07:01.340 align:middle line:84% I do want to apologize for Friday's lecture. 00:07:01.340 --> 00:07:03.748 align:middle line:90% I was on a lot of meds. 00:07:03.748 --> 00:07:06.234 align:middle line:84% You may or may not have noticed that I was having a 00:07:06.234 --> 00:07:09.930 align:middle line:84% splitting headache and was not the best lecture that I have 00:07:09.930 --> 00:07:11.420 align:middle line:84% given in my entire teaching career. 00:07:11.420 --> 00:07:13.946 align:middle line:84% In fact, it's probably the worst lecture I've given. 00:07:13.946 --> 00:07:15.392 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: No. 00:07:15.392 --> 00:07:16.838 align:middle line:90% I didn't notice. 00:07:16.838 --> 00:07:23.190 align:middle line:90% 00:07:23.190 --> 00:07:25.330 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: It occurred to me that there might just be a 00:07:25.330 --> 00:07:28.570 align:middle line:84% better way to get some of those concepts across other 00:07:28.570 --> 00:07:30.540 align:middle line:84% than me yammering for three hours. 00:07:30.540 --> 00:07:33.780 align:middle line:84% And what I'd like to do is revisit some of them but 00:07:33.780 --> 00:07:38.710 align:middle line:84% actually do a bit of an activity. 00:07:38.710 --> 00:07:42.280 align:middle line:84% I have never done this before so this is not tested. 00:07:42.280 --> 00:07:44.730 align:middle line:84% You guys are the first iteration. 00:07:44.730 --> 00:07:45.056 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Oh. 00:07:45.056 --> 00:07:46.306 align:middle line:90% I feel honored. 00:07:46.306 --> 00:07:49.150 align:middle line:90% 00:07:49.150 --> 00:07:50.899 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: But basically, what I'm going to do is I'm going 00:07:50.899 --> 00:07:52.294 align:middle line:84% to go through these terms again, explain 00:07:52.294 --> 00:07:53.497 align:middle line:90% them one more time. 00:07:53.497 --> 00:07:55.915 align:middle line:84% You guys have accurate clarifications or anything. 00:07:55.915 --> 00:08:01.070 align:middle line:84% And then each in a group of about, I think two people, 00:08:01.070 --> 00:08:05.050 align:middle line:84% we're going to pick the game that pretty much every one in 00:08:05.050 --> 00:08:07.540 align:middle line:90% the class should sort of know. 00:08:07.540 --> 00:08:09.940 align:middle line:84% Maybe they don't know the exact rules but you know of 00:08:09.940 --> 00:08:14.604 align:middle line:84% the game, and analyze that game across 00:08:14.604 --> 00:08:17.448 align:middle line:90% these different axes. 00:08:17.448 --> 00:08:21.840 align:middle line:84% And the idea of that is that, if you get used to this then 00:08:21.840 --> 00:08:23.330 align:middle line:84% you can do that same thing to your own game. 00:08:23.330 --> 00:08:27.670 align:middle line:84% And that may shed light on how your game is balanced, how 00:08:27.670 --> 00:08:29.530 align:middle line:84% your game is balanced especially between chance and 00:08:29.530 --> 00:08:33.260 align:middle line:84% skills because we get a topic of this class. 00:08:33.260 --> 00:08:39.194 align:middle line:84% But also question, is our game doing what we want 00:08:39.194 --> 00:08:41.120 align:middle line:90% our game to be doing? 00:08:41.120 --> 00:08:45.540 align:middle line:90% So that's the general outline. 00:08:45.540 --> 00:08:50.920 align:middle line:84% So there's one more thing I want to mention 00:08:50.920 --> 00:08:52.780 align:middle line:90% before I go into that. 00:08:52.780 --> 00:08:58.360 align:middle line:84% And Jason actually brought up a point at the end of last 00:08:58.360 --> 00:09:03.630 align:middle line:84% Friday was that he noticed that our two end robots, Mr. 00:09:03.630 --> 00:09:06.959 align:middle line:90% Roboto and Badass Mofo 600. 00:09:06.959 --> 00:09:08.426 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: 610. 00:09:08.426 --> 00:09:09.404 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah, 610. 00:09:09.404 --> 00:09:11.360 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: It's the upgraded version. 00:09:11.360 --> 00:09:13.815 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It started at 608 and then there were a couple 00:09:13.815 --> 00:09:16.088 align:middle line:84% of iterations at least on Saturday. 00:09:16.088 --> 00:09:19.580 align:middle line:90% 00:09:19.580 --> 00:09:23.650 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: One of them was purely deterministic but 00:09:23.650 --> 00:09:26.830 align:middle line:84% horrendously complex in the sense that-- 00:09:26.830 --> 00:09:29.110 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It wasn't that complex. 00:09:29.110 --> 00:09:30.820 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Not in the sense that it was difficult to 00:09:30.820 --> 00:09:32.425 align:middle line:84% explain what it was doing but difficult to predict what it 00:09:32.425 --> 00:09:35.000 align:middle line:90% was going to do. 00:09:35.000 --> 00:09:41.260 align:middle line:84% This was the one that will start it's turn order based on 00:09:41.260 --> 00:09:43.440 align:middle line:84% the number of hit points that it had. 00:09:43.440 --> 00:09:45.710 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: And take the number of moves based also on the 00:09:45.710 --> 00:09:46.960 align:middle line:90% number of hit points it had. 00:09:46.960 --> 00:09:50.090 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: So it's entirely algorithmic. 00:09:50.090 --> 00:09:53.200 align:middle line:84% It's just following it's root every single time. 00:09:53.200 --> 00:09:56.470 align:middle line:84% The other one was pretty much random, right? 00:09:56.470 --> 00:09:57.900 align:middle line:84% Who of Mr. Roboto which should have in a 00:09:57.900 --> 00:10:01.440 align:middle line:90% die roll every round. 00:10:01.440 --> 00:10:04.670 align:middle line:90% And it just hit something. 00:10:04.670 --> 00:10:07.570 align:middle line:84% And we ended up with the closest fight 00:10:07.570 --> 00:10:09.870 align:middle line:90% of that day, I think. 00:10:09.870 --> 00:10:13.570 align:middle line:84% And that does drive home the point that at some point and 00:10:13.570 --> 00:10:15.530 align:middle line:84% time you can get complexity through showing 00:10:15.530 --> 00:10:17.130 align:middle line:90% deterministic rules. 00:10:17.130 --> 00:10:23.470 align:middle line:84% That frankly, it's as hard to predict as pure randomness. 00:10:23.470 --> 00:10:24.560 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: My card game is like that. 00:10:24.560 --> 00:10:25.720 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Your card game is like that? 00:10:25.720 --> 00:10:28.703 align:middle line:84% The nice thing about that is that if you have deterministic 00:10:28.703 --> 00:10:30.310 align:middle line:84% rules, you can see why it happened. 00:10:30.310 --> 00:10:34.580 align:middle line:84% You can see why, wow I didn't expect that to happen but I 00:10:34.580 --> 00:10:36.720 align:middle line:90% can see why it happened. 00:10:36.720 --> 00:10:38.430 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: He was so sure he was going to win. 00:10:38.430 --> 00:10:41.610 align:middle line:84% He was so sure he was going to win but then we-- 00:10:41.610 --> 00:10:43.020 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It did not turn out as such. 00:10:43.020 --> 00:10:45.680 align:middle line:90% 00:10:45.680 --> 00:10:46.820 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: That's a desirable trait. 00:10:46.820 --> 00:10:51.130 align:middle line:84% It's a lot better than just saying, well it's a die roll. 00:10:51.130 --> 00:10:54.948 align:middle line:84% The nice thing about die rolls is that it does take it out of 00:10:54.948 --> 00:10:57.260 align:middle line:90% your control. 00:10:57.260 --> 00:11:01.320 align:middle line:84% It's kind of designed to make it not skill based and as a 00:11:01.320 --> 00:11:04.960 align:middle line:84% result of that, you get people who are lagging, who are 00:11:04.960 --> 00:11:09.910 align:middle line:84% having a harder time playing and finding the unskilled base 00:11:09.910 --> 00:11:11.042 align:middle line:90% way of catching up. 00:11:11.042 --> 00:11:14.700 align:middle line:84% Which is awesome if that's what you're going for. 00:11:14.700 --> 00:11:19.550 align:middle line:84% And then the other one is if you just make it deterministic 00:11:19.550 --> 00:11:22.600 align:middle line:84% but complex enough so the behavior is just hard to 00:11:22.600 --> 00:11:26.620 align:middle line:84% predict, but logical ones that are actually happens then you 00:11:26.620 --> 00:11:28.150 align:middle line:90% kind of get the same result. 00:11:28.150 --> 00:11:29.880 align:middle line:90% It all balances out. 00:11:29.880 --> 00:11:32.170 align:middle line:84% Die rolls are really easy to enter. 00:11:32.170 --> 00:11:35.560 align:middle line:84% It's difficult to actually come up with rules that 00:11:35.560 --> 00:11:37.815 align:middle line:84% deterministically give you the kind of complex that you're 00:11:37.815 --> 00:11:40.040 align:middle line:90% really looking for. 00:11:40.040 --> 00:11:41.310 align:middle line:84% But it's a nice thing to go for. 00:11:41.310 --> 00:11:44.270 align:middle line:84% Of course, to get the complexity sometimes you need 00:11:44.270 --> 00:11:47.270 align:middle line:84% so many rules that people just can get bored. 00:11:47.270 --> 00:11:48.920 align:middle line:84% It's like, wow, this is really complicated. 00:11:48.920 --> 00:11:52.016 align:middle line:84% I'm not sure whether I can figure out what the next step 00:11:52.016 --> 00:11:53.440 align:middle line:84% is going to be and then they just give up. 00:11:53.440 --> 00:11:56.650 align:middle line:84% That's the down side of really complex 00:11:56.650 --> 00:11:57.900 align:middle line:90% deterministic behavior. 00:11:57.900 --> 00:12:01.760 align:middle line:90% 00:12:01.760 --> 00:12:06.010 align:middle line:84% It's neat that you saw both of those playing off of each 00:12:06.010 --> 00:12:10.240 align:middle line:84% other and them behaving in pretty much 00:12:10.240 --> 00:12:11.300 align:middle line:90% unpredictable ways. 00:12:11.300 --> 00:12:14.760 align:middle line:84% And yet, getting nicely balanced results. 00:12:14.760 --> 00:12:18.390 align:middle line:84% So the book we leave [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. 00:12:18.390 --> 00:12:22.150 align:middle line:84% So now, I'm going to be actually deeply, deeply 00:12:22.150 --> 00:12:24.370 align:middle line:84% plagiarizing from Salen and Crumb. 00:12:24.370 --> 00:12:29.472 align:middle line:84% Katie Salen in Eric Zimmerman from Rules of Play which is 00:12:29.472 --> 00:12:32.230 align:middle line:84% one of those big thick books I brought in on the first day. 00:12:32.230 --> 00:12:35.130 align:middle line:84% I'm not making you read it because I find that book takes 00:12:35.130 --> 00:12:37.390 align:middle line:84% three pages to explain what could have been explained in 00:12:37.390 --> 00:12:40.000 align:middle line:84% one, which is why I have a whole bunch of 00:12:40.000 --> 00:12:43.110 align:middle line:90% summaries in here. 00:12:43.110 --> 00:12:46.640 align:middle line:84% But what that book does do is give you very, very concrete 00:12:46.640 --> 00:12:50.290 align:middle line:84% terms that are pretty well accepted. 00:12:50.290 --> 00:12:53.190 align:middle line:84% They're not necessarily among game designers, among big 00:12:53.190 --> 00:12:55.290 align:middle line:84% people [UNINTELLIGIBLE] experiments. 00:12:55.290 --> 00:13:00.166 align:middle line:84% And I've got some of those for you to refer to. 00:13:00.166 --> 00:13:03.290 align:middle line:84% I'll touched a little bit on information theory on Monday. 00:13:03.290 --> 00:13:09.450 align:middle line:84% That model of how a signal goes from someone who wants to 00:13:09.450 --> 00:13:12.440 align:middle line:84% send it through a transmitter and goes through some sort of 00:13:12.440 --> 00:13:15.010 align:middle line:84% channel, is received through some sort of 00:13:15.010 --> 00:13:17.442 align:middle line:90% receiver to a person. 00:13:17.442 --> 00:13:20.820 align:middle line:90% 00:13:20.820 --> 00:13:23.130 align:middle line:84% If the person who wants to send a signal is actually the 00:13:23.130 --> 00:13:26.800 align:middle line:84% game, the game state, and is transferring information to a 00:13:26.800 --> 00:13:29.840 align:middle line:84% player, who need to get information about what's going 00:13:29.840 --> 00:13:34.200 align:middle line:84% on in the game in order to make a decision then, you can 00:13:34.200 --> 00:13:36.420 align:middle line:84% see how this applies to game design. 00:13:36.420 --> 00:13:37.970 align:middle line:84% And in between you have [? moints ?]. 00:13:37.970 --> 00:13:41.100 align:middle line:84% You have the thing that prevents you from knowing 00:13:41.100 --> 00:13:44.230 align:middle line:84% exactly what the game state is. 00:13:44.230 --> 00:13:47.700 align:middle line:84% And there are certain words that are associated with that 00:13:47.700 --> 00:13:51.770 align:middle line:90% level of uncertainty. 00:13:51.770 --> 00:13:56.495 align:middle line:84% Uncertainty and certainty are two word study searches to 00:13:56.495 --> 00:13:57.745 align:middle line:90% begin with. 00:13:57.745 --> 00:14:04.340 align:middle line:90% 00:14:04.340 --> 00:14:12.230 align:middle line:84% So the uncertainty includes both your inability to know 00:14:12.230 --> 00:14:15.360 align:middle line:84% what's going to happen next due to chance or due to really 00:14:15.360 --> 00:14:20.025 align:middle line:84% complex behavior, as you saw in both of the robots. 00:14:20.025 --> 00:14:24.495 align:middle line:84% It's just the degree to which how much the game-- 00:14:24.495 --> 00:14:27.170 align:middle line:84% all the different states the game could take, either they 00:14:27.170 --> 00:14:28.780 align:middle line:84% need the next turn or throughout the 00:14:28.780 --> 00:14:32.290 align:middle line:90% entire play of the game. 00:14:32.290 --> 00:14:35.935 align:middle line:84% And in information theory, they actually also use the 00:14:35.935 --> 00:14:38.780 align:middle line:84% word information almost interchangeably. 00:14:38.780 --> 00:14:42.590 align:middle line:84% Unfortunately this gets kind of confusing because people 00:14:42.590 --> 00:14:46.133 align:middle line:84% don't actually use the word information in that sense in 00:14:46.133 --> 00:14:48.140 align:middle line:90% day to day. 00:14:48.140 --> 00:14:50.670 align:middle line:84% In fact, I'm going to propose a different way of looking at 00:14:50.670 --> 00:14:52.640 align:middle line:84% it that also uses the word information in a completely 00:14:52.640 --> 00:14:53.020 align:middle line:90% different way. 00:14:53.020 --> 00:14:55.690 align:middle line:84% So I'm actually going to stop using the word 00:14:55.690 --> 00:14:56.610 align:middle line:90% information for now. 00:14:56.610 --> 00:15:00.460 align:middle line:84% I'm just going to call it uncertainty which is pretty 00:15:00.460 --> 00:15:06.470 align:middle line:84% much all the different things that could happen in the game, 00:15:06.470 --> 00:15:10.000 align:middle line:84% either in their next turn or throughout the 00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:11.440 align:middle line:90% entirety of the game. 00:15:11.440 --> 00:15:17.210 align:middle line:84% Certainty is the degree to which you have knowledge about 00:15:17.210 --> 00:15:20.160 align:middle line:90% what could happen. 00:15:20.160 --> 00:15:23.840 align:middle line:84% Chess board pieces could be configured in any position but 00:15:23.840 --> 00:15:27.600 align:middle line:84% one move after the opening, there's only a small set that 00:15:27.600 --> 00:15:32.680 align:middle line:90% could possibly happen. 00:15:32.680 --> 00:15:36.080 align:middle line:84% It's probably on the order of where only one side is moving 00:15:36.080 --> 00:15:36.890 align:middle line:90% for the first time. 00:15:36.890 --> 00:15:38.713 align:middle line:84% Any one of the pawns could move 20. 00:15:38.713 --> 00:15:39.560 align:middle line:90% 20? 00:15:39.560 --> 00:15:44.400 align:middle line:84% Yeah, the knights could move, yeah. 00:15:44.400 --> 00:15:46.990 align:middle line:84% So there will be 20 different possible things. 00:15:46.990 --> 00:15:51.320 align:middle line:84% So that's kind of the degree of certainty that you have 00:15:51.320 --> 00:15:54.480 align:middle line:84% among all the different states, all the uncertainty of 00:15:54.480 --> 00:15:55.620 align:middle line:90% this chess board. 00:15:55.620 --> 00:15:57.296 align:middle line:84% You are certain that it's going to be 00:15:57.296 --> 00:15:58.670 align:middle line:90% limited to this chunk. 00:15:58.670 --> 00:16:02.980 align:middle line:90% 00:16:02.980 --> 00:16:10.074 align:middle line:84% And your knowledge of what that ratio is, of how much you 00:16:10.074 --> 00:16:13.620 align:middle line:84% know could be happening, based on what you know of the game 00:16:13.620 --> 00:16:17.530 align:middle line:84% rules, based on your experience of the game, based 00:16:17.530 --> 00:16:24.460 align:middle line:84% on your skill in the game, to the stakes that the game could 00:16:24.460 --> 00:16:27.590 align:middle line:90% possibly take is called risk. 00:16:27.590 --> 00:16:32.300 align:middle line:84% So you can flip it the other way around and say that if the 00:16:32.300 --> 00:16:36.865 align:middle line:84% uncertainty of the first turn is 20 different moves but you 00:16:36.865 --> 00:16:39.855 align:middle line:90% are certain that the guy-- 00:16:39.855 --> 00:16:43.090 align:middle line:90% 00:16:43.090 --> 00:16:47.790 align:middle line:84% let's say I'm the opening player, I played white and I 00:16:47.790 --> 00:16:51.330 align:middle line:84% really only know how to make three of those openings 00:16:51.330 --> 00:16:59.490 align:middle line:84% effective, and the person I'm playing against knows that 00:16:59.490 --> 00:17:01.935 align:middle line:84% really, I only know three openings, even if I only know 00:17:01.935 --> 00:17:08.940 align:middle line:84% two, then that person's degree of risk is limited to the 00:17:08.940 --> 00:17:10.826 align:middle line:84% range of possibilities that branch out all of 00:17:10.826 --> 00:17:14.050 align:middle line:90% that 2 out of 20. 00:17:14.050 --> 00:17:19.156 align:middle line:84% So that's one way that you can sort of describe risk. 00:17:19.156 --> 00:17:23.720 align:middle line:84% Let me see whether there's a more technical term that I can 00:17:23.720 --> 00:17:24.535 align:middle line:90% describe that with. 00:17:24.535 --> 00:17:26.002 align:middle line:90% I skipped a page, didn't I? 00:17:26.002 --> 00:17:32.380 align:middle line:90% 00:17:32.380 --> 00:17:41.290 align:middle line:84% So one thing that I want you to think about later, actually 00:17:41.290 --> 00:17:47.580 align:middle line:84% for the analogy step we're going to do. 00:17:47.580 --> 00:17:48.800 align:middle line:90% I want groups of two. 00:17:48.800 --> 00:17:54.290 align:middle line:90% 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15. 00:17:54.290 --> 00:18:02.100 align:middle line:84% Mostly groups of two and one group of three, actually, 00:18:02.100 --> 00:18:03.000 align:middle line:84% let's just do it in groups of three. 00:18:03.000 --> 00:18:06.052 align:middle line:90% It will be easier that way. 00:18:06.052 --> 00:18:11.110 align:middle line:84% And just think about and pick a game first that you think 00:18:11.110 --> 00:18:13.590 align:middle line:84% that you can probably mention in this class without having 00:18:13.590 --> 00:18:16.022 align:middle line:84% to explain to everybody else exactly how 00:18:16.022 --> 00:18:17.820 align:middle line:90% this game is played. 00:18:17.820 --> 00:18:19.030 align:middle line:90% It could be a computer game. 00:18:19.030 --> 00:18:20.026 align:middle line:90% It could be a board game. 00:18:20.026 --> 00:18:22.740 align:middle line:84% It could be a card game, something fairly [? modern. ?] 00:18:22.740 --> 00:18:30.450 align:middle line:84% And I want you to think about what are the things that, what 00:18:30.450 --> 00:18:36.118 align:middle line:84% are all the variables that you need to know in this game. 00:18:36.118 --> 00:18:37.510 align:middle line:90% Doing the [? variable terms ?]. 00:18:37.510 --> 00:18:41.360 align:middle line:84% If you're doing something like a game of Caustic 00:18:41.360 --> 00:18:42.810 align:middle line:90% Encounter or something. 00:18:42.810 --> 00:18:47.330 align:middle line:84% Then you can say that every single race as a unique power 00:18:47.330 --> 00:18:50.666 align:middle line:84% without explaining to me every single power. 00:18:50.666 --> 00:18:53.200 align:middle line:84% I think there are 100 races in that game. 00:18:53.200 --> 00:18:54.170 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Which game? 00:18:54.170 --> 00:18:56.130 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Caustic Encounter. 00:18:56.130 --> 00:18:57.840 align:middle line:90% Oh it's fun. 00:18:57.840 --> 00:19:01.470 align:middle line:84% You will get a chance to play it later this semester. 00:19:01.470 --> 00:19:04.330 align:middle line:90% 00:19:04.330 --> 00:19:08.592 align:middle line:84% Let's see, so think about what are the variables that you got 00:19:08.592 --> 00:19:09.240 align:middle line:90% to keep track of. 00:19:09.240 --> 00:19:11.020 align:middle line:84% That's kind of the degree of uncertainty. 00:19:11.020 --> 00:19:13.155 align:middle line:84% That's the amount of information that could be in 00:19:13.155 --> 00:19:14.405 align:middle line:84% the system with that [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 00:19:14.405 --> 00:19:17.040 align:middle line:90% 00:19:17.040 --> 00:19:19.280 align:middle line:84% User does all the different range of possibilities, all 00:19:19.280 --> 00:19:21.360 align:middle line:84% the different things they got to keep track. 00:19:21.360 --> 00:19:26.550 align:middle line:84% What do you know for sure a single playing in this game? 00:19:26.550 --> 00:19:30.182 align:middle line:84% What do you know in your first turn and what information do 00:19:30.182 --> 00:19:32.445 align:middle line:84% you tend to pick up along the way? 00:19:32.445 --> 00:19:35.670 align:middle line:90% 00:19:35.670 --> 00:19:38.900 align:middle line:84% Let's see, so let's start with that. 00:19:38.900 --> 00:19:40.470 align:middle line:90% You've got just five minutes. 00:19:40.470 --> 00:19:42.240 align:middle line:84% It doesn't have to be an exhaustive list. 00:19:42.240 --> 00:19:44.560 align:middle line:84% So let's just split into groups of three. 00:19:44.560 --> 00:19:48.952 align:middle line:90% 00:19:48.952 --> 00:19:51.545 align:middle line:84% The first activity we're going to [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 00:19:51.545 --> 00:19:54.010 align:middle line:84% every single one of these games through all of these 00:19:54.010 --> 00:19:54.690 align:middle line:90% different answers. 00:19:54.690 --> 00:19:59.310 align:middle line:84% So I'm just going to start, actually now, and if we run 00:19:59.310 --> 00:20:03.928 align:middle line:84% out of time to do this, we can always do it after class and 00:20:03.928 --> 00:20:05.407 align:middle line:90% we can talk about it. 00:20:05.407 --> 00:20:06.886 align:middle line:84% But we're going to go through all of them. 00:20:06.886 --> 00:20:08.858 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to breeze through this. 00:20:08.858 --> 00:20:11.323 align:middle line:84% So starting with this team then, moving all the way over 00:20:11.323 --> 00:20:13.810 align:middle line:84% and do you want to just talk about-- 00:20:13.810 --> 00:20:15.460 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So we decided to go for Scrabble. 00:20:15.460 --> 00:20:18.350 align:middle line:84% And so, in terms of variables, you have to invent it by 00:20:18.350 --> 00:20:19.490 align:middle line:90% individual tiles. 00:20:19.490 --> 00:20:22.090 align:middle line:84% Their tiles are uncertain and yours are fairly certain. 00:20:22.090 --> 00:20:25.360 align:middle line:84% The one's on the board were certain because they're faced. 00:20:25.360 --> 00:20:26.840 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: It was [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 00:20:26.840 --> 00:20:27.993 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yes. 00:20:27.993 --> 00:20:32.060 align:middle line:84% Another variable, well I used a variable, it's the bonus 00:20:32.060 --> 00:20:35.050 align:middle line:90% squares on the board. 00:20:35.050 --> 00:20:37.106 align:middle line:84% Even though there's stakes on the board, they're variable in 00:20:37.106 --> 00:20:38.670 align:middle line:84% terms of, as more tiles get played, some of them become 00:20:38.670 --> 00:20:41.390 align:middle line:84% open and some of them become closed and you don't know 00:20:41.390 --> 00:20:42.640 align:middle line:84% which one's are going to be working closed. 00:20:42.640 --> 00:20:42.940 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: True. 00:20:42.940 --> 00:20:44.890 align:middle line:90% True. 00:20:44.890 --> 00:20:47.310 align:middle line:90% Yes. 00:20:47.310 --> 00:20:50.920 align:middle line:84% So that's something as you don't know how that's going to 00:20:50.920 --> 00:20:53.660 align:middle line:84% turn out during the middle of play. 00:20:53.660 --> 00:20:56.540 align:middle line:84% So one thing that's interesting about word games, 00:20:56.540 --> 00:20:59.260 align:middle line:84% especially in Scrabble and crossword puzzles, in general, 00:20:59.260 --> 00:21:04.888 align:middle line:84% is that a lot of them rely on the fact that the English 00:21:04.888 --> 00:21:07.278 align:middle line:84% language, in particular, is actually pretty redundant. 00:21:07.278 --> 00:21:13.357 align:middle line:84% We can take about 50% of the letters out from a word, this 00:21:13.357 --> 00:21:16.506 align:middle line:84% very long word, and can still figure out what it means. 00:21:16.506 --> 00:21:19.203 align:middle line:84% That works really well in crossword puzzles because if 00:21:19.203 --> 00:21:21.434 align:middle line:84% you get something like 25% of the word, you can actually 00:21:21.434 --> 00:21:25.492 align:middle line:84% still figure why the associated that clue. 00:21:25.492 --> 00:21:29.290 align:middle line:84% But Scrabble rules are made easier so that it is now 00:21:29.290 --> 00:21:34.600 align:middle line:84% possible for you to make connections between disparate 00:21:34.600 --> 00:21:38.430 align:middle line:84% characters and find a word that's going to fit that. 00:21:38.430 --> 00:21:42.480 align:middle line:84% Of course, part of the problem actually-- 00:21:42.480 --> 00:21:44.580 align:middle line:84% has anyone played Words with Friends? 00:21:44.580 --> 00:21:46.545 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Yeah, against my brother. 00:21:46.545 --> 00:21:49.800 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: This one like Scrabble, basically, right? 00:21:49.800 --> 00:21:52.710 align:middle line:84% The same folks who made Words with Friends made a game 00:21:52.710 --> 00:21:54.090 align:middle line:90% called Words with Pirates. 00:21:54.090 --> 00:21:56.630 align:middle line:90% 00:21:56.630 --> 00:22:00.360 align:middle line:84% And I have a screen shot here of the game 00:22:00.360 --> 00:22:01.410 align:middle line:90% I was playing yesterday. 00:22:01.410 --> 00:22:05.340 align:middle line:84% And basically, you have way fewer letters. 00:22:05.340 --> 00:22:12.221 align:middle line:84% You have h, a, r, a lot of r's, I and 00:22:12.221 --> 00:22:15.780 align:middle line:90% an exclamation mark. 00:22:15.780 --> 00:22:21.230 align:middle line:84% So the number of letters that you can get, the quantity of 00:22:21.230 --> 00:22:23.600 align:middle line:84% the letters that you get are the same as in Scrabble, but 00:22:23.600 --> 00:22:26.740 align:middle line:84% the range of the different letter you can is way lower. 00:22:26.740 --> 00:22:29.040 align:middle line:84% With means there's a lot less uncertainty. 00:22:29.040 --> 00:22:34.310 align:middle line:90% 00:22:34.310 --> 00:22:43.825 align:middle line:84% Because this language, this parrot language has so much-- 00:22:43.825 --> 00:22:48.635 align:middle line:84% I want to be very careful to use the right word here-- 00:22:48.635 --> 00:22:57.410 align:middle line:90% 00:22:57.410 --> 00:23:02.230 align:middle line:84% so if I'm using the right word here, this is actually a very 00:23:02.230 --> 00:23:08.380 align:middle line:84% non-redundant language because a, r, r, r is a word. 00:23:08.380 --> 00:23:13.930 align:middle line:84% A, r, r, r, r is a different word which are balanced. 00:23:13.930 --> 00:23:17.320 align:middle line:84% So there's actually very little redundancy. 00:23:17.320 --> 00:23:23.700 align:middle line:84% I see a, r and I think, that could be any number of words. 00:23:23.700 --> 00:23:28.200 align:middle line:84% And as a result you notice that this game of Words with 00:23:28.200 --> 00:23:31.732 align:middle line:84% Pirates it results in an incredibly dense word. 00:23:31.732 --> 00:23:32.982 align:middle line:84% Of course, I can show [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 00:23:32.982 --> 00:23:35.430 align:middle line:90% 00:23:35.430 --> 00:23:37.160 align:middle line:84% But you can't do that with Scrabble. 00:23:37.160 --> 00:23:41.252 align:middle line:84% Scrabble spaces go empty and get locked out because, unless 00:23:41.252 --> 00:23:44.168 align:middle line:84% you have an incredible knowledge of the Scrabble 00:23:44.168 --> 00:23:48.109 align:middle line:84% dictionary, for the most part, you don't know those exploits 00:23:48.109 --> 00:23:50.782 align:middle line:84% that I'm going to then slide in an extra character. 00:23:50.782 --> 00:23:54.184 align:middle line:84% But most people's knowledge of English doesn't happen in that 00:23:54.184 --> 00:23:55.434 align:middle line:90% board game. 00:23:55.434 --> 00:24:01.480 align:middle line:90% 00:24:01.480 --> 00:24:04.912 align:middle line:84% So anyway I thought that was specifically useful for an 00:24:04.912 --> 00:24:05.820 align:middle line:90% illustration. 00:24:05.820 --> 00:24:06.500 align:middle line:90% OK, so Scrabble. 00:24:06.500 --> 00:24:08.250 align:middle line:90% All right, cool. 00:24:08.250 --> 00:24:09.500 align:middle line:90% Next game. 00:24:09.500 --> 00:24:11.780 align:middle line:90% 00:24:11.780 --> 00:24:15.342 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: We did Go Fish so some of the variables 00:24:15.342 --> 00:24:17.334 align:middle line:84% depending on the equation we had were like every players 00:24:17.334 --> 00:24:20.571 align:middle line:84% hands and the pile of cards in the middle that 00:24:20.571 --> 00:24:22.314 align:middle line:90% you can pick from. 00:24:22.314 --> 00:24:28.160 align:middle line:84% We thought about some of the uncertainty being what cards 00:24:28.160 --> 00:24:29.585 align:middle line:90% the other player has. 00:24:29.585 --> 00:24:33.530 align:middle line:84% And the challenge that comes out of it is them asking what 00:24:33.530 --> 00:24:37.610 align:middle line:84% cards they want and you asking them for cards. 00:24:37.610 --> 00:24:40.902 align:middle line:84% And there's noise because just because they're asking for a 00:24:40.902 --> 00:24:43.586 align:middle line:84% certain card can imply what they have in their hand, but 00:24:43.586 --> 00:24:45.300 align:middle line:84% it doesn't necessarily tell you what they have. 00:24:45.300 --> 00:24:45.880 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Right. 00:24:45.880 --> 00:24:47.860 align:middle line:84% It only tells you what they don't have in their hands. 00:24:47.860 --> 00:24:49.840 align:middle line:84% Sometimes it tells you what they don't 00:24:49.840 --> 00:24:50.630 align:middle line:90% have in their hands. 00:24:50.630 --> 00:24:53.710 align:middle line:84% Sometimes they give you a card and-- 00:24:53.710 --> 00:24:55.590 align:middle line:90% I forget the rules. 00:24:55.590 --> 00:24:57.475 align:middle line:84% If you have multiple threes and someone 00:24:57.475 --> 00:24:58.860 align:middle line:90% says, got any threes? 00:24:58.860 --> 00:25:00.306 align:middle line:90% You give them all three? 00:25:00.306 --> 00:25:01.040 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:25:01.040 --> 00:25:01.950 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Yeah, OK. 00:25:01.950 --> 00:25:02.950 align:middle line:90% So 00:25:02.950 --> 00:25:04.675 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Why do you have three 3's? 00:25:04.675 --> 00:25:06.060 align:middle line:90% You put a pair down. 00:25:06.060 --> 00:25:08.655 align:middle line:90% That would just be dumb. 00:25:08.655 --> 00:25:10.630 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: That means you're a bad player. 00:25:10.630 --> 00:25:16.280 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: For the most part in that game that's your one 00:25:16.280 --> 00:25:19.560 align:middle line:84% channel of finding out what the state of the game is. 00:25:19.560 --> 00:25:21.585 align:middle line:84% The game states what everybody has and hasn't had. 00:25:21.585 --> 00:25:24.435 align:middle line:90% 00:25:24.435 --> 00:25:24.910 align:middle line:90% Cool? 00:25:24.910 --> 00:25:25.385 align:middle line:90% Cool? 00:25:25.385 --> 00:25:25.860 align:middle line:90% Cool? 00:25:25.860 --> 00:25:27.653 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: We did Mario Kart. 00:25:27.653 --> 00:25:31.250 align:middle line:90% 00:25:31.250 --> 00:25:33.350 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: There's a lot of uncertainty and a lot of other 00:25:33.350 --> 00:25:34.580 align:middle line:90% things to keep track of. 00:25:34.580 --> 00:25:36.722 align:middle line:84% So the things you can't possibly keep track of but 00:25:36.722 --> 00:25:40.170 align:middle line:84% that are really important in the game are what's going to 00:25:40.170 --> 00:25:43.020 align:middle line:84% come up when you hit an item block and what items people 00:25:43.020 --> 00:25:43.870 align:middle line:90% around you have. 00:25:43.870 --> 00:25:47.710 align:middle line:84% So you might think it's safe to bump another player but if 00:25:47.710 --> 00:25:49.955 align:middle line:84% they have three green shells they can activate that then 00:25:49.955 --> 00:25:51.844 align:middle line:90% and blast you out of the map. 00:25:51.844 --> 00:25:54.477 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Another one is what position you're in because if 00:25:54.477 --> 00:25:56.960 align:middle line:84% you're in first place and a blue shell hits you that's 00:25:56.960 --> 00:25:59.565 align:middle line:84% also what position you're in, which is what other people are 00:25:59.565 --> 00:26:00.260 align:middle line:90% in, and stuff like that. 00:26:00.260 --> 00:26:00.640 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Right. 00:26:00.640 --> 00:26:03.960 align:middle line:84% So the probability of being hit by the blue shell is way 00:26:03.960 --> 00:26:06.150 align:middle line:90% higher when you're number one. 00:26:06.150 --> 00:26:08.310 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So you gather information through your 00:26:08.310 --> 00:26:10.903 align:middle line:84% people range which is also a function of, basically, where 00:26:10.903 --> 00:26:12.270 align:middle line:90% you are on the map. 00:26:12.270 --> 00:26:15.810 align:middle line:84% And so the information you're giving about other players 00:26:15.810 --> 00:26:18.092 align:middle line:84% depends on where you are, interestingly. 00:26:18.092 --> 00:26:19.970 align:middle line:84% If they're immediately in front of you, you have a lot 00:26:19.970 --> 00:26:22.286 align:middle line:84% more information than if they're behind you, you have a 00:26:22.286 --> 00:26:24.620 align:middle line:84% lot more information than if they're way far away from you. 00:26:24.620 --> 00:26:24.940 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Right. 00:26:24.940 --> 00:26:26.717 align:middle line:84% Because if they're behind you or they're way far away from 00:26:26.717 --> 00:26:29.296 align:middle line:84% you, you don't know what weapons they've got ahead for 00:26:29.296 --> 00:26:30.920 align:middle line:90% you, for instance. 00:26:30.920 --> 00:26:34.860 align:middle line:84% You generally know what position others people are in 00:26:34.860 --> 00:26:37.140 align:middle line:90% but that's all you got. 00:26:37.140 --> 00:26:39.700 align:middle line:90% So [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. 00:26:39.700 --> 00:26:40.845 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: And then there's different paths and levels so 00:26:40.845 --> 00:26:42.630 align:middle line:84% you might get someone in the same position as you but 00:26:42.630 --> 00:26:44.653 align:middle line:84% they're not at the same point because they're 00:26:44.653 --> 00:26:45.486 align:middle line:90% at a different branch. 00:26:45.486 --> 00:26:47.980 align:middle line:84% And then, good also the very given motives 00:26:47.980 --> 00:26:48.750 align:middle line:90% of different cars. 00:26:48.750 --> 00:26:52.370 align:middle line:84% So in Mario Kart 64 if you take Bowser and you're playing 00:26:52.370 --> 00:26:56.710 align:middle line:84% as toad, you can ram into toad until you go flat. 00:26:56.710 --> 00:26:56.970 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:26:56.970 --> 00:26:59.530 align:middle line:90% I've run into Bowser before. 00:26:59.530 --> 00:27:06.520 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So one of the little risks that you get in Mario 00:27:06.520 --> 00:27:10.460 align:middle line:84% Kart is that the kinds of weapons that you get are 00:27:10.460 --> 00:27:14.290 align:middle line:84% pretty much weighted based on where you are in the game. 00:27:14.290 --> 00:27:17.130 align:middle line:84% If you are at the back, you get all the awesome weapons. 00:27:17.130 --> 00:27:18.180 align:middle line:90% Because the game-- 00:27:18.180 --> 00:27:19.674 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: You get the star. 00:27:19.674 --> 00:27:24.010 align:middle line:84% The eraser on Hero station was way more weighted than-- 00:27:24.010 --> 00:27:24.330 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Sure. 00:27:24.330 --> 00:27:26.830 align:middle line:84% There are more obvious versions of this. 00:27:26.830 --> 00:27:29.540 align:middle line:84% I think Super Monkeyball axis, too, actually. 00:27:29.540 --> 00:27:33.394 align:middle line:84% When you're right in front, I think, all you get is bananas, 00:27:33.394 --> 00:27:34.700 align:middle line:90% is that the only-- 00:27:34.700 --> 00:27:36.315 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: In Mario Karts? 00:27:36.315 --> 00:27:38.770 align:middle line:90% Bananas and one green shell. 00:27:38.770 --> 00:27:40.510 align:middle line:90% That's pretty much it. 00:27:40.510 --> 00:27:41.580 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: You get a pile of junk later. 00:27:41.580 --> 00:27:43.726 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: And also, the fake mystery box. 00:27:43.726 --> 00:27:47.300 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: And half way through and half way games, 00:27:47.300 --> 00:27:50.100 align:middle line:84% the waiting is, I'm going to guess roughly linear. 00:27:50.100 --> 00:27:53.495 align:middle line:84% So the basic idea is one of the things about risk is that 00:27:53.495 --> 00:27:58.630 align:middle line:84% every time you take up a new weapon you are, basically, 00:27:58.630 --> 00:28:00.478 align:middle line:84% taking a gamble about what you're going to get. 00:28:00.478 --> 00:28:03.280 align:middle line:84% If you're already holding a weapon sometimes you can 00:28:03.280 --> 00:28:05.574 align:middle line:84% choose to discard that to pick up something new. 00:28:05.574 --> 00:28:07.562 align:middle line:84% And I believe leader iteration you can [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 00:28:07.562 --> 00:28:09.680 align:middle line:90% think of that. 00:28:09.680 --> 00:28:12.290 align:middle line:84% So now, that's one element of risk, right? 00:28:12.290 --> 00:28:13.190 align:middle line:90% What do I know? 00:28:13.190 --> 00:28:15.010 align:middle line:90% I know what I got. 00:28:15.010 --> 00:28:16.290 align:middle line:90% What else do I know? 00:28:16.290 --> 00:28:19.680 align:middle line:84% I know what position I'm in and I know that if I run into 00:28:19.680 --> 00:28:23.220 align:middle line:84% this box right now and I got rid of what I had, I could 00:28:23.220 --> 00:28:25.540 align:middle line:90% pick up a cooler weapon. 00:28:25.540 --> 00:28:29.640 align:middle line:84% There's a probability associated with that and 00:28:29.640 --> 00:28:31.470 align:middle line:84% that's, yet, another [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. 00:28:31.470 --> 00:28:34.576 align:middle line:90% 00:28:34.576 --> 00:28:38.080 align:middle line:84% One way to think of it is that there's such an outcome, which 00:28:38.080 --> 00:28:39.940 align:middle line:84% I said a probability associated with it, you are 00:28:39.940 --> 00:28:40.700 align:middle line:90% going to get a weapon. 00:28:40.700 --> 00:28:43.270 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It might be cracked. 00:28:43.270 --> 00:28:45.657 align:middle line:84% You only really gain a sense of the hard way from 00:28:45.657 --> 00:28:47.650 align:middle line:90% experience of playing with it. 00:28:47.650 --> 00:28:49.300 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's one of those things where your 00:28:49.300 --> 00:28:53.700 align:middle line:84% certainty of this game goes up as the number of play. 00:28:53.700 --> 00:28:55.910 align:middle line:90% Cool. 00:28:55.910 --> 00:28:58.620 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: We did Monopoly? 00:28:58.620 --> 00:28:59.870 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Sure. 00:28:59.870 --> 00:29:02.930 align:middle line:90% 00:29:02.930 --> 00:29:05.540 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So Monopoly basically, what's certain is 00:29:05.540 --> 00:29:07.730 align:middle line:84% who owns what property, essentially. 00:29:07.730 --> 00:29:10.950 align:middle line:84% And it's technically certain how much money everyone has 00:29:10.950 --> 00:29:13.285 align:middle line:84% though keeping track of all that information on a 00:29:13.285 --> 00:29:14.450 align:middle line:84% turn-to-turn basis can be difficult. 00:29:14.450 --> 00:29:16.386 align:middle line:84% So there's a little bit of relative uncertainty just due 00:29:16.386 --> 00:29:20.060 align:middle line:84% to the quantity of information there. 00:29:20.060 --> 00:29:21.360 align:middle line:84% Yes, so you gain uncertainties. 00:29:21.360 --> 00:29:24.040 align:middle line:84% It's actually that Monopoly has very different opening and 00:29:24.040 --> 00:29:26.420 align:middle line:90% end games, essentially. 00:29:26.420 --> 00:29:28.830 align:middle line:84% Towards the start of the game there's a lot of uncertainty 00:29:28.830 --> 00:29:33.160 align:middle line:84% about how other players are going to value property that 00:29:33.160 --> 00:29:34.280 align:middle line:90% you give up. 00:29:34.280 --> 00:29:35.270 align:middle line:90% Owen was telling me. 00:29:35.270 --> 00:29:36.420 align:middle line:90% I wasn't even aware of this. 00:29:36.420 --> 00:29:39.200 align:middle line:84% In Monopoly when you decide not to purchase a property it 00:29:39.200 --> 00:29:40.860 align:middle line:90% actually goes up to auction. 00:29:40.860 --> 00:29:44.896 align:middle line:84% It's like I have never played with that rule. 00:29:44.896 --> 00:29:46.355 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: And it's an open auction and so you don't know 00:29:46.355 --> 00:29:49.000 align:middle line:84% what other people's valuation are so each time you'd be 00:29:49.000 --> 00:29:51.732 align:middle line:84% taking a risk if you didn't actually 00:29:51.732 --> 00:29:52.848 align:middle line:90% want it at that price. 00:29:52.848 --> 00:29:55.700 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: That actually makes the game more interesting. 00:29:55.700 --> 00:29:58.643 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It turns out the game is not that much more 00:29:58.643 --> 00:30:00.086 align:middle line:90% interesting. 00:30:00.086 --> 00:30:02.960 align:middle line:84% Even when you have the auction system [UNINTELLIGIBLE] it's 00:30:02.960 --> 00:30:04.210 align:middle line:90% still pretty boring. 00:30:04.210 --> 00:30:07.211 align:middle line:90% 00:30:07.211 --> 00:30:09.320 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Can you see the like degenerate strategies. 00:30:09.320 --> 00:30:11.308 align:middle line:90% We will get to them. 00:30:11.308 --> 00:30:13.880 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Towards the end of the game, basically, it's also 00:30:13.880 --> 00:30:16.820 align:middle line:84% a lot of uncertainty about what players are going to be-- 00:30:16.820 --> 00:30:18.460 align:middle line:84% well, these aren't part of the rules-- but whether they're 00:30:18.460 --> 00:30:21.610 align:middle line:84% going to be willing to trade with you, whether you can do 00:30:21.610 --> 00:30:24.820 align:middle line:84% things like manage to get into jail so you can stop landing 00:30:24.820 --> 00:30:27.160 align:middle line:90% of people's properties. 00:30:27.160 --> 00:30:31.970 align:middle line:84% Chance is, of course, another level of uncertainty there. 00:30:31.970 --> 00:30:35.430 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Yeah, it's weird about the risk associated with 00:30:35.430 --> 00:30:42.510 align:middle line:84% an auction because you kind of know the seller. 00:30:42.510 --> 00:30:46.520 align:middle line:84% Especially in the early game, you have a vague idea of how 00:30:46.520 --> 00:30:49.480 align:middle line:84% much people could possibly bid on this. 00:30:49.480 --> 00:30:52.718 align:middle line:84% Not more than the amount of money that you have, although 00:30:52.718 --> 00:30:55.270 align:middle line:84% [UNINTELLIGIBLE] a mortgage something that he had, just to 00:30:55.270 --> 00:30:56.760 align:middle line:90% get the cash flow at auction. 00:30:56.760 --> 00:31:01.830 align:middle line:84% But it's one of those things that you know is fairly built 00:31:01.830 --> 00:31:05.980 align:middle line:84% with certainty, and so it's true risk. 00:31:05.980 --> 00:31:07.720 align:middle line:90% Ok? 00:31:07.720 --> 00:31:09.650 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: So we chose chess. 00:31:09.650 --> 00:31:12.950 align:middle line:90% 00:31:12.950 --> 00:31:18.030 align:middle line:84% Chess has no uncertainty in the game. 00:31:18.030 --> 00:31:20.460 align:middle line:84% If I would say an answer to you would be, you don't know 00:31:20.460 --> 00:31:22.960 align:middle line:84% what you're opponent is going to do. 00:31:22.960 --> 00:31:25.910 align:middle line:84% So you have to make a move assuming he's going to do 00:31:25.910 --> 00:31:28.870 align:middle line:84% something completely different. 00:31:28.870 --> 00:31:33.820 align:middle line:84% And as well as risk in the game, the only risk is also 00:31:33.820 --> 00:31:35.130 align:middle line:84% not knowing what your opponent's going to do. 00:31:35.130 --> 00:31:37.961 align:middle line:84% So he could do a series of moves which causes you to be 00:31:37.961 --> 00:31:40.720 align:middle line:84% in a situation where you have to lose a piece. 00:31:40.720 --> 00:31:45.750 align:middle line:90% 00:31:45.750 --> 00:31:48.540 align:middle line:90% That's pretty much it. 00:31:48.540 --> 00:31:50.300 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: That's cool. 00:31:50.300 --> 00:31:55.020 align:middle line:84% I would argue that not knowing what your player is capable of 00:31:55.020 --> 00:31:57.060 align:middle line:90% is deep in uncertainty. 00:31:57.060 --> 00:32:00.423 align:middle line:84% And in fact, it's a usual amount of 00:32:00.423 --> 00:32:01.850 align:middle line:90% uncertainty in the game. 00:32:01.850 --> 00:32:06.160 align:middle line:84% It's true that the way and how the pieces move and where the 00:32:06.160 --> 00:32:08.570 align:middle line:84% pieces are placed, everyone knows that. 00:32:08.570 --> 00:32:09.986 align:middle line:84% And we're going to get a mixed one. 00:32:09.986 --> 00:32:12.346 align:middle line:84% It's a game of perfect information. 00:32:12.346 --> 00:32:16.360 align:middle line:90% The game stake is no dice. 00:32:16.360 --> 00:32:19.740 align:middle line:84% You know exactly what's going in the game unless you're 00:32:19.740 --> 00:32:21.850 align:middle line:84% playing with a five year old who didn't put the piece right 00:32:21.850 --> 00:32:23.100 align:middle line:90% down in the square. 00:32:23.100 --> 00:32:25.140 align:middle line:90% 00:32:25.140 --> 00:32:29.430 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So I guess something where it would be a lot more 00:32:29.430 --> 00:32:31.480 align:middle line:84% noise for the game would be if you're playing something like 00:32:31.480 --> 00:32:33.790 align:middle line:84% speed chess because then it's like oh, you just have to 00:32:33.790 --> 00:32:36.640 align:middle line:84% think fast and it's a lot harder to realize 00:32:36.640 --> 00:32:37.320 align:middle line:90% what's going on. 00:32:37.320 --> 00:32:40.960 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Yeah, that is true because now you're limited by 00:32:40.960 --> 00:32:44.430 align:middle line:90% your own cognitive bandwidth. 00:32:44.430 --> 00:32:46.190 align:middle line:90% So that's true. 00:32:46.190 --> 00:32:47.710 align:middle line:84% It doesn't change the amount of uncertainty. 00:32:47.710 --> 00:32:50.450 align:middle line:84% The uncertainty of the game really is your opponent and 00:32:50.450 --> 00:32:52.802 align:middle line:90% what's in that person's head. 00:32:52.802 --> 00:32:56.350 align:middle line:84% The knowledge of openings and knowledge of different moves, 00:32:56.350 --> 00:32:59.150 align:middle line:84% whether that player has seen something that you haven't 00:32:59.150 --> 00:33:05.490 align:middle line:84% seen or knows of a counter that you [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. 00:33:05.490 --> 00:33:07.310 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Or there's another way to give the impression 00:33:07.310 --> 00:33:09.585 align:middle line:84% that they know exactly how to counter if you're doing any 00:33:09.585 --> 00:33:12.260 align:middle line:90% kind of loading like. 00:33:12.260 --> 00:33:14.380 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Sometimes other counting on them to do 00:33:14.380 --> 00:33:16.647 align:middle line:84% something, and then they don't it's like, why 00:33:16.647 --> 00:33:17.351 align:middle line:90% didn't you do that? 00:33:17.351 --> 00:33:19.240 align:middle line:90% I would have done that. 00:33:19.240 --> 00:33:21.442 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It's like golf where you have to pretend like you 00:33:21.442 --> 00:33:23.030 align:middle line:84% really look like you know what you're doing. 00:33:23.030 --> 00:33:26.370 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Or poker. 00:33:26.370 --> 00:33:30.460 align:middle line:84% OK, so that's one way to look at your game. 00:33:30.460 --> 00:33:34.010 align:middle line:84% What you know, what you don't know. 00:33:34.010 --> 00:33:37.520 align:middle line:90% 00:33:37.520 --> 00:33:39.230 align:middle line:84% What's the probability of the certainty and 00:33:39.230 --> 00:33:42.390 align:middle line:90% you know the answer. 00:33:42.390 --> 00:33:44.000 align:middle line:90% And, of course, not as you. 00:33:44.000 --> 00:33:45.670 align:middle line:84% As a game designer you're thinking, what do 00:33:45.670 --> 00:33:46.870 align:middle line:90% your players know? 00:33:46.870 --> 00:33:48.238 align:middle line:90% What do the players not know? 00:33:48.238 --> 00:33:49.150 align:middle line:90% What can your players do? 00:33:49.150 --> 00:33:52.950 align:middle line:84% And a reasonable guess of what likelihood 00:33:52.950 --> 00:33:54.815 align:middle line:90% something is going to happen. 00:33:54.815 --> 00:33:56.810 align:middle line:84% Also, the things going to be true. 00:33:56.810 --> 00:33:59.820 align:middle line:84% It's like, OK, I don't know what card that person has but 00:33:59.820 --> 00:34:03.350 align:middle line:84% there's an 80% probability that that person has jacks of 00:34:03.350 --> 00:34:10.949 align:middle line:84% higher of the trump because that person bid on the trump. 00:34:10.949 --> 00:34:13.754 align:middle line:90% That's a fairly good guess. 00:34:13.754 --> 00:34:16.650 align:middle line:90% 00:34:16.650 --> 00:34:18.110 align:middle line:90% A low risk guess. 00:34:18.110 --> 00:34:22.465 align:middle line:84% OK now, we'll go to the other schema which is the 00:34:22.465 --> 00:34:24.022 align:middle line:90% information systems. 00:34:24.022 --> 00:34:25.954 align:middle line:84% Now, we're talking a little bit about perfect and 00:34:25.954 --> 00:34:27.150 align:middle line:90% imperfect information. 00:34:27.150 --> 00:34:29.100 align:middle line:84% Perfect information games, you know game state. 00:34:29.100 --> 00:34:30.714 align:middle line:90% Everyone knows games state. 00:34:30.714 --> 00:34:33.219 align:middle line:84% No player does not know a game state. 00:34:33.219 --> 00:34:36.033 align:middle line:84% Imperfect is, the information, OK, there's something you 00:34:36.033 --> 00:34:36.320 align:middle line:90% don't know. 00:34:36.320 --> 00:34:38.920 align:middle line:84% Maybe it's card games in particular because 00:34:38.920 --> 00:34:41.390 align:middle line:90% cards have two sides. 00:34:41.390 --> 00:34:44.601 align:middle line:84% Cards are typically used to hold back imperfect 00:34:44.601 --> 00:34:44.848 align:middle line:90% information. 00:34:44.848 --> 00:34:47.318 align:middle line:90% Anyone play Stratego? 00:34:47.318 --> 00:34:48.306 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:34:48.306 --> 00:34:50.282 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Now that's incapable of complete, 00:34:50.282 --> 00:34:52.258 align:middle line:84% imperfect information [UNINTELLIGIBLE] the game. 00:34:52.258 --> 00:34:54.830 align:middle line:90% You know every single piece. 00:34:54.830 --> 00:34:56.969 align:middle line:84% There's nothing random in an entire game. 00:34:56.969 --> 00:34:58.160 align:middle line:90% There are no die rolls. 00:34:58.160 --> 00:35:00.580 align:middle line:90% There are no random shuffles. 00:35:00.580 --> 00:35:04.870 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So when the other guy chooses to play where he 00:35:04.870 --> 00:35:07.505 align:middle line:84% just places pieces, it can be perceived as random to you. 00:35:07.505 --> 00:35:10.415 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Can be perceived as random, it is true. 00:35:10.415 --> 00:35:15.610 align:middle line:84% But let's get really specific about turn around. 00:35:15.610 --> 00:35:17.586 align:middle line:84% What it is, is that it's actually uncertain. 00:35:17.586 --> 00:35:21.044 align:middle line:84% It's not actually random, it's a decision made by that player 00:35:21.044 --> 00:35:23.740 align:middle line:90% who's got the right moves. 00:35:23.740 --> 00:35:31.280 align:middle line:84% So, actually one, objectively, it is not random. 00:35:31.280 --> 00:35:32.750 align:middle line:90% It is perceived as random. 00:35:32.750 --> 00:35:36.060 align:middle line:84% It's perceived as, effectively random because really the 00:35:36.060 --> 00:35:39.688 align:middle line:84% person couldn't put his pieces anywhere within the first 00:35:39.688 --> 00:35:43.080 align:middle line:90% three rules, or something. 00:35:43.080 --> 00:35:49.880 align:middle line:84% So however, that's kind of a blunt tool. 00:35:49.880 --> 00:35:51.840 align:middle line:84% Is this game a game of perfect information or imperfect 00:35:51.840 --> 00:35:52.235 align:middle line:90% information. 00:35:52.235 --> 00:35:53.576 align:middle line:90% That's a yes /no question. 00:35:53.576 --> 00:35:57.840 align:middle line:84% Does it really tell you that much about your game. 00:35:57.840 --> 00:36:01.904 align:middle line:84% Asking, OK, what is actually random and what is not 00:36:01.904 --> 00:36:05.185 align:middle line:84% actually random but may be perceived as that, is a 00:36:05.185 --> 00:36:06.790 align:middle line:90% slightly better question. 00:36:06.790 --> 00:36:11.100 align:middle line:84% Because you can think, OK, if I isn't clear I know that's 00:36:11.100 --> 00:36:14.312 align:middle line:84% not random but it could be anything because of what the 00:36:14.312 --> 00:36:15.625 align:middle line:90% other player has done. 00:36:15.625 --> 00:36:16.990 align:middle line:90% I will treat it as random. 00:36:16.990 --> 00:36:18.659 align:middle line:90% I might as well do all. 00:36:18.659 --> 00:36:21.117 align:middle line:84% And when you're designing for that player and you are doing 00:36:21.117 --> 00:36:22.896 align:middle line:84% all your calculations, just taking it as random. 00:36:22.896 --> 00:36:26.720 align:middle line:90% 00:36:26.720 --> 00:36:30.050 align:middle line:84% There is a game theorist-- not game theorist-- the game 00:36:30.050 --> 00:36:33.520 align:middle line:84% studies scholar of games, Ceila Pierce, who works over 00:36:33.520 --> 00:36:34.870 align:middle line:90% at Georgia Tech. 00:36:34.870 --> 00:36:38.402 align:middle line:84% And her proposal is that a more useful range of questions 00:36:38.402 --> 00:36:41.901 align:middle line:84% to ask would be what's known to all the players? 00:36:41.901 --> 00:36:43.975 align:middle line:84% And in a game of perfect information everything is 00:36:43.975 --> 00:36:46.050 align:middle line:90% known to all players. 00:36:46.050 --> 00:36:48.060 align:middle line:84% What's only known to one player? 00:36:48.060 --> 00:36:51.490 align:middle line:90% What's known to the game? 00:36:51.490 --> 00:36:54.780 align:middle line:84% Especially for a computer game, the computer knows a lot 00:36:54.780 --> 00:36:56.880 align:middle line:90% more about game state. 00:36:56.880 --> 00:36:58.380 align:middle line:84% Sometimes that even comes down to rules. 00:36:58.380 --> 00:37:01.812 align:middle line:84% So if you've ever done Force Battles in something like 00:37:01.812 --> 00:37:03.420 align:middle line:84% Metriod or Castlevania, for instance. 00:37:03.420 --> 00:37:07.810 align:middle line:84% There are rules that every single process is going to 00:37:07.810 --> 00:37:10.336 align:middle line:90% react to anything that you do. 00:37:10.336 --> 00:37:11.294 align:middle line:90% Maybe it's based on time. 00:37:11.294 --> 00:37:13.210 align:middle line:84% Maybe it's just the sequence of action 00:37:13.210 --> 00:37:14.860 align:middle line:90% that are already done. 00:37:14.860 --> 00:37:17.702 align:middle line:84% Like the EIHI robot that you guys programmed in class 00:37:17.702 --> 00:37:19.040 align:middle line:90% [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 00:37:19.040 --> 00:37:21.280 align:middle line:84% You don't know those rules going into the game. 00:37:21.280 --> 00:37:23.346 align:middle line:84% Those don't prevent you from playing the game. 00:37:23.346 --> 00:37:25.089 align:middle line:84% In fact, part of the fun is figuring out the rules and 00:37:25.089 --> 00:37:27.810 align:middle line:84% figuring what the pattern is and explaining it. 00:37:27.810 --> 00:37:29.370 align:middle line:84% So that's an example of a thing that's 00:37:29.370 --> 00:37:30.190 align:middle line:90% known to the game. 00:37:30.190 --> 00:37:38.440 align:middle line:84% Other things that are known to the game are actually now, 00:37:38.440 --> 00:37:40.632 align:middle line:90% maybe that's not a good one. 00:37:40.632 --> 00:37:42.500 align:middle line:84% I'm going to stick with my topic because randomly 00:37:42.500 --> 00:37:45.250 align:middle line:84% generated stuff, like there is a shuffled deck. 00:37:45.250 --> 00:37:48.110 align:middle line:84% Shuffled decks are one of those things where it's a 00:37:48.110 --> 00:37:54.890 align:middle line:84% little bit unclear about whether the game knows what's 00:37:54.890 --> 00:37:55.730 align:middle line:90% in that stack. 00:37:55.730 --> 00:37:57.640 align:middle line:84% It's true that you shuffled it, so it's randomly 00:37:57.640 --> 00:38:01.580 align:middle line:84% generated, but once it shuffled it, it is now in a 00:38:01.580 --> 00:38:03.230 align:middle line:90% fixed order. 00:38:03.230 --> 00:38:06.946 align:middle line:84% So the game knows what order that's in even though 00:38:06.946 --> 00:38:09.169 align:middle line:84% essentially randomly generated, it's not randomly 00:38:09.169 --> 00:38:11.890 align:middle line:90% generated every single turn. 00:38:11.890 --> 00:38:14.800 align:middle line:84% But it's a good question to ask. 00:38:14.800 --> 00:38:17.472 align:middle line:84% Even if it's not an easy question to answer, it's a 00:38:17.472 --> 00:38:19.870 align:middle line:84% good question to ask what's known to the game but not 00:38:19.870 --> 00:38:21.400 align:middle line:84% known to the rest of the players? 00:38:21.400 --> 00:38:24.980 align:middle line:84% And what's this randomly generated? 00:38:24.980 --> 00:38:26.992 align:middle line:84% Even if the game had a brain we would have no idea what 00:38:26.992 --> 00:38:29.132 align:middle line:84% these things turn [UNINTELLIGIBLE] because it's 00:38:29.132 --> 00:38:30.690 align:middle line:90% pretty terrible. 00:38:30.690 --> 00:38:33.410 align:middle line:90% So use those games again. 00:38:33.410 --> 00:38:35.920 align:middle line:84% Every single one of those games they are talking about, 00:38:35.920 --> 00:38:37.936 align:middle line:90% what's known to all players? 00:38:37.936 --> 00:38:39.330 align:middle line:90% What's known to one player? 00:38:39.330 --> 00:38:40.785 align:middle line:84% What's known to the game and what's 00:38:40.785 --> 00:38:41.755 align:middle line:90% just randomly generated? 00:38:41.755 --> 00:38:43.005 align:middle line:90% Go. 00:38:43.005 --> 00:38:58.200 align:middle line:90% 00:38:58.200 --> 00:38:59.966 align:middle line:84% Shall we just do the [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 00:38:59.966 --> 00:39:01.890 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So we changed our game to poker. 00:39:01.890 --> 00:39:03.030 align:middle line:90% Texas Hold 'em now. 00:39:03.030 --> 00:39:04.440 align:middle line:90% So know on your test. 00:39:04.440 --> 00:39:07.870 align:middle line:90% 00:39:07.870 --> 00:39:12.420 align:middle line:84% So it's imperfect information because you know what's in 00:39:12.420 --> 00:39:15.450 align:middle line:84% your hand, you know what's on the board, but you have no 00:39:15.450 --> 00:39:17.720 align:middle line:90% idea what anyone else has. 00:39:17.720 --> 00:39:22.360 align:middle line:84% They can try and trick you so it's maybe perceived. 00:39:22.360 --> 00:39:23.360 align:middle line:90% It's perceived knowledge. 00:39:23.360 --> 00:39:26.890 align:middle line:84% So let's say they play a large bet. 00:39:26.890 --> 00:39:29.040 align:middle line:84% It's perceived that they must a good hand but it's not 00:39:29.040 --> 00:39:31.710 align:middle line:90% necessarily accurate. 00:39:31.710 --> 00:39:35.960 align:middle line:84% So it's not really an objective base however, it is 00:39:35.960 --> 00:39:38.260 align:middle line:84% subjective whenever you can finally show your hand. 00:39:38.260 --> 00:39:41.110 align:middle line:84% Then either you've won or you've lost. 00:39:41.110 --> 00:39:43.453 align:middle line:90% It's not really up for debate. 00:39:43.453 --> 00:39:47.300 align:middle line:90% 00:39:47.300 --> 00:39:51.220 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So I guess it could also be whether you know, like 00:39:51.220 --> 00:39:54.230 align:middle line:84% again with chess, what the other player knows, whether 00:39:54.230 --> 00:39:57.150 align:middle line:84% the other players know conventional poker conventions 00:39:57.150 --> 00:40:01.183 align:middle line:90% for folding or not. 00:40:01.183 --> 00:40:04.460 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: OK, let's see. 00:40:04.460 --> 00:40:07.470 align:middle line:84% Other things that are a lot of [UNINTELLIGIBLE] especially 00:40:07.470 --> 00:40:11.760 align:middle line:84% poker, that is known to all players will be things like, 00:40:11.760 --> 00:40:13.837 align:middle line:84% what are the number of kings in the deck? 00:40:13.837 --> 00:40:16.865 align:middle line:90% 00:40:16.865 --> 00:40:19.505 align:middle line:84% What are deposits and what are all the different hands that 00:40:19.505 --> 00:40:22.310 align:middle line:84% you could make, and what are the point values? 00:40:22.310 --> 00:40:24.290 align:middle line:84% So that's just one example of things that need to be known 00:40:24.290 --> 00:40:25.720 align:middle line:90% by all players. 00:40:25.720 --> 00:40:28.335 align:middle line:84% The assumption is that all players know that. 00:40:28.335 --> 00:40:29.820 align:middle line:84% Sometimes all players don't know all these. 00:40:29.820 --> 00:40:31.280 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah, memorizing the 00:40:31.280 --> 00:40:33.570 align:middle line:90% probability is a huge endeavor. 00:40:33.570 --> 00:40:35.683 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Really big player know the objective 00:40:35.683 --> 00:40:37.360 align:middle line:84% probabilities in any given hand. 00:40:37.360 --> 00:40:39.341 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Actually, a lot of casinos will let you bring in 00:40:39.341 --> 00:40:40.478 align:middle line:90% a card with probabilities. 00:40:40.478 --> 00:40:42.920 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Really? 00:40:42.920 --> 00:40:44.160 align:middle line:84% I'm surprised that they'd let you do that. 00:40:44.160 --> 00:40:44.550 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:40:44.550 --> 00:40:45.370 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:40:45.370 --> 00:40:46.580 align:middle line:90% I guess they couldn't-- 00:40:46.580 --> 00:40:47.210 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Even blackjack. 00:40:47.210 --> 00:40:49.275 align:middle line:84% I'm pretty sure with blackjack, too, you can bring 00:40:49.275 --> 00:40:50.580 align:middle line:90% in a card with probability. 00:40:50.580 --> 00:40:55.317 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: So the things that are known to the game would 00:40:55.317 --> 00:40:58.692 align:middle line:90% be, of course, shuffle order. 00:40:58.692 --> 00:41:01.182 align:middle line:84% I guess this happens more in blackjack where you've got 00:41:01.182 --> 00:41:03.672 align:middle line:84% five decks all shuffled together and you know there's 00:41:03.672 --> 00:41:06.005 align:middle line:84% a number of kings and they're in there somewhere. 00:41:06.005 --> 00:41:08.171 align:middle line:84% So if all the kings get played out you know there's no more 00:41:08.171 --> 00:41:10.830 align:middle line:84% kings left in there and then you can do 00:41:10.830 --> 00:41:13.840 align:middle line:90% computations from there. 00:41:13.840 --> 00:41:15.990 align:middle line:84% And one thing I want to clarify on 00:41:15.990 --> 00:41:17.840 align:middle line:90% objective and proceed. 00:41:17.840 --> 00:41:21.670 align:middle line:84% Objective doesn't necessarily mean that any one player knows 00:41:21.670 --> 00:41:23.320 align:middle line:90% whether this is good or bad. 00:41:23.320 --> 00:41:27.835 align:middle line:84% The idea is that if there was a third party observer who was 00:41:27.835 --> 00:41:31.632 align:middle line:84% not playing the game and knew all the game stake, looking to 00:41:31.632 --> 00:41:35.670 align:middle line:84% that, looking to the hands, knows what's coming up, or a 00:41:35.670 --> 00:41:39.575 align:middle line:84% computer running the game, that person, that computer 00:41:39.575 --> 00:41:43.260 align:middle line:84% will know the extent to which something is good or bad. 00:41:43.260 --> 00:41:48.100 align:middle line:84% So if you've got a hand probabilistically you can tell 00:41:48.100 --> 00:41:51.600 align:middle line:84% well, this is a pretty darn good hand, or this is all 00:41:51.600 --> 00:41:55.126 align:middle line:84% ready probabilistically a crappy hand. 00:41:55.126 --> 00:41:56.990 align:middle line:84% It might be good for that game, right? 00:41:56.990 --> 00:42:01.130 align:middle line:84% It might be just like I have one pair, but it might be good 00:42:01.130 --> 00:42:03.252 align:middle line:90% if nobody has anything. 00:42:03.252 --> 00:42:05.032 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: But probability you're not 00:42:05.032 --> 00:42:06.730 align:middle line:90% gonna have a good game. 00:42:06.730 --> 00:42:07.020 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: But 00:42:07.020 --> 00:42:08.550 align:middle line:90% probabilistically you want to win. 00:42:08.550 --> 00:42:10.720 align:middle line:84% That's why you have poker player's saying things like, 00:42:10.720 --> 00:42:15.450 align:middle line:84% right up until this point I was winning and then I maybe 00:42:15.450 --> 00:42:16.360 align:middle line:90% lost in a tie game. 00:42:16.360 --> 00:42:18.250 align:middle line:84% But it's like, probabilistically they were 00:42:18.250 --> 00:42:19.640 align:middle line:90% doing everything right. 00:42:19.640 --> 00:42:23.146 align:middle line:84% And actually, a lot of professional players have 00:42:23.146 --> 00:42:27.040 align:middle line:84% disparages to say well, they were doing everything right, 00:42:27.040 --> 00:42:33.014 align:middle line:84% sure they lost a hand, but to them they were winning every 00:42:33.014 --> 00:42:36.050 align:middle line:84% one up until the point when he had to fold. 00:42:36.050 --> 00:42:38.440 align:middle line:90% OK, next game. 00:42:38.440 --> 00:42:41.800 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: The Monopoly game was run through the all 00:42:41.800 --> 00:42:43.800 align:middle line:90% players, one player game, etc. 00:42:43.800 --> 00:42:48.272 align:middle line:84% All players know the board stakes so the people that are 00:42:48.272 --> 00:42:49.850 align:middle line:84% owners of any of the properties and 00:42:49.850 --> 00:42:51.100 align:middle line:84% [? what's owned ?] by the bank. 00:42:51.100 --> 00:42:56.350 align:middle line:90% 00:42:56.350 --> 00:42:58.920 align:middle line:84% Every given player knows the amount of money that they 00:42:58.920 --> 00:43:03.670 align:middle line:84% have, and also what valuation they placed on all of their 00:43:03.670 --> 00:43:07.310 align:middle line:84% properties, which is not known to other people except 00:43:07.310 --> 00:43:09.330 align:middle line:84% incidentally through their actions. 00:43:09.330 --> 00:43:13.720 align:middle line:84% The game knows the state of Community chance and, I'm 00:43:13.720 --> 00:43:16.515 align:middle line:84% sorry, Community Chest and Chance decks, and then there's 00:43:16.515 --> 00:43:17.720 align:middle line:90% randomly generated die rolls. 00:43:17.720 --> 00:43:20.370 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Die rolls, yeah. 00:43:20.370 --> 00:43:24.410 align:middle line:84% I'm forgetting whether Monopoly requires you to show 00:43:24.410 --> 00:43:26.859 align:middle line:90% your bankroll clearly. 00:43:26.859 --> 00:43:28.248 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: I think so. 00:43:28.248 --> 00:43:29.640 align:middle line:90% I'm pretty sure. 00:43:29.640 --> 00:43:31.160 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: If you want to know how much money somebody else 00:43:31.160 --> 00:43:34.600 align:middle line:90% has they have to tell you. 00:43:34.600 --> 00:43:36.230 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: It would be an interesting thing to look up 00:43:36.230 --> 00:43:39.410 align:middle line:84% and see what the actual rule on that is. 00:43:39.410 --> 00:43:42.750 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Why is the game so popular? 00:43:42.750 --> 00:43:44.410 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Good marketing. 00:43:44.410 --> 00:43:47.690 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: But then again it's very shallow and-- 00:43:47.690 --> 00:43:51.010 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It's really familiar. 00:43:51.010 --> 00:43:55.060 align:middle line:84% I asked friends of mine who happily play Monopoly but 00:43:55.060 --> 00:43:59.450 align:middle line:84% don't like to play, for instance, Settlers, and a lot 00:43:59.450 --> 00:44:02.010 align:middle line:84% of it is really, you don't have to think 00:44:02.010 --> 00:44:03.450 align:middle line:90% too much about it. 00:44:03.450 --> 00:44:05.575 align:middle line:84% It's just an excuse to sit around and talk with people. 00:44:05.575 --> 00:44:09.860 align:middle line:90% 00:44:09.860 --> 00:44:12.844 align:middle line:84% There's not that much that apparently distinguishes 00:44:12.844 --> 00:44:15.590 align:middle line:84% somebody who's like a incredibly good player or an 00:44:15.590 --> 00:44:16.240 align:middle line:90% incredibly bad player. 00:44:16.240 --> 00:44:19.240 align:middle line:84% It's got a bit of that any given Sunday feel to it so 00:44:19.240 --> 00:44:21.770 align:middle line:84% that you always have an opportunity to win. 00:44:21.770 --> 00:44:23.766 align:middle line:84% There can be dramatic swings of fate, and all 00:44:23.766 --> 00:44:24.080 align:middle line:90% that kind of thing. 00:44:24.080 --> 00:44:26.990 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: So it's kind of like adult Candyland. 00:44:26.990 --> 00:44:29.038 align:middle line:84% You just go through the motions. 00:44:29.038 --> 00:44:31.410 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: But I also have friends who are like avid 00:44:31.410 --> 00:44:35.046 align:middle line:84% Monopoly players who really believe that there's a deep 00:44:35.046 --> 00:44:36.030 align:middle line:90% skill to playing Monopoly. 00:44:36.030 --> 00:44:37.430 align:middle line:90% But I'm yet to be convinced. 00:44:37.430 --> 00:44:38.130 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: There is a strategy. 00:44:38.130 --> 00:44:41.900 align:middle line:90% I'm not sure if it's a skill. 00:44:41.900 --> 00:44:42.950 align:middle line:90% OK, all right, cool. 00:44:42.950 --> 00:44:44.369 align:middle line:90% Thanks. 00:44:44.369 --> 00:44:45.788 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: We did Mario Kart, again. 00:44:45.788 --> 00:44:50.520 align:middle line:90% 00:44:50.520 --> 00:44:53.240 align:middle line:84% Except for a couple of special stages, in general, players 00:44:53.240 --> 00:44:56.726 align:middle line:84% are aware of their welcome position to other players 00:44:56.726 --> 00:44:58.524 align:middle line:90% during the race. 00:44:58.524 --> 00:45:00.944 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Everyone knows the maps. 00:45:00.944 --> 00:45:03.370 align:middle line:90% [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 00:45:03.370 --> 00:45:05.990 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: You're not sure if you know what other people, 00:45:05.990 --> 00:45:09.130 align:middle line:84% like what their special power ups are, because you can look 00:45:09.130 --> 00:45:11.050 align:middle line:84% at the screen and see what they have. 00:45:11.050 --> 00:45:11.470 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:45:11.470 --> 00:45:13.750 align:middle line:84% Since you're playing to other humans there are situations 00:45:13.750 --> 00:45:15.425 align:middle line:84% where you definitely know what they had. 00:45:15.425 --> 00:45:16.370 align:middle line:90% I don't think-- 00:45:16.370 --> 00:45:19.215 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: That's cheating. 00:45:19.215 --> 00:45:21.220 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It's a strategy. 00:45:21.220 --> 00:45:24.862 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: In Mario Kart DS you know all your opponents items. 00:45:24.862 --> 00:45:26.230 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: That's true. 00:45:26.230 --> 00:45:26.660 align:middle line:90% That's lame. 00:45:26.660 --> 00:45:28.890 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Suddenly, on a simultaneously multi-player 00:45:28.890 --> 00:45:31.320 align:middle line:84% game where you're screen's divided into four or two, 00:45:31.320 --> 00:45:35.430 align:middle line:84% yeah, you know what your opponent has and decide if 00:45:35.430 --> 00:45:36.603 align:middle line:84% you're going to get into a Kart. 00:45:36.603 --> 00:45:38.480 align:middle line:90% Same thing for Halo. 00:45:38.480 --> 00:45:40.330 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:45:40.330 --> 00:45:42.670 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It actually [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 00:45:42.670 --> 00:45:43.170 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:45:43.170 --> 00:45:46.280 align:middle line:90% And let's see what else. 00:45:46.280 --> 00:45:50.980 align:middle line:84% So there's you perceive it as completely random especially 00:45:50.980 --> 00:45:52.235 align:middle line:84% if you don't pay much attention to it but it's more 00:45:52.235 --> 00:45:54.460 align:middle line:84% like weighted random in what items you get. 00:45:54.460 --> 00:45:56.790 align:middle line:84% So that's something you'll have to figure out as you go 00:45:56.790 --> 00:45:59.930 align:middle line:84% along, that actually, as you're further up, you get 00:45:59.930 --> 00:46:00.986 align:middle line:90% worse items. 00:46:00.986 --> 00:46:02.840 align:middle line:84% I actually think it's a good strategy in that game to 00:46:02.840 --> 00:46:04.755 align:middle line:84% remain in second place for most of the race 00:46:04.755 --> 00:46:07.760 align:middle line:90% and then go to first. 00:46:07.760 --> 00:46:09.870 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Now, the game knows those probabilities anyway. 00:46:09.870 --> 00:46:11.187 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: The game definitely knows that. 00:46:11.187 --> 00:46:13.365 align:middle line:84% The game also knows who's going to get hit by a red 00:46:13.365 --> 00:46:15.260 align:middle line:84% shell, for example, when you launch it. 00:46:15.260 --> 00:46:17.770 align:middle line:84% It's not entirely clear to me as a player, when there's 00:46:17.770 --> 00:46:20.590 align:middle line:84% multiple people in front of me, who it's going to pick. 00:46:20.590 --> 00:46:25.450 align:middle line:84% When I shoot a green shell back behind me, the game knows 00:46:25.450 --> 00:46:26.310 align:middle line:90% what's going on. 00:46:26.310 --> 00:46:27.160 align:middle line:90% I don't. 00:46:27.160 --> 00:46:28.435 align:middle line:90% Is that my field of view? 00:46:28.435 --> 00:46:29.190 align:middle line:90% I hear it. 00:46:29.190 --> 00:46:30.240 align:middle line:90% Am I getting a result? 00:46:30.240 --> 00:46:31.600 align:middle line:90% Am I not? 00:46:31.600 --> 00:46:33.820 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: The game definitely understands the physics way 00:46:33.820 --> 00:46:36.210 align:middle line:84% better than any human player can possibly understand. 00:46:36.210 --> 00:46:36.610 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:46:36.610 --> 00:46:37.210 align:middle line:90% For sure. 00:46:37.210 --> 00:46:38.460 align:middle line:90% For sure. 00:46:38.460 --> 00:46:41.830 align:middle line:90% 00:46:41.830 --> 00:46:44.130 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: The game knows all the player's positions and 00:46:44.130 --> 00:46:46.470 align:middle line:84% dull leads but it doesn't know what they're going to do or 00:46:46.470 --> 00:46:48.500 align:middle line:84% how their going to interact with each other. 00:46:48.500 --> 00:46:52.970 align:middle line:84% It also doesn't presumably, actually know what items are 00:46:52.970 --> 00:46:54.220 align:middle line:90% coming out. 00:46:54.220 --> 00:46:57.110 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Oh, and then another thing as players, you can 00:46:57.110 --> 00:47:03.360 align:middle line:84% learn the patterns of some of the hazards and be able to 00:47:03.360 --> 00:47:05.950 align:middle line:84% predict which way to go depending on 00:47:05.950 --> 00:47:07.270 align:middle line:90% how you know a certain-- 00:47:07.270 --> 00:47:08.300 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Just like knowing the map. 00:47:08.300 --> 00:47:09.110 align:middle line:90% Just like knowing the map. 00:47:09.110 --> 00:47:09.515 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:47:09.515 --> 00:47:11.550 align:middle line:84% One of them are random, actually. 00:47:11.550 --> 00:47:12.900 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Some of them are random. 00:47:12.900 --> 00:47:15.270 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: But one thing to keep in mind about randomly 00:47:15.270 --> 00:47:19.440 align:middle line:84% generated computers obviously, well, maybe it's not obvious 00:47:19.440 --> 00:47:21.660 align:middle line:84% but computers actually have a real tough time generating 00:47:21.660 --> 00:47:22.900 align:middle line:90% really random numbers. 00:47:22.900 --> 00:47:25.350 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It's starts to assume. 00:47:25.350 --> 00:47:28.090 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: That why they're called pseudo-random. 00:47:28.090 --> 00:47:32.132 align:middle line:84% So to some extent the computer knows but it's trying really, 00:47:32.132 --> 00:47:34.452 align:middle line:90% really hard not to know. 00:47:34.452 --> 00:47:36.955 align:middle line:84% What's really, really useful if you ever go into game 00:47:36.955 --> 00:47:40.700 align:middle line:84% design for digital games, to use that to your advantage. 00:47:40.700 --> 00:47:43.290 align:middle line:84% Because you can use that to reproduce problematic 00:47:43.290 --> 00:47:44.515 align:middle line:90% situations. 00:47:44.515 --> 00:47:48.160 align:middle line:84% It's like, yeah, write another generator that we have 00:47:48.160 --> 00:47:51.594 align:middle line:84% absolute control over and then use that to your advantage 00:47:51.594 --> 00:47:53.410 align:middle line:84% when you're trying to find bugs. 00:47:53.410 --> 00:47:55.453 align:middle line:90% Cool. 00:47:55.453 --> 00:47:57.030 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So just to remind you, we did Go Fish. 00:47:57.030 --> 00:48:00.700 align:middle line:84% So clearly every player knows what's in his hand, knows what 00:48:00.700 --> 00:48:03.650 align:middle line:84% pairs have been played thus far, knows how many cards 00:48:03.650 --> 00:48:06.146 align:middle line:84% people have, and stuff like that. 00:48:06.146 --> 00:48:09.383 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Generally, people should know what cards have 00:48:09.383 --> 00:48:12.122 align:middle line:84% been given from one player to another player. 00:48:12.122 --> 00:48:14.114 align:middle line:84% Although, they may have forgotten that. 00:48:14.114 --> 00:48:17.250 align:middle line:90% 00:48:17.250 --> 00:48:20.720 align:middle line:84% Sometimes there's a situation where most of the players 00:48:20.720 --> 00:48:22.925 align:middle line:84% don't know which pairs could be possibly 00:48:22.925 --> 00:48:24.390 align:middle line:90% made at a given point. 00:48:24.390 --> 00:48:27.662 align:middle line:84% Sometimes one player may know that because he might have one 00:48:27.662 --> 00:48:28.796 align:middle line:84% card and then somebody else gave their 00:48:28.796 --> 00:48:30.260 align:middle line:90% card to somebody else. 00:48:30.260 --> 00:48:30.970 align:middle line:90% Something like this. 00:48:30.970 --> 00:48:33.384 align:middle line:84% But the game definitely knows this. 00:48:33.384 --> 00:48:37.288 align:middle line:84% Also, the order of the deck is randomly generated. 00:48:37.288 --> 00:48:38.264 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Yup. 00:48:38.264 --> 00:48:42.232 align:middle line:84% And he's right at the beginning, first turn. 00:48:42.232 --> 00:48:44.950 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So For Scrabble all the players know the 00:48:44.950 --> 00:48:45.680 align:middle line:90% pieces on the board. 00:48:45.680 --> 00:48:48.970 align:middle line:84% They all know the letter frequencies. 00:48:48.970 --> 00:48:50.398 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: They don't know what tiles they're 00:48:50.398 --> 00:48:51.226 align:middle line:90% going to get next. 00:48:51.226 --> 00:48:53.393 align:middle line:90% [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 00:48:53.393 --> 00:48:55.357 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: That's randomly generated. 00:48:55.357 --> 00:48:57.812 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: What if someone knows the dictionary, though? 00:48:57.812 --> 00:49:00.267 align:middle line:84% Like your opponent could have a dictionary, but not 00:49:00.267 --> 00:49:01.610 align:middle line:90% everyone knows it. 00:49:01.610 --> 00:49:03.510 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: That's the knowledge that is both 00:49:03.510 --> 00:49:05.790 align:middle line:84% available to one player and to the game. 00:49:05.790 --> 00:49:09.170 align:middle line:84% Technically the game has an official Scrabble dictionary. 00:49:09.170 --> 00:49:11.128 align:middle line:84% If you're playing a digital version, they're 00:49:11.128 --> 00:49:12.378 align:middle line:90% probably using it. 00:49:12.378 --> 00:49:14.560 align:middle line:90% 00:49:14.560 --> 00:49:17.324 align:middle line:84% Your family, they probably don't accept certain 00:49:17.324 --> 00:49:19.292 align:middle line:90% two-letter words. 00:49:19.292 --> 00:49:22.270 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Until Pictionary. 00:49:22.270 --> 00:49:26.440 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: They also don't know what the other players have. 00:49:26.440 --> 00:49:29.626 align:middle line:84% So one person only knows what they have. 00:49:29.626 --> 00:49:32.362 align:middle line:84% But then the other three aren't really-- 00:49:32.362 --> 00:49:34.520 align:middle line:84% But then again, we discussed how if you're playing with two 00:49:34.520 --> 00:49:37.660 align:middle line:84% people you can probabilistically figure out 00:49:37.660 --> 00:49:39.070 align:middle line:90% what they've got. 00:49:39.070 --> 00:49:40.230 align:middle line:84% Or, figure out what you're going to get 00:49:40.230 --> 00:49:41.580 align:middle line:90% next when you draw. 00:49:41.580 --> 00:49:43.220 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: It's also more likely for you to figure out 00:49:43.220 --> 00:49:46.280 align:middle line:84% as the game goes on and tiles get played what letters will 00:49:46.280 --> 00:49:47.362 align:middle line:90% never come up again. 00:49:47.362 --> 00:49:50.308 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: At pro levels of Scrabble they do know exactly 00:49:50.308 --> 00:49:52.272 align:middle line:90% what's the final set. 00:49:52.272 --> 00:49:55.805 align:middle line:84% There's just a certain point that you get to at which point 00:49:55.805 --> 00:50:00.421 align:middle line:84% Scrabble players just know what play and work out and all 00:50:00.421 --> 00:50:01.070 align:middle line:90% the possible-- 00:50:01.070 --> 00:50:03.340 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: At that point do you just keep letters that are 00:50:03.340 --> 00:50:05.928 align:middle line:84% more likely to work with what's in the bag. 00:50:05.928 --> 00:50:09.260 align:middle line:84% How do you use that to your advantage? 00:50:09.260 --> 00:50:11.004 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Well after all the tiles are drawn you know what 00:50:11.004 --> 00:50:14.340 align:middle line:90% your opponents have. 00:50:14.340 --> 00:50:15.996 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Yeah, you are trying to prevent them from 00:50:15.996 --> 00:50:17.820 align:middle line:84% using the letters that they've got. 00:50:17.820 --> 00:50:21.970 align:middle line:84% But most Scrabble boards, although I don't know if all 00:50:21.970 --> 00:50:24.040 align:middle line:84% Scrabble boards have this, they actually show the 00:50:24.040 --> 00:50:31.018 align:middle line:84% frequency in which the number of tiles where I'd be given 00:50:31.018 --> 00:50:32.360 align:middle line:90% that are in there. 00:50:32.360 --> 00:50:34.714 align:middle line:84% So it's actually expected that you're going to 00:50:34.714 --> 00:50:35.904 align:middle line:90% take this into account. 00:50:35.904 --> 00:50:38.662 align:middle line:84% It's like oh, there are only 4 h's or something like that, 00:50:38.662 --> 00:50:39.646 align:middle line:90% and they're all out. 00:50:39.646 --> 00:50:40.138 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:50:40.138 --> 00:50:41.614 align:middle line:84% There's none coming out of here. 00:50:41.614 --> 00:50:43.582 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Random other Scrabble facts. 00:50:43.582 --> 00:50:45.550 align:middle line:84% I found another one about Scrabble when I was reading 00:50:45.550 --> 00:50:48.010 align:middle line:84% about computational Scrabble playing. 00:50:48.010 --> 00:50:51.390 align:middle line:84% Apparently, in Scrabble tournaments, they have a chess 00:50:51.390 --> 00:50:54.315 align:middle line:84% court system, right, to making sure it doesn't go over time. 00:50:54.315 --> 00:50:57.135 align:middle line:84% And apparently, people set aside half their time to 00:50:57.135 --> 00:50:58.575 align:middle line:84% playing the end game in Scrabble. 00:50:58.575 --> 00:51:01.668 align:middle line:84% Which is the point at which there's basically full 00:51:01.668 --> 00:51:02.620 align:middle line:90% information. 00:51:02.620 --> 00:51:05.476 align:middle line:84% And then, you're just sitting there nodding out. 00:51:05.476 --> 00:51:07.999 align:middle line:84% Like, what the best sequence of play is to beat your 00:51:07.999 --> 00:51:12.062 align:middle line:84% opponent so then, it becomes like chess. 00:51:12.062 --> 00:51:13.974 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: How much time do you get? 00:51:13.974 --> 00:51:15.224 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I don't even remember. 00:51:15.224 --> 00:51:18.898 align:middle line:90% 00:51:18.898 --> 00:51:22.230 align:middle line:84% So, high level Scrabble is completely different from the 00:51:22.230 --> 00:51:23.182 align:middle line:90% Scrabble that you play. 00:51:23.182 --> 00:51:24.432 align:middle line:90% It's crazy. 00:51:24.432 --> 00:51:29.710 align:middle line:90% 00:51:29.710 --> 00:51:31.220 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: OK, all right. 00:51:31.220 --> 00:51:32.370 align:middle line:90% We've still got some time. 00:51:32.370 --> 00:51:33.090 align:middle line:90% Great. 00:51:33.090 --> 00:51:36.772 align:middle line:90% Let's talk about cybernetics. 00:51:36.772 --> 00:51:40.800 align:middle line:84% Cybernetics are, given that it was kind of invented at MIT, 00:51:40.800 --> 00:51:43.835 align:middle line:84% it's something that you probably encountered there. 00:51:43.835 --> 00:51:45.510 align:middle line:84% And we've mentioned this a few times, the 00:51:45.510 --> 00:51:46.670 align:middle line:90% whole idea of feedback. 00:51:46.670 --> 00:51:51.180 align:middle line:84% I want to break this down a little bit, though, because 00:51:51.180 --> 00:51:54.100 align:middle line:90% feedback works. 00:51:54.100 --> 00:51:57.370 align:middle line:84% The official sense of feedback, and this theory of 00:51:57.370 --> 00:51:59.830 align:middle line:84% cybernetic systems as written by Norbert Wiener back in the 00:51:59.830 --> 00:52:04.230 align:middle line:84% 40's, I think, is that there is a sensor, something which 00:52:04.230 --> 00:52:06.770 align:middle line:84% measures what the system is doing. 00:52:06.770 --> 00:52:11.080 align:middle line:84% There is a comparative, which was, in his era, was that 00:52:11.080 --> 00:52:15.531 align:middle line:84% machine, and in our era is probably a rule, a logic, a 00:52:15.531 --> 00:52:21.580 align:middle line:84% statement, that compares this against some sort of set value 00:52:21.580 --> 00:52:24.980 align:middle line:84% or some sort of rule and decides to take action-- 00:52:24.980 --> 00:52:26.410 align:middle line:90% an activator. 00:52:26.410 --> 00:52:30.230 align:middle line:84% And you can think of this this way, all as your sensor is the 00:52:30.230 --> 00:52:31.920 align:middle line:84% variable that you're looking at. 00:52:31.920 --> 00:52:33.995 align:middle line:84% Or, a set of collection of variables that 00:52:33.995 --> 00:52:34.390 align:middle line:90% you're looking at. 00:52:34.390 --> 00:52:35.810 align:middle line:90% So what are you looking at? 00:52:35.810 --> 00:52:37.925 align:middle line:84% Your comparable is a rule that you're comparing against. 00:52:37.925 --> 00:52:41.066 align:middle line:90% 00:52:41.066 --> 00:52:44.720 align:middle line:84% I'm trying to pick a game that no one has mentioned here, so 00:52:44.720 --> 00:52:50.935 align:middle line:84% far, that has a good few facts system. 00:52:50.935 --> 00:52:57.570 align:middle line:84% Let's say I played a version of Cops and Robbers as a kid 00:52:57.570 --> 00:53:01.070 align:middle line:84% where every time the cop caught a robber, the robber 00:53:01.070 --> 00:53:03.570 align:middle line:84% would have to go into a jail area and put him down until 00:53:03.570 --> 00:53:04.570 align:middle line:90% someone tagged him. 00:53:04.570 --> 00:53:06.570 align:middle line:84% Someone from the robber team tagged him. 00:53:06.570 --> 00:53:09.988 align:middle line:84% And the basic idea is that the fewer people there are, and a 00:53:09.988 --> 00:53:12.890 align:middle line:84% few of us humanly are playing in a big space, the more 00:53:12.890 --> 00:53:14.650 align:middle line:84% robbers there are in jail, the easier it is 00:53:14.650 --> 00:53:17.038 align:middle line:90% for a robber to run. 00:53:17.038 --> 00:53:18.785 align:middle line:84% Actually, because they have more freedom. 00:53:18.785 --> 00:53:21.695 align:middle line:84% Sure, there are more cops to any given robbers so that you 00:53:21.695 --> 00:53:23.870 align:middle line:90% can do flagging [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 00:53:23.870 --> 00:53:27.090 align:middle line:84% But one of the variables that we're looking at are how many 00:53:27.090 --> 00:53:30.155 align:middle line:84% people are trying to be in the jail. 00:53:30.155 --> 00:53:35.700 align:middle line:84% And an activator is basically what's the rule or what's the 00:53:35.700 --> 00:53:37.810 align:middle line:84% game dynamic that comes with the play. 00:53:37.810 --> 00:53:39.810 align:middle line:84% So that's a kind of interesting things about the 00:53:39.810 --> 00:53:41.510 align:middle line:90% Cops and Robbers situation. 00:53:41.510 --> 00:53:45.740 align:middle line:84% One had more space to run when all my buddies are in jail but 00:53:45.740 --> 00:53:49.130 align:middle line:84% there are a lot more cops going after me, and that 00:53:49.130 --> 00:53:51.985 align:middle line:84% actually means that it's easier for him to flag me even 00:53:51.985 --> 00:53:53.540 align:middle line:84% though I had more space to run. 00:53:53.540 --> 00:53:54.830 align:middle line:90% So it goes up. 00:53:54.830 --> 00:53:57.440 align:middle line:84% Both are negative and a positive feedback system. 00:53:57.440 --> 00:54:02.205 align:middle line:84% More space to run is actually a negative feedback system. 00:54:02.205 --> 00:54:04.490 align:middle line:84% And how you tell the difference is is it 00:54:04.490 --> 00:54:08.115 align:middle line:84% stabilizing to my state or is it cumulative to my state. 00:54:08.115 --> 00:54:11.710 align:middle line:84% And it's stabilizing, which means I'm doing badly, my 00:54:11.710 --> 00:54:15.110 align:middle line:84% team's doing badly but this is now giving me an edge. 00:54:15.110 --> 00:54:20.120 align:middle line:84% Or, I'm doing really well and this is really crappy. 00:54:20.120 --> 00:54:22.960 align:middle line:90% Mario Kart is a type of these. 00:54:22.960 --> 00:54:24.110 align:middle line:90% Those are negative feedback. 00:54:24.110 --> 00:54:29.620 align:middle line:84% Those are things that basically reduce the gap 00:54:29.620 --> 00:54:31.856 align:middle line:84% between the best and the people who are doing well and 00:54:31.856 --> 00:54:33.510 align:middle line:84% the people who aren't doing well. 00:54:33.510 --> 00:54:34.550 align:middle line:84% Positive feedback is cumulative. 00:54:34.550 --> 00:54:37.120 align:middle line:84% They're doing well, they're going to do a bit better. 00:54:37.120 --> 00:54:40.132 align:middle line:84% So the cops have got everybody but one and now 00:54:40.132 --> 00:54:43.600 align:middle line:90% it's a 5 to 1 game. 00:54:43.600 --> 00:54:46.170 align:middle line:84% That's a positive feedback system because now they can do 00:54:46.170 --> 00:54:51.630 align:middle line:84% tactics as opposed to everyone going after someone separate. 00:54:51.630 --> 00:54:53.300 align:middle line:90% And you have these two feedback 00:54:53.300 --> 00:54:55.580 align:middle line:90% views working together. 00:54:55.580 --> 00:54:56.970 align:middle line:84% There are tons of these in games. 00:54:56.970 --> 00:55:01.190 align:middle line:84% Games aren't really the kind of closed systems that 00:55:01.190 --> 00:55:04.360 align:middle line:84% cybernetics were actually originally designed to handle. 00:55:04.360 --> 00:55:07.146 align:middle line:84% In fact, only a few systems are digital systems in that 00:55:07.146 --> 00:55:10.210 align:middle line:84% way and games are actually better than most. 00:55:10.210 --> 00:55:14.600 align:middle line:84% But let's talk about what's in all the games 00:55:14.600 --> 00:55:15.455 align:middle line:90% we're talking about. 00:55:15.455 --> 00:55:17.938 align:middle line:84% What are some of the negative feedback you experience, and 00:55:17.938 --> 00:55:19.710 align:middle line:84% some of the positive feedback you experienced. 00:55:19.710 --> 00:55:25.280 align:middle line:84% Mario Kart team, you got way too easy [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 00:55:25.280 --> 00:55:26.370 align:middle line:90% Think of some other game. 00:55:26.370 --> 00:55:27.260 align:middle line:90% Think of some other game. 00:55:27.260 --> 00:55:29.200 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Wait, that's what I didn't know. 00:55:29.200 --> 00:55:32.000 align:middle line:84% The AI automatically goes faster. 00:55:32.000 --> 00:55:34.850 align:middle line:90% There's a huge gap. 00:55:34.850 --> 00:55:36.780 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: That's more than just a Mario Kart, actually. 00:55:36.780 --> 00:55:38.520 align:middle line:90% That's a lot of racing games. 00:55:38.520 --> 00:55:40.690 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Also, when if you're playing like the Grand Prix 00:55:40.690 --> 00:55:43.252 align:middle line:84% there's always three computers that are always better than 00:55:43.252 --> 00:55:45.480 align:middle line:84% everyone else, then all the rest of them. 00:55:45.480 --> 00:55:48.340 align:middle line:84% So they will always be the ones that are in the top four. 00:55:48.340 --> 00:55:50.730 align:middle line:84% Like they're in the top, always. 00:55:50.730 --> 00:55:53.900 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Mario Kart team, pick a different game. 00:55:53.900 --> 00:55:57.840 align:middle line:90% Go through all of the games. 00:55:57.840 --> 00:55:58.390 align:middle line:90% Think about chess. 00:55:58.390 --> 00:56:00.606 align:middle line:84% Actually, chess might actually be an interesting one for you. 00:56:00.606 --> 00:56:01.402 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: No, but shot chess, where you 00:56:01.402 --> 00:56:02.996 align:middle line:90% retake the shot after-- 00:56:02.996 --> 00:56:03.952 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Shot chess? 00:56:03.952 --> 00:56:04.908 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah, shot chess. 00:56:04.908 --> 00:56:06.342 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: That gets too easy. 00:56:06.342 --> 00:56:09.376 align:middle line:90% 00:56:09.376 --> 00:56:10.550 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Well, it tends to be negative. 00:56:10.550 --> 00:56:13.015 align:middle line:84% It can be negative feedback but there's also the method of 00:56:13.015 --> 00:56:14.430 align:middle line:84% doing it where there's positive feedback. 00:56:14.430 --> 00:56:16.090 align:middle line:90% It depends on how you play. 00:56:16.090 --> 00:56:16.935 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:56:16.935 --> 00:56:20.380 align:middle line:84% Winner takes any drinking game, pretty much. 00:56:20.380 --> 00:56:24.140 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: It depends on what your goals are, right? 00:56:24.140 --> 00:56:26.960 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Such that you'd have it that whenever you take a 00:56:26.960 --> 00:56:27.930 align:middle line:84% piece you have to drink that piece. 00:56:27.930 --> 00:56:30.730 align:middle line:84% But then there's also whenever you take a piece you opponent 00:56:30.730 --> 00:56:32.450 align:middle line:90% has to drink a piece. 00:56:32.450 --> 00:56:34.685 align:middle line:84% So it can either be negative or positive feedback depending 00:56:34.685 --> 00:56:35.440 align:middle line:90% on how you play. 00:56:35.440 --> 00:56:37.405 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Yeah, but let's pick a version of the game. 00:56:37.405 --> 00:56:42.610 align:middle line:90% 00:56:42.610 --> 00:56:45.732 align:middle line:84% Ideally, pick the same game but if it's too boring pick 00:56:45.732 --> 00:56:46.982 align:middle line:90% something else. 00:56:46.982 --> 00:56:55.428 align:middle line:90% 00:56:55.428 --> 00:57:01.380 align:middle line:84% OK, so let's start from somewhere in the middle which 00:57:01.380 --> 00:57:03.940 align:middle line:84% and I think is this group right here. 00:57:03.940 --> 00:57:06.260 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So we took a pretty easy one but it's pretty like 00:57:06.260 --> 00:57:07.130 align:middle line:90% mathematical feedback. 00:57:07.130 --> 00:57:08.350 align:middle line:90% We did War. 00:57:08.350 --> 00:57:11.532 align:middle line:84% OK, statistically if you're winning, every time you win 00:57:11.532 --> 00:57:14.263 align:middle line:84% you're lowering the value of your cards. 00:57:14.263 --> 00:57:15.690 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: You had to average the value to your deck. 00:57:15.690 --> 00:57:16.646 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:57:16.646 --> 00:57:18.104 align:middle line:84% So mathematically it's negative feedback. 00:57:18.104 --> 00:57:20.048 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: So, it's positive feedback, right? 00:57:20.048 --> 00:57:22.964 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Negative. 00:57:22.964 --> 00:57:25.120 align:middle line:84% [UNINTELLIGIBLE] the negative impact is you're lowering the 00:57:25.120 --> 00:57:26.760 align:middle line:84% average value of what's in your deck. 00:57:26.760 --> 00:57:28.177 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: So which makes it harder for 00:57:28.177 --> 00:57:29.040 align:middle line:90% you to keep do winning. 00:57:29.040 --> 00:57:30.870 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Exactly. 00:57:30.870 --> 00:57:32.408 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: So that's just negative feedback. 00:57:32.408 --> 00:57:33.860 align:middle line:90% Any positive feedback? 00:57:33.860 --> 00:57:35.710 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: The small positive feedback would be insofar as 00:57:35.710 --> 00:57:37.450 align:middle line:84% you can't win unless you get all the cards. 00:57:37.450 --> 00:57:40.700 align:middle line:84% So that's winning hands gets you more cards, gets you 00:57:40.700 --> 00:57:41.950 align:middle line:90% closer to winning. 00:57:41.950 --> 00:57:46.253 align:middle line:90% 00:57:46.253 --> 00:57:46.844 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: The more cards you have the 00:57:46.844 --> 00:57:48.145 align:middle line:90% closer you are to winning. 00:57:48.145 --> 00:57:50.820 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: That's like saying, and you get with points, the 00:57:50.820 --> 00:57:52.410 align:middle line:84% more points you get, you're closer to winning. 00:57:52.410 --> 00:57:53.780 align:middle line:90% Therefore, positive feedback. 00:57:53.780 --> 00:57:57.950 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Yeah, I guess it does count. 00:57:57.950 --> 00:58:00.550 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Logically it works, but it's kind of a guess. 00:58:00.550 --> 00:58:04.550 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Well the only other one is if you have a war then 00:58:04.550 --> 00:58:06.185 align:middle line:84% you win those three extra cards and depending on what 00:58:06.185 --> 00:58:09.640 align:middle line:84% they are it could be positive or negative. 00:58:09.640 --> 00:58:09.920 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: OK. 00:58:09.920 --> 00:58:11.339 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:58:11.339 --> 00:58:12.285 align:middle line:90% Which way should we go? 00:58:12.285 --> 00:58:15.130 align:middle line:90% This way. 00:58:15.130 --> 00:58:16.280 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: We switched to Settlers. 00:58:16.280 --> 00:58:20.170 align:middle line:84% We got a bunch of feedback loops. 00:58:20.170 --> 00:58:25.100 align:middle line:84% Obviously, the more points you get, as soon as the points are 00:58:25.100 --> 00:58:27.549 align:middle line:84% cities and settlements, then the more resources you're 00:58:27.549 --> 00:58:30.173 align:middle line:84% going to get in the future and the more points you can build. 00:58:30.173 --> 00:58:33.512 align:middle line:84% So potentially one player just has so much stuff that he can 00:58:33.512 --> 00:58:35.420 align:middle line:90% just do whatever he wants to. 00:58:35.420 --> 00:58:36.210 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: And that's positive? 00:58:36.210 --> 00:58:37.070 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:58:37.070 --> 00:58:40.360 align:middle line:84% There's also negative feedback [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 00:58:40.360 --> 00:58:44.360 align:middle line:84% like it censors the relative prices of resources. 00:58:44.360 --> 00:58:49.248 align:middle line:84% The more one resource is worth at the time, each person, the 00:58:49.248 --> 00:58:51.760 align:middle line:84% other one's the more people try to build on that resource 00:58:51.760 --> 00:58:54.984 align:middle line:84% brick, then the less that resource will be 00:58:54.984 --> 00:58:56.111 align:middle line:90% worth in the future. 00:58:56.111 --> 00:58:59.371 align:middle line:84% So, over the long term they tend to balance out instead of 00:58:59.371 --> 00:59:01.907 align:middle line:84% having one go rapidly out of control. 00:59:01.907 --> 00:59:02.630 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Think about that one. 00:59:02.630 --> 00:59:04.886 align:middle line:90% That's interesting. 00:59:04.886 --> 00:59:09.323 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Also, the more, this isn't exactly feedback, but 00:59:09.323 --> 00:59:12.938 align:middle line:84% the more, the better you're doing, the less likely people 00:59:12.938 --> 00:59:14.746 align:middle line:84% are going to try to trick you somewhere. 00:59:14.746 --> 00:59:16.718 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Yeah. 00:59:16.718 --> 00:59:18.854 align:middle line:84% That, in my opinion, is the biggest negative feedback in 00:59:18.854 --> 00:59:20.410 align:middle line:90% the entire game. 00:59:20.410 --> 00:59:23.714 align:middle line:84% If you're in the lead, everyone hates you. 00:59:23.714 --> 00:59:27.666 align:middle line:84% And then you have eventually [UNINTELLIGIBLE]. 00:59:27.666 --> 00:59:31.870 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: There's also if he had a bunch of resources, like 00:59:31.870 --> 00:59:34.620 align:middle line:84% if you had a bunch of cities on a resource and if someone 00:59:34.620 --> 00:59:36.806 align:middle line:84% draws a six then you end up getting six resources from a 00:59:36.806 --> 00:59:41.150 align:middle line:84% tile then that's higher probability that if someone 00:59:41.150 --> 00:59:43.740 align:middle line:90% rolls a seven, [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 00:59:43.740 --> 00:59:44.990 align:middle line:84% So I guess that's negative feedback, too. 00:59:44.990 --> 00:59:48.510 align:middle line:90% 00:59:48.510 --> 00:59:52.080 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Well your going to seven and losing your cards 00:59:52.080 --> 00:59:55.000 align:middle line:84% mechanic is very much a negative feedback. 00:59:55.000 --> 00:59:55.800 align:middle line:90% I'm so rich! 00:59:55.800 --> 00:59:57.770 align:middle line:90% Now, I'm not so rich. 00:59:57.770 --> 00:59:59.148 align:middle line:84% What kind of poor is this, ha, ha. 00:59:59.148 --> 01:00:01.020 align:middle line:84% I still could have seen them [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 01:00:01.020 --> 01:00:02.900 align:middle line:90% That's negative feedback. 01:00:02.900 --> 01:00:07.080 align:middle line:84% A couple of things about negative feedback to keep in 01:00:07.080 --> 01:00:09.350 align:middle line:84% mind is that negative feedback does tend 01:00:09.350 --> 01:00:10.580 align:middle line:90% to make games longer. 01:00:10.580 --> 01:00:12.920 align:middle line:84% It sort of staves off the ending of the game because 01:00:12.920 --> 01:00:15.925 align:middle line:84% obviously, the difference between the people in the lead 01:00:15.925 --> 01:00:18.570 align:middle line:84% and people not in the lead narrow it to the point that 01:00:18.570 --> 01:00:20.910 align:middle line:84% sometimes puts it back in connection again. 01:00:20.910 --> 01:00:24.460 align:middle line:84% And positive feedback tends to make things end sooner. 01:00:24.460 --> 01:00:31.030 align:middle line:90% 01:00:31.030 --> 01:00:31.575 align:middle line:90% OK, all right. 01:00:31.575 --> 01:00:33.240 align:middle line:90% Now, next team. 01:00:33.240 --> 01:00:36.650 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So in Scrabble, the main one we came up with was 01:00:36.650 --> 01:00:39.256 align:middle line:84% that if you play a long word, you get a lot of points and 01:00:39.256 --> 01:00:40.890 align:middle line:84% you also get a lot of tiles which gives you the 01:00:40.890 --> 01:00:44.034 align:middle line:84% opportunity the next turn to play more points and get more 01:00:44.034 --> 01:00:44.938 align:middle line:90% tiles played. 01:00:44.938 --> 01:00:46.910 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah. 01:00:46.910 --> 01:00:49.810 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: There's also that the more tiles you play, the 01:00:49.810 --> 01:00:52.260 align:middle line:84% less tiles there are available. 01:00:52.260 --> 01:00:53.930 align:middle line:90% So that's kind of negative. 01:00:53.930 --> 01:00:54.262 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 01:00:54.262 --> 01:00:55.930 align:middle line:84% It's both positive and negative. 01:00:55.930 --> 01:00:56.820 align:middle line:90% That was proposed. 01:00:56.820 --> 01:01:00.271 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Near the end, yeah, it becomes negative feedback. 01:01:00.271 --> 01:01:02.736 align:middle line:84% You possibly end up with just fewer tiles. 01:01:02.736 --> 01:01:04.215 align:middle line:90% That's true. 01:01:04.215 --> 01:01:05.694 align:middle line:84% Any other negative loops in there? 01:01:05.694 --> 01:01:09.145 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Well we tried to make it into a shot deal. 01:01:09.145 --> 01:01:12.103 align:middle line:90% 01:01:12.103 --> 01:01:14.810 align:middle line:84% Yeah, every time you play a bigger word it's easier for 01:01:14.810 --> 01:01:17.457 align:middle line:84% someone else to play a word off of that. 01:01:17.457 --> 01:01:20.670 align:middle line:90% That's negative feedback. 01:01:20.670 --> 01:01:22.250 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: That's an interesting thing because 01:01:22.250 --> 01:01:27.710 align:middle line:84% that's actually counter examples to a point that was 01:01:27.710 --> 01:01:29.903 align:middle line:90% made by Eric Zimmerman. 01:01:29.903 --> 01:01:32.400 align:middle line:84% Because he argues that positive feedback actually 01:01:32.400 --> 01:01:34.083 align:middle line:90% magnifies early successes. 01:01:34.083 --> 01:01:37.041 align:middle line:84% And negative feedback tends to magnify big ones. 01:01:37.041 --> 01:01:40.770 align:middle line:84% Just like in Mario Kart, it's great to be the second place 01:01:40.770 --> 01:01:45.075 align:middle line:84% because if you do a late game success that propels you to 01:01:45.075 --> 01:01:47.160 align:middle line:84% first place just as the game ends. 01:01:47.160 --> 01:01:50.712 align:middle line:84% Whereas, some of the examples that we've been hearing on all 01:01:50.712 --> 01:01:54.800 align:middle line:84% the feedback, if you manage to be the first one to build a 01:01:54.800 --> 01:02:00.057 align:middle line:84% city in Settlers, that tends to perpetuate your success for 01:02:00.057 --> 01:02:02.970 align:middle line:90% the rest of the game. 01:02:02.970 --> 01:02:07.324 align:middle line:84% The game isn't quite as predictable as that but it's 01:02:07.324 --> 01:02:10.060 align:middle line:90% designed that way, at least. 01:02:10.060 --> 01:02:14.690 align:middle line:84% But that's a very, very good example of you've got this 01:02:14.690 --> 01:02:19.700 align:middle line:84% negative feedback near the end of the game where you have a 01:02:19.700 --> 01:02:22.360 align:middle line:84% success by playing all of your tiles but the 01:02:22.360 --> 01:02:23.820 align:middle line:90% bag is almost empty. 01:02:23.820 --> 01:02:27.510 align:middle line:84% So now, you are not getting, not whether you are or not 01:02:27.510 --> 01:02:32.180 align:middle line:84% getting an advantage, that late game success isn't 01:02:32.180 --> 01:02:33.810 align:middle line:84% translating into [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 01:02:33.810 --> 01:02:36.960 align:middle line:90% 01:02:36.960 --> 01:02:42.640 align:middle line:84% Still, it's as a general rule, if you aren't dealing with a 01:02:42.640 --> 01:02:47.560 align:middle line:84% limited resource, like tiles, then we do this situation 01:02:47.560 --> 01:02:50.630 align:middle line:84% where a positive feedback game, a positive feedback loop 01:02:50.630 --> 01:02:54.670 align:middle line:84% is going to have to find early successes. 01:02:54.670 --> 01:02:58.880 align:middle line:84% And negative feedback make late successes more hard. 01:02:58.880 --> 01:03:01.340 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So we're basically, [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 01:03:01.340 --> 01:03:01.832 align:middle line:90% StarCraft. 01:03:01.832 --> 01:03:07.244 align:middle line:84% But I think with StarCraft was some of the obvious positive 01:03:07.244 --> 01:03:11.180 align:middle line:84% feedback is that the more a worker was built and then the 01:03:11.180 --> 01:03:13.148 align:middle line:90% more mineral you can get. 01:03:13.148 --> 01:03:15.608 align:middle line:84% The more mineral's gathered you can get more troops. 01:03:15.608 --> 01:03:17.248 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: The more workers you build the 01:03:17.248 --> 01:03:18.068 align:middle line:90% more cash you get. 01:03:18.068 --> 01:03:21.030 align:middle line:84% The more cash you get the more workers you can build. 01:03:21.030 --> 01:03:22.315 align:middle line:90% That's [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 01:03:22.315 --> 01:03:27.180 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Another positive feedback loop is the more that 01:03:27.180 --> 01:03:32.040 align:middle line:84% you conquer your opponents, the harder it is for them to 01:03:32.040 --> 01:03:35.240 align:middle line:84% build up and finance you while the easier it is 01:03:35.240 --> 01:03:37.430 align:middle line:90% for you to beat them. 01:03:37.430 --> 01:03:40.242 align:middle line:84% On it the other hand-- do you want do negative feedback? 01:03:40.242 --> 01:03:43.710 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I don't think [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 01:03:43.710 --> 01:03:45.920 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: The only thing with positive feedback is just like 01:03:45.920 --> 01:03:48.710 align:middle line:84% emphasized a lot of the earlier game strategy. 01:03:48.710 --> 01:03:51.620 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So a negative feedback loop in StarCraft 01:03:51.620 --> 01:03:56.230 align:middle line:84% would be the faster you, the more you expand your 01:03:56.230 --> 01:03:59.100 align:middle line:84% territories the harder it is for you to defend because your 01:03:59.100 --> 01:04:02.010 align:middle line:84% spraying half your resources, and the more friends you have, 01:04:02.010 --> 01:04:05.990 align:middle line:84% so the easier it is for your opponents to attack you. 01:04:05.990 --> 01:04:06.630 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Yeah. 01:04:06.630 --> 01:04:09.540 align:middle line:84% We were having that little discussion earlier and finding 01:04:09.540 --> 01:04:10.935 align:middle line:84% other negative feedback in this was 01:04:10.935 --> 01:04:12.300 align:middle line:90% kind of tricky, actually. 01:04:12.300 --> 01:04:18.620 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Another one that I thought of was the more 01:04:18.620 --> 01:04:21.260 align:middle line:84% research that you do, the less resources you have for 01:04:21.260 --> 01:04:24.240 align:middle line:84% building units or workers and such. 01:04:24.240 --> 01:04:26.680 align:middle line:90% And so you have to decide. 01:04:26.680 --> 01:04:29.260 align:middle line:84% I mean, your power will be units but you may have less to 01:04:29.260 --> 01:04:31.640 align:middle line:90% actually build those units. 01:04:31.640 --> 01:04:33.430 align:middle line:90% And probably not really-- 01:04:33.430 --> 01:04:36.415 align:middle line:84% it's a very small negative loop. 01:04:36.415 --> 01:04:39.060 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Another thing, too, the more shoots you have, the 01:04:39.060 --> 01:04:43.706 align:middle line:84% less attention you can give to all the [? children. ?] 01:04:43.706 --> 01:04:45.698 align:middle line:90% So it's harder to manage. 01:04:45.698 --> 01:04:47.192 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: The less effectively use them. 01:04:47.192 --> 01:04:52.680 align:middle line:90% 01:04:52.680 --> 01:04:54.792 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: The more different screens you've got to keep 01:04:54.792 --> 01:04:55.960 align:middle line:90% your eye on makes it-- 01:04:55.960 --> 01:04:59.220 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: That's the great thing about the control wand. 01:04:59.220 --> 01:05:00.150 align:middle line:90% It's like one, go here. 01:05:00.150 --> 01:05:01.050 align:middle line:90% Two, go here. 01:05:01.050 --> 01:05:01.810 align:middle line:90% Three, go here. 01:05:01.810 --> 01:05:04.046 align:middle line:84% One thing a team gives, though, is there's a huge 01:05:04.046 --> 01:05:04.792 align:middle line:90% positive feedback. 01:05:04.792 --> 01:05:08.720 align:middle line:84% If you're doing 3D, if you take out one of them and then 01:05:08.720 --> 01:05:09.970 align:middle line:90% it's so much easier. 01:05:09.970 --> 01:05:13.260 align:middle line:90% 01:05:13.260 --> 01:05:15.010 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 01:05:15.010 --> 01:05:16.980 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Then you have a bunch of risk because what 01:05:16.980 --> 01:05:20.180 align:middle line:84% happens if you try taking out one person? 01:05:20.180 --> 01:05:23.180 align:middle line:84% Then, you fail and now you're weak but then they have a lot 01:05:23.180 --> 01:05:25.454 align:middle line:90% more troops. 01:05:25.454 --> 01:05:27.939 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So in keeping in comparison with Warcraft III 01:05:27.939 --> 01:05:32.163 align:middle line:84% which didn't have built-in negative feedback where if 01:05:32.163 --> 01:05:35.642 align:middle line:84% your army gets past a certain size and it costs more, at 01:05:35.642 --> 01:05:39.370 align:middle line:84% least you can get taxed income. 01:05:39.370 --> 01:05:39.867 align:middle line:90% Yeah. 01:05:39.867 --> 01:05:41.670 align:middle line:84% I don't know if you guys know about this. 01:05:41.670 --> 01:05:44.370 align:middle line:84% But basically, think like StarCraft but then you have a 01:05:44.370 --> 01:05:47.770 align:middle line:84% food count that once you get past a certain food count, 01:05:47.770 --> 01:05:50.710 align:middle line:84% each of your peons brings in less gold from the farm. 01:05:50.710 --> 01:05:52.630 align:middle line:90% I'm sorry, from the gold mine. 01:05:52.630 --> 01:05:55.890 align:middle line:84% And it gets even worse the more troops you get. 01:05:55.890 --> 01:05:58.180 align:middle line:84% So you're kind of punished for being too far ahead. 01:05:58.180 --> 01:06:00.440 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: That's a very key negative feedback. 01:06:00.440 --> 01:06:03.450 align:middle line:90% 01:06:03.450 --> 01:06:07.290 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: This isn't a strict thing to keep up with but it's 01:06:07.290 --> 01:06:10.540 align:middle line:84% interesting to look at the resource management. 01:06:10.540 --> 01:06:16.570 align:middle line:84% Basically investing in units that bring in more resources 01:06:16.570 --> 01:06:18.850 align:middle line:84% or investing in other units that you're fighting are all 01:06:18.850 --> 01:06:20.570 align:middle line:84% different positive feedback loops. 01:06:20.570 --> 01:06:24.600 align:middle line:84% And you can view not investing as negative feedback loops in 01:06:24.600 --> 01:06:25.540 align:middle line:90% those areas. 01:06:25.540 --> 01:06:27.874 align:middle line:84% Although, it's not really completely true. 01:06:27.874 --> 01:06:28.780 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Yeah. 01:06:28.780 --> 01:06:30.480 align:middle line:84% are trying to think of that as negative 01:06:30.480 --> 01:06:31.050 align:middle line:90% feedback but you're right. 01:06:31.050 --> 01:06:32.670 align:middle line:84% They are different positive feedback groups. 01:06:32.670 --> 01:06:34.340 align:middle line:90% They work very differently. 01:06:34.340 --> 01:06:36.010 align:middle line:84% Winning a battle makes it easier for you 01:06:36.010 --> 01:06:38.900 align:middle line:90% to win later battles. 01:06:38.900 --> 01:06:41.582 align:middle line:84% But building more workers makes it easier for you to go 01:06:41.582 --> 01:06:43.560 align:middle line:90% more units. 01:06:43.560 --> 01:06:46.590 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Kind of in a not apparent positive feedback 01:06:46.590 --> 01:06:51.920 align:middle line:84% issue with StarCraft upgrading a Zealot's attack power by 01:06:51.920 --> 01:06:56.510 align:middle line:84% just one greatly increases its efficiency because now two 01:06:56.510 --> 01:06:58.240 align:middle line:84% attacks will take down a Zealot. 01:06:58.240 --> 01:06:59.660 align:middle line:84% Where before it would be three attacks-- 01:06:59.660 --> 01:07:02.090 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: I don't want to get into that much detail. 01:07:02.090 --> 01:07:04.750 align:middle line:90% Let's go onto the next game. 01:07:04.750 --> 01:07:06.964 align:middle line:90% [UNINTELLIGIBLE] 01:07:06.964 --> 01:07:10.244 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So, let's just say, Crunch we can have a bigger 01:07:10.244 --> 01:07:11.884 align:middle line:84% workforce and they're returning to pay for that. 01:07:11.884 --> 01:07:14.016 align:middle line:84% So you get more money for your workforce but you still have 01:07:14.016 --> 01:07:14.836 align:middle line:90% to pay for that. 01:07:14.836 --> 01:07:15.328 align:middle line:90% That's negative feedback. 01:07:15.328 --> 01:07:15.820 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Yeah. 01:07:15.820 --> 01:07:17.788 align:middle line:90% That's a killer. 01:07:17.788 --> 01:07:20.740 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It turns out in Monopoly if you have a lot of 01:07:20.740 --> 01:07:23.200 align:middle line:84% money, and a lot of stuff, which people then land on, 01:07:23.200 --> 01:07:24.184 align:middle line:90% which gives you more money. 01:07:24.184 --> 01:07:27.136 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: With what? 01:07:27.136 --> 01:07:29.980 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: That's top secret secret strategy. 01:07:29.980 --> 01:07:33.633 align:middle line:84% I mean, Monopoly is to buy lots of stuff and then have 01:07:33.633 --> 01:07:37.550 align:middle line:84% people land on it so you can get more money. 01:07:37.550 --> 01:07:42.600 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So this one little negative feedback into, 01:07:42.600 --> 01:07:48.500 align:middle line:84% actually two, for the income tax and-- 01:07:48.500 --> 01:07:50.020 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: --repairs on property and the like. 01:07:50.020 --> 01:07:53.181 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So several thousand dollars to build hotels. 01:07:53.181 --> 01:07:56.170 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Our actual government is like that, too. 01:07:56.170 --> 01:08:00.340 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: So it patterns out to real life but then again, 01:08:00.340 --> 01:08:01.790 align:middle line:84% so is the whole of the Monopoly game. 01:08:01.790 --> 01:08:04.237 align:middle line:84% The whole of the Monopoly game is about real life land 01:08:04.237 --> 01:08:06.445 align:middle line:84% ownership monopoly in Atlantic City, I believe. 01:08:06.445 --> 01:08:06.700 align:middle line:90% Yes. 01:08:06.700 --> 01:08:08.280 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It's Atlantic City. 01:08:08.280 --> 01:08:09.540 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: So yeah. 01:08:09.540 --> 01:08:12.567 align:middle line:84% And that gives us a good segue into degenerate strategies. 01:08:12.567 --> 01:08:16.729 align:middle line:90% 01:08:16.729 --> 01:08:17.399 align:middle line:90% OK. 01:08:17.399 --> 01:08:17.910 align:middle line:90% All right. 01:08:17.910 --> 01:08:21.229 align:middle line:84% So I'll go into that a little bit. 01:08:21.229 --> 01:08:24.870 align:middle line:84% But maybe I'll get at what we did on Wednesday. 01:08:24.870 --> 01:08:29.065 align:middle line:84% But Wednesday we're going to focus that mostly on play 01:08:29.065 --> 01:08:29.779 align:middle line:90% testing your game. 01:08:29.779 --> 01:08:31.779 align:middle line:84% If we have no time for anything else, we are play 01:08:31.779 --> 01:08:32.990 align:middle line:90% testing your game. 01:08:32.990 --> 01:08:34.840 align:middle line:90% And so bring in your games. 01:08:34.840 --> 01:08:35.660 align:middle line:90% Bring in your cards. 01:08:35.660 --> 01:08:37.800 align:middle line:84% Make sure your cards are ready before class. 01:08:37.800 --> 01:08:40.490 align:middle line:90% Don't be writing stuff. 01:08:40.490 --> 01:08:46.046 align:middle line:84% Try not to be changing stuff right up to another class. 01:08:46.046 --> 01:08:49.520 align:middle line:84% Sometimes you might be feeling the pressure to do that. 01:08:49.520 --> 01:08:51.340 align:middle line:84% Try to be ready before class starts. 01:08:51.340 --> 01:08:53.880 align:middle line:84% And try to show up right at the beginning of class. 01:08:53.880 --> 01:08:55.604 align:middle line:84% Because it will really, really suck if you finish play 01:08:55.604 --> 01:08:57.800 align:middle line:84% testing, if you finish play testing someone else's game 01:08:57.800 --> 01:09:00.130 align:middle line:84% and that team doesn't have enough time 01:09:00.130 --> 01:09:01.250 align:middle line:90% to play test yours. 01:09:01.250 --> 01:09:03.490 align:middle line:84% OK, and when it may happen and that will suck. 01:09:03.490 --> 01:09:09.070 align:middle line:84% So let's try to start that right on time next Wednesday. 01:09:09.070 --> 01:09:10.320 align:middle line:90% Thank you. 01:09:10.320 --> 01:09:10.620 align:middle line:90%