WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:00.090 align:middle line:90% 00:00:00.090 --> 00:00:02.490 align:middle line:84% The following content is provided under a Creative 00:00:02.490 --> 00:00:04.030 align:middle line:90% Commons license. 00:00:04.030 --> 00:00:06.330 align:middle line:84% Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 00:00:06.330 --> 00:00:10.690 align:middle line:84% continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. 00:00:10.690 --> 00:00:13.320 align:middle line:84% To make a donation or view additional materials 00:00:13.320 --> 00:00:17.250 align:middle line:84% from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 00:00:17.250 --> 00:00:19.905 align:middle line:90% at ocw.mit.edu. 00:00:19.905 --> 00:00:21.780 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: So let's do a bit of a discussion, 00:00:21.780 --> 00:00:23.760 align:middle line:90% we've got about 20 minutes. 00:00:23.760 --> 00:00:26.670 align:middle line:84% So these are the games that we just played. 00:00:26.670 --> 00:00:29.720 align:middle line:84% And I just want to have a discussion, again. 00:00:29.720 --> 00:00:32.009 align:middle line:84% What are the mechanics in these games? 00:00:32.009 --> 00:00:33.607 align:middle line:90% We've been talking-- 00:00:33.607 --> 00:00:35.940 align:middle line:84% I've gone to a lot of teams to ask about core mechanics, 00:00:35.940 --> 00:00:38.520 align:middle line:84% because that's really the thing that you're 00:00:38.520 --> 00:00:41.460 align:middle line:84% going to have to worry about for assignment one. 00:00:41.460 --> 00:00:44.260 align:middle line:84% Well let's talk a little bit about mechanics in general. 00:00:44.260 --> 00:00:46.410 align:middle line:84% Again, the definition that I want to work with-- 00:00:46.410 --> 00:00:49.580 align:middle line:84% at least for assignment one-- is a set of rules, 00:00:49.580 --> 00:00:50.580 align:middle line:90% could be more than one-- 00:00:50.580 --> 00:00:52.080 align:middle line:90% usually more than one-- 00:00:52.080 --> 00:00:56.220 align:middle line:84% that is going to allow a player to change the game state. 00:00:56.220 --> 00:01:00.840 align:middle line:90% Now I never defined game state. 00:01:00.840 --> 00:01:06.592 align:middle line:84% But anyone want to throw out how you would interpret game state? 00:01:06.592 --> 00:01:08.800 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Like all the public and private information 00:01:08.800 --> 00:01:09.917 align:middle line:90% on the board right now. 00:01:09.917 --> 00:01:10.500 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: OK. 00:01:10.500 --> 00:01:12.600 align:middle line:84% All right, that's-- all the information, 00:01:12.600 --> 00:01:16.668 align:middle line:84% whether you know it or not, that could be the in the game. 00:01:16.668 --> 00:01:21.206 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Yeah, for me, it's affecting other players. 00:01:21.206 --> 00:01:22.664 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Affecting other players? 00:01:22.664 --> 00:01:23.320 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah 00:01:23.320 --> 00:01:25.420 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: It's-- all the informa-- 00:01:25.420 --> 00:01:27.772 align:middle line:84% what, what affecting other players? 00:01:27.772 --> 00:01:30.866 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Isn't it like, what play is available to them, or-- 00:01:30.866 --> 00:01:32.824 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: The decisions are available to them, 00:01:32.824 --> 00:01:33.050 align:middle line:90% is one way to convey it. 00:01:33.050 --> 00:01:33.870 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Sure. 00:01:33.870 --> 00:01:35.450 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: --to them could be one way to interpret it. 00:01:35.450 --> 00:01:36.147 align:middle line:90% OK, all right. 00:01:36.147 --> 00:01:37.355 align:middle line:90% I thought I saw another hand. 00:01:37.355 --> 00:01:40.298 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I was thinking, I don't know how to explain it, 00:01:40.298 --> 00:01:45.156 align:middle line:84% but, yes, you're having a board or whatever type of meeting 00:01:45.156 --> 00:01:47.303 align:middle line:90% that you have issue to change. 00:01:47.303 --> 00:01:47.970 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Right 00:01:47.970 --> 00:01:51.130 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: We go from, I don't know, something should move 00:01:51.130 --> 00:01:53.237 align:middle line:84% or if something doesn't move, then there should 00:01:53.237 --> 00:01:54.920 align:middle line:90% be a reason why it didn't move. 00:01:54.920 --> 00:01:55.660 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: OK. 00:01:55.660 --> 00:01:58.522 align:middle line:84% So, one way that I interpret that 00:01:58.522 --> 00:01:59.980 align:middle line:84% is that there has to be a variable. 00:01:59.980 --> 00:02:02.770 align:middle line:84% It has to be something that isn't necessarily 00:02:02.770 --> 00:02:06.130 align:middle line:84% the same every single turn, right? 00:02:06.130 --> 00:02:09.220 align:middle line:84% It's like the board of the Monopoly-- 00:02:09.220 --> 00:02:11.680 align:middle line:90% the layout of a Monopoly board-- 00:02:11.680 --> 00:02:14.170 align:middle line:84% It's not what I would describe as being something, part 00:02:14.170 --> 00:02:16.462 align:middle line:84% of the game state, because that never changes from turn 00:02:16.462 --> 00:02:17.480 align:middle line:90% to turn. 00:02:17.480 --> 00:02:20.980 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So if you were to take someone elsewhere, 00:02:20.980 --> 00:02:22.965 align:middle line:90% say, across the country. 00:02:22.965 --> 00:02:24.805 align:middle line:84% Some groups of people have the same size 00:02:24.805 --> 00:02:26.430 align:middle line:84% as the group that's playing their game. 00:02:26.430 --> 00:02:30.350 align:middle line:84% And to send-- has each one of you 00:02:30.350 --> 00:02:34.270 align:middle line:84% send one telegraph-- telegram-- to one of them? 00:02:34.270 --> 00:02:39.660 align:middle line:84% If the minimum amount you need, the minimum 00:02:39.660 --> 00:02:41.947 align:middle line:84% stuff you need to tell them in order 00:02:41.947 --> 00:02:44.530 align:middle line:84% for them to be able to continue your game from where you were. 00:02:44.530 --> 00:02:46.920 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: OK, so you've got to evaluation 00:02:46.920 --> 00:02:50.670 align:middle line:84% criteria of whether you just fully described the game play. 00:02:50.670 --> 00:02:57.442 align:middle line:84% But I'll, yeah, all these are useful ways of thinking 00:02:57.442 --> 00:02:58.650 align:middle line:90% about what is the game state. 00:02:58.650 --> 00:03:00.360 align:middle line:84% What's the stuff that can change? 00:03:00.360 --> 00:03:02.730 align:middle line:84% Which is-- and what's all the information? 00:03:02.730 --> 00:03:05.370 align:middle line:84% Whether you know it, whether an individual player knows it 00:03:05.370 --> 00:03:07.270 align:middle line:90% or not. 00:03:07.270 --> 00:03:09.230 align:middle line:84% To be able to reproduce a state-- 00:03:09.230 --> 00:03:11.240 align:middle line:84% to be able to reproduce a game in progress 00:03:11.240 --> 00:03:14.850 align:middle line:84% and then be able to carry on, right. 00:03:14.850 --> 00:03:18.970 align:middle line:84% Sometimes things are unreproducible, like sports, 00:03:18.970 --> 00:03:21.040 align:middle line:90% for instance. 00:03:21.040 --> 00:03:23.460 align:middle line:84% If you try to halt the game halfway and then reproduce 00:03:23.460 --> 00:03:25.880 align:middle line:84% exactly the same weather conditions as the game it was-- 00:03:25.880 --> 00:03:26.258 align:middle line:90% 00:03:26.258 --> 00:03:27.300 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: It was halted. 00:03:27.300 --> 00:03:30.875 align:middle line:84% It is kind of difficult. But you know 00:03:30.875 --> 00:03:32.250 align:middle line:84% that if you really, really wanted 00:03:32.250 --> 00:03:33.990 align:middle line:84% to be able to continue that you have 00:03:33.990 --> 00:03:36.532 align:middle line:84% to make a decision on whether the weather is part of the game 00:03:36.532 --> 00:03:37.220 align:middle line:90% state. 00:03:37.220 --> 00:03:39.342 align:middle line:84% In sports, often it's the reason why the game was 00:03:39.342 --> 00:03:40.634 align:middle line:90% interrupted in the first place. 00:03:40.634 --> 00:03:42.250 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Do you think at least in sports fatigue 00:03:42.250 --> 00:03:43.330 align:middle line:90% is part of the game today? 00:03:43.330 --> 00:03:44.750 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Yeah, I think so, which makes 00:03:44.750 --> 00:03:46.050 align:middle line:90% it kind of difficult, right? 00:03:46.050 --> 00:03:50.370 align:middle line:84% It's, like, we're going to start the game at halftime, 00:03:50.370 --> 00:03:52.620 align:middle line:84% and then we'll pick this game up tomorrow, 00:03:52.620 --> 00:03:53.860 align:middle line:90% playing the second half. 00:03:53.860 --> 00:03:55.895 align:middle line:84% And it's-- that's a very different game from the typical 00:03:55.895 --> 00:03:56.395 align:middle line:90% one. 00:03:56.395 --> 00:03:59.420 align:middle line:90% [INTERPOSING VOICES] 00:03:59.420 --> 00:04:01.770 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Instead, make it so that they 00:04:01.770 --> 00:04:07.422 align:middle line:84% have to start a different game, right, for the first half. 00:04:07.422 --> 00:04:08.880 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: First, exhaust yourself, 00:04:08.880 --> 00:04:10.430 align:middle line:84% or we'll throw those results out. 00:04:10.430 --> 00:04:13.515 align:middle line:90% So-- so [INAUDIBLE] 00:04:13.515 --> 00:04:14.360 align:middle line:90% [INTERPOSING VOICES] 00:04:14.360 --> 00:04:16.216 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: do something else with them. 00:04:16.216 --> 00:04:18.230 align:middle line:90% [INTERPOSING VOICES] 00:04:18.230 --> 00:04:19.980 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Well, I mean, that's a problem. 00:04:19.980 --> 00:04:23.830 align:middle line:84% If you actually had-- and this does happen in, 00:04:23.830 --> 00:04:26.730 align:middle line:84% not marathons, but multi-day races. 00:04:26.730 --> 00:04:30.240 align:middle line:84% You have the situation where people get a good night's sleep 00:04:30.240 --> 00:04:33.300 align:middle line:84% before they resume the second leg of the race. 00:04:33.300 --> 00:04:38.452 align:middle line:84% And at which point they decided that fatigue is not the thing 00:04:38.452 --> 00:04:39.410 align:middle line:90% that they're going for. 00:04:39.410 --> 00:04:43.410 align:middle line:84% Why, they've tried to quantify your advantage 00:04:43.410 --> 00:04:47.024 align:middle line:84% or your disadvantage based on your start time the next day 00:04:47.024 --> 00:04:48.274 align:middle line:90% or something like that, right? 00:04:48.274 --> 00:04:50.800 align:middle line:90% 00:04:50.800 --> 00:04:53.520 align:middle line:84% I try to think up a competition that that 00:04:53.520 --> 00:04:56.420 align:middle line:90% would advance to that. 00:04:56.420 --> 00:04:58.983 align:middle line:84% I think that-- the Tour de France is not one day, right? 00:04:58.983 --> 00:04:59.980 align:middle line:90% It's multiple days. 00:04:59.980 --> 00:05:00.480 align:middle line:90% Yeah. 00:05:00.480 --> 00:05:01.440 align:middle line:90% So you have to stop. 00:05:01.440 --> 00:05:02.190 align:middle line:90% You have to sleep. 00:05:02.190 --> 00:05:04.190 align:middle line:84% You have to wake up, and then, depending on when 00:05:04.190 --> 00:05:06.630 align:middle line:84% you've reached the checkpoint, determines when you get 00:05:06.630 --> 00:05:08.430 align:middle line:90% to leave the check-- the-- 00:05:08.430 --> 00:05:09.930 align:middle line:90% yeah. 00:05:09.930 --> 00:05:11.430 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: I was going to say. 00:05:11.430 --> 00:05:15.367 align:middle line:84% I know, in cricket, they have multiple day competitions. 00:05:15.367 --> 00:05:17.985 align:middle line:84% And near the end of the one day, it could be dark 00:05:17.985 --> 00:05:20.277 align:middle line:84% [? for the gingham and like ?] [? clothlike ?] The game 00:05:20.277 --> 00:05:21.750 align:middle line:84% doesn't get finished for the day, 00:05:21.750 --> 00:05:24.696 align:middle line:84% and they'll put in-- they'll specifically put in... 00:05:24.696 --> 00:05:27.060 align:middle line:84% The teams strategy, basically trying 00:05:27.060 --> 00:05:28.900 align:middle line:84% to delay until the next game starts there. 00:05:28.900 --> 00:05:30.190 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Oh. 00:05:30.190 --> 00:05:31.960 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: They put in-- 00:05:31.960 --> 00:05:34.210 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: So that their rules will sort of counteract 00:05:34.210 --> 00:05:36.600 align:middle line:90% these exploitative strategies. 00:05:36.600 --> 00:05:39.600 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: They'll like put in a pitcher who's younger. 00:05:39.600 --> 00:05:44.197 align:middle line:84% They'll put in a batter who's job is to not really swing it 00:05:44.197 --> 00:05:45.947 align:middle line:84% very-- isn't really to swing it very much, 00:05:45.947 --> 00:05:49.552 align:middle line:84% and all they're to do is trying to delay until the game ends 00:05:49.552 --> 00:05:50.510 align:middle line:90% for the day, basically. 00:05:50.510 --> 00:05:51.177 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Yeah. 00:05:51.177 --> 00:05:52.890 align:middle line:84% I mean, it's weird, because you have 00:05:52.890 --> 00:05:55.223 align:middle line:84% a bunch of these strategies, and that there are probably 00:05:55.223 --> 00:05:58.470 align:middle line:84% rules that will come up to prevent some of the worst 00:05:58.470 --> 00:06:00.847 align:middle line:84% strategies from being put into play. 00:06:00.847 --> 00:06:02.430 align:middle line:84% You've got the same thing in baseball. 00:06:02.430 --> 00:06:04.100 align:middle line:90% Sometimes you put in these-- 00:06:04.100 --> 00:06:06.670 align:middle line:84% that there are late ending pitchers, right? 00:06:06.670 --> 00:06:10.760 align:middle line:84% That you will, and they're your starters and-- 00:06:10.760 --> 00:06:14.730 align:middle line:84% that try to achieve completely different things. 00:06:14.730 --> 00:06:18.990 align:middle line:84% So we've talked a little bit about game state, 00:06:18.990 --> 00:06:22.920 align:middle line:84% and we've played all of these games. 00:06:22.920 --> 00:06:26.160 align:middle line:84% All of you played a good portion of them 00:06:26.160 --> 00:06:28.290 align:middle line:84% and I have gone to team to team to try 00:06:28.290 --> 00:06:30.850 align:middle line:84% to talk a little bit about the mechanics. 00:06:30.850 --> 00:06:36.060 align:middle line:84% So let's just pick one that not that many people played so we 00:06:36.060 --> 00:06:37.770 align:middle line:90% can talk a little bit about it. 00:06:37.770 --> 00:06:42.020 align:middle line:84% A lot of people, I think Blokus will played once today, 00:06:42.020 --> 00:06:44.740 align:middle line:90% so by this group, right? 00:06:44.740 --> 00:06:46.890 align:middle line:84% So game state is characterized by-- 00:06:46.890 --> 00:06:50.075 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] location of pieces. 00:06:50.075 --> 00:06:53.640 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Yeah, and the location 00:06:53.640 --> 00:06:55.300 align:middle line:90% of pieces onto the great board. 00:06:55.300 --> 00:06:58.390 align:middle line:84% But there is-- I think every player has 00:06:58.390 --> 00:07:01.840 align:middle line:84% the same set of pieces, just in a different color. 00:07:01.840 --> 00:07:04.385 align:middle line:84% And which pieces have already been played. 00:07:04.385 --> 00:07:06.010 align:middle line:84% So it's not just the location, but also 00:07:06.010 --> 00:07:07.480 align:middle line:84% which pieces have been played in which teams, 00:07:07.480 --> 00:07:09.580 align:middle line:84% which people are still available to them. 00:07:09.580 --> 00:07:13.180 align:middle line:84% Whose turn it is, because it's part of the game state. 00:07:13.180 --> 00:07:16.670 align:middle line:84% Because you take turns placing pieces, right? 00:07:16.670 --> 00:07:21.884 align:middle line:84% So-- so what's the core mechanic of Blokus? 00:07:21.884 --> 00:07:26.110 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: You place tiles. 00:07:26.110 --> 00:07:28.380 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: You select a piece from all 00:07:28.380 --> 00:07:30.470 align:middle line:84% of the pieces you haven't placed yet. 00:07:30.470 --> 00:07:32.430 align:middle line:84% And then you figure out where it goes. 00:07:32.430 --> 00:07:35.070 align:middle line:84% And the rule that you have to fit to meet, 00:07:35.070 --> 00:07:36.283 align:middle line:90% before you put it down? 00:07:36.283 --> 00:07:40.066 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It has to touch the corner of a piece 00:07:40.066 --> 00:07:41.040 align:middle line:90% but not an edge. 00:07:41.040 --> 00:07:43.220 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: A corner of one of your own pieces. 00:07:43.220 --> 00:07:43.720 align:middle line:90% Right. 00:07:43.720 --> 00:07:45.560 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: But not an edge of [INAUDIBLE] 00:07:45.560 --> 00:07:46.400 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Right. 00:07:46.400 --> 00:07:48.320 align:middle line:84% So you can't two pieces butting up like that, 00:07:48.320 --> 00:07:49.900 align:middle line:84% but you can have two corners touching each other. 00:07:49.900 --> 00:07:51.238 align:middle line:84% And you have to have corner pieces. 00:07:51.238 --> 00:07:53.405 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: And it doesn't matter where the pieces are 00:07:53.405 --> 00:07:55.222 align:middle line:84% on the board, where the opponent pieces are 00:07:55.222 --> 00:07:58.122 align:middle line:84% on the board except you can't put it [INAUDIBLE] 00:07:58.122 --> 00:08:00.330 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: You tried to find a little space to place, 00:08:00.330 --> 00:08:02.845 align:middle line:84% with a open space, that your piece will actually fit. 00:08:02.845 --> 00:08:04.890 align:middle line:84% Out of all of the pieces that you've got, 00:08:04.890 --> 00:08:06.325 align:middle line:90% which is part of the game state. 00:08:06.325 --> 00:08:07.950 align:middle line:84% And, of course, that changes game state 00:08:07.950 --> 00:08:11.637 align:middle line:84% by not only changing what pieces are on the board, 00:08:11.637 --> 00:08:13.470 align:middle line:84% as we described earlier, but also takes away 00:08:13.470 --> 00:08:15.630 align:middle line:90% a piece that you've already got. 00:08:15.630 --> 00:08:19.620 align:middle line:90% That's the core mechanic. 00:08:19.620 --> 00:08:22.535 align:middle line:84% In, I think, the next class, let me just check-- 00:08:22.535 --> 00:08:26.270 align:middle line:90% take a look at this again. 00:08:26.270 --> 00:08:28.290 align:middle line:84% Oh, wow, it's going to be February 19. 00:08:28.290 --> 00:08:32.370 align:middle line:84% No, it's going to be, holy cow, it's 00:08:32.370 --> 00:08:37.070 align:middle line:84% going to be a month before we get to chapter 2 of this book. 00:08:37.070 --> 00:08:39.669 align:middle line:90% Seriously? 00:08:39.669 --> 00:08:40.919 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:08:40.919 --> 00:08:45.550 align:middle line:84% For your sanity, you might want to read chapter 2 of Challenges 00:08:45.550 --> 00:08:47.430 align:middle line:84% for Game Designers, because it's five pages. 00:08:47.430 --> 00:08:48.570 align:middle line:90% It's not much. 00:08:48.570 --> 00:08:52.650 align:middle line:84% It's pages with illustrations on them. 00:08:52.650 --> 00:08:55.060 align:middle line:90% They go fast. 00:08:55.060 --> 00:09:00.443 align:middle line:84% Chapter 2 goes into a lot of more specific definitions. 00:09:00.443 --> 00:09:01.860 align:middle line:84% But they also talk about something 00:09:01.860 --> 00:09:03.943 align:middle line:84% called core dynamic, which is something I actually 00:09:03.943 --> 00:09:07.170 align:middle line:84% don't necessarily want you to worry too much about right now. 00:09:07.170 --> 00:09:09.670 align:middle line:84% They are right in identifying that, often, the core dynamics 00:09:09.670 --> 00:09:13.620 align:middle line:84% are actually more important than the core mechanics of the game. 00:09:13.620 --> 00:09:17.340 align:middle line:84% So the core dynamic probably has a bigger influence 00:09:17.340 --> 00:09:20.730 align:middle line:84% on what a player is going to experience. 00:09:20.730 --> 00:09:27.030 align:middle line:84% Whether it's some sort of crazy frenetic game 00:09:27.030 --> 00:09:30.560 align:middle line:84% where you're trying to screw over your opponent, 00:09:30.560 --> 00:09:33.216 align:middle line:90% or when it is animal versus-- 00:09:33.216 --> 00:09:34.830 align:middle line:84% animal upon animal, where it almost 00:09:34.830 --> 00:09:36.600 align:middle line:84% feels like a cooperative game at times. 00:09:36.600 --> 00:09:38.100 align:middle line:84% Even though there's a winner, you're 00:09:38.100 --> 00:09:42.930 align:middle line:84% all kind of playing together to not take the whole thing over. 00:09:42.930 --> 00:09:44.930 align:middle line:84% Those things often come out of the dynamics. 00:09:44.930 --> 00:09:47.190 align:middle line:90% We'll go into the theory. 00:09:47.190 --> 00:09:48.720 align:middle line:84% Some of you have already encountered 00:09:48.720 --> 00:09:51.190 align:middle line:84% this in other classes, the mechanics, dynamics, 00:09:51.190 --> 00:09:52.040 align:middle line:90% aesthetics theory. 00:09:52.040 --> 00:09:56.520 align:middle line:84% We'll get into that later into this semester. 00:09:56.520 --> 00:09:59.070 align:middle line:84% And that's just a very convoluted way 00:09:59.070 --> 00:10:02.340 align:middle line:84% of explaining why sometimes game design is hard. 00:10:02.340 --> 00:10:03.990 align:middle line:84% But the mechanic is the thing that you 00:10:03.990 --> 00:10:06.360 align:middle line:90% get to control as a designer. 00:10:06.360 --> 00:10:07.920 align:middle line:90% You get to write the rules. 00:10:07.920 --> 00:10:10.272 align:middle line:84% You get to decide what collection of rules 00:10:10.272 --> 00:10:11.730 align:middle line:84% that the players have to go through 00:10:11.730 --> 00:10:14.220 align:middle line:84% in order to be able to change the state of the game. 00:10:14.220 --> 00:10:17.160 align:middle line:84% And I want you to go through deep, deep permutations of what 00:10:17.160 --> 00:10:21.330 align:middle line:84% you can possibly do with one core mechanic. 00:10:21.330 --> 00:10:27.400 align:middle line:84% So in Escape it's very clearly rated easier. 00:10:27.400 --> 00:10:29.390 align:middle line:90% He's not a game designer. 00:10:29.390 --> 00:10:33.840 align:middle line:84% In fact, there's a little bio of him in Chapter 1, I think. 00:10:33.840 --> 00:10:34.680 align:middle line:90% Yeah. 00:10:34.680 --> 00:10:36.555 align:middle line:84% In the chapter there's a little photo of him, 00:10:36.555 --> 00:10:38.470 align:middle line:90% the guy who designed that game. 00:10:38.470 --> 00:10:41.130 align:middle line:84% And it's very clearly him trying to do everything 00:10:41.130 --> 00:10:45.610 align:middle line:84% that he can do with dice in a short design period of time. 00:10:45.610 --> 00:10:49.092 align:middle line:84% And when you see his other games later this semester, 00:10:49.092 --> 00:10:51.300 align:middle line:84% you will see that he's trying to do everything he can 00:10:51.300 --> 00:10:52.105 align:middle line:90% to with options. 00:10:52.105 --> 00:10:54.480 align:middle line:84% He's trying to do everything that you can do with design, 00:10:54.480 --> 00:10:56.640 align:middle line:84% and he's thinking about these game mechanics. 00:10:56.640 --> 00:11:01.770 align:middle line:84% And that's the thought process I want to go through. 00:11:01.770 --> 00:11:03.540 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:11:03.540 --> 00:11:08.970 align:middle line:84% So leaves us with just a little bit more time. 00:11:08.970 --> 00:11:10.920 align:middle line:84% I'm going to end this with the stupidest 00:11:10.920 --> 00:11:15.408 align:middle line:84% question in the world, which is, what is a game. 00:11:15.408 --> 00:11:17.430 align:middle line:90% What is a game? 00:11:17.430 --> 00:11:20.490 align:middle line:84% We've got 3 hours into a class, and we haven't actually 00:11:20.490 --> 00:11:22.810 align:middle line:90% talked about this yet. 00:11:22.810 --> 00:11:23.310 align:middle line:90% Why? 00:11:23.310 --> 00:11:23.810 align:middle line:90% Why? 00:11:23.810 --> 00:11:25.440 align:middle line:90% OK, maybe I'll take a step back. 00:11:25.440 --> 00:11:27.548 align:middle line:90% Why is it a stupid question? 00:11:27.548 --> 00:11:29.090 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It's not a stupid question. 00:11:29.090 --> 00:11:31.750 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Is it? 00:11:31.750 --> 00:11:33.833 align:middle line:84% Why did I describe it as a stupid question, maybe. 00:11:33.833 --> 00:11:34.980 align:middle line:90% That might be-- 00:11:34.980 --> 00:11:36.690 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It feels kind of intuitive. 00:11:36.690 --> 00:11:38.815 align:middle line:84% Oh, I can look at something and say this is a game, 00:11:38.815 --> 00:11:39.800 align:middle line:90% this is not a game. 00:11:39.800 --> 00:11:42.270 align:middle line:84% But it's actually-- describe-- maybe there's 00:11:42.270 --> 00:11:44.242 align:middle line:84% some edge cases where it gets really difficult 00:11:44.242 --> 00:11:46.630 align:middle line:84% and then to actually define what is 00:11:46.630 --> 00:11:49.510 align:middle line:84% and what isn't gets really murky. 00:11:49.510 --> 00:11:51.980 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: That is definitely-- that is definitely true. 00:11:51.980 --> 00:11:56.098 align:middle line:90% But you have a counterpoint? 00:11:56.098 --> 00:11:57.520 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Game. 00:11:57.520 --> 00:12:03.418 align:middle line:84% Usually something with a, I guess, set toll in mind given, 00:12:03.418 --> 00:12:06.802 align:middle line:84% I don't know, to build objective and rule. 00:12:06.802 --> 00:12:11.060 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Objectives, rules, objectives or sub-objectives, 00:12:11.060 --> 00:12:13.550 align:middle line:90% goals, as you describe them. 00:12:13.550 --> 00:12:15.469 align:middle line:90% Some sort of constraints, some-- 00:12:15.469 --> 00:12:17.052 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Like a mechanical restraint. 00:12:17.052 --> 00:12:23.474 align:middle line:84% Like an objective and mechanical [INAUDIBLE] 00:12:23.474 --> 00:12:26.320 align:middle line:84% I consider it a stupid question because it is. 00:12:26.320 --> 00:12:28.888 align:middle line:84% Everybody knows that a game is that's a ridiculous thing 00:12:28.888 --> 00:12:29.589 align:middle line:90% to say. 00:12:29.589 --> 00:12:30.589 align:middle line:90% Of course I want a game. 00:12:30.589 --> 00:12:32.223 align:middle line:90% But when we actually look at it? 00:12:32.223 --> 00:12:32.765 align:middle line:90% Then it does. 00:12:32.765 --> 00:12:33.730 align:middle line:90% It gets hard. 00:12:33.730 --> 00:12:35.294 align:middle line:84% It gets convoluted as you're playing. 00:12:35.294 --> 00:12:36.836 align:middle line:84% That's why it's such a dumb question. 00:12:36.836 --> 00:12:39.350 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Again, so many edge cases, so many edge cases, 00:12:39.350 --> 00:12:44.163 align:middle line:84% but there are these things that a lot of games do share. 00:12:44.163 --> 00:12:45.830 align:middle line:84% These goals that you're working towards, 00:12:45.830 --> 00:12:47.881 align:middle line:84% these constraints that you are trying to work in, 00:12:47.881 --> 00:12:49.506 align:middle line:84% these decisions they're trying to make. 00:12:49.506 --> 00:12:52.580 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: They're definitely [INAUDIBLE] games, 00:12:52.580 --> 00:12:55.240 align:middle line:84% which have had like sub-objectives in them. 00:12:55.240 --> 00:12:59.735 align:middle line:84% Like another set of objectives, and it's hard to say like-- 00:12:59.735 --> 00:13:02.705 align:middle line:90% And [INAUDIBLE] like-- 00:13:02.705 --> 00:13:04.641 align:middle line:84% The way that the [INAUDIBLE] is like-- 00:13:04.641 --> 00:13:07.350 align:middle line:84% I don't think a game necessarily has to have [? real ?] goals. 00:13:07.350 --> 00:13:09.520 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: It's crazy to think of a game 00:13:09.520 --> 00:13:13.640 align:middle line:84% that people might recognize as a game that doesn't 00:13:13.640 --> 00:13:16.500 align:middle line:90% meet all of these criteria. 00:13:16.500 --> 00:13:18.780 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So I think of it as something 00:13:18.780 --> 00:13:22.220 align:middle line:84% with a goal, an entertaining goal. 00:13:22.220 --> 00:13:25.630 align:middle line:84% So basically a goal that would be entertaining to obtain. 00:13:25.630 --> 00:13:28.880 align:middle line:84% But I also think that's very dependent on what 00:13:28.880 --> 00:13:29.860 align:middle line:90% you think of as a game. 00:13:29.860 --> 00:13:31.865 align:middle line:84% And someone mentioned that, oh, it's obvious. 00:13:31.865 --> 00:13:35.500 align:middle line:84% If you look at a game you feel like this is a game. 00:13:35.500 --> 00:13:36.406 align:middle line:90% It's not. 00:13:36.406 --> 00:13:38.671 align:middle line:84% But I think that it's not as obvious. 00:13:38.671 --> 00:13:42.620 align:middle line:84% I think with animal upon animal, everyone of us can look at that 00:13:42.620 --> 00:13:45.450 align:middle line:84% and say it's the game, but there are a lot of things 00:13:45.450 --> 00:13:47.922 align:middle line:90% that kind of fall on the edge. 00:13:47.922 --> 00:13:50.850 align:middle line:84% Some people will define this game where other people won't. 00:13:50.850 --> 00:13:56.950 align:middle line:84% [? Want To play ?] [? a game. ?] [LAUGHTER] Or my dad's really 00:13:56.950 --> 00:13:57.682 align:middle line:90% angry with me. 00:13:57.682 --> 00:13:59.160 align:middle line:90% I have to pickup all 00:13:59.160 --> 00:14:00.932 align:middle line:90% the cards. 00:14:00.932 --> 00:14:02.515 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I personally like the vision 00:14:02.515 --> 00:14:06.286 align:middle line:84% of unnecessary obstacles, because it-- 00:14:06.286 --> 00:14:08.607 align:middle line:84% There's a play space that you don't have to be in it, 00:14:08.607 --> 00:14:10.190 align:middle line:84% but you should clean it and you should 00:14:10.190 --> 00:14:14.094 align:middle line:84% be giving yourself these obstacles to get over them 00:14:14.094 --> 00:14:15.560 align:middle line:90% or whatever. 00:14:15.560 --> 00:14:19.970 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: I think that's Bernard Suits who posited that 00:14:19.970 --> 00:14:23.750 align:middle line:84% and he likes to use golf as an example. 00:14:23.750 --> 00:14:26.840 align:middle line:84% Right, it's because clearly golf is 00:14:26.840 --> 00:14:29.140 align:middle line:84% an inefficient way of delivering a ball into a cup. 00:14:29.140 --> 00:14:33.050 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [LAUGHTER] 00:14:33.050 --> 00:14:35.990 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Yes, let's just use this very long stick 00:14:35.990 --> 00:14:39.847 align:middle line:84% that's weighted weirdly and then put the ball really far away. 00:14:39.847 --> 00:14:41.930 align:middle line:84% And give you a rule that you can't just pick it up 00:14:41.930 --> 00:14:44.070 align:middle line:90% and drop it in there. 00:14:44.070 --> 00:14:47.790 align:middle line:84% So unnecessary obstacles, it's kind of a nice way 00:14:47.790 --> 00:14:52.040 align:middle line:84% to describe a criteria that a game could meet. 00:14:52.040 --> 00:14:54.360 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So it's interesting because the-- 00:14:54.360 --> 00:14:56.480 align:middle line:84% often times a lot of people, the creative people 00:14:56.480 --> 00:14:58.366 align:middle line:84% like artists and other such people, 00:14:58.366 --> 00:15:01.788 align:middle line:84% will say constraints actually let you be more creative. 00:15:01.788 --> 00:15:03.330 align:middle line:84% So that's, I think what's interesting 00:15:03.330 --> 00:15:06.375 align:middle line:84% about games is, specifically with strategies and stuff, 00:15:06.375 --> 00:15:08.509 align:middle line:84% the fact that you can't just pick up the golf ball 00:15:08.509 --> 00:15:09.967 align:middle line:84% and walk to the hole and put it in. 00:15:09.967 --> 00:15:11.467 align:middle line:84% It means you actually have to learn. 00:15:11.467 --> 00:15:14.570 align:middle line:84% Well, this golf club, it goes for long distances and this 00:15:14.570 --> 00:15:16.693 align:middle line:90% and that and that. 00:15:16.693 --> 00:15:19.110 align:middle line:84% So all these constraints yield different strategies, which 00:15:19.110 --> 00:15:20.330 align:middle line:90% is a really interesting sight. 00:15:20.330 --> 00:15:21.666 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Right and even in the example 00:15:21.666 --> 00:15:22.833 align:middle line:90% of the cricket thing, right. 00:15:22.833 --> 00:15:25.610 align:middle line:84% It's-- you have this weird collection, a set of rules. 00:15:25.610 --> 00:15:28.227 align:middle line:84% We need to this emergent strategy, which is like-- 00:15:28.227 --> 00:15:29.810 align:middle line:84% And now we put in this particular kind 00:15:29.810 --> 00:15:35.120 align:middle line:84% of batter or pitcher that is going to help us maximize our-- 00:15:35.120 --> 00:15:36.882 align:middle line:84% what's going to extend this game by day. 00:15:36.882 --> 00:15:42.510 align:middle line:90% 00:15:42.510 --> 00:15:47.540 align:middle line:84% So why is-- it's not entirely-- it's not 00:15:47.540 --> 00:15:51.448 align:middle line:84% an entirely futile experiment to try to define games. 00:15:51.448 --> 00:15:53.990 align:middle line:84% In fact, I believe we do have a definition of games coming up 00:15:53.990 --> 00:15:59.360 align:middle line:84% in one of the rules of play readings, 00:15:59.360 --> 00:16:02.700 align:middle line:84% and it is one that is functional. 00:16:02.700 --> 00:16:04.550 align:middle line:90% And it has goals. 00:16:04.550 --> 00:16:07.100 align:middle line:84% It has the constraints that you're working in. 00:16:07.100 --> 00:16:10.760 align:middle line:84% I believe they also have it describing an activity that's 00:16:10.760 --> 00:16:12.630 align:middle line:90% actually carved out of-- 00:16:12.630 --> 00:16:13.880 align:middle line:90% of regular life. 00:16:13.880 --> 00:16:16.120 align:middle line:84% And the consequences that happen inside it 00:16:16.120 --> 00:16:18.320 align:middle line:84% don't include that you're outside it. 00:16:18.320 --> 00:16:22.760 align:middle line:84% But as many people have already pointed out in class, 00:16:22.760 --> 00:16:24.650 align:middle line:84% if I gave you a little bit of time 00:16:24.650 --> 00:16:27.230 align:middle line:84% you will be able to come up with a game 00:16:27.230 --> 00:16:28.790 align:middle line:84% that people will recognize as a game, 00:16:28.790 --> 00:16:32.450 align:middle line:84% and falls outside of that definition. 00:16:32.450 --> 00:16:34.220 align:middle line:90% The reason why I personally-- 00:16:34.220 --> 00:16:36.980 align:middle line:84% this is not-- this is not going to be useful to you 00:16:36.980 --> 00:16:38.282 align:middle line:90% outside of this class. 00:16:38.282 --> 00:16:39.740 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to tell you personally 00:16:39.740 --> 00:16:43.600 align:middle line:84% the reason why I don't like that question, what is a game, 00:16:43.600 --> 00:16:47.570 align:middle line:84% is because it invites you to carve things out 00:16:47.570 --> 00:16:48.610 align:middle line:90% of the game space. 00:16:48.610 --> 00:16:51.080 align:middle line:84% To say that thing is not a game because it doesn't 00:16:51.080 --> 00:16:55.910 align:middle line:84% meet this definition, and I find that activity to be pointless. 00:16:55.910 --> 00:17:00.943 align:middle line:84% To-- just telling people who've made something 00:17:00.943 --> 00:17:02.360 align:middle line:84% and have decided to call it a game 00:17:02.360 --> 00:17:05.890 align:middle line:84% that it is not-- that thing that you created is not a game. 00:17:05.890 --> 00:17:08.869 align:middle line:84% I actually feel that is very antisocial, 00:17:08.869 --> 00:17:12.290 align:middle line:84% very noninclusive way of thinking 00:17:12.290 --> 00:17:15.047 align:middle line:84% about what could actually be useful in thinking about it. 00:17:15.047 --> 00:17:17.630 align:middle line:90% 00:17:17.630 --> 00:17:22.220 align:middle line:84% But for your own benefit of working in a team, 00:17:22.220 --> 00:17:24.260 align:middle line:84% it is reasonable to set goals that you 00:17:24.260 --> 00:17:27.200 align:middle line:90% want to hit with you game. 00:17:27.200 --> 00:17:29.540 align:middle line:84% Many of the descriptions that have already come up 00:17:29.540 --> 00:17:32.120 align:middle line:84% in the past 10 minutes are actually 00:17:32.120 --> 00:17:34.850 align:middle line:84% things I would use to describe good games, but not necessarily 00:17:34.850 --> 00:17:36.340 align:middle line:90% games as a whole. 00:17:36.340 --> 00:17:38.530 align:middle line:84% Entertaining, for instance, it's like how many of 00:17:38.530 --> 00:17:40.530 align:middle line:84% you can think of a game that's not entertaining, 00:17:40.530 --> 00:17:41.586 align:middle line:90% but it's a game? 00:17:41.586 --> 00:17:42.580 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Monopoly? 00:17:42.580 --> 00:17:43.527 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:17:43.527 --> 00:17:46.190 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Sure. 00:17:46.190 --> 00:17:46.940 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: The game 00:17:46.940 --> 00:17:47.780 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: What else? 00:17:47.780 --> 00:17:49.155 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: War and [? golf are. ?] 00:17:49.155 --> 00:17:49.880 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: War. 00:17:49.880 --> 00:17:51.380 align:middle line:90% Golf. 00:17:51.380 --> 00:17:52.970 align:middle line:90% It depends on you, right? 00:17:52.970 --> 00:17:56.150 align:middle line:90% It depends on the player. 00:17:56.150 --> 00:17:58.300 align:middle line:84% Actually, a lot depends on the player. 00:17:58.300 --> 00:18:01.302 align:middle line:84% You can come up with the worst game in the world. 00:18:01.302 --> 00:18:03.260 align:middle line:84% Conversely, you can come up with the worst game 00:18:03.260 --> 00:18:06.280 align:middle line:84% and, well, and find people who would enjoy it. 00:18:06.280 --> 00:18:07.940 align:middle line:84% And you can make it a game that's 00:18:07.940 --> 00:18:09.728 align:middle line:84% trying to deliver a particular message. 00:18:09.728 --> 00:18:11.770 align:middle line:84% And people are going to walk away with completely 00:18:11.770 --> 00:18:14.530 align:middle line:90% the wrong interpretation of it. 00:18:14.530 --> 00:18:17.220 align:middle line:84% And that's fine, because they are players. 00:18:17.220 --> 00:18:19.345 align:middle line:84% They-- I'll say it's not even a completely wrong 00:18:19.345 --> 00:18:19.970 align:middle line:90% interpretation. 00:18:19.970 --> 00:18:22.400 align:middle line:84% They come up with a valid interpretation 00:18:22.400 --> 00:18:25.550 align:middle line:84% that they walked away with it, and you had very little control 00:18:25.550 --> 00:18:26.130 align:middle line:90% over that. 00:18:26.130 --> 00:18:27.760 align:middle line:84% But it's OK, because the game's more about players 00:18:27.760 --> 00:18:29.210 align:middle line:84% usually than about the designers. 00:18:29.210 --> 00:18:30.970 align:middle line:84% Even though you see the designers names 00:18:30.970 --> 00:18:35.940 align:middle line:84% on many of these boxes, a lot of them would have that, I think. 00:18:35.940 --> 00:18:39.002 align:middle line:84% In the end, there are relatively few famous game designers 00:18:39.002 --> 00:18:40.960 align:middle line:84% out there, but there are many, many famous game 00:18:40.960 --> 00:18:42.590 align:middle line:90% players out there. 00:18:42.590 --> 00:18:45.110 align:middle line:84% I think there's a good reason for that. 00:18:45.110 --> 00:18:47.360 align:middle line:84% All the creative-- all the creativity 00:18:47.360 --> 00:18:49.190 align:middle line:84% that comes out from constraints, all the, 00:18:49.190 --> 00:18:53.710 align:middle line:84% as we're talking about sports, the athleticism. 00:18:53.710 --> 00:18:56.153 align:middle line:84% The ability to work within these constraints 00:18:56.153 --> 00:18:58.070 align:middle line:84% to do something that people didn't necessarily 00:18:58.070 --> 00:19:00.950 align:middle line:84% think that was possible is usually the Hallmark card 00:19:00.950 --> 00:19:03.440 align:middle line:90% of a great player. 00:19:03.440 --> 00:19:06.050 align:middle line:84% The designers just provide it, the sandbox 00:19:06.050 --> 00:19:09.020 align:middle line:84% for them to be able to express that way. 00:19:09.020 --> 00:19:13.140 align:middle line:84% So I think when you come back on Monday, 00:19:13.140 --> 00:19:15.360 align:middle line:84% to be able to come in with a concept 00:19:15.360 --> 00:19:18.300 align:middle line:84% after taking a look at some of the readings. 00:19:18.300 --> 00:19:19.840 align:middle line:84% This is what I want to hit, right, 00:19:19.840 --> 00:19:22.670 align:middle line:90% and I want to have a game that-- 00:19:22.670 --> 00:19:23.880 align:middle line:90% that has a goal. 00:19:23.880 --> 00:19:27.510 align:middle line:84% Or I want to have a game where the players have a goal. 00:19:27.510 --> 00:19:30.690 align:middle line:84% I want to have a game where the players are going to express 00:19:30.690 --> 00:19:32.250 align:middle line:90% a certain amount of creativity. 00:19:32.250 --> 00:19:34.950 align:middle line:84% Or whether it's-- they're really just sort of mechanically going 00:19:34.950 --> 00:19:37.033 align:middle line:90% through the possibility space. 00:19:37.033 --> 00:19:38.700 align:middle line:84% I think we've got a couple of games that 00:19:38.700 --> 00:19:40.950 align:middle line:90% actually were very mechanical. 00:19:40.950 --> 00:19:44.940 align:middle line:84% And you're are just stepping through the-- 00:19:44.940 --> 00:19:46.570 align:middle line:90% stepping through the paces. 00:19:46.570 --> 00:19:47.900 align:middle line:84% [? Some ?] [? are ?] [? closer, ?] and some of them 00:19:47.900 --> 00:19:49.590 align:middle line:84% is almost a little bit like that, right, 00:19:49.590 --> 00:19:52.200 align:middle line:84% because you don't get to decide what question you ask, 00:19:52.200 --> 00:19:53.327 align:middle line:90% I believe. 00:19:53.327 --> 00:19:54.910 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: [You just draw the question. 00:19:54.910 --> 00:19:55.980 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Yeah, you just draw it. 00:19:55.980 --> 00:19:56.855 align:middle line:90% You ask the question. 00:19:56.855 --> 00:19:59.100 align:middle line:84% You get information, and, at some point of time, 00:19:59.100 --> 00:20:02.220 align:middle line:84% you get all the information you need. 00:20:02.220 --> 00:20:07.410 align:middle line:84% So-- so that's a game that has very relatively little decision 00:20:07.410 --> 00:20:11.233 align:middle line:84% making on the player's part, if you are playing optimally. 00:20:11.233 --> 00:20:13.150 align:middle line:84% If you're not playing optimally, then actually 00:20:13.150 --> 00:20:15.927 align:middle line:84% you're making a whole bunch of incorrect decisions 00:20:15.927 --> 00:20:18.344 align:middle line:84% that actually makes it a little bit more variable in who's 00:20:18.344 --> 00:20:18.886 align:middle line:90% going to win. 00:20:18.886 --> 00:20:22.200 align:middle line:84% And that's why the game's actually interesting. 00:20:22.200 --> 00:20:23.590 align:middle line:90% Come in on Monday. 00:20:23.590 --> 00:20:25.020 align:middle line:90% Be willing to discuss that. 00:20:25.020 --> 00:20:25.770 align:middle line:90% Come in on Monday. 00:20:25.770 --> 00:20:27.770 align:middle line:84% Be willing to change your mind when you actually 00:20:27.770 --> 00:20:29.040 align:middle line:90% meet up with your team. 00:20:29.040 --> 00:20:31.415 align:middle line:84% We're going to do a little bit of brainstorming on Monday 00:20:31.415 --> 00:20:35.190 align:middle line:84% on what sort of games that you want to work on, 00:20:35.190 --> 00:20:38.700 align:middle line:84% and, more importantly, what mechanics you want to work on. 00:20:38.700 --> 00:20:41.340 align:middle line:84% One more clarification about the first assignment. 00:20:41.340 --> 00:20:44.130 align:middle line:84% It is not about the story of your game 00:20:44.130 --> 00:20:46.490 align:middle line:84% or the fiction of your game or where 00:20:46.490 --> 00:20:48.690 align:middle line:84% your game is set, in ancient history 00:20:48.690 --> 00:20:51.880 align:middle line:84% or in the science, sci-fi or anything of that. 00:20:51.880 --> 00:20:53.820 align:middle line:84% We'll get to that later on in this lecture. 00:20:53.820 --> 00:20:56.550 align:middle line:84% I want you to think about what are the rules that a player 00:20:56.550 --> 00:20:58.260 align:middle line:90% needs to deal with. 00:20:58.260 --> 00:20:59.210 align:middle line:90% Right? 00:20:59.210 --> 00:21:02.668 align:middle line:84% You are your own target audience, as far as I know. 00:21:02.668 --> 00:21:04.130 align:middle line:90% That's it for class today. 00:21:04.130 --> 00:21:05.850 align:middle line:90% Thank you very much. 00:21:05.850 --> 00:21:07.880 align:middle line:84% Please make sure that you did sign in, 00:21:07.880 --> 00:21:10.060 align:middle line:84% if you haven't gotten the attendance sheet. 00:21:10.060 --> 00:21:11.230 align:middle line:90% Be officially on it. 00:21:11.230 --> 00:21:12.480 align:middle line:90% [INTERPOSING VOICES] 00:21:12.480 --> 00:21:24.756 align:middle line:90%