WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:00.090 align:middle line:90% 00:00:00.090 --> 00:00:02.490 align:middle line:84% The following content is provided under a Creative 00:00:02.490 --> 00:00:04.030 align:middle line:90% Commons license. 00:00:04.030 --> 00:00:06.330 align:middle line:84% Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 00:00:06.330 --> 00:00:10.690 align:middle line:84% continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. 00:00:10.690 --> 00:00:13.320 align:middle line:84% To make a donation or view additional materials 00:00:13.320 --> 00:00:17.250 align:middle line:84% from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 00:00:17.250 --> 00:00:18.390 align:middle line:90% at ocw.mit.edu. 00:00:18.390 --> 00:00:22.280 align:middle line:90% 00:00:22.280 --> 00:00:27.930 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Are you really wanting an excel style spreadsheet? 00:00:27.930 --> 00:00:29.025 align:middle line:90% 00:00:29.025 --> 00:00:31.644 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: A word table is fine. 00:00:31.644 --> 00:00:32.810 align:middle line:90% I would like to see a table. 00:00:32.810 --> 00:00:35.487 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It looks more like a journal, I'd say, than a table. 00:00:35.487 --> 00:00:40.300 align:middle line:90% 00:00:40.300 --> 00:00:42.930 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Yeah, that's OK. 00:00:42.930 --> 00:00:45.570 align:middle line:84% So it looks as if you converted your table, 00:00:45.570 --> 00:00:47.872 align:middle line:84% and then you converted the table to text, 00:00:47.872 --> 00:00:48.830 align:middle line:90% or something like that. 00:00:48.830 --> 00:00:51.527 align:middle line:84% And it looks like there's this paragraph on that. 00:00:51.527 --> 00:00:52.110 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yes. 00:00:52.110 --> 00:00:54.392 align:middle line:84% It's like the journal of our game. 00:00:54.392 --> 00:00:55.350 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: That's fine. 00:00:55.350 --> 00:00:57.780 align:middle line:84% As long I get a shape of the history of the game, 00:00:57.780 --> 00:00:59.400 align:middle line:84% and the reasons why you made changes. 00:00:59.400 --> 00:01:02.000 align:middle line:84% That's the thing I'm really looking for. 00:01:02.000 --> 00:01:04.522 align:middle line:84% The table format does make it easier for me to read. 00:01:04.522 --> 00:01:06.480 align:middle line:84% In the future, I would like [INAUDIBLE] things. 00:01:06.480 --> 00:01:08.750 align:middle line:84% But because I didn't make that clear in this assignment 00:01:08.750 --> 00:01:10.990 align:middle line:84% at all, as long as I can trace the history of the game, 00:01:10.990 --> 00:01:11.490 align:middle line:90% I am good. 00:01:11.490 --> 00:01:14.230 align:middle line:90% 00:01:14.230 --> 00:01:15.200 align:middle line:90% Other questions? 00:01:15.200 --> 00:01:17.461 align:middle line:90% 00:01:17.461 --> 00:01:19.710 align:middle line:84% If anyone has a copy of the syllabus, do check it out. 00:01:19.710 --> 00:01:23.340 align:middle line:84% I do think the one-page write up is due the following week, 00:01:23.340 --> 00:01:24.660 align:middle line:90% on Monday. 00:01:24.660 --> 00:01:25.617 align:middle line:90% This coming Monday. 00:01:25.617 --> 00:01:27.450 align:middle line:84% I'm actually not going to be here on Monday. 00:01:27.450 --> 00:01:29.290 align:middle line:84% I'll be traveling to give a talk, 00:01:29.290 --> 00:01:32.220 align:middle line:84% so Rick will be heading next week's classes. 00:01:32.220 --> 00:01:34.760 align:middle line:90% Basically Monday and Wednesday. 00:01:34.760 --> 00:01:38.830 align:middle line:90% So, I'll catch you-- 00:01:38.830 --> 00:01:40.694 align:middle line:84% grading might be delayed by a little bit. 00:01:40.694 --> 00:01:42.979 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 00:01:42.979 --> 00:01:45.620 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: A little [INAUDIBLE] Yeah. 00:01:45.620 --> 00:01:47.160 align:middle line:84% That one in particular, [INAUDIBLE]. 00:01:47.160 --> 00:01:51.630 align:middle line:84% For the assignment itself, for the group submissions, 00:01:51.630 --> 00:01:53.760 align:middle line:84% I would actually like to see hard copies, 00:01:53.760 --> 00:01:55.110 align:middle line:90% so I can keep it all together. 00:01:55.110 --> 00:01:57.360 align:middle line:84% The game itself obviously needs to be a hard copy. 00:01:57.360 --> 00:01:59.010 align:middle line:84% But then if I can get a print out 00:01:59.010 --> 00:02:02.040 align:middle line:84% of your change log and everything is all in one place. 00:02:02.040 --> 00:02:03.540 align:middle line:84% Oh, by the way, on Wednesday, I will 00:02:03.540 --> 00:02:05.840 align:middle line:84% come in with a whole bunch of Amazon boxes. 00:02:05.840 --> 00:02:09.600 align:middle line:84% Old Amazon empty boxes, so that you can just put your games 00:02:09.600 --> 00:02:12.080 align:middle line:90% into an appropriate size box. 00:02:12.080 --> 00:02:12.710 align:middle line:90% If you-- 00:02:12.710 --> 00:02:14.600 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 00:02:14.600 --> 00:02:18.310 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Yes, after this talk I will go in and grab 00:02:18.310 --> 00:02:19.330 align:middle line:90% the prototyping cases. 00:02:19.330 --> 00:02:21.330 align:middle line:84% I'll bring them down here, and you will probably 00:02:21.330 --> 00:02:23.160 align:middle line:84% have at least an hour and a 1/2, if not two hours 00:02:23.160 --> 00:02:23.922 align:middle line:90% to work on them. 00:02:23.922 --> 00:02:28.720 align:middle line:90% 00:02:28.720 --> 00:02:34.470 align:middle line:84% So, today's reading was from The Design of Everyday Things, 00:02:34.470 --> 00:02:38.234 align:middle line:84% also known as the psychology of everyday things. 00:02:38.234 --> 00:02:40.150 align:middle line:84% You probably noticed we skipped from chapter 1 00:02:40.150 --> 00:02:41.544 align:middle line:90% all the way to chapter 4. 00:02:41.544 --> 00:02:43.210 align:middle line:84% Part of the reason for that is chapter 4 00:02:43.210 --> 00:02:46.407 align:middle line:84% is kind of a summary of chapters 2 and 3. 00:02:46.407 --> 00:02:50.020 align:middle line:84% Chapters 2 and 3 have tons of nice case examples. 00:02:50.020 --> 00:02:51.870 align:middle line:84% It walks you through the reasoning, 00:02:51.870 --> 00:02:53.440 align:middle line:90% explaining things in detail. 00:02:53.440 --> 00:02:55.150 align:middle line:84% Again, I will recommend this book 00:02:55.150 --> 00:02:57.400 align:middle line:84% to anybody who is doing any kind of design 00:02:57.400 --> 00:03:00.970 align:middle line:84% where he would be expected to touch your design. 00:03:00.970 --> 00:03:03.700 align:middle line:84% And it's really, really easy to read. 00:03:03.700 --> 00:03:07.080 align:middle line:84% Hopefully you enjoyed today's reading. 00:03:07.080 --> 00:03:09.540 align:middle line:84% So what I'm going to go into today 00:03:09.540 --> 00:03:11.470 align:middle line:84% is actually a little bit more detail 00:03:11.470 --> 00:03:15.190 align:middle line:84% about the stuff that wasn't covered in chapter 4. 00:03:15.190 --> 00:03:18.010 align:middle line:84% In chapter 3 in this book, Donald Norman 00:03:18.010 --> 00:03:20.150 align:middle line:90% actually lays out this-- 00:03:20.150 --> 00:03:23.260 align:middle line:84% his mental model of how people make decisions 00:03:23.260 --> 00:03:25.690 align:middle line:84% when they are confronted with a piece of technology 00:03:25.690 --> 00:03:30.254 align:middle line:84% or a designed object that they don't quite understand. 00:03:30.254 --> 00:03:32.054 align:middle line:84% We first saw this briefly in chapter 4, 00:03:32.054 --> 00:03:33.970 align:middle line:84% but I thought I'd like to go into a little bit 00:03:33.970 --> 00:03:36.261 align:middle line:84% more detail about this before going to the stuff that's 00:03:36.261 --> 00:03:38.020 align:middle line:90% actually in chapter 4. 00:03:38.020 --> 00:03:42.130 align:middle line:84% So he's got this basic idea that every time you 00:03:42.130 --> 00:03:47.140 align:middle line:84% interact with any kind of technology, 00:03:47.140 --> 00:03:49.810 align:middle line:84% whether that's a chair you've never seen before, 00:03:49.810 --> 00:03:53.870 align:middle line:84% or a car, or a computer program, you go through this loop. 00:03:53.870 --> 00:03:57.250 align:middle line:84% You have got some goals as an individual human being. 00:03:57.250 --> 00:04:04.760 align:middle line:84% Get a new microwave oven, I would like to eat something. 00:04:04.760 --> 00:04:06.780 align:middle line:84% And then you go through this loop 00:04:06.780 --> 00:04:10.870 align:middle line:84% of trying to figure out how this new microwave oven works. 00:04:10.870 --> 00:04:13.870 align:middle line:90% You have some sort of intention. 00:04:13.870 --> 00:04:19.560 align:middle line:84% The goal might be, OK I want to eat something. 00:04:19.560 --> 00:04:25.170 align:middle line:84% So my intention is to warm up this TV dinner. 00:04:25.170 --> 00:04:26.370 align:middle line:90% I plan. 00:04:26.370 --> 00:04:31.970 align:middle line:84% OK, the plan is that I've got to prep this TV dinner somehow. 00:04:31.970 --> 00:04:34.810 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to go through a series of steps. 00:04:34.810 --> 00:04:38.040 align:middle line:84% I guess I need to take the wrapping off. 00:04:38.040 --> 00:04:40.840 align:middle line:84% Maybe I peeled back the plastic a little bit. 00:04:40.840 --> 00:04:43.960 align:middle line:90% Sometimes I get confused, too. 00:04:43.960 --> 00:04:45.590 align:middle line:84% And then you actually have to peel it. 00:04:45.590 --> 00:04:46.840 align:middle line:84% And then, instead of peeling up nicely, 00:04:46.840 --> 00:04:48.420 align:middle line:90% it peels up into little strips. 00:04:48.420 --> 00:04:51.110 align:middle line:84% Has this is ever happened to you? 00:04:51.110 --> 00:04:53.710 align:middle line:90% And it comes up in your fingers. 00:04:53.710 --> 00:04:55.140 align:middle line:84% That's the execution part, right? 00:04:55.140 --> 00:04:57.400 align:middle line:84% So I know what I want it to do, but I actually 00:04:57.400 --> 00:04:59.020 align:middle line:90% have to go and do it. 00:04:59.020 --> 00:05:00.614 align:middle line:90% And then I get feedback. 00:05:00.614 --> 00:05:02.530 align:middle line:84% I'm not even talking about the microwave oven, 00:05:02.530 --> 00:05:06.280 align:middle line:84% I'm talking about just the TV dinner right now. 00:05:06.280 --> 00:05:08.141 align:middle line:90% I see the feedback. 00:05:08.141 --> 00:05:10.390 align:middle line:84% The thing peeled back, but it didn't peel back the way 00:05:10.390 --> 00:05:11.590 align:middle line:90% that I want it to. 00:05:11.590 --> 00:05:12.530 align:middle line:90% I see it. 00:05:12.530 --> 00:05:14.830 align:middle line:84% I have to interpret whether that's 00:05:14.830 --> 00:05:16.410 align:middle line:90% getting me closer to my goal. 00:05:16.410 --> 00:05:18.310 align:middle line:84% Well, all I really want is a couple 00:05:18.310 --> 00:05:20.020 align:middle line:84% of holes for the steam to come out. 00:05:20.020 --> 00:05:22.250 align:middle line:84% So OK I guess that's good enough. 00:05:22.250 --> 00:05:24.296 align:middle line:84% And I evaluate that as being good enough. 00:05:24.296 --> 00:05:25.670 align:middle line:84% So I can proceed to the next step 00:05:25.670 --> 00:05:28.210 align:middle line:90% on my plan of getting dinner. 00:05:28.210 --> 00:05:30.880 align:middle line:84% So my intention now is to actually 00:05:30.880 --> 00:05:33.820 align:middle line:84% put this thing into the microwave oven as I've planned. 00:05:33.820 --> 00:05:35.720 align:middle line:90% To heat it up for 30 seconds. 00:05:35.720 --> 00:05:38.290 align:middle line:84% Which means a series of steps to actually push buttons 00:05:38.290 --> 00:05:40.989 align:middle line:90% to heat it up for 30 seconds. 00:05:40.989 --> 00:05:43.030 align:middle line:84% I have to make sure I don't set it to 30 minutes, 00:05:43.030 --> 00:05:44.800 align:middle line:84% so I punched a button to make sure I 00:05:44.800 --> 00:05:46.450 align:middle line:90% don't hit too many zeroes. 00:05:46.450 --> 00:05:48.370 align:middle line:84% I see the feedback on the screen. 00:05:48.370 --> 00:05:50.680 align:middle line:84% I perceive whether that's what I want or not. 00:05:50.680 --> 00:05:52.240 align:middle line:90% Sometimes it's not what I want. 00:05:52.240 --> 00:05:55.570 align:middle line:84% I punched in 30 minutes by mistake. 00:05:55.570 --> 00:05:59.230 align:middle line:84% I interpret that 30 zero zero as 30 minutes, 00:05:59.230 --> 00:06:01.470 align:middle line:84% I evaluate that's not what I want it to do. 00:06:01.470 --> 00:06:05.110 align:middle line:84% And then I make another set of intentions 00:06:05.110 --> 00:06:06.030 align:middle line:90% to solve that problem. 00:06:06.030 --> 00:06:08.190 align:middle line:90% 00:06:08.190 --> 00:06:09.080 align:middle line:90% So this is a model. 00:06:09.080 --> 00:06:11.505 align:middle line:84% And this is actually seven steps, 00:06:11.505 --> 00:06:12.880 align:middle line:84% even though I've got eight boxes. 00:06:12.880 --> 00:06:16.430 align:middle line:84% One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. 00:06:16.430 --> 00:06:18.264 align:middle line:84% This thing here happens in the system. 00:06:18.264 --> 00:06:19.680 align:middle line:84% It happens with the thing that you 00:06:19.680 --> 00:06:21.440 align:middle line:90% are trying to interact with. 00:06:21.440 --> 00:06:24.980 align:middle line:84% You can expand it into what you think of as a computer program. 00:06:24.980 --> 00:06:27.920 align:middle line:84% This will be expanded into a huge algorithm, or the thing 00:06:27.920 --> 00:06:29.550 align:middle line:90% that the computer has to solve. 00:06:29.550 --> 00:06:34.205 align:middle line:84% And figure out what you were trying to do, and tried to do. 00:06:34.205 --> 00:06:37.870 align:middle line:84% And try to communicate back to you whether that was successful 00:06:37.870 --> 00:06:38.370 align:middle line:90% or not. 00:06:38.370 --> 00:06:41.760 align:middle line:84% That's not really what I want you to worry about right now. 00:06:41.760 --> 00:06:45.710 align:middle line:84% But these seven steps are all happening in the human. 00:06:45.710 --> 00:06:49.580 align:middle line:84% And all these steps are an opportunity for something 00:06:49.580 --> 00:06:50.352 align:middle line:90% to go wrong. 00:06:50.352 --> 00:06:52.890 align:middle line:90% 00:06:52.890 --> 00:06:56.570 align:middle line:84% Let me give you an example, from games in particular. 00:06:56.570 --> 00:06:59.540 align:middle line:84% These are some of the considerations 00:06:59.540 --> 00:07:01.290 align:middle line:90% that you might have in a game. 00:07:01.290 --> 00:07:03.230 align:middle line:84% There are-- say it's a competitive game. 00:07:03.230 --> 00:07:05.925 align:middle line:84% You. want to win, you don't want to lose. 00:07:05.925 --> 00:07:07.400 align:middle line:90% So how do I win? 00:07:07.400 --> 00:07:12.040 align:middle line:84% How can I win, gathering a lot of money or resources 00:07:12.040 --> 00:07:15.920 align:middle line:84% or getting more points, or knocking out my opponent. 00:07:15.920 --> 00:07:17.539 align:middle line:90% What are my options right now? 00:07:17.539 --> 00:07:19.580 align:middle line:84% Maybe it's a card based game, and the options all 00:07:19.580 --> 00:07:21.410 align:middle line:84% laid out in the cards that you're holding. 00:07:21.410 --> 00:07:26.270 align:middle line:84% Maybe you have the same three decisions every turn. 00:07:26.270 --> 00:07:29.600 align:middle line:84% So, given all those options, what do I want to do? 00:07:29.600 --> 00:07:32.090 align:middle line:84% And then you actually have to execute that. 00:07:32.090 --> 00:07:34.460 align:middle line:84% If it's some sort of dexterity game, where 00:07:34.460 --> 00:07:39.200 align:middle line:84% you have to flick tokens on a board, that's kind of tough. 00:07:39.200 --> 00:07:41.195 align:middle line:84% Maybe you just place the card face down. 00:07:41.195 --> 00:07:43.070 align:middle line:84% You need to make sure you pick the right card 00:07:43.070 --> 00:07:47.155 align:middle line:84% before placing face down and not placing it face up by accident. 00:07:47.155 --> 00:07:49.400 align:middle line:90% The game reacts. 00:07:49.400 --> 00:07:51.200 align:middle line:90% That could involve other people. 00:07:51.200 --> 00:07:54.110 align:middle line:90% That could involve a computer. 00:07:54.110 --> 00:07:57.150 align:middle line:84% That could just involve how the board looks. 00:07:57.150 --> 00:08:01.170 align:middle line:84% And then you as a human being now see the perceived state 00:08:01.170 --> 00:08:05.630 align:middle line:84% of the game, and figure out whether that got you any closer 00:08:05.630 --> 00:08:07.600 align:middle line:90% to where you wanted to be. 00:08:07.600 --> 00:08:10.670 align:middle line:90% You say, oh, I made that move. 00:08:10.670 --> 00:08:14.400 align:middle line:84% And man, that was a terrible move. 00:08:14.400 --> 00:08:17.330 align:middle line:84% And I know that because that took points away from me. 00:08:17.330 --> 00:08:20.370 align:middle line:84% So now I need to figure out what's my next step. 00:08:20.370 --> 00:08:23.860 align:middle line:84% I make a plan and go on, and on, and so forth. 00:08:23.860 --> 00:08:27.390 align:middle line:90% 00:08:27.390 --> 00:08:35.320 align:middle line:84% So, the idea that Donald Norman talks about, mental models, 00:08:35.320 --> 00:08:38.570 align:middle line:84% is basically this idea that the human beings 00:08:38.570 --> 00:08:42.440 align:middle line:84% who are playing your game have an idea of how your game works. 00:08:42.440 --> 00:08:43.750 align:middle line:90% And they might be right. 00:08:43.750 --> 00:08:44.880 align:middle line:90% They might be wrong. 00:08:44.880 --> 00:08:50.930 align:middle line:84% Or maybe somewhat vaguely right, but not quite there. 00:08:50.930 --> 00:08:53.170 align:middle line:84% Now as a designer of a game, then 00:08:53.170 --> 00:08:55.887 align:middle line:84% you are creating the system that players are interacting with. 00:08:55.887 --> 00:08:57.470 align:middle line:84% Everything that I talked about earlier 00:08:57.470 --> 00:08:59.610 align:middle line:84% was happening between the player system. 00:08:59.610 --> 00:09:01.690 align:middle line:84% But you're the designer who is trying 00:09:01.690 --> 00:09:05.570 align:middle line:84% to machine the system into something that a player can 00:09:05.570 --> 00:09:07.010 align:middle line:90% understand. 00:09:07.010 --> 00:09:09.500 align:middle line:84% That should actually sound familiar 00:09:09.500 --> 00:09:11.326 align:middle line:84% because we talked a little bit about this. 00:09:11.326 --> 00:09:12.450 align:middle line:90% Mechanic-dynamic aesthetic. 00:09:12.450 --> 00:09:15.700 align:middle line:84% If you as a designer, are designing a system, 00:09:15.700 --> 00:09:18.870 align:middle line:84% are creating the mechanics of the game. 00:09:18.870 --> 00:09:22.190 align:middle line:84% Players experiencing the aesthetics of a game 00:09:22.190 --> 00:09:24.200 align:middle line:84% have all kinds of resultant dynamics 00:09:24.200 --> 00:09:27.440 align:middle line:84% that are coming from both how your rules define 00:09:27.440 --> 00:09:29.810 align:middle line:84% what the player is going to do as well 00:09:29.810 --> 00:09:31.280 align:middle line:84% as how the player decides they're 00:09:31.280 --> 00:09:33.680 align:middle line:90% going to execute your rules. 00:09:33.680 --> 00:09:38.510 align:middle line:84% So it's this weird, horrible, second-order problem, 00:09:38.510 --> 00:09:42.930 align:middle line:84% which results in you trying to communicate to the player, 00:09:42.930 --> 00:09:44.810 align:middle line:84% this is what's happening underneath the hood 00:09:44.810 --> 00:09:46.643 align:middle line:84% and you really need to understand this to be 00:09:46.643 --> 00:09:51.600 align:middle line:90% able to make good decisions. 00:09:51.600 --> 00:09:54.740 align:middle line:84% So again, the player develops a mental model 00:09:54.740 --> 00:09:58.060 align:middle line:84% of how the system works by interacting with the system. 00:09:58.060 --> 00:10:02.930 align:middle line:84% The player tries to play a game by poking at it. 00:10:02.930 --> 00:10:06.100 align:middle line:84% And the user then uses that model, 00:10:06.100 --> 00:10:09.380 align:middle line:84% that happens to exist in the player's head, 00:10:09.380 --> 00:10:12.920 align:middle line:84% to anticipate what that system is going to do in the future 00:10:12.920 --> 00:10:15.950 align:middle line:90% if he did something differently. 00:10:15.950 --> 00:10:19.070 align:middle line:84% And that mental model gives the player 00:10:19.070 --> 00:10:22.130 align:middle line:84% an explanation for why the system is behaving in a way 00:10:22.130 --> 00:10:24.780 align:middle line:90% that it does. 00:10:24.780 --> 00:10:26.360 align:middle line:84% The designer also has a mental model. 00:10:26.360 --> 00:10:30.110 align:middle line:84% You all have an idea of how your teams currently work. 00:10:30.110 --> 00:10:31.610 align:middle line:84% Whether or not your games actually 00:10:31.610 --> 00:10:34.190 align:middle line:84% work that way, because if I read your rules 00:10:34.190 --> 00:10:35.750 align:middle line:90% I may interpret it differently. 00:10:35.750 --> 00:10:37.310 align:middle line:84% But right now you have an idea of how 00:10:37.310 --> 00:10:38.768 align:middle line:84% your game works because you've been 00:10:38.768 --> 00:10:42.045 align:middle line:84% working with these things for two weeks. 00:10:42.045 --> 00:10:46.555 align:middle line:84% And you are materializing that into a set of game mechanics, 00:10:46.555 --> 00:10:50.270 align:middle line:90% a bunch of rules. 00:10:50.270 --> 00:10:52.400 align:middle line:84% The player has to interpret, and then 00:10:52.400 --> 00:10:55.190 align:middle line:84% create their own mental model out of that. 00:10:55.190 --> 00:10:59.000 align:middle line:84% So you can imagine so many different possibilities 00:10:59.000 --> 00:11:01.340 align:middle line:90% of things just going wrong. 00:11:01.340 --> 00:11:04.570 align:middle line:84% I'm going to talk a little bit about that. 00:11:04.570 --> 00:11:09.370 align:middle line:84% So one of them are mistakes that a player makes. 00:11:09.370 --> 00:11:11.090 align:middle line:84% There are two different kinds of mistakes 00:11:11.090 --> 00:11:12.080 align:middle line:84% that I want to talk about and try 00:11:12.080 --> 00:11:13.538 align:middle line:84% to introduce this vocabulary to you 00:11:13.538 --> 00:11:16.490 align:middle line:84% so that when you're talking with your teams 00:11:16.490 --> 00:11:18.290 align:middle line:90% you can use clear language. 00:11:18.290 --> 00:11:20.870 align:middle line:84% If you have gone through CMS 611 before, 00:11:20.870 --> 00:11:22.880 align:middle line:84% you've seen a version of this presentation. 00:11:22.880 --> 00:11:24.670 align:middle line:84% I have had to change up the examples, 00:11:24.670 --> 00:11:28.460 align:middle line:84% so that these are board game examples. 00:11:28.460 --> 00:11:31.680 align:middle line:84% Flips are when the player knows what's supposed to happen 00:11:31.680 --> 00:11:33.020 align:middle line:90% and what they're supposed to do. 00:11:33.020 --> 00:11:35.420 align:middle line:84% The player just happens to accidentally do 00:11:35.420 --> 00:11:37.970 align:middle line:90% the wrong thing. 00:11:37.970 --> 00:11:41.495 align:middle line:90% Real world slips including-- 00:11:41.495 --> 00:11:45.395 align:middle line:84% has anybody tried to call somebody on the phone, 00:11:45.395 --> 00:11:47.270 align:middle line:84% dialed in the number, and accidentally dialed 00:11:47.270 --> 00:11:50.060 align:middle line:90% somebody else that really well? 00:11:50.060 --> 00:11:52.587 align:middle line:84% It's not like you didn't know each person's phone numbers. 00:11:52.587 --> 00:11:54.170 align:middle line:84% You just automatically started dialing 00:11:54.170 --> 00:11:59.740 align:middle line:84% the wrong number, which you knew you also knew very well. 00:11:59.740 --> 00:12:03.217 align:middle line:84% Driving, if you drive, you and you 00:12:03.217 --> 00:12:05.300 align:middle line:84% want to drive your friend's house you accidentally 00:12:05.300 --> 00:12:09.254 align:middle line:84% end at work because you just got into a routine. 00:12:09.254 --> 00:12:11.420 align:middle line:84% Halfway through a task you forget what you're doing. 00:12:11.420 --> 00:12:12.710 align:middle line:84% It's not like you don't actually know 00:12:12.710 --> 00:12:14.777 align:middle line:84% what your task is, you just happened to forget it 00:12:14.777 --> 00:12:15.860 align:middle line:90% in the middle of doing it. 00:12:15.860 --> 00:12:18.680 align:middle line:90% 00:12:18.680 --> 00:12:20.180 align:middle line:84% Pushing a similar button to the one 00:12:20.180 --> 00:12:22.054 align:middle line:84% that you actually wanted, that sort of thing. 00:12:22.054 --> 00:12:24.080 align:middle line:90% Dealing cards. 00:12:24.080 --> 00:12:26.780 align:middle line:90% Everybody gets five cards. 00:12:26.780 --> 00:12:28.760 align:middle line:90% How many have I got? 00:12:28.760 --> 00:12:32.402 align:middle line:84% That person has five cards, six cards, five cards, five cards, 00:12:32.402 --> 00:12:33.360 align:middle line:90% or something like that. 00:12:33.360 --> 00:12:34.790 align:middle line:84% People come up with systems like this 00:12:34.790 --> 00:12:36.950 align:middle line:84% to be able to help them keep track of how many cards 00:12:36.950 --> 00:12:37.410 align:middle line:90% they gave out. 00:12:37.410 --> 00:12:38.540 align:middle line:84% But it's not like you didn't know 00:12:38.540 --> 00:12:40.206 align:middle line:84% that you were supposed to do five cards, 00:12:40.206 --> 00:12:42.560 align:middle line:90% you just lost track. 00:12:42.560 --> 00:12:44.050 align:middle line:90% So that's a slip. 00:12:44.050 --> 00:12:46.050 align:middle line:84% That's not a problem of a player's mental model. 00:12:46.050 --> 00:12:48.591 align:middle line:84% The player, he understands how his game was supposed to work. 00:12:48.591 --> 00:12:53.700 align:middle line:90% 00:12:53.700 --> 00:12:55.970 align:middle line:84% Well, there are also mistakes, which 00:12:55.970 --> 00:12:58.569 align:middle line:84% are errors in the player's mental model. 00:12:58.569 --> 00:13:00.610 align:middle line:84% The player thinks the game works in a certain way 00:13:00.610 --> 00:13:02.443 align:middle line:84% and a game doesn't actually-- isn't actually 00:13:02.443 --> 00:13:03.740 align:middle line:90% supposed to work in that way. 00:13:03.740 --> 00:13:09.800 align:middle line:84% So this is a product placement shot of-- 00:13:09.800 --> 00:13:13.600 align:middle line:84% a beauty shot, of a beautifully hand-crafted, 00:13:13.600 --> 00:13:20.630 align:middle line:84% machined [INAUDIBLE] What's wrong with that? 00:13:20.630 --> 00:13:22.150 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 00:13:22.150 --> 00:13:28.260 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Yes you can't put cities on adjacent spots. 00:13:28.260 --> 00:13:31.502 align:middle line:84% I think you can't even put it adjacent your opponents. 00:13:31.502 --> 00:13:32.460 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: That's right. 00:13:32.460 --> 00:13:33.790 align:middle line:90% Two apart. 00:13:33.790 --> 00:13:37.290 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Two cities cannot be right next to each other. 00:13:37.290 --> 00:13:39.930 align:middle line:84% It makes for a nice photo, but the person 00:13:39.930 --> 00:13:43.246 align:middle line:84% who set this up clearly never actually played the game. 00:13:43.246 --> 00:13:46.570 align:middle line:90% It's still beautiful work. 00:13:46.570 --> 00:13:50.890 align:middle line:84% That player has-- if the person was actually playing the game. 00:13:50.890 --> 00:13:54.060 align:middle line:84% This person have the wrong idea about how this game is played? 00:13:54.060 --> 00:13:57.470 align:middle line:84% That's actually sometimes perfectly fine. 00:13:57.470 --> 00:13:58.470 align:middle line:90% That's part of learning. 00:13:58.470 --> 00:14:00.870 align:middle line:90% You make a mistake. 00:14:00.870 --> 00:14:02.820 align:middle line:84% If the game corrects you, and then you 00:14:02.820 --> 00:14:06.940 align:middle line:84% learn how to compensate for that, or play differently, 00:14:06.940 --> 00:14:08.880 align:middle line:84% that's just the process of learning the game. 00:14:08.880 --> 00:14:10.296 align:middle line:84% People make mistakes while they're 00:14:10.296 --> 00:14:11.970 align:middle line:90% learning the game all the time. 00:14:11.970 --> 00:14:13.810 align:middle line:84% If you're playing a computer game, 00:14:13.810 --> 00:14:16.340 align:middle line:84% sometimes that's all the fun of playing the game. 00:14:16.340 --> 00:14:19.140 align:middle line:84% Trying to figure out how this crazy computer game works. 00:14:19.140 --> 00:14:20.940 align:middle line:84% Probing it, and then the game punishes you 00:14:20.940 --> 00:14:23.206 align:middle line:84% because that was the wrong decision. 00:14:23.206 --> 00:14:24.580 align:middle line:84% And then you learn not to do that 00:14:24.580 --> 00:14:26.580 align:middle line:84% and then you try a different strategy. 00:14:26.580 --> 00:14:28.500 align:middle line:84% In fact, the game where you never fail-- 00:14:28.500 --> 00:14:30.708 align:middle line:84% and it's actually fairly easy to make a computer game 00:14:30.708 --> 00:14:33.480 align:middle line:90% where you never fail-- 00:14:33.480 --> 00:14:35.940 align:middle line:84% isn't that interesting for a player 00:14:35.940 --> 00:14:37.770 align:middle line:84% because that means you can just use 00:14:37.770 --> 00:14:41.370 align:middle line:84% whatever strategy you went in with and it will always work. 00:14:41.370 --> 00:14:43.110 align:middle line:84% There's no reason for you to think 00:14:43.110 --> 00:14:45.510 align:middle line:84% that this game needs smart strategy 00:14:45.510 --> 00:14:47.980 align:middle line:90% or has any depth to it. 00:14:47.980 --> 00:14:50.230 align:middle line:84% Whereas, a game where you try out the strategy 00:14:50.230 --> 00:14:53.040 align:middle line:84% you came in with and maybe works a little bit 00:14:53.040 --> 00:14:55.450 align:middle line:90% and, then it stops working. 00:14:55.450 --> 00:14:58.910 align:middle line:84% And then getting feedback on the why it might not be working, 00:14:58.910 --> 00:15:00.900 align:middle line:84% well that tells you, hey he doesn't 00:15:00.900 --> 00:15:03.210 align:middle line:84% know there's something underneath the hood here. 00:15:03.210 --> 00:15:06.760 align:middle line:84% Maybe I can explore this game a little bit further. 00:15:06.760 --> 00:15:08.910 align:middle line:84% That was an interesting study from Jester Juul, 00:15:08.910 --> 00:15:13.230 align:middle line:84% who is a game scholar, who wrote the book The Art of Failure. 00:15:13.230 --> 00:15:15.150 align:middle line:90% One of the tricks that-- 00:15:15.150 --> 00:15:19.620 align:middle line:84% he made this really simple kind of snake type game 00:15:19.620 --> 00:15:23.030 align:middle line:84% where you pick things up and it just gets longer. 00:15:23.030 --> 00:15:26.352 align:middle line:84% And he ask people to just rate the game 00:15:26.352 --> 00:15:27.310 align:middle line:90% at the end of the game. 00:15:27.310 --> 00:15:29.439 align:middle line:84% The game was the same, no matter who played it. 00:15:29.439 --> 00:15:31.730 align:middle line:84% But some people played it better, some people play it-- 00:15:31.730 --> 00:15:32.900 align:middle line:90% played it worse. 00:15:32.900 --> 00:15:37.140 align:middle line:84% The people who never failed once in beating, I think, 00:15:37.140 --> 00:15:41.640 align:middle line:84% five levels of the game, rated that game 00:15:41.640 --> 00:15:45.494 align:middle line:84% as being lower than someone who failed once or twice. 00:15:45.494 --> 00:15:47.160 align:middle line:84% And somebody who played it once or twice 00:15:47.160 --> 00:15:48.420 align:middle line:90% rated it a seven or eight. 00:15:48.420 --> 00:15:51.450 align:middle line:84% Some people who never failed, that rated it a five. 00:15:51.450 --> 00:15:54.120 align:middle line:84% People who could never get past the first level 00:15:54.120 --> 00:15:56.190 align:middle line:84% will also rate it a five or four. 00:15:56.190 --> 00:15:58.800 align:middle line:84% So people who get frustrated if they 00:15:58.800 --> 00:16:01.430 align:middle line:84% can't find the right mental model to play this game. 00:16:01.430 --> 00:16:03.252 align:middle line:84% It's like, none of my strategies work. 00:16:03.252 --> 00:16:04.460 align:middle line:90% I don't understand this game. 00:16:04.460 --> 00:16:05.270 align:middle line:90% I don't get this game. 00:16:05.270 --> 00:16:06.103 align:middle line:90% This is frustrating. 00:16:06.103 --> 00:16:07.740 align:middle line:90% I hate this game. 00:16:07.740 --> 00:16:09.930 align:middle line:84% And the alternative is, I completely get this game. 00:16:09.930 --> 00:16:11.725 align:middle line:84% I saw right through it the moment I-- 00:16:11.725 --> 00:16:13.380 align:middle line:90% you put this in front of me. 00:16:13.380 --> 00:16:15.880 align:middle line:84% I beat it in less than five minutes. 00:16:15.880 --> 00:16:17.456 align:middle line:90% My strategy just worked. 00:16:17.456 --> 00:16:19.200 align:middle line:90% Eh, not much there. 00:16:19.200 --> 00:16:22.455 align:middle line:84% And the people who feel a little bit halfway but then managed 00:16:22.455 --> 00:16:24.330 align:middle line:84% to complete the rest of the game because they 00:16:24.330 --> 00:16:25.123 align:middle line:90% changed the strategy. 00:16:25.123 --> 00:16:26.539 align:middle line:84% Woohoo, that's a pretty good game. 00:16:26.539 --> 00:16:29.495 align:middle line:84% They gave me a challenge and I overcame it. 00:16:29.495 --> 00:16:32.200 align:middle line:84% So let's talk a little about feedback. 00:16:32.200 --> 00:16:35.020 align:middle line:84% How do we give users this type of really, really 00:16:35.020 --> 00:16:37.250 align:middle line:84% valuable information to correct those mental models? 00:16:37.250 --> 00:16:40.540 align:middle line:90% 00:16:40.540 --> 00:16:46.150 align:middle line:84% I guess I'm skipping to the right side of the slide here. 00:16:46.150 --> 00:16:48.680 align:middle line:84% So we need to tell the player that an error has happened, 00:16:48.680 --> 00:16:51.160 align:middle line:84% and we need to give them tools to recover. 00:16:51.160 --> 00:16:53.770 align:middle line:84% Often, in a board game or in a card game, 00:16:53.770 --> 00:16:56.950 align:middle line:84% that kind of telling the player an error has happened 00:16:56.950 --> 00:16:59.420 align:middle line:84% needs to be enforced by other people. 00:16:59.420 --> 00:17:01.540 align:middle line:84% So you need to give the other players 00:17:01.540 --> 00:17:06.099 align:middle line:84% tools to detect when the game is on the verge of crashing, 00:17:06.099 --> 00:17:08.950 align:middle line:84% when someone has executed an illegal move, 00:17:08.950 --> 00:17:10.990 align:middle line:84% and then give them some sort of structure 00:17:10.990 --> 00:17:13.099 align:middle line:90% to be able to correct that. 00:17:13.099 --> 00:17:16.824 align:middle line:84% I'll give you a bit more example about that in a second. 00:17:16.824 --> 00:17:18.490 align:middle line:84% The alternative of the process, you just 00:17:18.490 --> 00:17:19.573 align:middle line:90% let them make the mistake. 00:17:19.573 --> 00:17:21.674 align:middle line:84% Their location-- or, on occasion they 00:17:21.674 --> 00:17:24.010 align:middle line:84% are making a move that is an error, that 00:17:24.010 --> 00:17:25.839 align:middle line:84% is a mistake, because they don't understand 00:17:25.839 --> 00:17:30.140 align:middle line:84% how this game is supposed to work, but its a legal move. 00:17:30.140 --> 00:17:34.030 align:middle line:84% And then, as a designer, so you have the option of giving them 00:17:34.030 --> 00:17:36.330 align:middle line:90% tools to fix that problem. 00:17:36.330 --> 00:17:38.400 align:middle line:84% It's like, all right you made a suboptimal move. 00:17:38.400 --> 00:17:41.620 align:middle line:84% It isn't going to get you any closer to your winning goal, 00:17:41.620 --> 00:17:45.400 align:middle line:84% but I'm going to give you kinds of rules 00:17:45.400 --> 00:17:49.010 align:middle line:84% to be able to then recover from that mistake. 00:17:49.010 --> 00:17:51.520 align:middle line:84% Of course you could also just prevent some of those mistakes 00:17:51.520 --> 00:17:52.710 align:middle line:90% from happening, right? 00:17:52.710 --> 00:17:55.030 align:middle line:84% In the Settlers of Cataan board, they actually 00:17:55.030 --> 00:18:00.210 align:middle line:84% had slots of the right size to be able to put the pieces. 00:18:00.210 --> 00:18:01.720 align:middle line:84% You know that's a constraint, that's 00:18:01.720 --> 00:18:03.340 align:middle line:84% a typical constraint that prevents you 00:18:03.340 --> 00:18:07.280 align:middle line:84% from putting the wrong piece in the wrong place. 00:18:07.280 --> 00:18:10.150 align:middle line:84% Ways to be checked and confirmation-- 00:18:10.150 --> 00:18:12.580 align:middle line:84% again, usually tend to happen with other players. 00:18:12.580 --> 00:18:13.772 align:middle line:90% Or maybe a referee. 00:18:13.772 --> 00:18:16.510 align:middle line:90% 00:18:16.510 --> 00:18:18.455 align:middle line:84% Especially in sports, you want to think 00:18:18.455 --> 00:18:20.830 align:middle line:84% about the role of the referee and what the referee should 00:18:20.830 --> 00:18:23.520 align:middle line:90% be checking for. 00:18:23.520 --> 00:18:25.860 align:middle line:84% But if you're making a computer game then 00:18:25.860 --> 00:18:28.770 align:middle line:84% the computer is doing that for you. 00:18:28.770 --> 00:18:30.745 align:middle line:84% Let's talk about the kinds of error recovery. 00:18:30.745 --> 00:18:33.855 align:middle line:84% That's backward error recovery, which is undo, basically. 00:18:33.855 --> 00:18:35.710 align:middle line:90% I'm taking back that move. 00:18:35.710 --> 00:18:39.100 align:middle line:84% In chess, the rule is if you've got your hand still 00:18:39.100 --> 00:18:42.056 align:middle line:84% on the piece, you can still take it back. 00:18:42.056 --> 00:18:44.010 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Not in tournament play. 00:18:44.010 --> 00:18:44.320 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Not in tournament play? 00:18:44.320 --> 00:18:46.236 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: In tournament play, it's touch move. 00:18:46.236 --> 00:18:47.917 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: It's touch move? 00:18:47.917 --> 00:18:49.825 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: As long as your hand is on it 00:18:49.825 --> 00:18:51.256 align:middle line:84% If you touch an opponent's piece, 00:18:51.256 --> 00:18:52.750 align:middle line:90% you have to capture that piece. 00:18:52.750 --> 00:18:53.160 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Oh, yes. 00:18:53.160 --> 00:18:54.576 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: If you touch your piece, 00:18:54.576 --> 00:18:56.452 align:middle line:84% then you have to make a legal move with that. 00:18:56.452 --> 00:18:58.784 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Yes, you have to make a legal move with that. 00:18:58.784 --> 00:19:01.360 align:middle line:84% But you could-- if it was a knight, I move this way, 00:19:01.360 --> 00:19:02.650 align:middle line:90% or it could move that way. 00:19:02.650 --> 00:19:05.120 align:middle line:84% If I moved it that way I can still move it over there 00:19:05.120 --> 00:19:06.260 align:middle line:90% if I haven't let go. 00:19:06.260 --> 00:19:08.130 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 00:19:08.130 --> 00:19:09.580 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Yes I do hit a clock. 00:19:09.580 --> 00:19:11.610 align:middle line:84% Because in tournament play, especially when 00:19:11.610 --> 00:19:15.050 align:middle line:84% clocked, in timed tournament play, which 00:19:15.050 --> 00:19:16.489 align:middle line:84% is how it is usually done, there's 00:19:16.489 --> 00:19:17.530 align:middle line:90% still a penalty for that. 00:19:17.530 --> 00:19:19.810 align:middle line:84% You're still losing time, even if you're correct. 00:19:19.810 --> 00:19:24.830 align:middle line:84% But at least there's a very clear stated set 00:19:24.830 --> 00:19:28.380 align:middle line:84% in the rules of this is how you take that move back. 00:19:28.380 --> 00:19:32.290 align:middle line:84% And this is where you're not allowed to take that move back, 00:19:32.290 --> 00:19:36.110 align:middle line:84% which is basically when you let go of the piece. 00:19:36.110 --> 00:19:39.160 align:middle line:84% Forward error recovery is more about, again, 00:19:39.160 --> 00:19:41.780 align:middle line:84% giving people tools be able to compensate. 00:19:41.780 --> 00:19:44.920 align:middle line:84% Mario-- this is not a board game example, obviously. 00:19:44.920 --> 00:19:48.970 align:middle line:84% You jump, and you can change your direction in mid-air. 00:19:48.970 --> 00:19:52.500 align:middle line:84% So you can do a jump that you are not going to complete 00:19:52.500 --> 00:19:55.030 align:middle line:90% and you will fall to your death. 00:19:55.030 --> 00:19:58.510 align:middle line:84% But you can go backwards while you're flying in mid-air 00:19:58.510 --> 00:20:02.650 align:middle line:84% and then land back where you started. 00:20:02.650 --> 00:20:04.510 align:middle line:84% Again you lose time, but otherwise you 00:20:04.510 --> 00:20:05.980 align:middle line:90% haven't lost the game. 00:20:05.980 --> 00:20:07.506 align:middle line:84% So that's forward every recovery. 00:20:07.506 --> 00:20:09.880 align:middle line:84% You've made the decision, and that's a decision I wanted. 00:20:09.880 --> 00:20:11.900 align:middle line:90% And then you fix it. 00:20:11.900 --> 00:20:13.724 align:middle line:84% So you take a new action to compensate. 00:20:13.724 --> 00:20:18.940 align:middle line:90% 00:20:18.940 --> 00:20:22.230 align:middle line:84% Now affordances comes up in Donald Norman, 00:20:22.230 --> 00:20:24.550 align:middle line:84% but I believe he goes into more detail about it 00:20:24.550 --> 00:20:27.040 align:middle line:90% in chapter 2 and chapter 1. 00:20:27.040 --> 00:20:32.410 align:middle line:84% So we are going to go into different kinds of affordances 00:20:32.410 --> 00:20:33.930 align:middle line:90% and constraints. 00:20:33.930 --> 00:20:40.210 align:middle line:84% So affordances are things that are aspects 00:20:40.210 --> 00:20:43.300 align:middle line:84% of the thing that you're confronted with that 00:20:43.300 --> 00:20:45.250 align:middle line:90% invites you to do something. 00:20:45.250 --> 00:20:50.050 align:middle line:84% So we talked a little bit about affordances of materials. 00:20:50.050 --> 00:20:53.180 align:middle line:90% Glass invites breaking. 00:20:53.180 --> 00:20:57.490 align:middle line:90% Porous wood invites writing on. 00:20:57.490 --> 00:21:01.616 align:middle line:84% Door handles are one thing that comes up a lot Donald Norman. 00:21:01.616 --> 00:21:02.990 align:middle line:84% We have a door handle that is not 00:21:02.990 --> 00:21:07.630 align:middle line:84% all that different from this on the door in this class. 00:21:07.630 --> 00:21:13.090 align:middle line:84% And that handle, it's about hand-sized, 00:21:13.090 --> 00:21:15.370 align:middle line:90% it invites you to grab it. 00:21:15.370 --> 00:21:17.762 align:middle line:84% You could turn it, you could pull it, you could push it. 00:21:17.762 --> 00:21:21.290 align:middle line:90% 00:21:21.290 --> 00:21:25.390 align:middle line:84% So there are bigger constraints when 00:21:25.390 --> 00:21:29.470 align:middle line:84% you look at a door like that door, that tell you 00:21:29.470 --> 00:21:32.825 align:middle line:84% about what that function of this handle is supposed to be. 00:21:32.825 --> 00:21:34.700 align:middle line:84% First of all it's like a semantic constraint. 00:21:34.700 --> 00:21:37.300 align:middle line:84% You've been taught: that thing is a door. 00:21:37.300 --> 00:21:42.160 align:middle line:84% You know, you've seen a million doors just like that. 00:21:42.160 --> 00:21:46.900 align:middle line:84% And so you say, it's a door, it must open somehow. 00:21:46.900 --> 00:21:49.900 align:middle line:84% Have any of you just found a random door on campus 00:21:49.900 --> 00:21:52.060 align:middle line:90% that just doesn't open? 00:21:52.060 --> 00:21:56.270 align:middle line:84% It's not locked, it just doesn't open. 00:21:56.270 --> 00:21:59.300 align:middle line:84% Or maybe it opens into a brick wall. 00:21:59.300 --> 00:22:00.133 align:middle line:90% Yeah? 00:22:00.133 --> 00:22:07.972 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] No, not here. 00:22:07.972 --> 00:22:08.680 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Right. 00:22:08.680 --> 00:22:11.790 align:middle line:90% 00:22:11.790 --> 00:22:14.444 align:middle line:84% Did it just not open, or does it open into something bizarre? 00:22:14.444 --> 00:22:15.360 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Into a wall. 00:22:15.360 --> 00:22:16.651 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: A brick wall, right? 00:22:16.651 --> 00:22:19.460 align:middle line:84% Yes, that's betraying the semantic constraint. 00:22:19.460 --> 00:22:21.850 align:middle line:84% The door is not supposed to open it to a wall, 00:22:21.850 --> 00:22:23.590 align:middle line:84% it's supposed to open into another space 00:22:23.590 --> 00:22:25.225 align:middle line:90% that you can go through. 00:22:25.225 --> 00:22:27.950 align:middle line:84% It's a door, it must open somehow. 00:22:27.950 --> 00:22:31.300 align:middle line:84% And so you look at a door and see all the different ways 00:22:31.300 --> 00:22:33.850 align:middle line:90% that you can open it. 00:22:33.850 --> 00:22:37.930 align:middle line:84% Now in emergency doors, you have these things often 00:22:37.930 --> 00:22:39.960 align:middle line:90% called crash bars. 00:22:39.960 --> 00:22:43.170 align:middle line:84% And what you see over there is pretty popular, 00:22:43.170 --> 00:22:46.880 align:middle line:84% but not the only way to implement this idea. 00:22:46.880 --> 00:22:50.590 align:middle line:84% A crash bar is designed so that you make it very, very clear 00:22:50.590 --> 00:22:53.320 align:middle line:84% that this door only opens in one way, 00:22:53.320 --> 00:22:56.410 align:middle line:84% to try limit how much mental processing you 00:22:56.410 --> 00:23:01.160 align:middle line:84% need to think about because it's usually put on emergency exits. 00:23:01.160 --> 00:23:04.940 align:middle line:84% But this particular one, you could grab this. 00:23:04.940 --> 00:23:06.420 align:middle line:84% You can grab this with your hand. 00:23:06.420 --> 00:23:09.380 align:middle line:84% You could push it, you could grab it, you can pull it up, 00:23:09.380 --> 00:23:10.940 align:middle line:90% you can push it down. 00:23:10.940 --> 00:23:14.465 align:middle line:84% There is a logical constraint, the more you 00:23:14.465 --> 00:23:16.280 align:middle line:84% grab your hands on something like this, 00:23:16.280 --> 00:23:17.530 align:middle line:90% you really can't see the lock. 00:23:17.530 --> 00:23:20.910 align:middle line:84% You just see the door, and the door is closed. 00:23:20.910 --> 00:23:22.920 align:middle line:84% As soon as you grab this, you realize 00:23:22.920 --> 00:23:27.150 align:middle line:84% that this hinge is spring loaded and can only go down. 00:23:27.150 --> 00:23:30.380 align:middle line:84% So there is this logic, there's a logical constraint there. 00:23:30.380 --> 00:23:33.100 align:middle line:84% This is a hinge that can go up and down, but already 00:23:33.100 --> 00:23:34.590 align:middle line:90% in the up position. 00:23:34.590 --> 00:23:37.680 align:middle line:84% So in order to activate this thing, 00:23:37.680 --> 00:23:39.570 align:middle line:84% you push it down, which encourages 00:23:39.570 --> 00:23:41.610 align:middle line:90% pushing rather than pulling. 00:23:41.610 --> 00:23:47.310 align:middle line:84% So it encourages you to exert force in the correct direction, 00:23:47.310 --> 00:23:48.960 align:middle line:84% assuming that the door opens outwards. 00:23:48.960 --> 00:23:50.730 align:middle line:84% If it opens inwards, then you really 00:23:50.730 --> 00:23:55.666 align:middle line:84% put the door handle on the wrong side of the door. 00:23:55.666 --> 00:23:57.166 align:middle line:84% There are also physical constraints, 00:23:57.166 --> 00:23:59.790 align:middle line:84% back to the example I talked about, 00:23:59.790 --> 00:24:02.700 align:middle line:90% the Settlers of Cataan board. 00:24:02.700 --> 00:24:05.464 align:middle line:84% This is a different kind of crash bar but this one I think 00:24:05.464 --> 00:24:07.380 align:middle line:84% does a slightly better job because it actually 00:24:07.380 --> 00:24:08.470 align:middle line:90% kind of difficult to grab. 00:24:08.470 --> 00:24:10.350 align:middle line:90% It is actually pretty wide. 00:24:10.350 --> 00:24:14.520 align:middle line:84% And it's much wider and a lot of people's hands. 00:24:14.520 --> 00:24:16.590 align:middle line:90% It's really easy to push. 00:24:16.590 --> 00:24:19.860 align:middle line:84% So, just physically it makes it difficult 00:24:19.860 --> 00:24:22.665 align:middle line:84% for you to do the wrong thing, to pull out the door that 00:24:22.665 --> 00:24:25.584 align:middle line:90% generally opens outwards. 00:24:25.584 --> 00:24:28.360 align:middle line:84% But because this doesn't tell you where it hinges, 00:24:28.360 --> 00:24:30.610 align:middle line:84% it doesn't tell you whether the door opens to the left 00:24:30.610 --> 00:24:31.760 align:middle line:90% or the door opens to the right. 00:24:31.760 --> 00:24:33.930 align:middle line:84% If you push too hard on the wrong side of the door, 00:24:33.930 --> 00:24:37.620 align:middle line:84% where the hinges are, the door doesn't really open. 00:24:37.620 --> 00:24:39.550 align:middle line:84% I guess it would be hard to open, 00:24:39.550 --> 00:24:42.240 align:middle line:84% but if you just gently push it, it won't open. 00:24:42.240 --> 00:24:46.044 align:middle line:84% Which is why you get these, which is offset to one side. 00:24:46.044 --> 00:24:47.460 align:middle line:84% And there are cultural constraints 00:24:47.460 --> 00:24:49.940 align:middle line:90% that are associated with that. 00:24:49.940 --> 00:24:52.530 align:middle line:84% Like the blue slightly rubberized, 00:24:52.530 --> 00:24:57.210 align:middle line:84% grippy surface encourages you to put your hands on that. 00:24:57.210 --> 00:24:59.284 align:middle line:90% There's a physical constraint. 00:24:59.284 --> 00:25:02.990 align:middle line:84% Because it's off-center, if you push anywhere along this part 00:25:02.990 --> 00:25:04.650 align:middle line:84% you won't generate enough torque to be 00:25:04.650 --> 00:25:07.990 align:middle line:90% able to open the door easily. 00:25:07.990 --> 00:25:11.570 align:middle line:84% I'm not so sure about this sticker that's over here, 00:25:11.570 --> 00:25:13.710 align:middle line:84% but I do think they kind of informed you 00:25:13.710 --> 00:25:16.110 align:middle line:84% that this is actually something where you put your hand. 00:25:16.110 --> 00:25:20.350 align:middle line:84% because this is rubber and there is ink on there. 00:25:20.350 --> 00:25:22.206 align:middle line:84% This is rubberised, and it's coated, 00:25:22.206 --> 00:25:24.140 align:middle line:90% and it's clearly hand-size. 00:25:24.140 --> 00:25:26.190 align:middle line:90% It's inviting you to push it. 00:25:26.190 --> 00:25:30.120 align:middle line:84% So that is cultural because of the colors, of the material, 00:25:30.120 --> 00:25:31.410 align:middle line:90% of the rubber. 00:25:31.410 --> 00:25:35.030 align:middle line:84% That says, this is something for you to put your hands on. 00:25:35.030 --> 00:25:38.427 align:middle line:84% So there are four different kinds of constraints 00:25:38.427 --> 00:25:39.260 align:middle line:90% that I went through. 00:25:39.260 --> 00:25:40.801 align:middle line:84% There are cultural constraints, which 00:25:40.801 --> 00:25:42.150 align:middle line:90% is what I was talking about-- 00:25:42.150 --> 00:25:42.650 align:middle line:90% the blue. 00:25:42.650 --> 00:25:45.480 align:middle line:84% There's the physical-- the physical constraints are just 00:25:45.480 --> 00:25:48.210 align:middle line:84% making it hard for you to do the wrong thing in the same way 00:25:48.210 --> 00:25:50.342 align:middle line:84% that certain pieces in certain games 00:25:50.342 --> 00:25:51.800 align:middle line:84% are easy to pick up because you are 00:25:51.800 --> 00:25:53.860 align:middle line:90% going to be picking up a lot. 00:25:53.860 --> 00:25:56.387 align:middle line:90% Certain things are easy to roll. 00:25:56.387 --> 00:25:58.720 align:middle line:84% Those things that are hard to pick up because you're not 00:25:58.720 --> 00:26:00.553 align:middle line:84% supposed to be picking them up, maybe you're 00:26:00.553 --> 00:26:02.620 align:middle line:84% supposed to be sliding them around. 00:26:02.620 --> 00:26:04.320 align:middle line:84% There are logical constraints, where 00:26:04.320 --> 00:26:07.680 align:middle line:84% if you just look at it for a second, you will say well, 00:26:07.680 --> 00:26:11.039 align:middle line:84% it can't be this, therefore it must be that. 00:26:11.039 --> 00:26:12.830 align:middle line:84% And finally, there are semantic constraints 00:26:12.830 --> 00:26:14.596 align:middle line:84% of when I say something is a door, 00:26:14.596 --> 00:26:16.220 align:middle line:84% you expect to be able to go through it. 00:26:16.220 --> 00:26:17.136 align:middle line:90% Same thing for a game. 00:26:17.136 --> 00:26:20.370 align:middle line:84% If you see a door in a game, it is labelled door, 00:26:20.370 --> 00:26:24.434 align:middle line:84% you expect that door leads somewhere in the game. 00:26:24.434 --> 00:26:25.850 align:middle line:84% I think there is a version of Clue 00:26:25.850 --> 00:26:29.220 align:middle line:84% that I used to play when I was a very, very little kid. 00:26:29.220 --> 00:26:31.680 align:middle line:84% And if you remember the Clue board, 00:26:31.680 --> 00:26:33.827 align:middle line:84% it looked like a floor plan of a house. 00:26:33.827 --> 00:26:37.102 align:middle line:90% 00:26:37.102 --> 00:26:38.560 align:middle line:84% It has windows and stuff like that, 00:26:38.560 --> 00:26:40.932 align:middle line:84% and that implies that you can go outside of the house. 00:26:40.932 --> 00:26:42.890 align:middle line:84% But you can't really go outside the house, that 00:26:42.890 --> 00:26:44.390 align:middle line:90% would be breaking the rules. 00:26:44.390 --> 00:26:46.670 align:middle line:84% That confused me when I was five years old, 00:26:46.670 --> 00:26:49.211 align:middle line:84% because I expected that you'd be able to go through any door. 00:26:49.211 --> 00:26:51.737 align:middle line:90% 00:26:51.737 --> 00:26:53.820 align:middle line:84% A couple of other things you can do to help people 00:26:53.820 --> 00:26:56.100 align:middle line:84% understand your game, it's context. 00:26:56.100 --> 00:26:58.530 align:middle line:84% Where how things are placed next to other things 00:26:58.530 --> 00:27:00.970 align:middle line:84% that suggest how they're supposed to be used. 00:27:00.970 --> 00:27:03.750 align:middle line:84% This is Boggle, and when you open it, 00:27:03.750 --> 00:27:05.790 align:middle line:90% you get these two pieces. 00:27:05.790 --> 00:27:08.485 align:middle line:84% Well you actually get [INAUDIBLE]. 00:27:08.485 --> 00:27:13.390 align:middle line:90% 00:27:13.390 --> 00:27:15.990 align:middle line:84% But you get these things together, 00:27:15.990 --> 00:27:20.010 align:middle line:84% and as soon as you see this if you know what an hourglass is, 00:27:20.010 --> 00:27:23.970 align:middle line:84% you immediately know that this is a timed game. 00:27:23.970 --> 00:27:25.590 align:middle line:84% Whether or not you read it on the box 00:27:25.590 --> 00:27:28.380 align:middle line:84% that this was a game that was timed, whether you've ever 00:27:28.380 --> 00:27:30.240 align:middle line:90% played this game before. 00:27:30.240 --> 00:27:32.660 align:middle line:84% When you see a timer that's packed 00:27:32.660 --> 00:27:34.570 align:middle line:84% in the same box with things, that 00:27:34.570 --> 00:27:38.770 align:middle line:84% suggests that this is a game that you play with Time. 00:27:38.770 --> 00:27:40.560 align:middle line:84% So that's one way of thinking context. 00:27:40.560 --> 00:27:45.400 align:middle line:84% I'm going to go to a few more examples later on 00:27:45.400 --> 00:27:49.410 align:middle line:84% and I want you to think about how things 00:27:49.410 --> 00:27:51.090 align:middle line:84% are placed next to each other suggests 00:27:51.090 --> 00:27:53.610 align:middle line:90% how they're supposed to be used. 00:27:53.610 --> 00:27:55.780 align:middle line:84% Context also comes from how you name things 00:27:55.780 --> 00:27:57.840 align:middle line:90% and how you provide art. 00:27:57.840 --> 00:28:00.750 align:middle line:84% This is not something to worry about in assignment 1, 00:28:00.750 --> 00:28:03.430 align:middle line:84% but you're going to have to worry about in assignment 2. 00:28:03.430 --> 00:28:07.571 align:middle line:84% How many of you have played Diplomacy? 00:28:07.571 --> 00:28:09.720 align:middle line:84% Do you still play Diplomacy with the same people 00:28:09.720 --> 00:28:10.100 align:middle line:90% that you played with? 00:28:10.100 --> 00:28:10.980 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: No. 00:28:10.980 --> 00:28:12.230 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: You don't talk to them anymore? 00:28:12.230 --> 00:28:12.730 align:middle line:90% No? 00:28:12.730 --> 00:28:13.770 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:28:13.770 --> 00:28:15.700 align:middle line:84% That's the problem with Diplomacy. 00:28:15.700 --> 00:28:17.700 align:middle line:84% How good are you at playing Risk? 00:28:17.700 --> 00:28:21.070 align:middle line:84% OK, if you just look at a Diplomacy board or a Risk 00:28:21.070 --> 00:28:23.070 align:middle line:84% board, they don't look all that different. 00:28:23.070 --> 00:28:25.120 align:middle line:90% It's a world map. 00:28:25.120 --> 00:28:30.300 align:middle line:84% I think in Diplomacy it's a modern European map. 00:28:30.300 --> 00:28:33.960 align:middle line:84% But now, this game is a game of international intrigue, trust, 00:28:33.960 --> 00:28:36.575 align:middle line:84% and treasury, and called diplomacy. 00:28:36.575 --> 00:28:39.424 align:middle line:84% And this game called the game of global domination. 00:28:39.424 --> 00:28:40.680 align:middle line:90% Risk. 00:28:40.680 --> 00:28:42.436 align:middle line:84% Just look at the way they're presented. 00:28:42.436 --> 00:28:45.210 align:middle line:90% 00:28:45.210 --> 00:28:47.760 align:middle line:84% Why don't you tell me, what did these boxes tell you 00:28:47.760 --> 00:28:50.104 align:middle line:90% about these games? 00:28:50.104 --> 00:28:52.860 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Risk has a bunch of cannons and [INAUDIBLE], 00:28:52.860 --> 00:28:55.680 align:middle line:84% so you're probably going to be fighting and attacking stuff. 00:28:55.680 --> 00:28:56.390 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: OK. 00:28:56.390 --> 00:28:59.001 align:middle line:90% Yeah, more conflict. 00:28:59.001 --> 00:29:03.760 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Diplomacy, it looks like guy is hanging around. 00:29:03.760 --> 00:29:05.337 align:middle line:84% And there's a sword and wine glass, 00:29:05.337 --> 00:29:06.795 align:middle line:84% so maybe there's a bit of fighting, 00:29:06.795 --> 00:29:08.770 align:middle line:84% or a bit of wheeling and dealing, 00:29:08.770 --> 00:29:11.720 align:middle line:84% but it seems like mostly you'll be talking to people. 00:29:11.720 --> 00:29:14.601 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: OK, there'll be lot of talking in this game. 00:29:14.601 --> 00:29:16.964 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I get the sense that they might leaders 00:29:16.964 --> 00:29:19.690 align:middle line:90% discussing a deal. 00:29:19.690 --> 00:29:22.785 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: There's a world map and a globe to remind you. 00:29:22.785 --> 00:29:25.560 align:middle line:90% 00:29:25.560 --> 00:29:31.790 align:middle line:84% Yes, they're making decisions on behalf of all the world. 00:29:31.790 --> 00:29:35.095 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: If anything, it seems like these 00:29:35.095 --> 00:29:39.500 align:middle line:84% are people behind the throne and making shady deals. 00:29:39.500 --> 00:29:42.540 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Ah, shadow presidents, or kings. 00:29:42.540 --> 00:29:46.420 align:middle line:84% I guess at the time that this game is set-- 00:29:46.420 --> 00:29:48.465 align:middle line:90% the world of czars and kaisers. 00:29:48.465 --> 00:29:51.220 align:middle line:90% 00:29:51.220 --> 00:29:53.780 align:middle line:84% So you're making shady deals with authority 00:29:53.780 --> 00:29:57.210 align:middle line:84% to be able to determine the fate of the world. 00:29:57.210 --> 00:29:59.150 align:middle line:90% And Risk? 00:29:59.150 --> 00:30:01.860 align:middle line:90% Stomp over everything. 00:30:01.860 --> 00:30:05.240 align:middle line:84% I'm going to take my army and I'm going to meet your army 00:30:05.240 --> 00:30:09.580 align:middle line:84% and we're going to figure out who's got a bigger army. 00:30:09.580 --> 00:30:14.020 align:middle line:90% That's the game. 00:30:14.020 --> 00:30:19.220 align:middle line:84% That is another hint, in the titles Diplomacy and Risk. 00:30:19.220 --> 00:30:21.170 align:middle line:84% Diplomacy is a game about diplomacy. 00:30:21.170 --> 00:30:24.750 align:middle line:84% It's about talking to people and making deals, and breaking 00:30:24.750 --> 00:30:26.800 align:middle line:90% deals at opportune times. 00:30:26.800 --> 00:30:29.370 align:middle line:84% And this is why people who people don't often 00:30:29.370 --> 00:30:32.740 align:middle line:84% play diplomacy with the same people anymore. 00:30:32.740 --> 00:30:34.800 align:middle line:90% It is a great friendship killer. 00:30:34.800 --> 00:30:38.496 align:middle line:90% Risk is a game about-- 00:30:38.496 --> 00:30:41.090 align:middle line:90% I'm going all in! 00:30:41.090 --> 00:30:45.690 align:middle line:84% I might win this if the dice roll in my favor, 00:30:45.690 --> 00:30:46.890 align:middle line:90% so it's about risk. 00:30:46.890 --> 00:30:50.130 align:middle line:84% The game is about risking everything on big gambles. 00:30:50.130 --> 00:30:52.706 align:middle line:90% 00:30:52.706 --> 00:30:54.330 align:middle line:84% And it's actually a pretty good example 00:30:54.330 --> 00:30:56.820 align:middle line:84% of what this game is expecting you to do. 00:30:56.820 --> 00:30:59.522 align:middle line:84% So immediately, just by looking at the box, 00:30:59.522 --> 00:31:01.230 align:middle line:84% the games are already trying to condition 00:31:01.230 --> 00:31:03.100 align:middle line:84% you to think the way you need to think 00:31:03.100 --> 00:31:05.165 align:middle line:90% in order to well in this game. 00:31:05.165 --> 00:31:08.960 align:middle line:90% 00:31:08.960 --> 00:31:09.700 align:middle line:90% Let's see. 00:31:09.700 --> 00:31:10.550 align:middle line:90% Visibility. 00:31:10.550 --> 00:31:17.320 align:middle line:84% This comes up a million times in Donald Norman. 00:31:17.320 --> 00:31:19.770 align:middle line:84% And when you're designing your games, 00:31:19.770 --> 00:31:21.300 align:middle line:84% you need to think about how to be 00:31:21.300 --> 00:31:25.890 align:middle line:84% able to make what's happening in your game more 00:31:25.890 --> 00:31:29.130 align:middle line:84% visible to the players who need to make decisions about that. 00:31:29.130 --> 00:31:31.520 align:middle line:84% This is a very close-up view of the game 00:31:31.520 --> 00:31:34.470 align:middle line:84% called Cosmic Encounter, which we will play later on. 00:31:34.470 --> 00:31:36.360 align:middle line:84% And it has this Risk- like element 00:31:36.360 --> 00:31:40.530 align:middle line:84% that I am going to put my army of flying 00:31:40.530 --> 00:31:43.630 align:middle line:84% saucers against your army of flying saucers. 00:31:43.630 --> 00:31:46.170 align:middle line:84% But we're going to be fighting on multiple fronts at once, 00:31:46.170 --> 00:31:49.250 align:middle line:84% and that's actually going to be-- 00:31:49.250 --> 00:31:51.810 align:middle line:84% in the game, you can join forces. 00:31:51.810 --> 00:31:56.620 align:middle line:84% So I can keep up with you to go up against a planet that's 00:31:56.620 --> 00:31:57.450 align:middle line:90% been held by you. 00:31:57.450 --> 00:31:59.370 align:middle line:84% But somebody else is going to join in and try 00:31:59.370 --> 00:32:01.090 align:middle line:90% to help defend your planet. 00:32:01.090 --> 00:32:04.890 align:middle line:84% And so they have this system of stackable tokens 00:32:04.890 --> 00:32:07.410 align:middle line:84% to basically be able to then very, very easily 00:32:07.410 --> 00:32:09.260 align:middle line:90% see whose pile is higher. 00:32:09.260 --> 00:32:10.885 align:middle line:84% Right now, these are all the defenders, 00:32:10.885 --> 00:32:13.370 align:middle line:84% so they are all on this little [INAUDIBLE]. 00:32:13.370 --> 00:32:16.680 align:middle line:84% There is actually this big flat spike 00:32:16.680 --> 00:32:19.776 align:middle line:84% where you stack all of the attacking ships 00:32:19.776 --> 00:32:21.150 align:middle line:84% and you put them in the direction 00:32:21.150 --> 00:32:22.862 align:middle line:90% on the planet you are attacking. 00:32:22.862 --> 00:32:24.570 align:middle line:84% So to just makes things very, very clear, 00:32:24.570 --> 00:32:26.879 align:middle line:84% this is how big the army is that's attacking is, 00:32:26.879 --> 00:32:28.920 align:middle line:84% and this is how big the army that's defending is. 00:32:28.920 --> 00:32:31.169 align:middle line:84% Even though there are many, many, many, many different 00:32:31.169 --> 00:32:32.750 align:middle line:90% forces involved. 00:32:32.750 --> 00:32:36.210 align:middle line:84% So they're making visible what the current state is. 00:32:36.210 --> 00:32:39.930 align:middle line:84% Again it's kind of a diplomatic game of like Diplomacy. 00:32:39.930 --> 00:32:42.090 align:middle line:84% In the middle of every combat, you 00:32:42.090 --> 00:32:45.600 align:middle line:84% have both sides asking all the players not involved 00:32:45.600 --> 00:32:48.210 align:middle line:84% in the combat to please contribute something to this-- 00:32:48.210 --> 00:32:52.520 align:middle line:84% please contribute a ship or two to this attack. 00:32:52.520 --> 00:32:55.470 align:middle line:84% And they're making deals all the time. 00:32:55.470 --> 00:32:58.620 align:middle line:84% Even days are not really about visibility 00:32:58.620 --> 00:33:00.364 align:middle line:90% take advantage of visibility. 00:33:00.364 --> 00:33:02.280 align:middle line:84% The whole idea of Battleship is that you don't 00:33:02.280 --> 00:33:05.410 align:middle line:90% know where your opponents are. 00:33:05.410 --> 00:33:09.210 align:middle line:84% But they gave you all these useful tools, these red pegs 00:33:09.210 --> 00:33:12.810 align:middle line:84% and white pegs, and a whole extra grid 00:33:12.810 --> 00:33:18.090 align:middle line:84% to be able to keep track of where you bombed before, 00:33:18.090 --> 00:33:22.164 align:middle line:90% and where you were successful. 00:33:22.164 --> 00:33:25.540 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Can you imagine without the second grid? 00:33:25.540 --> 00:33:28.835 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Yes, it's possible. 00:33:28.835 --> 00:33:30.210 align:middle line:84% I mean, you would probably end up 00:33:30.210 --> 00:33:32.400 align:middle line:84% drawing your own second grid pretty quickly just 00:33:32.400 --> 00:33:36.830 align:middle line:84% to keep track of where the you hit before. 00:33:36.830 --> 00:33:39.910 align:middle line:84% There's other things up here, as well. 00:33:39.910 --> 00:33:45.870 align:middle line:84% [INAUDIBLE] actually that's what it's describing-- 00:33:45.870 --> 00:33:47.800 align:middle line:90% how big each ship is. 00:33:47.800 --> 00:33:51.270 align:middle line:84% You've got your own fleet to keep track of, 00:33:51.270 --> 00:33:55.560 align:middle line:84% what the possible ships are, and how long they are. 00:33:55.560 --> 00:33:58.650 align:middle line:84% This person uses white tokens to keep 00:33:58.650 --> 00:34:02.350 align:middle line:84% track of where the enemy has bombed, 00:34:02.350 --> 00:34:04.541 align:middle line:84% which is something you don't have to do in the game 00:34:04.541 --> 00:34:05.040 align:middle line:90% to do well. 00:34:05.040 --> 00:34:07.860 align:middle line:90% 00:34:07.860 --> 00:34:09.500 align:middle line:84% It is probably useful information, 00:34:09.500 --> 00:34:10.880 align:middle line:90% but you have the tools. 00:34:10.880 --> 00:34:13.020 align:middle line:84% The player has all of these tools 00:34:13.020 --> 00:34:16.590 align:middle line:84% to be able to keep track of that information. 00:34:16.590 --> 00:34:18.840 align:middle line:84% So this game has gone a long way to try 00:34:18.840 --> 00:34:21.810 align:middle line:84% to make the little bit of information 00:34:21.810 --> 00:34:24.060 align:middle line:84% that you do get over the play of the game-- the little 00:34:24.060 --> 00:34:28.409 align:middle line:84% of information that you reveal over the game as visible 00:34:28.409 --> 00:34:31.618 align:middle line:84% as possible, so that you can make the next logical decision 00:34:31.618 --> 00:34:32.534 align:middle line:90% as easily as possible. 00:34:32.534 --> 00:34:37.239 align:middle line:90% 00:34:37.239 --> 00:34:38.960 align:middle line:84% Previous user experience goes a long way 00:34:38.960 --> 00:34:40.418 align:middle line:84% in helping people understand games. 00:34:40.418 --> 00:34:43.420 align:middle line:84% And these are dice with nontraditional numbers 00:34:43.420 --> 00:34:46.050 align:middle line:84% that you expect to find on a dice. 00:34:46.050 --> 00:34:49.540 align:middle line:84% But you see a dice, you kind of know what to do with it. 00:34:49.540 --> 00:34:52.370 align:middle line:84% You pick it up, you roll it, and it will give you a number. 00:34:52.370 --> 00:34:56.179 align:middle line:84% And that number is a number that you have for that turn. 00:34:56.179 --> 00:34:59.380 align:middle line:84% There's also the little dot that distinguishes the nines 00:34:59.380 --> 00:35:01.244 align:middle line:90% from the sixes. 00:35:01.244 --> 00:35:02.410 align:middle line:90% That comes from other games. 00:35:02.410 --> 00:35:04.990 align:middle line:84% I think a lot of people see that from games in particular 00:35:04.990 --> 00:35:07.817 align:middle line:84% because I can't think of any other situations in real life 00:35:07.817 --> 00:35:09.650 align:middle line:84% where something might be flipped upside down 00:35:09.650 --> 00:35:13.170 align:middle line:84% and you have to interpret that number. 00:35:13.170 --> 00:35:16.720 align:middle line:84% In fact, there's a Kickstarter out, or at least that was. 00:35:16.720 --> 00:35:18.960 align:middle line:84% The Kickstarter for this project, 00:35:18.960 --> 00:35:21.340 align:middle line:84% we took a whole bunch of cards, and a whole bunch 00:35:21.340 --> 00:35:24.050 align:middle line:84% of different randomized things depicted 00:35:24.050 --> 00:35:27.267 align:middle line:90% in a photoshopped photo. 00:35:27.267 --> 00:35:28.600 align:middle line:90% So it was a whole deck of cards. 00:35:28.600 --> 00:35:32.380 align:middle line:84% I think it was a standard poker deck. 00:35:32.380 --> 00:35:34.780 align:middle line:84% But it also had all these other randomizing things. 00:35:34.780 --> 00:35:39.570 align:middle line:84% It had a dreidel, it had a dice with [INAUDIBLE] on it. 00:35:39.570 --> 00:35:43.706 align:middle line:90% It had different size of dices. 00:35:43.706 --> 00:35:47.220 align:middle line:84% It had one of those counting sticks. 00:35:47.220 --> 00:35:50.960 align:middle line:84% There's a lot of things here that I am not really sure 00:35:50.960 --> 00:35:54.242 align:middle line:84% if I could tell you the name of it, 00:35:54.242 --> 00:35:56.200 align:middle line:84% but you could probably figure out how it works. 00:35:56.200 --> 00:36:00.430 align:middle line:90% 00:36:00.430 --> 00:36:03.898 align:middle line:90% What does that look like? 00:36:03.898 --> 00:36:05.366 align:middle line:90% It looks like a compass. 00:36:05.366 --> 00:36:09.156 align:middle line:84% Now, knowing that this is a randomizing element, 00:36:09.156 --> 00:36:11.670 align:middle line:84% how do you think that will be used if actually 00:36:11.670 --> 00:36:12.634 align:middle line:90% had it in real life? 00:36:12.634 --> 00:36:13.634 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It's a spinner 00:36:13.634 --> 00:36:15.305 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Yes, it's a spinner. 00:36:15.305 --> 00:36:20.321 align:middle line:84% It's a [INAUDIBLE] spinner, in particular. 00:36:20.321 --> 00:36:22.960 align:middle line:84% You can spin for one out of six sides on the inside, 00:36:22.960 --> 00:36:29.404 align:middle line:84% and one out of eight, sides in the top. 00:36:29.404 --> 00:36:34.066 align:middle line:90% 00:36:34.066 --> 00:36:37.780 align:middle line:84% But there are a couple of key things, like the coins. 00:36:37.780 --> 00:36:41.360 align:middle line:84% You could use this deck of cards for coin flips, if you wanted. 00:36:41.360 --> 00:36:45.230 align:middle line:84% And there is also these weird fortune cookies. 00:36:45.230 --> 00:36:48.460 align:middle line:84% Anyway, it's a cute idea, but you don't-- 00:36:48.460 --> 00:36:50.870 align:middle line:84% I don't need to explain to you how to use this. 00:36:50.870 --> 00:36:53.210 align:middle line:84% It's just a whole deck with different pictures on it, 00:36:53.210 --> 00:36:57.050 align:middle line:84% and you know and you can use it to randomize different letters 00:36:57.050 --> 00:36:59.054 align:middle line:90% and different numbers. 00:36:59.054 --> 00:37:01.540 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 00:37:01.540 --> 00:37:03.060 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: I forget the name of it. 00:37:03.060 --> 00:37:04.434 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: No, what was the point? 00:37:04.434 --> 00:37:07.610 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: The point was that you will get a deck of cards 00:37:07.610 --> 00:37:09.300 align:middle line:90% with every card is different. 00:37:09.300 --> 00:37:11.350 align:middle line:84% And every club looks kind of like this 00:37:11.350 --> 00:37:13.940 align:middle line:84% but it has different randomizing results on it. 00:37:13.940 --> 00:37:17.150 align:middle line:90% 00:37:17.150 --> 00:37:18.080 align:middle line:90% Cultural cues. 00:37:18.080 --> 00:37:22.550 align:middle line:84% This was actually played by a pair of friends. 00:37:22.550 --> 00:37:25.920 align:middle line:84% There is a game called War on Terror. 00:37:25.920 --> 00:37:28.640 align:middle line:90% There's a very satirical game. 00:37:28.640 --> 00:37:31.050 align:middle line:84% Basically, everybody has exactly the same strategy. 00:37:31.050 --> 00:37:33.680 align:middle line:84% Everyone's in charge of a country, basically. 00:37:33.680 --> 00:37:35.330 align:middle line:90% Everyone is after oil. 00:37:35.330 --> 00:37:36.710 align:middle line:84% Everybody has the same strategies 00:37:36.710 --> 00:37:38.730 align:middle line:90% and the same tactics. 00:37:38.730 --> 00:37:41.750 align:middle line:84% But if you cross a certain point, you get branded as evil 00:37:41.750 --> 00:37:45.290 align:middle line:84% and you have to wear the evil balaclava. 00:37:45.290 --> 00:37:47.570 align:middle line:84% And that immediately is a trigger for everybody 00:37:47.570 --> 00:37:49.130 align:middle line:90% to gang up on that person. 00:37:49.130 --> 00:37:50.720 align:middle line:84% So what the game is really trying-- 00:37:50.720 --> 00:37:52.940 align:middle line:84% the point of the game is that the game 00:37:52.940 --> 00:37:55.010 align:middle line:84% is trying to drive home the point 00:37:55.010 --> 00:37:56.840 align:middle line:90% that everybody is engaged. 00:37:56.840 --> 00:38:01.190 align:middle line:84% All the powers are engaging in exactly the same tactics. 00:38:01.190 --> 00:38:03.820 align:middle line:84% At the moment that you actually get declared as evil, 00:38:03.820 --> 00:38:05.570 align:middle line:84% you actually get a little bit more freedom 00:38:05.570 --> 00:38:07.730 align:middle line:84% than what you're about to do because you 00:38:07.730 --> 00:38:12.000 align:middle line:84% don't have to worry about other people branding you as evil. 00:38:12.000 --> 00:38:17.554 align:middle line:84% So the whole idea of-- here is this person in this balaclava. 00:38:17.554 --> 00:38:19.970 align:middle line:84% And it had-- it had the word evil on top to make it clear, 00:38:19.970 --> 00:38:21.886 align:middle line:84% but I don't think that was actually necessary. 00:38:21.886 --> 00:38:24.770 align:middle line:84% [INAUDIBLE] a regular [INAUDIBLE] I guess it 00:38:24.770 --> 00:38:27.160 align:middle line:84% caught the point that this person is now 00:38:27.160 --> 00:38:28.310 align:middle line:90% marked as the bad guy. 00:38:28.310 --> 00:38:31.334 align:middle line:90% 00:38:31.334 --> 00:38:33.250 align:middle line:84% It is actually a metaphor for something that-- 00:38:33.250 --> 00:38:35.850 align:middle line:84% I actually had some trouble coming up 00:38:35.850 --> 00:38:38.040 align:middle line:90% with board game examples. 00:38:38.040 --> 00:38:42.300 align:middle line:84% it happens a lot more often in computers, 00:38:42.300 --> 00:38:44.280 align:middle line:84% where you get some sort of metaphor 00:38:44.280 --> 00:38:47.580 align:middle line:84% to imply how it's supposed to be used. 00:38:47.580 --> 00:38:50.170 align:middle line:84% You're not going to exactly use it that way. 00:38:50.170 --> 00:38:55.642 align:middle line:84% So for instance, what are these things up here 00:38:55.642 --> 00:38:57.416 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 00:38:57.416 --> 00:39:00.460 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE] So what do 00:39:00.460 --> 00:39:02.800 align:middle line:84% you think you do if I'm in the game 00:39:02.800 --> 00:39:04.399 align:middle line:90% and in this piece of software? 00:39:04.399 --> 00:39:06.844 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: You're going to read the inbox 00:39:06.844 --> 00:39:08.800 align:middle line:90% or put it into the outbox. 00:39:08.800 --> 00:39:14.700 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: You can send messages, and read, and check 00:39:14.700 --> 00:39:16.090 align:middle line:90% what messages you receive. 00:39:16.090 --> 00:39:25.920 align:middle line:84% That's a metaphor that we keep it mail software today. 00:39:25.920 --> 00:39:27.205 align:middle line:90% Anybody recognize that? 00:39:27.205 --> 00:39:28.420 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It's a Rolodex. 00:39:28.420 --> 00:39:29.680 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: Oh, people still recognise Rolodexes. 00:39:29.680 --> 00:39:30.530 align:middle line:90% That's cool. 00:39:30.530 --> 00:39:31.639 align:middle line:90% What does a Rolodex do? 00:39:31.639 --> 00:39:32.430 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Contacts. 00:39:32.430 --> 00:39:33.270 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Contacts. 00:39:33.270 --> 00:39:37.020 align:middle line:84% So that just gives you a list of all the people. 00:39:37.020 --> 00:39:41.690 align:middle line:84% this gives you an idea of how old this screenshot is. 00:39:41.690 --> 00:39:50.670 align:middle line:84% This looks like a planner, some kind of scheduler. 00:39:50.670 --> 00:39:51.776 align:middle line:90% Magic lamp. 00:39:51.776 --> 00:39:54.320 align:middle line:90% 00:39:54.320 --> 00:39:55.140 align:middle line:90% Genies. 00:39:55.140 --> 00:39:58.620 align:middle line:84% You click on it and can ask things. 00:39:58.620 --> 00:40:00.220 align:middle line:90% Help, maybe? 00:40:00.220 --> 00:40:01.312 align:middle line:90% Not quite sure. 00:40:01.312 --> 00:40:02.020 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Wishes. 00:40:02.020 --> 00:40:03.900 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: Wishes, maybe. 00:40:03.900 --> 00:40:06.300 align:middle line:84% Wishes maybe connect you to tech support. 00:40:06.300 --> 00:40:08.860 align:middle line:90% I don't know. 00:40:08.860 --> 00:40:14.940 align:middle line:84% You can see the metaphor break down here. 00:40:14.940 --> 00:40:20.336 align:middle line:90% This is a phone? 00:40:20.336 --> 00:40:22.264 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: A fax, maybe? 00:40:22.264 --> 00:40:25.580 align:middle line:90% PROFESSOR: A fax maybe. 00:40:25.580 --> 00:40:29.900 align:middle line:84% I'm looking at this, and I do a little bit about the machine 00:40:29.900 --> 00:40:32.620 align:middle line:84% that this was designed for, and it didn't have-- 00:40:32.620 --> 00:40:34.760 align:middle line:84% you couldn't make phone calls with it. 00:40:34.760 --> 00:40:36.935 align:middle line:84% So I have no idea what this thing actually does. 00:40:36.935 --> 00:40:37.768 align:middle line:90% Maybe send pictures. 00:40:37.768 --> 00:40:41.200 align:middle line:90% 00:40:41.200 --> 00:40:43.716 align:middle line:90% This thing looks like a-- 00:40:43.716 --> 00:40:45.810 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: A purse or briefcase. 00:40:45.810 --> 00:40:47.790 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: A purse, or a briefcase or a bag. 00:40:47.790 --> 00:40:50.770 align:middle line:84% It's a metaphor or something, but it 00:40:50.770 --> 00:40:53.830 align:middle line:90% might be cash transactions. 00:40:53.830 --> 00:40:54.970 align:middle line:90% But I doubt it. 00:40:54.970 --> 00:40:59.300 align:middle line:84% It could be your files that you save, who knows. 00:40:59.300 --> 00:41:01.438 align:middle line:84% Things are starting to break down. 00:41:01.438 --> 00:41:03.510 align:middle line:84% But you still have this desktop metaphor 00:41:03.510 --> 00:41:08.550 align:middle line:84% that we still maintain in a lot of user interfaces. 00:41:08.550 --> 00:41:10.552 align:middle line:84% This is somewhat-- this is a real kicker. 00:41:10.552 --> 00:41:12.620 align:middle line:84% This is extra [INAUDIBLE] the hallway. 00:41:12.620 --> 00:41:16.990 align:middle line:84% I have no Idea what to expect the hallway. 00:41:16.990 --> 00:41:18.470 align:middle line:90% User interface. 00:41:18.470 --> 00:41:23.030 align:middle line:90% Maybe other applications. 00:41:23.030 --> 00:41:27.220 align:middle line:84% We have that a little bit in both games, especially board 00:41:27.220 --> 00:41:31.210 align:middle line:84% games that are produced in many, many, many different languages. 00:41:31.210 --> 00:41:39.400 align:middle line:84% Because they have-- they can't slap words on the tokens. 00:41:39.400 --> 00:41:42.984 align:middle line:84% Because if you slap words on it and want to then release 00:41:42.984 --> 00:41:44.650 align:middle line:84% the same product in a different language 00:41:44.650 --> 00:41:46.150 align:middle line:84% for a different country, then you 00:41:46.150 --> 00:41:47.691 align:middle line:84% have to change all the words and that 00:41:47.691 --> 00:41:50.360 align:middle line:90% increases manufacturing costs. 00:41:50.360 --> 00:41:52.815 align:middle line:84% So they try to use generic tokens 00:41:52.815 --> 00:41:54.940 align:middle line:84% and then just explain everything in the rules which 00:41:54.940 --> 00:41:56.800 align:middle line:84% they can print fairly cheaply, and they 00:41:56.800 --> 00:41:59.850 align:middle line:84% can include six European languages if the same box. 00:41:59.850 --> 00:42:01.740 align:middle line:90% That won't be a problem. 00:42:01.740 --> 00:42:03.500 align:middle line:90% This is a game called Agricola. 00:42:03.500 --> 00:42:05.440 align:middle line:84% And it's called a worker placement game. 00:42:05.440 --> 00:42:07.780 align:middle line:84% Because what it basically is, is that you've 00:42:07.780 --> 00:42:10.900 align:middle line:84% got a bunch of members of your family of your little farming 00:42:10.900 --> 00:42:12.170 align:middle line:90% homestead. 00:42:12.170 --> 00:42:14.880 align:middle line:84% And then you send them out every turn 00:42:14.880 --> 00:42:22.060 align:middle line:84% to do tasks, like go to the fireplace and cook some meat, 00:42:22.060 --> 00:42:26.750 align:middle line:84% or go to the market and buy some more feed, 00:42:26.750 --> 00:42:28.400 align:middle line:90% or build some fences. 00:42:28.400 --> 00:42:29.690 align:middle line:90% Something like that. 00:42:29.690 --> 00:42:31.450 align:middle line:84% So what you do is you take these tokens 00:42:31.450 --> 00:42:34.300 align:middle line:90% and you put that on the cart. 00:42:34.300 --> 00:42:38.230 align:middle line:84% So this is both context and an interaction metaphor. 00:42:38.230 --> 00:42:41.129 align:middle line:84% By taking this thing and putting it on this cart, 00:42:41.129 --> 00:42:43.420 align:middle line:84% I'm achieving quite a large number of different things. 00:42:43.420 --> 00:42:45.520 align:middle line:84% I'm saying, this is the action that I'm taking. 00:42:45.520 --> 00:42:48.590 align:middle line:84% I am saying I have one, two, three, four, 00:42:48.590 --> 00:42:50.600 align:middle line:84% five different things that I could do. 00:42:50.600 --> 00:42:52.680 align:middle line:90% Actually, I am not sure. 00:42:52.680 --> 00:42:55.570 align:middle line:90% 00:42:55.570 --> 00:42:57.910 align:middle line:84% but there's at least four different things 00:42:57.910 --> 00:42:59.219 align:middle line:90% that I can do on my turn. 00:42:59.219 --> 00:43:00.760 align:middle line:84% Every time I take one of these things 00:43:00.760 --> 00:43:03.990 align:middle line:84% and then put it on a cart, like the cart that you see you 00:43:03.990 --> 00:43:06.850 align:middle line:84% on the right, that means that that's going 00:43:06.850 --> 00:43:09.112 align:middle line:90% to be my action for this turn. 00:43:09.112 --> 00:43:10.570 align:middle line:84% The other thing that this game does 00:43:10.570 --> 00:43:13.150 align:middle line:84% is that once what I've decided that I'm going to do that, 00:43:13.150 --> 00:43:16.270 align:middle line:84% I think in Agricola once you take it, 00:43:16.270 --> 00:43:17.800 align:middle line:90% nobody else can take it. 00:43:17.800 --> 00:43:20.290 align:middle line:84% So I can take over the fireplace and no one else 00:43:20.290 --> 00:43:21.730 align:middle line:90% can take over the fireplace. 00:43:21.730 --> 00:43:24.920 align:middle line:84% I can put two people on the same fireplace,certainly. 00:43:24.920 --> 00:43:26.470 align:middle line:90% So that's a metaphor, right? 00:43:26.470 --> 00:43:29.455 align:middle line:84% Now it doesn't really matter that you-- 00:43:29.455 --> 00:43:33.400 align:middle line:84% you don't really have to count everything in family members. 00:43:33.400 --> 00:43:37.630 align:middle line:84% You could just say you have four actions 00:43:37.630 --> 00:43:39.420 align:middle line:90% that you can take per turn. 00:43:39.420 --> 00:43:42.490 align:middle line:84% And you just choose which four actions that you get to do, 00:43:42.490 --> 00:43:45.970 align:middle line:84% do all the math that is necessary to improve your farm 00:43:45.970 --> 00:43:47.230 align:middle line:90% and that's it. 00:43:47.230 --> 00:43:50.410 align:middle line:84% But they turned your family members 00:43:50.410 --> 00:43:53.137 align:middle line:84% into your action counter, into your action points. 00:43:53.137 --> 00:43:54.720 align:middle line:84% The more family members that you have, 00:43:54.720 --> 00:43:57.303 align:middle line:84% the more different actions that you can take within your turn. 00:43:57.303 --> 00:44:01.417 align:middle line:84% So your family members are your metaphor for action points. 00:44:01.417 --> 00:44:04.000 align:middle line:84% We get the same thing in other games with things like workers. 00:44:04.000 --> 00:44:07.720 align:middle line:90% 00:44:07.720 --> 00:44:10.180 align:middle line:84% Finally, just a very quick word about accessibility. 00:44:10.180 --> 00:44:12.550 align:middle line:84% This is usually something I go into much more 00:44:12.550 --> 00:44:14.470 align:middle line:84% detail in in my computer games classes, 00:44:14.470 --> 00:44:16.180 align:middle line:84% but with board games classes one thing 00:44:16.180 --> 00:44:19.780 align:middle line:84% I do want you to keep in mind is colorblindness. 00:44:19.780 --> 00:44:23.080 align:middle line:84% I want you to, If you have colorblindness, 00:44:23.080 --> 00:44:25.889 align:middle line:84% or if you have friends who are colorblind, 00:44:25.889 --> 00:44:28.180 align:middle line:84% you definitely want them to take a look at your design, 00:44:28.180 --> 00:44:32.890 align:middle line:84% and see whether it is possible for them to play your game. 00:44:32.890 --> 00:44:34.470 align:middle line:84% Take a picture through Instagram, 00:44:34.470 --> 00:44:36.970 align:middle line:84% or something like that, and put in a black and white filter. 00:44:36.970 --> 00:44:40.060 align:middle line:84% See whether your game is still legible and possible 00:44:40.060 --> 00:44:42.911 align:middle line:84% to play with all the colors removed. 00:44:42.911 --> 00:44:45.160 align:middle line:84% You can accomplish a lot of things by just changing up 00:44:45.160 --> 00:44:48.130 align:middle line:84% your tokens, by putting additional marks on the tokens 00:44:48.130 --> 00:44:50.262 align:middle line:84% that are high contrast so that they don't-- 00:44:50.262 --> 00:44:51.970 align:middle line:84% they are not completely reliant on color. 00:44:51.970 --> 00:44:56.010 align:middle line:84% If [INAUDIBLE] you can look at bright and dark as well. 00:44:56.010 --> 00:44:56.900 align:middle line:90% That's all. 00:44:56.900 --> 00:45:01.090 align:middle line:84% If you take that into consideration in your design, 00:45:01.090 --> 00:45:03.490 align:middle line:84% you will definitely get kudos from the instructors 00:45:03.490 --> 00:45:04.407 align:middle line:90% when they are grading. 00:45:04.407 --> 00:45:06.239 align:middle line:84% Because that means you have taken the effort 00:45:06.239 --> 00:45:08.290 align:middle line:84% in trying to increase the range of people 00:45:08.290 --> 00:45:09.790 align:middle line:90% who can play your game. 00:45:09.790 --> 00:45:15.730 align:middle line:84% So, that's pretty much what I have 00:45:15.730 --> 00:45:19.760 align:middle line:84% to say about usability for today. 00:45:19.760 --> 00:45:20.545 align:middle line:90% Any questions? 00:45:20.545 --> 00:45:23.660 align:middle line:90% 00:45:23.660 --> 00:45:25.920 align:middle line:84% This is not something you have to worry too much 00:45:25.920 --> 00:45:28.220 align:middle line:90% about for assignment one. 00:45:28.220 --> 00:45:30.000 align:middle line:84% But it's something that you definitely 00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:31.620 align:middle line:84% have to think about whenever you're 00:45:31.620 --> 00:45:33.660 align:middle line:84% trying to create a game for lots and lots 00:45:33.660 --> 00:45:35.220 align:middle line:84% and lots of other people to play. 00:45:35.220 --> 00:45:37.380 align:middle line:84% So you will want to definitely start 00:45:37.380 --> 00:45:39.240 align:middle line:90% taking this into consideration. 00:45:39.240 --> 00:45:40.890 align:middle line:90% What pieces are you choosing? 00:45:40.890 --> 00:45:43.950 align:middle line:84% What do the pieces tell you about how to play this game? 00:45:43.950 --> 00:45:46.200 align:middle line:84% How does your board tell you how to play your game, 00:45:46.200 --> 00:45:48.341 align:middle line:84% even if the rules are not printed on the board? 00:45:48.341 --> 00:45:50.340 align:middle line:84% What are the clues that you're giving the player 00:45:50.340 --> 00:45:52.380 align:middle line:84% to be able to form that mental model, 00:45:52.380 --> 00:45:54.270 align:middle line:84% so you can get them past that learning stage 00:45:54.270 --> 00:45:55.830 align:middle line:84% where they're just making mistakes 00:45:55.830 --> 00:45:57.990 align:middle line:84% and start making decisions about how 00:45:57.990 --> 00:46:01.241 align:middle line:84% they want to play the game in a way that's satisfying to them. 00:46:01.241 --> 00:46:03.365 align:middle line:84% And giving them feedback on whether those decisions 00:46:03.365 --> 00:46:04.710 align:middle line:90% works out for that. 00:46:04.710 --> 00:46:08.470 align:middle line:90% 00:46:08.470 --> 00:46:10.190 align:middle line:90% So that's the presentation. 00:46:10.190 --> 00:46:14.340 align:middle line:84% And now I guess it's team time to work on your projects. 00:46:14.340 --> 00:46:15.380 align:middle line:90% I am going-- 00:46:15.380 --> 00:46:19.650 align:middle line:84% Rick and I will go get boxes and we'll be right back. 00:46:19.650 --> 00:46:23.600 align:middle line:84% Anyone needs to take a break now is a good time. 00:46:23.600 --> 00:46:28.896 align:middle line:90%