WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:00.570 align:middle line:90% 00:00:00.570 --> 00:00:02.370 align:middle line:84% The following content is provided 00:00:02.370 --> 00:00:06.330 align:middle line:84% by MIT OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons license. 00:00:06.330 --> 00:00:08.430 align:middle line:84% Additional information about our license 00:00:08.430 --> 00:00:10.800 align:middle line:84% and MIT OpenCourseWare in general 00:00:10.800 --> 00:00:12.750 align:middle line:90% is available at ocw.mit.edu. 00:00:12.750 --> 00:00:17.370 align:middle line:90% 00:00:17.370 --> 00:00:21.720 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: What I have in mind for today is mainly, 00:00:21.720 --> 00:00:32.570 align:middle line:84% believe it or not, to go through some vocabulary strengthening. 00:00:32.570 --> 00:00:37.850 align:middle line:84% We've gotten to a point now where 00:00:37.850 --> 00:00:39.740 align:middle line:84% I think the rest of the semester is going 00:00:39.740 --> 00:00:44.070 align:middle line:84% to be much on what you all want to do, 00:00:44.070 --> 00:00:45.815 align:middle line:84% but next week is narrative ethics. 00:00:45.815 --> 00:00:48.320 align:middle line:90% 00:00:48.320 --> 00:00:51.380 align:middle line:84% But so I'd like to make sure we are getting 00:00:51.380 --> 00:00:54.560 align:middle line:90% a good vocabulary built up. 00:00:54.560 --> 00:00:57.380 align:middle line:84% And there'll be time for anything else. 00:00:57.380 --> 00:01:00.050 align:middle line:84% I brought this in here in case I need it. 00:01:00.050 --> 00:01:03.880 align:middle line:84% It's like a-- what do you call it? 00:01:03.880 --> 00:01:06.560 align:middle line:84% The coaches have these blankets, security blankets, 00:01:06.560 --> 00:01:07.560 align:middle line:90% like a security blanket. 00:01:07.560 --> 00:01:09.870 align:middle line:90% But I don't intend to use it. 00:01:09.870 --> 00:01:15.060 align:middle line:84% But if something comes up, then I've got my security blanket. 00:01:15.060 --> 00:01:18.730 align:middle line:84% But I'd like to go through some definitions. 00:01:18.730 --> 00:01:23.920 align:middle line:84% OK, now, first of all, I'd like to talk 00:01:23.920 --> 00:01:32.890 align:middle line:84% about some kinds of definitions, some kinds of definitions 00:01:32.890 --> 00:01:34.150 align:middle line:90% of words. 00:01:34.150 --> 00:01:36.085 align:middle line:90% One is called plain language. 00:01:36.085 --> 00:01:40.850 align:middle line:90% 00:01:40.850 --> 00:01:46.130 align:middle line:84% And the opposite-- not the opposite, but the contrast, 00:01:46.130 --> 00:01:48.800 align:middle line:90% contrasting term is term of art. 00:01:48.800 --> 00:01:53.950 align:middle line:90% 00:01:53.950 --> 00:01:56.660 align:middle line:84% So we could use the word, for example, 00:01:56.660 --> 00:01:59.425 align:middle line:90% stress in plain language. 00:01:59.425 --> 00:02:03.000 align:middle line:90% 00:02:03.000 --> 00:02:04.050 align:middle line:90% I got stressed out. 00:02:04.050 --> 00:02:09.350 align:middle line:90% 00:02:09.350 --> 00:02:18.350 align:middle line:84% We can use the term stress in at least two terms of art. 00:02:18.350 --> 00:02:27.340 align:middle line:84% One is if you are a physician stress has a specific meaning. 00:02:27.340 --> 00:02:33.060 align:middle line:84% Next, if you are a civil engineer, 00:02:33.060 --> 00:02:37.230 align:middle line:90% stress has a specific meaning. 00:02:37.230 --> 00:02:40.730 align:middle line:84% And specific, those are terms of art, OK? 00:02:40.730 --> 00:02:43.620 align:middle line:90% 00:02:43.620 --> 00:02:49.190 align:middle line:84% Now, in engineering-- and I would 00:02:49.190 --> 00:02:54.230 align:middle line:84% think that the same is true in medicine and the same 00:02:54.230 --> 00:03:01.300 align:middle line:84% is true in law that when you encounter a term of art, 00:03:01.300 --> 00:03:03.790 align:middle line:90% there is a standard meaning. 00:03:03.790 --> 00:03:07.070 align:middle line:90% 00:03:07.070 --> 00:03:09.910 align:middle line:84% So if you're a lawyer or if you're not a lawyer-- 00:03:09.910 --> 00:03:14.880 align:middle line:84% believe it or not, I've got a copy of Black's Law Dictionary 00:03:14.880 --> 00:03:16.810 align:middle line:90% that thick. 00:03:16.810 --> 00:03:20.380 align:middle line:90% I can read it, OK? 00:03:20.380 --> 00:03:23.320 align:middle line:84% Now, some of the terms are tedious because they 00:03:23.320 --> 00:03:25.870 align:middle line:84% cross-reference a whole lot of other terms. 00:03:25.870 --> 00:03:28.600 align:middle line:84% And when I say tedious, it becomes too tedious for me 00:03:28.600 --> 00:03:30.470 align:middle line:90% to get through. 00:03:30.470 --> 00:03:35.345 align:middle line:84% But I would say that, of the terms that I've looked up 00:03:35.345 --> 00:03:37.720 align:middle line:84% in there-- and I don't know how many terms I've looked up 00:03:37.720 --> 00:03:40.510 align:middle line:84% in there, may be 30 over the years, I guess, 00:03:40.510 --> 00:03:43.300 align:middle line:84% but just thumbing through it, too-- 00:03:43.300 --> 00:03:46.240 align:middle line:84% a lot I can learn because in Black's, they 00:03:46.240 --> 00:03:49.990 align:middle line:90% give examples of the usage. 00:03:49.990 --> 00:03:53.562 align:middle line:90% And I don't think that having-- 00:03:53.562 --> 00:03:55.270 align:middle line:84% it's an interesting thing about learning. 00:03:55.270 --> 00:03:59.050 align:middle line:84% I don't think that having understood those terms 00:03:59.050 --> 00:04:03.305 align:middle line:90% that I could use them properly. 00:04:03.305 --> 00:04:06.240 align:middle line:90% 00:04:06.240 --> 00:04:11.300 align:middle line:84% But I had to do this when I was chair of the Faculty Senate 00:04:11.300 --> 00:04:15.050 align:middle line:84% at Howard [? Hasley ?] Law School. 00:04:15.050 --> 00:04:19.490 align:middle line:84% And the lawyers and the political scientists 00:04:19.490 --> 00:04:24.650 align:middle line:84% can use their specialty skills in a faculty meeting. 00:04:24.650 --> 00:04:27.630 align:middle line:84% The engineers come in there with no skills. 00:04:27.630 --> 00:04:30.050 align:middle line:84% So it was helpful to at least learn 00:04:30.050 --> 00:04:31.370 align:middle line:90% that there's some differences. 00:04:31.370 --> 00:04:34.860 align:middle line:90% 00:04:34.860 --> 00:04:40.000 align:middle line:84% I also had an experience once where 00:04:40.000 --> 00:04:42.820 align:middle line:84% I was in a meeting and somebody asked me 00:04:42.820 --> 00:04:47.600 align:middle line:90% to define engineering ethics. 00:04:47.600 --> 00:04:49.890 align:middle line:90% So I defined it. 00:04:49.890 --> 00:04:53.620 align:middle line:90% And this person was a physician. 00:04:53.620 --> 00:05:01.180 align:middle line:84% And she looked in this book, this encyclopedia of ethics, 00:05:01.180 --> 00:05:04.476 align:middle line:84% found engineering ethics, and it said something different, 00:05:04.476 --> 00:05:10.845 align:middle line:84% said, hold it, something different, term of art. 00:05:10.845 --> 00:05:12.990 align:middle line:84% And it just so happened that she looked 00:05:12.990 --> 00:05:16.320 align:middle line:84% in the particular encyclopedia of ethics 00:05:16.320 --> 00:05:19.831 align:middle line:84% where I wrote the engineering ethics citation. 00:05:19.831 --> 00:05:22.540 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: You had written the definition that she looked up? 00:05:22.540 --> 00:05:24.280 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Yeah. 00:05:24.280 --> 00:05:26.560 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: But you told her something different? 00:05:26.560 --> 00:05:28.560 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: But I told her something different. 00:05:28.560 --> 00:05:31.170 align:middle line:84% And then she saw my name down there. 00:05:31.170 --> 00:05:33.390 align:middle line:84% And she says, what's going on here? 00:05:33.390 --> 00:05:36.060 align:middle line:84% I said, well, when you go to some other disciplines, 00:05:36.060 --> 00:05:42.670 align:middle line:84% like philosophy, a term of art has a definition that's 00:05:42.670 --> 00:05:47.250 align:middle line:84% usually located in a particular scholar, 00:05:47.250 --> 00:05:50.230 align:middle line:90% like Plato or Aristotle. 00:05:50.230 --> 00:05:55.120 align:middle line:84% And that when you write a paper, you reference two or three 00:05:55.120 --> 00:05:59.520 align:middle line:84% usages by certain scholars, and then you 00:05:59.520 --> 00:06:04.940 align:middle line:84% tell people how you are going to use it in that context today. 00:06:04.940 --> 00:06:08.160 align:middle line:84% An engineer doesn't do that with the word stress, OK? 00:06:08.160 --> 00:06:10.130 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:06:10.130 --> 00:06:12.212 align:middle line:90% So what I'm going to do-- 00:06:12.212 --> 00:06:13.670 align:middle line:84% what I'm going what I'm going to do 00:06:13.670 --> 00:06:15.110 align:middle line:84% is to conduct a class where we're 00:06:15.110 --> 00:06:18.270 align:middle line:84% going to experience all three levels 00:06:18.270 --> 00:06:21.902 align:middle line:84% and we just have to be clear on which ones we're talking about. 00:06:21.902 --> 00:06:23.360 align:middle line:84% So when it comes to certain things, 00:06:23.360 --> 00:06:25.190 align:middle line:84% I feel authorized to give a definition, 00:06:25.190 --> 00:06:26.840 align:middle line:90% just like anybody else. 00:06:26.840 --> 00:06:29.210 align:middle line:84% You look in the Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 00:06:29.210 --> 00:06:31.190 align:middle line:90% you'll find something else, OK? 00:06:31.190 --> 00:06:34.040 align:middle line:90% I've got to justify my usage. 00:06:34.040 --> 00:06:38.250 align:middle line:84% You've got to decide which one you're going to use. 00:06:38.250 --> 00:06:41.190 align:middle line:84% My experience tells me that, over time, you'll 00:06:41.190 --> 00:06:42.270 align:middle line:90% be doing the same thing. 00:06:42.270 --> 00:06:45.300 align:middle line:90% 00:06:45.300 --> 00:06:50.170 align:middle line:84% OK, so you just have to have one that's defensible in the end. 00:06:50.170 --> 00:06:52.461 align:middle line:90% So we'll mix them up. 00:06:52.461 --> 00:06:59.700 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: When you say all three levels, what do you mean? 00:06:59.700 --> 00:07:02.910 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: One level is plain language. 00:07:02.910 --> 00:07:08.130 align:middle line:84% One level is standardized term of art. 00:07:08.130 --> 00:07:09.510 align:middle line:90% And the other one is-- 00:07:09.510 --> 00:07:11.320 align:middle line:90% I don't have a name for it. 00:07:11.320 --> 00:07:13.820 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: But it's what you're talking about in the example? 00:07:13.820 --> 00:07:15.070 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: The last example. 00:07:15.070 --> 00:07:18.520 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Both definition [INAUDIBLE].. 00:07:18.520 --> 00:07:22.330 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: That you can-- in other words, an individual, 00:07:22.330 --> 00:07:25.210 align:middle line:84% justifiable-- individually justifiable. 00:07:25.210 --> 00:07:26.560 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 00:07:26.560 --> 00:07:27.610 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: So you give a name to it. 00:07:27.610 --> 00:07:28.985 align:middle line:84% Maybe you can find a name for it. 00:07:28.985 --> 00:07:32.740 align:middle line:90% I haven't got it yet. 00:07:32.740 --> 00:07:37.700 align:middle line:84% So if a philosopher is talking, it's legitimate to say, well, 00:07:37.700 --> 00:07:41.955 align:middle line:84% what do you mean by the word ethics? 00:07:41.955 --> 00:07:44.640 align:middle line:90% 00:07:44.640 --> 00:07:47.640 align:middle line:84% And chances are the philosopher will not 00:07:47.640 --> 00:07:51.240 align:middle line:84% give you a dictionary or an encyclopedia definition. 00:07:51.240 --> 00:07:54.750 align:middle line:84% Chances are, they will reference what some scholar said 00:07:54.750 --> 00:07:58.920 align:middle line:84% or how some scholar used it in certain works 00:07:58.920 --> 00:08:00.960 align:middle line:84% and say that I will use it much the same way, 00:08:00.960 --> 00:08:03.277 align:middle line:90% but change it a little bit. 00:08:03.277 --> 00:08:04.860 align:middle line:84% They'll have to change it a little bit 00:08:04.860 --> 00:08:09.360 align:middle line:84% because most of those scholars lived 2,000 years ago, to make 00:08:09.360 --> 00:08:11.610 align:middle line:90% it apply to today at the-- 00:08:11.610 --> 00:08:15.770 align:middle line:84% All right, not only that, but they're translations. 00:08:15.770 --> 00:08:23.450 align:middle line:84% OK, so let's go through some of that. 00:08:23.450 --> 00:08:24.980 align:middle line:90% Let's see. 00:08:24.980 --> 00:08:27.800 align:middle line:90% Do I have-- 00:08:27.800 --> 00:08:29.608 align:middle line:90% I do. 00:08:29.608 --> 00:08:30.650 align:middle line:90% I've got an airport card. 00:08:30.650 --> 00:08:33.650 align:middle line:84% But for some reason or another, I 00:08:33.650 --> 00:08:39.756 align:middle line:84% have not been able to get it to work in here in this room. 00:08:39.756 --> 00:08:42.390 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 00:08:42.390 --> 00:08:43.453 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Yeah. 00:08:43.453 --> 00:08:45.120 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I have my computer [INAUDIBLE] 00:08:45.120 --> 00:08:47.000 align:middle line:84% wireless if you want me to look something up. 00:08:47.000 --> 00:08:48.792 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Yeah, why don't you get it out 00:08:48.792 --> 00:08:54.440 align:middle line:84% and whenever we want to, we can just look something up? 00:08:54.440 --> 00:08:59.240 align:middle line:84% We can-- I think the best one for the terms we're going 00:08:59.240 --> 00:08:59.968 align:middle line:90% to look at is-- 00:08:59.968 --> 00:09:01.010 align:middle line:90% how do you pronounce it-- 00:09:01.010 --> 00:09:02.180 align:middle line:90% Wikipedia. 00:09:02.180 --> 00:09:04.080 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Yeah, that's how you pronounce it. 00:09:04.080 --> 00:09:04.830 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Yeah. 00:09:04.830 --> 00:09:09.490 align:middle line:90% 00:09:09.490 --> 00:09:11.080 align:middle line:90% OK, let me erase this board. 00:09:11.080 --> 00:09:13.210 align:middle line:84% And let's go through a couple of them. 00:09:13.210 --> 00:09:15.130 align:middle line:90% You bring up some. 00:09:15.130 --> 00:09:17.710 align:middle line:84% You can bring up some that you want to ask me about, 00:09:17.710 --> 00:09:20.696 align:middle line:84% bring up some that you want to say tell. 00:09:20.696 --> 00:09:21.502 align:middle line:90% It's good practice. 00:09:21.502 --> 00:09:23.960 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: What category of words are we talking about here? 00:09:23.960 --> 00:09:27.980 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Words that we've used, terms of art, words 00:09:27.980 --> 00:09:30.370 align:middle line:90% that we've used in this class. 00:09:30.370 --> 00:09:31.890 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: OK. 00:09:31.890 --> 00:09:34.320 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Words you think that if you're 00:09:34.320 --> 00:09:37.200 align:middle line:84% talking to anybody about engineering ethics 00:09:37.200 --> 00:09:39.360 align:middle line:84% may come up in the conversation and you would 00:09:39.360 --> 00:09:41.960 align:middle line:90% want to know what they mean. 00:09:41.960 --> 00:09:49.200 align:middle line:90% 00:09:49.200 --> 00:09:56.150 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So one word that you used in the last press 00:09:56.150 --> 00:09:58.730 align:middle line:90% was accountability [INAUDIBLE]. 00:09:58.730 --> 00:10:02.370 align:middle line:90% 00:10:02.370 --> 00:10:06.090 align:middle line:84% And I think accountability is an interesting word that 00:10:06.090 --> 00:10:10.050 align:middle line:90% gets used a lot [INAUDIBLE]. 00:10:10.050 --> 00:10:11.590 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Well, let's do it now. 00:10:11.590 --> 00:10:14.210 align:middle line:90% Let's go back over it. 00:10:14.210 --> 00:10:16.690 align:middle line:84% I will give you the term as I understood it 00:10:16.690 --> 00:10:19.000 align:middle line:90% in my military experience. 00:10:19.000 --> 00:10:21.505 align:middle line:84% And the term goes with two other terms. 00:10:21.505 --> 00:10:24.210 align:middle line:90% 00:10:24.210 --> 00:10:27.780 align:middle line:84% Responsibility, authority, and accountability, 00:10:27.780 --> 00:10:30.700 align:middle line:90% they all go together, OK? 00:10:30.700 --> 00:10:31.480 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:10:31.480 --> 00:10:35.540 align:middle line:90% 00:10:35.540 --> 00:10:38.515 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Yeah, so it'd be interesting to talk about. 00:10:38.515 --> 00:10:39.890 align:middle line:84% Because in the military terms, it 00:10:39.890 --> 00:10:45.550 align:middle line:84% sounded like accountability is the requirement 00:10:45.550 --> 00:10:48.262 align:middle line:84% to be able to explain a situation. 00:10:48.262 --> 00:10:51.470 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Yes, with facts. 00:10:51.470 --> 00:10:56.034 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: But I feel like, in ethics writing and ethics 00:10:56.034 --> 00:11:00.410 align:middle line:84% literature, the word accountability [INAUDIBLE].. 00:11:00.410 --> 00:11:01.408 align:middle line:90% But I don't know. 00:11:01.408 --> 00:11:03.663 align:middle line:90% That's [INAUDIBLE]. 00:11:03.663 --> 00:11:05.080 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Right, you don't hear 00:11:05.080 --> 00:11:08.050 align:middle line:84% a whole lot of that word used unless they're 00:11:08.050 --> 00:11:12.930 align:middle line:84% using it like a person in a case would use it. 00:11:12.930 --> 00:11:21.480 align:middle line:84% But no, it's not used a whole lot. 00:11:21.480 --> 00:11:24.540 align:middle line:90% 00:11:24.540 --> 00:11:27.030 align:middle line:84% But I think that it's the importance of it 00:11:27.030 --> 00:11:31.060 align:middle line:84% is to distinguish accountability from responsibility. 00:11:31.060 --> 00:11:32.970 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: And responsibility is used. 00:11:32.970 --> 00:11:34.590 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Is used. 00:11:34.590 --> 00:11:44.190 align:middle line:84% And that is you are answerable and sanctionable for some event 00:11:44.190 --> 00:11:46.455 align:middle line:90% or for something or something. 00:11:46.455 --> 00:11:49.500 align:middle line:90% 00:11:49.500 --> 00:11:53.890 align:middle line:84% And in order to answer, you have to have authority. 00:11:53.890 --> 00:11:56.790 align:middle line:90% So you have to have power. 00:11:56.790 --> 00:12:01.710 align:middle line:84% And power is given to the person in order 00:12:01.710 --> 00:12:05.070 align:middle line:84% to carry out one's responsibility. 00:12:05.070 --> 00:12:08.190 align:middle line:84% You're not given any more and you're really not 00:12:08.190 --> 00:12:11.490 align:middle line:84% given any less, given what somebody 00:12:11.490 --> 00:12:14.460 align:middle line:84% above you in authority-- in the chain of command 00:12:14.460 --> 00:12:20.350 align:middle line:84% thinks that is what you need to carry out your responsibility, 00:12:20.350 --> 00:12:20.890 align:middle line:90% all right? 00:12:20.890 --> 00:12:26.390 align:middle line:84% So one very important thing about all of that in life, 00:12:26.390 --> 00:12:32.320 align:middle line:84% professional life, is that you can delegate authority. 00:12:32.320 --> 00:12:34.840 align:middle line:90% 00:12:34.840 --> 00:12:38.710 align:middle line:84% The bigger the organization, the higher up you are in it, 00:12:38.710 --> 00:12:42.718 align:middle line:84% the only way you can operate is to delegate authority. 00:12:42.718 --> 00:12:45.790 align:middle line:90% 00:12:45.790 --> 00:12:51.340 align:middle line:84% If you look at the charter, the charters of some universities-- 00:12:51.340 --> 00:12:54.280 align:middle line:90% and I've looked at some-- 00:12:54.280 --> 00:12:57.820 align:middle line:84% the trustees have all of this authority that they cannot 00:12:57.820 --> 00:13:03.550 align:middle line:90% possibly use, right? 00:13:03.550 --> 00:13:07.450 align:middle line:84% If you look at the original versions of the charters that 00:13:07.450 --> 00:13:10.390 align:middle line:84% go back into the 19th century, they 00:13:10.390 --> 00:13:12.190 align:middle line:84% will give the trustees the authority 00:13:12.190 --> 00:13:14.050 align:middle line:84% to prescribe textbooks for classes. 00:13:14.050 --> 00:13:16.120 align:middle line:84% Now, you know, even in the last century, 00:13:16.120 --> 00:13:17.240 align:middle line:90% trustees couldn't do that. 00:13:17.240 --> 00:13:20.870 align:middle line:84% They had to delegate the authority, too. 00:13:20.870 --> 00:13:27.740 align:middle line:84% But what the trustee cannot do is delegate the responsibility 00:13:27.740 --> 00:13:32.210 align:middle line:84% because if the students aren't taught and the charter, 00:13:32.210 --> 00:13:36.260 align:middle line:84% which is a contract between the organization and society-- 00:13:36.260 --> 00:13:41.420 align:middle line:84% if the charter says that you have to teach students 00:13:41.420 --> 00:13:47.590 align:middle line:84% and if the higher body-- that is, the legal body of-- no, not 00:13:47.590 --> 00:13:51.500 align:middle line:84% legal, let's call it the body politic of society 00:13:51.500 --> 00:13:54.330 align:middle line:84% says that it's going to sanction somebody for that, 00:13:54.330 --> 00:13:58.420 align:middle line:84% then you're the one, not the others. 00:13:58.420 --> 00:14:02.767 align:middle line:84% OK, and accountability, the judge 00:14:02.767 --> 00:14:04.850 align:middle line:84% is going to say, well look, before we get started, 00:14:04.850 --> 00:14:07.970 align:middle line:84% let's put some facts on the table. 00:14:07.970 --> 00:14:10.205 align:middle line:90% Who should know the facts, OK? 00:14:10.205 --> 00:14:12.038 align:middle line:90% And that's accountability. 00:14:12.038 --> 00:14:21.700 align:middle line:90% 00:14:21.700 --> 00:14:25.180 align:middle line:84% So you see how these issues can come up. 00:14:25.180 --> 00:14:30.850 align:middle line:84% When they do come up, they come up in what is a term of art 00:14:30.850 --> 00:14:38.690 align:middle line:84% now, sensational cases, [INAUDIBLE],, all of them, OK? 00:14:38.690 --> 00:14:41.654 align:middle line:90% 00:14:41.654 --> 00:14:46.380 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Now, responsibility and ethics, 00:14:46.380 --> 00:14:47.850 align:middle line:84% OK, so in the military, it's used 00:14:47.850 --> 00:14:52.266 align:middle line:84% to say you're sanctionable for [INAUDIBLE].. 00:14:52.266 --> 00:14:56.590 align:middle line:84% But I feel like I've read that in ethical cases, 00:14:56.590 --> 00:14:57.965 align:middle line:84% I've read the word responsibility 00:14:57.965 --> 00:15:03.082 align:middle line:84% and it implies the requirement to take action, 00:15:03.082 --> 00:15:08.460 align:middle line:84% like so and so has the responsibility to do this. 00:15:08.460 --> 00:15:10.200 align:middle line:84% But is that a correct usage of it? 00:15:10.200 --> 00:15:11.850 align:middle line:84% Or in ethics, should it also just 00:15:11.850 --> 00:15:16.053 align:middle line:90% mean answerable [INAUDIBLE]. 00:15:16.053 --> 00:15:17.470 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: I also use the word-- 00:15:17.470 --> 00:15:18.303 align:middle line:90% [INTERPOSING VOICES] 00:15:18.303 --> 00:15:19.210 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: --passive. 00:15:19.210 --> 00:15:19.540 align:middle line:90% [INTERPOSING VOICES] 00:15:19.540 --> 00:15:20.240 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: --what I'm asking. 00:15:20.240 --> 00:15:21.782 align:middle line:84% Is it an active word or only passive. 00:15:21.782 --> 00:15:23.560 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: I see what you're saying. 00:15:23.560 --> 00:15:31.180 align:middle line:84% I use the word event also, which means action, all right? 00:15:31.180 --> 00:15:33.070 align:middle line:90% So yeah, it's proactive. 00:15:33.070 --> 00:15:34.020 align:middle line:90% But well, I can't-- 00:15:34.020 --> 00:15:35.020 align:middle line:90% I'm trying to think now. 00:15:35.020 --> 00:15:38.770 align:middle line:84% Can I think of something passive? 00:15:38.770 --> 00:15:41.260 align:middle line:84% Can I say I am responsible to prevent? 00:15:41.260 --> 00:15:43.940 align:middle line:90% 00:15:43.940 --> 00:15:46.050 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Maybe the veteran is obligated, 00:15:46.050 --> 00:15:48.980 align:middle line:84% like you're morally obligated to do something, 00:15:48.980 --> 00:15:52.700 align:middle line:84% and then you have a moral responsibility. 00:15:52.700 --> 00:15:57.600 align:middle line:84% Maybe the responsibility is [INAUDIBLE] after the fact. 00:15:57.600 --> 00:16:01.460 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Now, you're getting into an ethical-- 00:16:01.460 --> 00:16:06.140 align:middle line:84% or a term of art in ethics because Immanuel Kant 00:16:06.140 --> 00:16:14.740 align:middle line:84% had some specific definitions for duty and obligation, OK? 00:16:14.740 --> 00:16:18.010 align:middle line:84% So if you substitute the word duty for obligation, 00:16:18.010 --> 00:16:20.320 align:middle line:84% then you get a term of art in ethics. 00:16:20.320 --> 00:16:22.890 align:middle line:90% 00:16:22.890 --> 00:16:25.110 align:middle line:84% And as a matter of fact, many people 00:16:25.110 --> 00:16:35.910 align:middle line:84% call Kant's ethics duty ethics, OK? 00:16:35.910 --> 00:16:36.885 align:middle line:90% Duty ethics. 00:16:36.885 --> 00:16:44.430 align:middle line:90% 00:16:44.430 --> 00:16:50.160 align:middle line:84% And that's a very powerful word in some cultures 00:16:50.160 --> 00:16:51.495 align:middle line:90% because your duty-- 00:16:51.495 --> 00:16:54.380 align:middle line:90% 00:16:54.380 --> 00:17:00.860 align:middle line:84% your duty not only has military connotations 00:17:00.860 --> 00:17:05.380 align:middle line:84% that are passed on in business, but it also 00:17:05.380 --> 00:17:11.290 align:middle line:84% has moral connotations that come from Immanuel Kant, OK? 00:17:11.290 --> 00:17:12.940 align:middle line:90% So put an asterisk beside that. 00:17:12.940 --> 00:17:14.980 align:middle line:90% Do some reading on that, please. 00:17:14.980 --> 00:17:18.270 align:middle line:84% A simple definition is not going to be good enough. 00:17:18.270 --> 00:17:20.815 align:middle line:84% But Kant's ethics are often called duty ethics. 00:17:20.815 --> 00:17:24.790 align:middle line:90% 00:17:24.790 --> 00:17:27.040 align:middle line:84% And as you know, his style is to state 00:17:27.040 --> 00:17:30.850 align:middle line:84% the categorical imperative in more than one way. 00:17:30.850 --> 00:17:32.480 align:middle line:84% He says they mean the same thing, 00:17:32.480 --> 00:17:36.700 align:middle line:84% they're just different statements of the same thing. 00:17:36.700 --> 00:17:39.890 align:middle line:84% But if they were the same thing, why state them differently? 00:17:39.890 --> 00:17:45.492 align:middle line:84% So there are some connotations that's different in them. 00:17:45.492 --> 00:17:47.200 align:middle line:84% You have to read a little bit about that. 00:17:47.200 --> 00:18:08.360 align:middle line:90% 00:18:08.360 --> 00:18:09.530 align:middle line:90% They also have another-- 00:18:09.530 --> 00:18:12.570 align:middle line:90% excuse me-- a political-- 00:18:12.570 --> 00:18:14.040 align:middle line:90% on my honor, I'll do my duty. 00:18:14.040 --> 00:18:18.513 align:middle line:90% 00:18:18.513 --> 00:18:19.920 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah, duty-- 00:18:19.920 --> 00:18:22.680 align:middle line:84% I like that you brought up culture's perspective on duty. 00:18:22.680 --> 00:18:27.460 align:middle line:90% 00:18:27.460 --> 00:18:33.560 align:middle line:84% I would say the word duty [INAUDIBLE].. 00:18:33.560 --> 00:18:38.175 align:middle line:90% 00:18:38.175 --> 00:18:39.550 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: That's a good point. 00:18:39.550 --> 00:18:41.040 align:middle line:90% Since the '60s, it has been. 00:18:41.040 --> 00:18:43.710 align:middle line:90% 00:18:43.710 --> 00:18:46.930 align:middle line:84% I don't know if that's going to pass. 00:18:46.930 --> 00:18:53.730 align:middle line:84% But up until the '60s, people would say you have a duty. 00:18:53.730 --> 00:18:57.210 align:middle line:84% And someone would stand back and say, yes, I have a duty. 00:18:57.210 --> 00:19:02.590 align:middle line:84% And in the '60s, that was an adverse term. 00:19:02.590 --> 00:19:07.720 align:middle line:90% 00:19:07.720 --> 00:19:12.940 align:middle line:84% Well, part of the '60s was anti-Vietnam and part 00:19:12.940 --> 00:19:17.260 align:middle line:90% of that was anti-war in general. 00:19:17.260 --> 00:19:22.120 align:middle line:84% And a lot of that was anti-military. 00:19:22.120 --> 00:19:27.580 align:middle line:84% I wore my military uniform in Georgetown on a Saturday 00:19:27.580 --> 00:19:33.870 align:middle line:84% night in the '60s just to see what would happen. 00:19:33.870 --> 00:19:37.570 align:middle line:90% And it was crowded. 00:19:37.570 --> 00:19:39.400 align:middle line:90% And all of the anti-- 00:19:39.400 --> 00:19:44.950 align:middle line:84% all of the anti-war people were there. 00:19:44.950 --> 00:19:47.020 align:middle line:90% And I walked three blocks. 00:19:47.020 --> 00:19:49.210 align:middle line:90% And I remember the number six. 00:19:49.210 --> 00:19:55.040 align:middle line:84% I was invited to six fisticuffs just on account. 00:19:55.040 --> 00:19:56.290 align:middle line:90% Notice the word I was invited. 00:19:56.290 --> 00:19:59.170 align:middle line:84% I did not accept the invitation, nor was the invitation 00:19:59.170 --> 00:20:01.510 align:middle line:90% foisted on me. 00:20:01.510 --> 00:20:03.760 align:middle line:90% Nobody took the first punch. 00:20:03.760 --> 00:20:06.665 align:middle line:90% But yeah, it came to that. 00:20:06.665 --> 00:20:07.540 align:middle line:90% I just wanted to see. 00:20:07.540 --> 00:20:14.120 align:middle line:84% I mean, I just wanted to see what would really happen. 00:20:14.120 --> 00:20:18.730 align:middle line:90% 00:20:18.730 --> 00:20:22.150 align:middle line:90% And I was an objection. 00:20:22.150 --> 00:20:29.020 align:middle line:84% I objected to the war when I was in the army. 00:20:29.020 --> 00:20:31.540 align:middle line:90% I had a talk with my commander. 00:20:31.540 --> 00:20:36.100 align:middle line:84% My commander said, do you plan to object to the war 00:20:36.100 --> 00:20:37.120 align:middle line:90% when you're in uniform? 00:20:37.120 --> 00:20:39.910 align:middle line:90% I said no. 00:20:39.910 --> 00:20:44.890 align:middle line:84% He said do you plan to object to the war when you're on duty? 00:20:44.890 --> 00:20:45.818 align:middle line:90% I said no. 00:20:45.818 --> 00:20:47.860 align:middle line:84% He said, well what you do with your other time is 00:20:47.860 --> 00:20:48.693 align:middle line:90% none of my business. 00:20:48.693 --> 00:20:51.180 align:middle line:90% 00:20:51.180 --> 00:20:52.950 align:middle line:84% So I did not object to the military. 00:20:52.950 --> 00:20:57.800 align:middle line:90% 00:20:57.800 --> 00:21:00.670 align:middle line:90% And I did not object to war. 00:21:00.670 --> 00:21:03.130 align:middle line:84% I thought that there was such a thing as a defensive war. 00:21:03.130 --> 00:21:06.440 align:middle line:90% 00:21:06.440 --> 00:21:11.150 align:middle line:84% But I just wanted to see what would happen then. 00:21:11.150 --> 00:21:12.660 align:middle line:90% And that's what happened. 00:21:12.660 --> 00:21:16.550 align:middle line:84% So the word duty did fall in disfavor, 00:21:16.550 --> 00:21:19.700 align:middle line:84% I think, for many of those reasons in the '60s. 00:21:19.700 --> 00:21:21.980 align:middle line:84% And as long as my generation is around, 00:21:21.980 --> 00:21:24.740 align:middle line:84% it will probably have those connotations. 00:21:24.740 --> 00:21:29.570 align:middle line:84% But we're going out of the system now. 00:21:29.570 --> 00:21:32.420 align:middle line:84% And I suspect that duty will return 00:21:32.420 --> 00:21:35.605 align:middle line:84% and have its original force here in the United States. 00:21:35.605 --> 00:21:40.650 align:middle line:90% 00:21:40.650 --> 00:21:41.670 align:middle line:90% What about ethics? 00:21:41.670 --> 00:21:43.215 align:middle line:84% What's between ethics and morals? 00:21:43.215 --> 00:21:45.790 align:middle line:90% 00:21:45.790 --> 00:21:48.814 align:middle line:90% Did I ever cover that? 00:21:48.814 --> 00:21:50.806 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: I don't think so. 00:21:50.806 --> 00:21:55.117 align:middle line:90% [INAUDIBLE] 00:21:55.117 --> 00:21:57.450 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: OK, well, let's deal with ethics and morals 00:21:57.450 --> 00:22:00.885 align:middle line:84% because I'll tell you this one thing that's for sure. 00:22:00.885 --> 00:22:05.460 align:middle line:84% And that is that if you ever start talking about engineering 00:22:05.460 --> 00:22:09.960 align:middle line:84% ethics and there's anybody in there who's not a philosopher, 00:22:09.960 --> 00:22:11.580 align:middle line:84% somebody is going to say, hold up, 00:22:11.580 --> 00:22:14.250 align:middle line:84% what's the difference between ethics and morals? 00:22:14.250 --> 00:22:20.030 align:middle line:84% And they're going to say it because they 00:22:20.030 --> 00:22:24.290 align:middle line:84% will have different responses to your calling them unethical 00:22:24.290 --> 00:22:26.900 align:middle line:90% as opposed to immoral. 00:22:26.900 --> 00:22:30.230 align:middle line:84% And they want to set this up right at the beginning, OK? 00:22:30.230 --> 00:22:34.780 align:middle line:90% 00:22:34.780 --> 00:22:36.410 align:middle line:90% And so I've had experiences. 00:22:36.410 --> 00:22:39.860 align:middle line:84% And I'll tell you an experience that tends to work. 00:22:39.860 --> 00:22:44.120 align:middle line:84% And that is to say, well, let's start with a word 00:22:44.120 --> 00:22:45.620 align:middle line:90% called etymology. 00:22:45.620 --> 00:22:54.664 align:middle line:90% 00:22:54.664 --> 00:23:02.310 align:middle line:84% And that's the study of the origins of words, OK? 00:23:02.310 --> 00:23:04.980 align:middle line:90% 00:23:04.980 --> 00:23:13.045 align:middle line:90% And now, here's the story. 00:23:13.045 --> 00:23:16.270 align:middle line:90% 00:23:16.270 --> 00:23:18.700 align:middle line:84% There's a piece of it-- and I'm not sure what it is-- 00:23:18.700 --> 00:23:20.530 align:middle line:84% that's anecdotal, but I'd like to see 00:23:20.530 --> 00:23:27.260 align:middle line:84% if you can work this out and give me 00:23:27.260 --> 00:23:33.370 align:middle line:90% a cogent etymological answer. 00:23:33.370 --> 00:23:47.920 align:middle line:84% It seems as though Aristotle had to his advantage the Greek word 00:23:47.920 --> 00:23:48.420 align:middle line:90% ethos. 00:23:48.420 --> 00:23:51.060 align:middle line:90% 00:23:51.060 --> 00:23:55.140 align:middle line:84% We still use that word, all right? 00:23:55.140 --> 00:23:58.950 align:middle line:84% And depending on who's translating the word, 00:23:58.950 --> 00:24:03.970 align:middle line:84% it might have slightly different meanings 00:24:03.970 --> 00:24:09.580 align:middle line:84% because this word seems to give translators into English 00:24:09.580 --> 00:24:12.340 align:middle line:90% a little bit of a problem. 00:24:12.340 --> 00:24:15.820 align:middle line:90% Let me pause there for a second. 00:24:15.820 --> 00:24:17.680 align:middle line:90% No, I'll come back. 00:24:17.680 --> 00:24:20.390 align:middle line:90% I'll come back. 00:24:20.390 --> 00:24:23.870 align:middle line:84% And ethos had all of these meanings 00:24:23.870 --> 00:24:37.530 align:middle line:84% about what people thought were behaviors and values that 00:24:37.530 --> 00:24:41.230 align:middle line:84% were used in a particular community, so this community. 00:24:41.230 --> 00:24:43.290 align:middle line:84% And we're talking about city-states now. 00:24:43.290 --> 00:24:45.870 align:middle line:84% We're actually going to talk before nations. 00:24:45.870 --> 00:24:47.430 align:middle line:84% So when you talk about a community, 00:24:47.430 --> 00:24:49.097 align:middle line:84% you're talking about a city-state, which 00:24:49.097 --> 00:24:52.200 align:middle line:84% was their equivalent to a nation because city-states would 00:24:52.200 --> 00:24:53.370 align:middle line:90% go to war with one another. 00:24:53.370 --> 00:24:56.370 align:middle line:84% If you don't believe it, look at Athens and Sparta. 00:24:56.370 --> 00:24:59.779 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: But there are much more [INAUDIBLE] people, 00:24:59.779 --> 00:25:02.214 align:middle line:84% I mean, populations [INAUDIBLE] city-states. 00:25:02.214 --> 00:25:05.677 align:middle line:90% 00:25:05.677 --> 00:25:07.260 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Are you saying that there 00:25:07.260 --> 00:25:09.000 align:middle line:90% weren't a whole lot of riots? 00:25:09.000 --> 00:25:10.620 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: No, I'm just saying-- 00:25:10.620 --> 00:25:11.828 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: They're smaller? 00:25:11.828 --> 00:25:16.170 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: The theory about the governance of city-states 00:25:16.170 --> 00:25:18.100 align:middle line:84% is not easily applied to a nation. 00:25:18.100 --> 00:25:19.350 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Oh, right, right. 00:25:19.350 --> 00:25:21.005 align:middle line:90% Oh yeah, OK, right. 00:25:21.005 --> 00:25:23.130 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So you said they were similar to nations. 00:25:23.130 --> 00:25:24.380 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: No, they weren't. 00:25:24.380 --> 00:25:26.580 align:middle line:90% No, no, no, they weren't. 00:25:26.580 --> 00:25:33.330 align:middle line:90% But no, OK? 00:25:33.330 --> 00:25:35.970 align:middle line:84% It was the best thing they had to a nation then. 00:25:35.970 --> 00:25:37.260 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Right, right. 00:25:37.260 --> 00:25:39.760 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: All right, is that right? 00:25:39.760 --> 00:25:42.416 align:middle line:90% In Greece, that was right. 00:25:42.416 --> 00:25:46.612 align:middle line:90% It wasn't right in Egypt. 00:25:46.612 --> 00:25:47.980 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: In Egypt, that's true. 00:25:47.980 --> 00:25:50.460 align:middle line:90% There were no city-states. 00:25:50.460 --> 00:25:52.440 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: They had empires. 00:25:52.440 --> 00:25:55.620 align:middle line:84% Yeah, OK, so you're talking about ethos. 00:25:55.620 --> 00:26:01.470 align:middle line:84% And Aristotle wanted to talk about the study of ethos 00:26:01.470 --> 00:26:04.590 align:middle line:84% to determine good and bad, right and wrong. 00:26:04.590 --> 00:26:07.410 align:middle line:84% And he didn't have a word for it. 00:26:07.410 --> 00:26:11.870 align:middle line:84% So he came up with this word, ethicos. 00:26:11.870 --> 00:26:16.190 align:middle line:90% 00:26:16.190 --> 00:26:19.460 align:middle line:84% And that were finally gets itself 00:26:19.460 --> 00:26:28.640 align:middle line:84% into the English language as ethics, OK? 00:26:28.640 --> 00:26:33.014 align:middle line:90% 00:26:33.014 --> 00:26:39.030 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Wait, so what does ethos mean to Aristotle? 00:26:39.030 --> 00:26:41.130 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: The habits and values 00:26:41.130 --> 00:26:43.935 align:middle line:84% that people had in a particular community. 00:26:43.935 --> 00:26:46.740 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: And then ethicos was the study of those ethos? 00:26:46.740 --> 00:26:50.120 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: The rational study of it. 00:26:50.120 --> 00:26:53.410 align:middle line:84% So the way I look at the difference 00:26:53.410 --> 00:26:59.100 align:middle line:84% is that the first one is empirical 00:26:59.100 --> 00:27:01.080 align:middle line:90% and the second one is rational. 00:27:01.080 --> 00:27:02.653 align:middle line:90% That's the way I look at it. 00:27:02.653 --> 00:27:04.320 align:middle line:84% I don't if I could defend it, but that's 00:27:04.320 --> 00:27:07.050 align:middle line:84% the way I look at it, that the second one really 00:27:07.050 --> 00:27:15.270 align:middle line:84% is analyzing the first one, talking about it, OK? 00:27:15.270 --> 00:27:17.435 align:middle line:84% So all of this is in Greek, is Greek. 00:27:17.435 --> 00:27:24.370 align:middle line:90% 00:27:24.370 --> 00:27:27.160 align:middle line:84% Cicero, who was a Roman, comes along. 00:27:27.160 --> 00:27:34.720 align:middle line:90% And he was a Roman. 00:27:34.720 --> 00:27:35.440 align:middle line:90% He was a Roman. 00:27:35.440 --> 00:27:38.500 align:middle line:84% They called him an orator, but he was a lawyer. 00:27:38.500 --> 00:27:42.120 align:middle line:84% He was trained in Greek philosophy. 00:27:42.120 --> 00:27:44.910 align:middle line:90% 00:27:44.910 --> 00:27:46.510 align:middle line:90% He left Rome when he was young. 00:27:46.510 --> 00:27:50.880 align:middle line:84% His father sent him over there to one of the academies. 00:27:50.880 --> 00:27:54.970 align:middle line:84% I think it was Aristotle's academy that 00:27:54.970 --> 00:27:57.037 align:middle line:90% was still alive in those days. 00:27:57.037 --> 00:27:58.120 align:middle line:90% And he studied over there. 00:27:58.120 --> 00:28:02.830 align:middle line:90% And he translated some words. 00:28:02.830 --> 00:28:09.680 align:middle line:84% There was already an equivalent in Latin for ethos. 00:28:09.680 --> 00:28:11.090 align:middle line:90% It was mores. 00:28:11.090 --> 00:28:13.790 align:middle line:90% We still use that word-- 00:28:13.790 --> 00:28:18.010 align:middle line:84% ways, and mores, and all of that. 00:28:18.010 --> 00:28:22.210 align:middle line:84% We might take a pause in a few minutes to get on Wikipedia 00:28:22.210 --> 00:28:25.120 align:middle line:90% and see some of what they say. 00:28:25.120 --> 00:28:28.020 align:middle line:90% 00:28:28.020 --> 00:28:33.480 align:middle line:84% And when he got to ethicos, there was no Latin equivalent. 00:28:33.480 --> 00:28:44.860 align:middle line:84% So my sources are not unimpeachable, 00:28:44.860 --> 00:28:46.960 align:middle line:84% but it seems to-- but it seems that-- 00:28:46.960 --> 00:28:48.250 align:middle line:90% but I've got sources. 00:28:48.250 --> 00:28:51.370 align:middle line:84% I've got references that say that Cicero came up 00:28:51.370 --> 00:28:56.215 align:middle line:84% with this word, morales as the Latin equivalent of ethicos. 00:28:56.215 --> 00:29:01.830 align:middle line:90% 00:29:01.830 --> 00:29:10.965 align:middle line:84% And that works its way into the English language as morals. 00:29:10.965 --> 00:29:17.450 align:middle line:90% 00:29:17.450 --> 00:29:21.950 align:middle line:84% Now, let's talk about usage in the English language, 00:29:21.950 --> 00:29:27.485 align:middle line:90% some usages, OK? 00:29:27.485 --> 00:29:36.390 align:middle line:90% 00:29:36.390 --> 00:29:40.380 align:middle line:84% There is a branch of philosophy, a major division of philosophy 00:29:40.380 --> 00:29:41.070 align:middle line:90% called ethics. 00:29:41.070 --> 00:29:44.280 align:middle line:90% 00:29:44.280 --> 00:29:50.420 align:middle line:84% There is an equivalent term for ethics, moral philosophy. 00:29:50.420 --> 00:29:52.640 align:middle line:84% It's improper to say ethical philosophy. 00:29:52.640 --> 00:30:10.160 align:middle line:90% 00:30:10.160 --> 00:30:18.660 align:middle line:84% A great deal of work in the area of ethics, 00:30:18.660 --> 00:30:22.120 align:middle line:84% as you know because we covered it earlier, 00:30:22.120 --> 00:30:27.230 align:middle line:90% was done by theologians. 00:30:27.230 --> 00:30:31.850 align:middle line:84% Not just Christian theologians, but obviously all theologians 00:30:31.850 --> 00:30:34.350 align:middle line:84% deal with ethics in one way or another. 00:30:34.350 --> 00:30:38.630 align:middle line:84% In the Western world, it was done in-- guess what-- 00:30:38.630 --> 00:30:41.370 align:middle line:90% Latin. 00:30:41.370 --> 00:30:50.080 align:middle line:84% Now, some great scholars refer to Greek writings, too. 00:30:50.080 --> 00:30:53.440 align:middle line:84% But there were periods, long periods, 00:30:53.440 --> 00:30:57.970 align:middle line:84% when Christianity was hostile to Greek learning. 00:30:57.970 --> 00:31:00.870 align:middle line:90% 00:31:00.870 --> 00:31:06.650 align:middle line:84% So what happens when somebody says that you are immoral 00:31:06.650 --> 00:31:08.870 align:middle line:84% is that they are probably talking 00:31:08.870 --> 00:31:14.075 align:middle line:84% about the Latin treatment in the context of religion. 00:31:14.075 --> 00:31:18.780 align:middle line:90% 00:31:18.780 --> 00:31:21.660 align:middle line:90% That's bad, all right? 00:31:21.660 --> 00:31:25.680 align:middle line:84% There is such a thing called professional-- 00:31:25.680 --> 00:31:28.740 align:middle line:84% there's a term called professional ethics, as you 00:31:28.740 --> 00:31:31.380 align:middle line:90% know, a term of art. 00:31:31.380 --> 00:31:37.160 align:middle line:84% And engineering ethics includes professional ethics. 00:31:37.160 --> 00:31:38.990 align:middle line:84% When they talk about professional ethics, 00:31:38.990 --> 00:31:41.240 align:middle line:90% they're usually talking about-- 00:31:41.240 --> 00:31:45.110 align:middle line:84% or in the main, they're talking about codes of ethics 00:31:45.110 --> 00:31:47.720 align:middle line:90% and the discussions that-- 00:31:47.720 --> 00:31:50.840 align:middle line:84% and ethical discussions around codes of ethics 00:31:50.840 --> 00:31:54.460 align:middle line:90% to include cases, all right? 00:31:54.460 --> 00:31:59.680 align:middle line:84% But there is a term called professional ethics. 00:31:59.680 --> 00:32:02.950 align:middle line:84% But there is no term called professional morals. 00:32:02.950 --> 00:32:05.266 align:middle line:90% 00:32:05.266 --> 00:32:06.690 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 00:32:06.690 --> 00:32:07.960 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Right. 00:32:07.960 --> 00:32:12.130 align:middle line:84% So when somebody says you're unethical, what that means 00:32:12.130 --> 00:32:14.560 align:middle line:90% is that-- 00:32:14.560 --> 00:32:19.000 align:middle line:84% this one is an assault on your character in terms of religion. 00:32:19.000 --> 00:32:21.460 align:middle line:84% This one is an assault on your behavior in terms 00:32:21.460 --> 00:32:23.080 align:middle line:90% of your working environment. 00:32:23.080 --> 00:32:29.760 align:middle line:90% 00:32:29.760 --> 00:32:32.380 align:middle line:84% All right, so all of this has to do with usage. 00:32:32.380 --> 00:32:33.850 align:middle line:90% How does a word get its meaning? 00:32:33.850 --> 00:32:35.710 align:middle line:84% Just simply by people using it a certain way 00:32:35.710 --> 00:32:37.345 align:middle line:90% and not using it another way. 00:32:37.345 --> 00:32:40.220 align:middle line:84% It's got nothing to do with logic. 00:32:40.220 --> 00:32:44.690 align:middle line:84% It's entirely empirical, all right? 00:32:44.690 --> 00:32:54.720 align:middle line:90% 00:32:54.720 --> 00:32:58.600 align:middle line:84% OK, so if you are in some kind of a meeting, 00:32:58.600 --> 00:33:06.040 align:middle line:84% let's say you're on some kind of committee, 00:33:06.040 --> 00:33:09.340 align:middle line:84% and you have to deal with an issue like this, let's say-- 00:33:09.340 --> 00:33:17.430 align:middle line:84% I don't know-- the PTA and some students got caught cheating, 00:33:17.430 --> 00:33:19.860 align:middle line:90% the principal sets up a-- 00:33:19.860 --> 00:33:23.010 align:middle line:84% the president of the PTA sets up an ethics committee. 00:33:23.010 --> 00:33:25.500 align:middle line:84% And they say, oh, you studied ethics in college. 00:33:25.500 --> 00:33:27.810 align:middle line:84% You be the chair of the committee. 00:33:27.810 --> 00:33:30.228 align:middle line:84% Well, you've got 500 people sitting in the audience. 00:33:30.228 --> 00:33:31.770 align:middle line:84% And the first thing they want to know 00:33:31.770 --> 00:33:34.710 align:middle line:84% is, what's the difference between ethics and morals, 00:33:34.710 --> 00:33:36.450 align:middle line:90% all right? 00:33:36.450 --> 00:33:47.050 align:middle line:84% Today in philosophy, or among philosophers, they-- 00:33:47.050 --> 00:33:50.140 align:middle line:84% and this is a popular thing, but no one philosophy 00:33:50.140 --> 00:33:51.980 align:middle line:90% is constrained to do it. 00:33:51.980 --> 00:33:58.740 align:middle line:84% But it's most popular to talk about morals very much like we 00:33:58.740 --> 00:34:00.720 align:middle line:90% talk about mores. 00:34:00.720 --> 00:34:04.640 align:middle line:84% What do people say is good and right? 00:34:04.640 --> 00:34:06.530 align:middle line:84% What do they say is bad and wrong? 00:34:06.530 --> 00:34:08.360 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: So it's just the norm. 00:34:08.360 --> 00:34:10.338 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Like normative, yeah, right. 00:34:10.338 --> 00:34:11.880 align:middle line:84% Now, I'm going to get into something, 00:34:11.880 --> 00:34:14.330 align:middle line:84% so let's not get confused with normative ethics. 00:34:14.330 --> 00:34:15.050 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: OK. 00:34:15.050 --> 00:34:18.320 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: All right, all right. 00:34:18.320 --> 00:34:21.500 align:middle line:84% And I'll tell you one problem I had with this word 00:34:21.500 --> 00:34:26.219 align:middle line:84% normative-- the word normative when I first heard it. 00:34:26.219 --> 00:34:27.120 align:middle line:90% And that was normal. 00:34:27.120 --> 00:34:29.886 align:middle line:90% 00:34:29.886 --> 00:34:31.951 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Normative ethics [INAUDIBLE].. 00:34:31.951 --> 00:34:33.159 align:middle line:90% I don't know what [INAUDIBLE] 00:34:33.159 --> 00:34:34.449 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: I'll come back. 00:34:34.449 --> 00:34:36.554 align:middle line:84% Yeah, let's go-- I'll come back to that. 00:34:36.554 --> 00:34:37.929 align:middle line:84% All right, remind me to come back 00:34:37.929 --> 00:34:40.000 align:middle line:90% if I don't very soon, all right? 00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:40.960 align:middle line:90% So what was I saying? 00:34:40.960 --> 00:34:44.278 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Morals are used to talk about what people say. 00:34:44.278 --> 00:34:45.070 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Right. 00:34:45.070 --> 00:34:52.179 align:middle line:84% Today in philosophy, morals have to do with all of those issues. 00:34:52.179 --> 00:34:57.130 align:middle line:84% And ethics has to do with the systematic study of them, OK? 00:34:57.130 --> 00:35:09.940 align:middle line:84% So that is if a person wants to use the difference. 00:35:09.940 --> 00:35:13.400 align:middle line:84% If you get a research paper, you may find 00:35:13.400 --> 00:35:15.138 align:middle line:90% something altogether different. 00:35:15.138 --> 00:35:17.180 align:middle line:84% The good news is if they use something different, 00:35:17.180 --> 00:35:19.340 align:middle line:90% they'll say it. 00:35:19.340 --> 00:35:23.090 align:middle line:84% They'll tell you exactly what their meanings are. 00:35:23.090 --> 00:35:26.990 align:middle line:84% So if you look up a journal, ethics. 00:35:26.990 --> 00:35:37.430 align:middle line:84% OK, now, let's talk about when I use the word 00:35:37.430 --> 00:35:41.270 align:middle line:84% ethics, unless it's clear about the context 00:35:41.270 --> 00:35:44.150 align:middle line:84% or unless you ask me, I am talking 00:35:44.150 --> 00:35:47.510 align:middle line:84% about a branch of philosophy called ethics. 00:35:47.510 --> 00:35:50.940 align:middle line:84% And I could very well be talking about moral philosophy. 00:35:50.940 --> 00:35:52.680 align:middle line:84% This course is called engineering ethics, 00:35:52.680 --> 00:35:56.520 align:middle line:84% so I would choose more to use ethics, OK? 00:35:56.520 --> 00:35:59.070 align:middle line:90% But they mean the same thing. 00:35:59.070 --> 00:36:06.750 align:middle line:84% Now, philosophy, depending on who you're talking to, 00:36:06.750 --> 00:36:08.507 align:middle line:90% has three-- 00:36:08.507 --> 00:36:10.090 align:middle line:84% or depending on who you're talking to, 00:36:10.090 --> 00:36:14.430 align:middle line:84% may have four major divisions, big divisions of philosophy. 00:36:14.430 --> 00:36:16.650 align:middle line:90% And then we'll talk about-- 00:36:16.650 --> 00:36:18.000 align:middle line:90% and here's the way it goes. 00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:23.040 align:middle line:90% 00:36:23.040 --> 00:36:24.940 align:middle line:90% I want to keep this down. 00:36:24.940 --> 00:36:27.150 align:middle line:84% I want to keep that on the board over there. 00:36:27.150 --> 00:36:29.190 align:middle line:90% We can't see this. 00:36:29.190 --> 00:36:32.520 align:middle line:90% So what am I going to do? 00:36:32.520 --> 00:36:33.540 align:middle line:90% I'll erase this. 00:36:33.540 --> 00:36:35.025 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: That's fine. 00:36:35.025 --> 00:36:36.015 align:middle line:90% [INAUDIBLE] 00:36:36.015 --> 00:36:56.310 align:middle line:90% 00:36:56.310 --> 00:36:58.080 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: OK, philosophy. 00:36:58.080 --> 00:37:06.610 align:middle line:90% 00:37:06.610 --> 00:37:12.120 align:middle line:84% All right, now, one of your great divisions-- 00:37:12.120 --> 00:37:15.566 align:middle line:84% and I think I gave a short lecture on this-- 00:37:15.566 --> 00:37:17.360 align:middle line:90% is called metaphysics. 00:37:17.360 --> 00:37:23.800 align:middle line:90% 00:37:23.800 --> 00:37:29.500 align:middle line:84% and metaphysics is about saying what a thing is 00:37:29.500 --> 00:37:32.890 align:middle line:90% and what sort of thing it is. 00:37:32.890 --> 00:37:35.380 align:middle line:84% It talks about the rational world as opposed 00:37:35.380 --> 00:37:41.170 align:middle line:84% to the real world and the real world as opposed 00:37:41.170 --> 00:37:45.340 align:middle line:84% to the hyperreal world or hyperspace. 00:37:45.340 --> 00:37:48.460 align:middle line:84% OK, when you talk about all of those kinds of discussions, 00:37:48.460 --> 00:37:50.110 align:middle line:84% you're in the realm of metaphysics. 00:37:50.110 --> 00:37:54.780 align:middle line:90% 00:37:54.780 --> 00:37:58.860 align:middle line:84% OK, the next one is epistemology. 00:37:58.860 --> 00:38:14.790 align:middle line:90% 00:38:14.790 --> 00:38:19.650 align:middle line:84% And epistemology has another name, theory of knowledge. 00:38:19.650 --> 00:38:26.750 align:middle line:90% 00:38:26.750 --> 00:38:29.090 align:middle line:84% What do you know and how do you know it? 00:38:29.090 --> 00:38:32.562 align:middle line:90% 00:38:32.562 --> 00:38:33.420 align:middle line:90% All right? 00:38:33.420 --> 00:38:40.850 align:middle line:90% 00:38:40.850 --> 00:38:48.245 align:middle line:90% The next one is called axiology. 00:38:48.245 --> 00:38:53.830 align:middle line:90% 00:38:53.830 --> 00:38:55.750 align:middle line:84% And the best way to define axiology 00:38:55.750 --> 00:38:59.770 align:middle line:84% is to say that is a word that has two referents. 00:38:59.770 --> 00:39:03.880 align:middle line:84% One of the words is ethics and the other one is aesthetics. 00:39:03.880 --> 00:39:18.270 align:middle line:90% 00:39:18.270 --> 00:39:29.020 align:middle line:84% OK, so when we steady ethics, I think 00:39:29.020 --> 00:39:34.090 align:middle line:84% that it's fair to say that we are discussing a very 00:39:34.090 --> 00:39:37.720 align:middle line:90% large division of philosophy. 00:39:37.720 --> 00:39:41.630 align:middle line:90% 00:39:41.630 --> 00:39:52.615 align:middle line:84% Now, I am going to put in dotted lines, another division. 00:39:52.615 --> 00:39:57.520 align:middle line:90% 00:39:57.520 --> 00:40:06.450 align:middle line:84% And this dotted line is not so much debated 00:40:06.450 --> 00:40:09.540 align:middle line:84% as it is that when you start looking 00:40:09.540 --> 00:40:12.870 align:middle line:84% at all the various areas of philosophy, some of them 00:40:12.870 --> 00:40:15.590 align:middle line:90% don't fit into these categories. 00:40:15.590 --> 00:40:22.650 align:middle line:84% Now, you can imagine, most of them fit somewhere overlapping. 00:40:22.650 --> 00:40:26.255 align:middle line:84% None of them-- very few of them fit directly under. 00:40:26.255 --> 00:40:28.380 align:middle line:84% You're not going to get an organizational chart out 00:40:28.380 --> 00:40:28.880 align:middle line:90% of this. 00:40:28.880 --> 00:40:34.480 align:middle line:84% You're going to get a Venn diagram, all right? 00:40:34.480 --> 00:40:37.870 align:middle line:84% But there's another one over there that deserves a name. 00:40:37.870 --> 00:40:40.400 align:middle line:90% 00:40:40.400 --> 00:40:42.880 align:middle line:90% Some people have proposed names. 00:40:42.880 --> 00:40:46.190 align:middle line:90% Nobody likes them. 00:40:46.190 --> 00:40:50.660 align:middle line:84% Oh, but I will give you a name that you can use 00:40:50.660 --> 00:40:54.650 align:middle line:84% and everybody will know what you're talking about. 00:40:54.650 --> 00:40:57.470 align:middle line:84% They will argue with about using this word, 00:40:57.470 --> 00:41:00.830 align:middle line:84% but they won't have another word, OK? 00:41:00.830 --> 00:41:06.033 align:middle line:90% 00:41:06.033 --> 00:41:07.785 align:middle line:84% I want you to know that word, praxis. 00:41:07.785 --> 00:41:11.550 align:middle line:90% 00:41:11.550 --> 00:41:17.110 align:middle line:84% Now, I'll tell you what praxis means, 00:41:17.110 --> 00:41:21.690 align:middle line:84% why it's an unpopular term in the United States 00:41:21.690 --> 00:41:24.720 align:middle line:84% and some of the other areas under it. 00:41:24.720 --> 00:41:30.298 align:middle line:90% 00:41:30.298 --> 00:41:34.830 align:middle line:90% Praxis is a word that was-- 00:41:34.830 --> 00:41:40.680 align:middle line:84% I don't think Karl Marx invented the word, 00:41:40.680 --> 00:41:41.730 align:middle line:90% but he popularized it. 00:41:41.730 --> 00:41:52.870 align:middle line:90% 00:41:52.870 --> 00:42:00.610 align:middle line:84% So you see that if you use the word praxis, 00:42:00.610 --> 00:42:14.190 align:middle line:84% then somebody who really has an emotional aversion to communism 00:42:14.190 --> 00:42:18.270 align:middle line:84% is going to ask you if you're a communist. 00:42:18.270 --> 00:42:21.270 align:middle line:90% I use the word frequently. 00:42:21.270 --> 00:42:24.460 align:middle line:90% 00:42:24.460 --> 00:42:25.450 align:middle line:90% They don't like it. 00:42:25.450 --> 00:42:26.992 align:middle line:84% OK, let me give you some other words. 00:42:26.992 --> 00:42:30.580 align:middle line:84% There is a branch of philosophy called-- 00:42:30.580 --> 00:42:35.830 align:middle line:90% 00:42:35.830 --> 00:42:39.790 align:middle line:90% and you could use it eology. 00:42:39.790 --> 00:42:45.952 align:middle line:84% And you can use it iology, praxiology. 00:42:45.952 --> 00:42:47.785 align:middle line:84% Now, but first let me say what praxis means. 00:42:47.785 --> 00:42:50.780 align:middle line:90% 00:42:50.780 --> 00:43:06.990 align:middle line:84% Praxis means the theory about the theory 00:43:06.990 --> 00:43:08.505 align:middle line:90% that just precedes action. 00:43:08.505 --> 00:43:15.592 align:middle line:90% 00:43:15.592 --> 00:43:19.800 align:middle line:84% In other words, you've got an abstract concept, 00:43:19.800 --> 00:43:25.200 align:middle line:90% like Newton's second law, OK? 00:43:25.200 --> 00:43:29.145 align:middle line:84% You've got an airplane that has lost its propulsion, its power, 00:43:29.145 --> 00:43:31.680 align:middle line:84% and is getting ready to fall out of the sky. 00:43:31.680 --> 00:43:36.540 align:middle line:84% And you want to figure out how long it's going to take. 00:43:36.540 --> 00:43:39.750 align:middle line:84% The argument is that you don't go directly-- the mind does not 00:43:39.750 --> 00:43:41.640 align:middle line:84% go directly from the abstract theory 00:43:41.640 --> 00:43:42.870 align:middle line:90% to the practical application. 00:43:42.870 --> 00:43:44.400 align:middle line:90% Something happens in the middle. 00:43:44.400 --> 00:43:47.440 align:middle line:90% 00:43:47.440 --> 00:43:50.260 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I've heard it defined as theory into action. 00:43:50.260 --> 00:43:51.730 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Theory into action. 00:43:51.730 --> 00:43:55.150 align:middle line:84% I've never heard that term, but I can use that, theory 00:43:55.150 --> 00:43:55.900 align:middle line:90% into action. 00:43:55.900 --> 00:44:04.370 align:middle line:90% 00:44:04.370 --> 00:44:10.790 align:middle line:84% Now, in philosophy, there is a robust body-- 00:44:10.790 --> 00:44:14.190 align:middle line:90% 00:44:14.190 --> 00:44:16.670 align:middle line:84% or a robust category of philosophy 00:44:16.670 --> 00:44:21.420 align:middle line:84% called action theory or theory of action. 00:44:21.420 --> 00:44:24.270 align:middle line:84% You can write a dissertation on theory of action in most-- 00:44:24.270 --> 00:44:26.040 align:middle line:90% any big university. 00:44:26.040 --> 00:44:28.530 align:middle line:84% When I say big university, any university that 00:44:28.530 --> 00:44:32.010 align:middle line:84% has a philosophy department that has enough faculty 00:44:32.010 --> 00:44:32.940 align:middle line:90% to cover the others-- 00:44:32.940 --> 00:44:35.820 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So theory of action is not ethics? 00:44:35.820 --> 00:44:39.300 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Theory of action is not ethics. 00:44:39.300 --> 00:44:39.915 align:middle line:90% It overlaps. 00:44:39.915 --> 00:44:45.380 align:middle line:90% 00:44:45.380 --> 00:44:48.610 align:middle line:84% This is a term of art, theory of action. 00:44:48.610 --> 00:44:50.350 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: And it follows under ethics? 00:44:50.350 --> 00:44:53.990 align:middle line:90% 00:44:53.990 --> 00:44:56.462 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Venn diagram, it falls closer under praxis 00:44:56.462 --> 00:44:57.670 align:middle line:90% than any of the rest of them. 00:44:57.670 --> 00:45:00.540 align:middle line:90% 00:45:00.540 --> 00:45:04.130 align:middle line:84% But praxis is really talking about theory 00:45:04.130 --> 00:45:06.110 align:middle line:90% just before you act. 00:45:06.110 --> 00:45:09.778 align:middle line:84% Theory of action is talking about praxis and action. 00:45:09.778 --> 00:45:12.960 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: OK, got it. 00:45:12.960 --> 00:45:15.750 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: But if you want to write your dissertation 00:45:15.750 --> 00:45:20.150 align:middle line:84% on action theory, you go to any department 00:45:20.150 --> 00:45:25.610 align:middle line:84% where they can cover these three and have faculty left over, 00:45:25.610 --> 00:45:31.126 align:middle line:90% you will be able to do this, OK? 00:45:31.126 --> 00:45:34.600 align:middle line:84% All right, so theory of action is big. 00:45:34.600 --> 00:45:35.620 align:middle line:90% Hi, Tony. 00:45:35.620 --> 00:45:42.427 align:middle line:84% We're doing definitions, vocabulary, 00:45:42.427 --> 00:45:43.510 align:middle line:90% not a structured approach. 00:45:43.510 --> 00:45:48.340 align:middle line:90% 00:45:48.340 --> 00:45:58.710 align:middle line:90% Now, people who talk about-- 00:45:58.710 --> 00:46:00.810 align:middle line:90% or let's keep going. 00:46:00.810 --> 00:46:08.310 align:middle line:84% There is a very interesting word here, praxiology. 00:46:08.310 --> 00:46:22.920 align:middle line:84% That is a translation of a Polish term, OK? 00:46:22.920 --> 00:46:25.640 align:middle line:84% Interesting background, I want to elaborate. 00:46:25.640 --> 00:46:30.310 align:middle line:84% I have a confession as to why I want to elaborate. 00:46:30.310 --> 00:46:36.500 align:middle line:84% MacMillan has a new encyclopedia of philosophy coming out. 00:46:36.500 --> 00:46:38.480 align:middle line:84% And the most interesting citation in it 00:46:38.480 --> 00:46:40.150 align:middle line:90% is the one on praxiology. 00:46:40.150 --> 00:46:43.321 align:middle line:90% 00:46:43.321 --> 00:46:45.850 align:middle line:84% [INAUDIBLE] is beginning to get suspicious. 00:46:45.850 --> 00:46:49.030 align:middle line:90% 00:46:49.030 --> 00:46:50.470 align:middle line:90% Why did I say most interesting? 00:46:50.470 --> 00:46:54.820 align:middle line:84% That's a very loaded term for a class like-- 00:46:54.820 --> 00:46:56.021 align:middle line:90% no, I wrote it. 00:46:56.021 --> 00:46:58.280 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: That's OK, [INAUDIBLE].. 00:46:58.280 --> 00:47:00.910 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Well, I mean that was a label. 00:47:00.910 --> 00:47:03.370 align:middle line:84% We're not talking about a whole lot of words. 00:47:03.370 --> 00:47:06.620 align:middle line:84% I can't remember how many words it was. 00:47:06.620 --> 00:47:10.450 align:middle line:90% I think I gave about 10 pages. 00:47:10.450 --> 00:47:13.720 align:middle line:90% That was a lot of research. 00:47:13.720 --> 00:47:25.420 align:middle line:84% What happens is that practice theology got its start 00:47:25.420 --> 00:47:29.210 align:middle line:90% by a man named Kotarbinski. 00:47:29.210 --> 00:47:29.930 align:middle line:90% He's Polish. 00:47:29.930 --> 00:47:34.430 align:middle line:84% Now this, being Polish, is very significant, OK? 00:47:34.430 --> 00:47:38.090 align:middle line:84% Because all of the development of praxiology, 00:47:38.090 --> 00:47:40.700 align:middle line:84% it reached its-- it developed from Kotarbinski 00:47:40.700 --> 00:47:44.960 align:middle line:84% and reached maturity during a time 00:47:44.960 --> 00:47:48.440 align:middle line:84% when Poland was politically cut off from the West. 00:47:48.440 --> 00:47:55.450 align:middle line:84% We could not get the papers out and we could not get papers in. 00:47:55.450 --> 00:48:05.570 align:middle line:90% 00:48:05.570 --> 00:48:08.120 align:middle line:90% So we became aware of-- 00:48:08.120 --> 00:48:10.580 align:middle line:84% when I say we, most scholars, most of us-- 00:48:10.580 --> 00:48:16.520 align:middle line:84% there were some who traveled in Poland during those days 00:48:16.520 --> 00:48:21.200 align:middle line:90% and talked about philosophy. 00:48:21.200 --> 00:48:22.700 align:middle line:90% Well, I think John Dewey-- 00:48:22.700 --> 00:48:24.500 align:middle line:84% somebody traveled in there and came back 00:48:24.500 --> 00:48:26.700 align:middle line:90% talking about pragmatism, OK? 00:48:26.700 --> 00:48:36.938 align:middle line:90% So praxiology came out when-- 00:48:36.938 --> 00:48:38.980 align:middle line:84% let me see if I can pronounce his name correctly. 00:48:38.980 --> 00:48:43.000 align:middle line:84% If I cannot pronounce his name correctly-- 00:48:43.000 --> 00:48:46.590 align:middle line:84% his first name is Karol, K-A-R-O-L. 00:48:46.590 --> 00:48:48.990 align:middle line:90% You know who I'm talking about? 00:48:48.990 --> 00:48:50.168 align:middle line:90% Yeah? 00:48:50.168 --> 00:48:56.230 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] Pope John Paul II. 00:48:56.230 --> 00:48:57.610 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Right. 00:48:57.610 --> 00:48:59.860 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Polish, [INAUDIBLE]. 00:48:59.860 --> 00:49:04.630 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: W-O-L-T and then more It's hard. 00:49:04.630 --> 00:49:09.980 align:middle line:84% Now, incidentally-- now, I qualified in Russian, qualified 00:49:09.980 --> 00:49:12.790 align:middle line:90% Russian and French. 00:49:12.790 --> 00:49:15.010 align:middle line:90% I can still read Russian. 00:49:15.010 --> 00:49:17.620 align:middle line:84% I don't mean read it with understanding, 00:49:17.620 --> 00:49:21.270 align:middle line:84% but I can pronounce the words correctly. 00:49:21.270 --> 00:49:23.130 align:middle line:90% Polish is different. 00:49:23.130 --> 00:49:29.250 align:middle line:84% But unless they throw one of those accents in there 00:49:29.250 --> 00:49:31.200 align:middle line:90% on top of the letter-- 00:49:31.200 --> 00:49:34.890 align:middle line:84% and they've got a lot of them in Polish-- 00:49:34.890 --> 00:49:38.450 align:middle line:84% I could pronounce his name, [INAUDIBLE] I think it's-- 00:49:38.450 --> 00:49:41.580 align:middle line:90% 00:49:41.580 --> 00:49:45.630 align:middle line:84% let's say that's about 70-80% right, all right? 00:49:45.630 --> 00:49:47.880 align:middle line:84% But if they wrote it in Polish, I could probably 00:49:47.880 --> 00:49:49.470 align:middle line:90% get it about 95% right. 00:49:49.470 --> 00:49:55.280 align:middle line:90% 00:49:55.280 --> 00:49:57.860 align:middle line:84% When he became Pope, that opened up 00:49:57.860 --> 00:50:01.625 align:middle line:84% all of this scholarship from Poland to the West. 00:50:01.625 --> 00:50:05.730 align:middle line:84% And it was around that time that praxiology 00:50:05.730 --> 00:50:12.030 align:middle line:90% got into philosophy and there. 00:50:12.030 --> 00:50:16.080 align:middle line:84% And what they are doing-- when I say that they were doing it 00:50:16.080 --> 00:50:22.770 align:middle line:84% with praxiology was writing a general theory 00:50:22.770 --> 00:50:24.330 align:middle line:84% for the learned disciplines that we 00:50:24.330 --> 00:50:28.030 align:middle line:84% call the practical learned disciplines-- law, medicine, 00:50:28.030 --> 00:50:34.110 align:middle line:84% engineering, social work, but not sociology, business, 00:50:34.110 --> 00:50:35.550 align:middle line:90% but not economics. 00:50:35.550 --> 00:50:39.720 align:middle line:90% 00:50:39.720 --> 00:50:40.970 align:middle line:90% See where I'm going with this? 00:50:40.970 --> 00:50:44.260 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: So the discipline [INAUDIBLE] 00:50:44.260 --> 00:50:45.340 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Yes. 00:50:45.340 --> 00:50:51.940 align:middle line:84% And they were trying to develop a branch of philosophy that 00:50:51.940 --> 00:50:56.860 align:middle line:90% would guide that discussion. 00:50:56.860 --> 00:50:59.200 align:middle line:84% OK, so what they were trying to do 00:50:59.200 --> 00:51:04.160 align:middle line:84% was to get-- open up this whole new category. 00:51:04.160 --> 00:51:07.190 align:middle line:84% And they did pretty good at it, I think. 00:51:07.190 --> 00:51:10.040 align:middle line:84% They suffered because they did not have wider-- 00:51:10.040 --> 00:51:12.440 align:middle line:90% wider scope of debate. 00:51:12.440 --> 00:51:13.520 align:middle line:90% They only had themselves. 00:51:13.520 --> 00:51:16.710 align:middle line:84% And they were pretty much sold on-- 00:51:16.710 --> 00:51:18.390 align:middle line:90% you know how it is. 00:51:18.390 --> 00:51:19.890 align:middle line:84% The four of us get together and say, 00:51:19.890 --> 00:51:23.920 align:middle line:84% we're going to invent a whole new category of philosophy. 00:51:23.920 --> 00:51:26.920 align:middle line:84% We're pretty much of one mind from the start. 00:51:26.920 --> 00:51:28.750 align:middle line:84% Really, to mature this thing, somebody's 00:51:28.750 --> 00:51:31.510 align:middle line:84% got to come in from the field, you know? 00:51:31.510 --> 00:51:33.520 align:middle line:84% So they were cut off, politically cut off 00:51:33.520 --> 00:51:36.970 align:middle line:90% from the Western world. 00:51:36.970 --> 00:51:42.950 align:middle line:84% All right, so-- but I think that whatever 00:51:42.950 --> 00:51:48.118 align:middle line:84% you do with this chart, remember that when the definitions come 00:51:48.118 --> 00:51:49.910 align:middle line:84% up, we're talking about a Venn diagram, not 00:51:49.910 --> 00:51:53.570 align:middle line:84% an organizational chart because things don't fit neatly 00:51:53.570 --> 00:51:54.780 align:middle line:90% into these categories. 00:51:54.780 --> 00:51:58.897 align:middle line:84% But almost everybody will agree that these three-- 00:51:58.897 --> 00:52:00.230 align:middle line:90% I'm sorry there's one other one. 00:52:00.230 --> 00:52:06.640 align:middle line:84% There is one other one that actually fits in this category. 00:52:06.640 --> 00:52:09.400 align:middle line:84% And philosophers want to include it. 00:52:09.400 --> 00:52:14.830 align:middle line:84% Let's talk about some others that fit into this category. 00:52:14.830 --> 00:52:16.340 align:middle line:84% And, sometimes they'll include it. 00:52:16.340 --> 00:52:26.620 align:middle line:84% One of them is philosophy of education 00:52:26.620 --> 00:52:32.470 align:middle line:84% because there is such a thing called educational psychology, 00:52:32.470 --> 00:52:37.140 align:middle line:84% which is a science and fits very closely under epistemology. 00:52:37.140 --> 00:52:38.310 align:middle line:90% Notice this science. 00:52:38.310 --> 00:52:39.450 align:middle line:90% We're going to-- 00:52:39.450 --> 00:52:41.160 align:middle line:84% I'm getting excited about it now. 00:52:41.160 --> 00:52:42.330 align:middle line:90% Let me organize my thoughts. 00:52:42.330 --> 00:52:45.370 align:middle line:90% I want to go back. 00:52:45.370 --> 00:52:48.280 align:middle line:84% Let's talk about where some learned disciplines 00:52:48.280 --> 00:52:51.400 align:middle line:84% fit into these categories, fit into categories. 00:52:51.400 --> 00:52:59.170 align:middle line:90% OK, science, a fair-- 00:52:59.170 --> 00:53:04.300 align:middle line:84% the fair-- the most accurate short statement about what 00:53:04.300 --> 00:53:10.540 align:middle line:84% science is is that it is a learned discipline 00:53:10.540 --> 00:53:17.470 align:middle line:84% for the production of knowledge about the physical world 00:53:17.470 --> 00:53:20.710 align:middle line:84% in pursuit of the truth about the physical world. 00:53:20.710 --> 00:53:27.430 align:middle line:90% 00:53:27.430 --> 00:53:30.510 align:middle line:84% So therefore, science would be closer 00:53:30.510 --> 00:53:34.350 align:middle line:84% to epistemology with a good overlap 00:53:34.350 --> 00:53:39.330 align:middle line:84% with metaphysics than an axiology. 00:53:39.330 --> 00:53:42.180 align:middle line:90% 00:53:42.180 --> 00:53:47.280 align:middle line:84% Ethics clearly is an actuality by definition. 00:53:47.280 --> 00:53:56.370 align:middle line:84% But any theory of values fits closer 00:53:56.370 --> 00:53:59.770 align:middle line:84% to archeology than anything else. 00:53:59.770 --> 00:54:05.710 align:middle line:84% So if you want to talk about art, 00:54:05.710 --> 00:54:09.620 align:middle line:84% that would fit closer to axiology 00:54:09.620 --> 00:54:12.770 align:middle line:84% than anything else, theory of beauty, 00:54:12.770 --> 00:54:14.410 align:middle line:90% if you want to talk about art. 00:54:14.410 --> 00:54:16.160 align:middle line:84% That's not the only way to talk about art, 00:54:16.160 --> 00:54:19.160 align:middle line:84% but that's one way to talk about art, aesthetics. 00:54:19.160 --> 00:54:23.120 align:middle line:90% 00:54:23.120 --> 00:54:26.195 align:middle line:84% Aesthetics, how many of them do we have? 00:54:26.195 --> 00:54:29.240 align:middle line:90% 00:54:29.240 --> 00:54:30.365 align:middle line:90% Well, think of your senses. 00:54:30.365 --> 00:54:35.310 align:middle line:90% 00:54:35.310 --> 00:54:39.150 align:middle line:84% Beauty in the eye is called aesthetics. 00:54:39.150 --> 00:54:42.680 align:middle line:90% 00:54:42.680 --> 00:54:48.837 align:middle line:84% There's such a thing as gustatory values. 00:54:48.837 --> 00:54:52.147 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Is that [INAUDIBLE] study? 00:54:52.147 --> 00:54:53.105 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Gustatory? 00:54:53.105 --> 00:54:54.230 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Aesthetics? 00:54:54.230 --> 00:54:54.665 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Oh yes. 00:54:54.665 --> 00:54:56.040 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] philosophy. 00:54:56.040 --> 00:54:57.290 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Oh yes. 00:54:57.290 --> 00:54:59.330 align:middle line:84% Oh yes, and guess where they work? 00:54:59.330 --> 00:55:00.530 align:middle line:90% In art departments. 00:55:00.530 --> 00:55:03.480 align:middle line:90% 00:55:03.480 --> 00:55:05.022 align:middle line:90% Oh yes. 00:55:05.022 --> 00:55:07.520 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: But gustatory means like taste? 00:55:07.520 --> 00:55:10.640 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Food, yeah, yeah. 00:55:10.640 --> 00:55:15.320 align:middle line:84% You don't have to go to France to get a PhD in gusta-- 00:55:15.320 --> 00:55:19.100 align:middle line:84% you're not going to get a PhD in gustatory philosophy over here. 00:55:19.100 --> 00:55:23.900 align:middle line:90% But no, gustatory, you know-- 00:55:23.900 --> 00:55:25.740 align:middle line:90% what's another one? 00:55:25.740 --> 00:55:27.560 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 00:55:27.560 --> 00:55:30.710 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Music, we can do that over here. 00:55:30.710 --> 00:55:31.460 align:middle line:90% Yes, music. 00:55:31.460 --> 00:55:35.540 align:middle line:90% 00:55:35.540 --> 00:55:38.990 align:middle line:84% Tactile, that's the formal term-- 00:55:38.990 --> 00:55:45.140 align:middle line:84% T-A-C-T-I-L-E-- has to do with not feelings, but with feeling, 00:55:45.140 --> 00:55:47.870 align:middle line:84% not the passions, but with the sense of feeling. 00:55:47.870 --> 00:55:54.790 align:middle line:90% 00:55:54.790 --> 00:55:57.220 align:middle line:90% Here's another one. 00:55:57.220 --> 00:56:03.265 align:middle line:84% Probably the most important one has to do with sight. 00:56:03.265 --> 00:56:04.850 align:middle line:90% That's the most important one. 00:56:04.850 --> 00:56:08.890 align:middle line:84% But there's another one that is very-- 00:56:08.890 --> 00:56:09.970 align:middle line:90% it's coming along now. 00:56:09.970 --> 00:56:14.770 align:middle line:84% And something is going to happen in your lifetimes-- 00:56:14.770 --> 00:56:19.300 align:middle line:84% yours too, [? Tori-- ?] that is only 00:56:19.300 --> 00:56:25.780 align:middle line:84% going to happen to me when I'm in full retirement. 00:56:25.780 --> 00:56:39.740 align:middle line:84% And that's in the area of olfactory philosophy, 00:56:39.740 --> 00:56:43.220 align:middle line:90% and praxis, and all of that. 00:56:43.220 --> 00:56:46.070 align:middle line:90% You know what they've just done? 00:56:46.070 --> 00:56:47.600 align:middle line:90% I got this-- I get this from-- 00:56:47.600 --> 00:56:51.680 align:middle line:84% I've been following-- well, first of all, the olfactory-- 00:56:51.680 --> 00:56:54.050 align:middle line:84% the olfactory was intriguing to me 00:56:54.050 --> 00:56:59.300 align:middle line:84% when I learned that the olfactory sense-- 00:56:59.300 --> 00:57:01.520 align:middle line:90% the sense the sense of smell-- 00:57:01.520 --> 00:57:10.000 align:middle line:84% is the only one that does not go through the cognitive area 00:57:10.000 --> 00:57:13.720 align:middle line:84% of the mind for processing before it goes 00:57:13.720 --> 00:57:18.340 align:middle line:84% other places in the body, that everything else requires 00:57:18.340 --> 00:57:23.090 align:middle line:84% some processing first, some reason, and all of that. 00:57:23.090 --> 00:57:25.570 align:middle line:84% Well, it's like put the Necker cube up there. 00:57:25.570 --> 00:57:28.870 align:middle line:84% It's on a flat surface, but we see three-dimensional. 00:57:28.870 --> 00:57:30.850 align:middle line:90% The brain did that. 00:57:30.850 --> 00:57:37.690 align:middle line:84% Olfactory goes straight to the psychomotor. 00:57:37.690 --> 00:57:41.530 align:middle line:90% 00:57:41.530 --> 00:57:43.090 align:middle line:84% And it's supposed to be the only one. 00:57:43.090 --> 00:57:46.810 align:middle line:84% I'm talking at the level of the best documentaries 00:57:46.810 --> 00:57:50.740 align:middle line:90% on television, all right? 00:57:50.740 --> 00:57:52.620 align:middle line:90% I can go a little bit further. 00:57:52.620 --> 00:58:01.200 align:middle line:84% I hang out with a lot of psychiatrists 00:58:01.200 --> 00:58:02.895 align:middle line:90% on a friendly basis. 00:58:02.895 --> 00:58:09.990 align:middle line:90% 00:58:09.990 --> 00:58:13.860 align:middle line:84% But we talk about these things, so that, too. 00:58:13.860 --> 00:58:14.985 align:middle line:90% But something has happened. 00:58:14.985 --> 00:58:17.550 align:middle line:90% 00:58:17.550 --> 00:58:19.545 align:middle line:90% They have now been able to-- 00:58:19.545 --> 00:58:24.700 align:middle line:90% 00:58:24.700 --> 00:58:26.195 align:middle line:90% OK, let me back up a minute. 00:58:26.195 --> 00:58:28.570 align:middle line:84% There's something that we engineers understand very well. 00:58:28.570 --> 00:58:31.880 align:middle line:90% 00:58:31.880 --> 00:58:37.040 align:middle line:84% And that is, in mathematics, we understand what it means 00:58:37.040 --> 00:58:41.260 align:middle line:90% to talk about a basis set. 00:58:41.260 --> 00:58:43.450 align:middle line:84% We can talk about three spaces-- x, y, z. 00:58:43.450 --> 00:58:50.152 align:middle line:84% And everything is either on one of the axes, in a plane-- 00:58:50.152 --> 00:58:51.610 align:middle line:84% I mean, everything can be described 00:58:51.610 --> 00:58:55.540 align:middle line:84% in terms of that basic three categories-- 00:58:55.540 --> 00:59:04.700 align:middle line:84% color, basic colors, everything else is a mixture of them. 00:59:04.700 --> 00:59:09.200 align:middle line:84% They've got the olfactory down to a basic set. 00:59:09.200 --> 00:59:10.380 align:middle line:90% They've got it down. 00:59:10.380 --> 00:59:13.880 align:middle line:84% And so now, they're going to be able to do 00:59:13.880 --> 00:59:15.320 align:middle line:84% a lot of different things with it. 00:59:15.320 --> 00:59:18.440 align:middle line:90% 00:59:18.440 --> 00:59:22.068 align:middle line:90% I went to a movie theater. 00:59:22.068 --> 00:59:24.110 align:middle line:84% It was a special movie theater over in Baltimore. 00:59:24.110 --> 00:59:26.750 align:middle line:90% I don't if they still have it. 00:59:26.750 --> 00:59:28.860 align:middle line:90% But it was a movie theater. 00:59:28.860 --> 00:59:30.380 align:middle line:84% But the movies they played in there 00:59:30.380 --> 00:59:32.510 align:middle line:84% didn't last for five minutes and they 00:59:32.510 --> 00:59:34.010 align:middle line:90% have maybe two or three movies. 00:59:34.010 --> 00:59:34.610 align:middle line:90% That was all. 00:59:34.610 --> 00:59:35.540 align:middle line:90% It was part of something else. 00:59:35.540 --> 00:59:37.998 align:middle line:84% You go in there and it was all set up like a movie theater. 00:59:37.998 --> 00:59:39.680 align:middle line:84% But they only had these small movies. 00:59:39.680 --> 00:59:43.010 align:middle line:84% It was a movie theater that had these little spouts right 00:59:43.010 --> 00:59:45.620 align:middle line:84% by your seat that gave out smells. 00:59:45.620 --> 00:59:49.910 align:middle line:84% So when somebody cut an apple pie, you could smell it. 00:59:49.910 --> 00:59:51.650 align:middle line:90% God, yeah. 00:59:51.650 --> 00:59:56.870 align:middle line:90% 00:59:56.870 --> 01:00:03.140 align:middle line:84% But there was this fear of what would happen to people if you 01:00:03.140 --> 01:00:07.410 align:middle line:90% tried to control the olfactory. 01:00:07.410 --> 01:00:09.780 align:middle line:90% Now, you do it with the sound. 01:00:09.780 --> 01:00:14.010 align:middle line:84% You hear a tiger in the movies, 3D. 01:00:14.010 --> 01:00:18.870 align:middle line:90% You clearly do it the eye, OK? 01:00:18.870 --> 01:00:24.650 align:middle line:84% There have been some theaters that have had-- 01:00:24.650 --> 01:00:28.070 align:middle line:84% where movies had the tactile worked in. 01:00:28.070 --> 01:00:31.560 align:middle line:90% I'll tell you two of them. 01:00:31.560 --> 01:00:39.040 align:middle line:84% In some movie theaters, this movie Earthquake actually 01:00:39.040 --> 01:00:45.050 align:middle line:84% had sound thrown into the movie below the auditory level, 01:00:45.050 --> 01:00:49.280 align:middle line:84% but made you feel like were moving, OK? 01:00:49.280 --> 01:00:51.470 align:middle line:84% There was another one down in North Carolina 01:00:51.470 --> 01:00:56.120 align:middle line:84% when I was a kid where they had another sound 01:00:56.120 --> 01:00:58.340 align:middle line:90% below the auditory level. 01:00:58.340 --> 01:01:01.820 align:middle line:84% And they played it when the monster was creeping up 01:01:01.820 --> 01:01:03.260 align:middle line:90% behind this lady. 01:01:03.260 --> 01:01:05.480 align:middle line:84% And just as the monster was putting his hands 01:01:05.480 --> 01:01:06.980 align:middle line:90% they blew that sound in. 01:01:06.980 --> 01:01:08.300 align:middle line:90% You could feel it. 01:01:08.300 --> 01:01:10.115 align:middle line:90% People ran out of the theater. 01:01:10.115 --> 01:01:11.240 align:middle line:90% Well, that's what they say. 01:01:11.240 --> 01:01:18.095 align:middle line:84% Anyway, the olfactory may very well get into the movies. 01:01:18.095 --> 01:01:22.140 align:middle line:90% 01:01:22.140 --> 01:01:23.775 align:middle line:90% But hello. 01:01:23.775 --> 01:01:25.170 align:middle line:90% Are you joining us? 01:01:25.170 --> 01:01:26.820 align:middle line:84% Or you're just early for the other one? 01:01:26.820 --> 01:01:27.720 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 01:01:27.720 --> 01:01:29.940 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: OK, you can join us, though. 01:01:29.940 --> 01:01:32.610 align:middle line:90% 01:01:32.610 --> 01:01:36.200 align:middle line:84% So olfactory may be in the movies. 01:01:36.200 --> 01:01:38.465 align:middle line:90% My instincts-- not instincts-- 01:01:38.465 --> 01:01:41.090 align:middle line:84% I like to use the word instinct because I believe in instincts. 01:01:41.090 --> 01:01:44.630 align:middle line:84% But I think history will tell that it's 01:01:44.630 --> 01:01:46.020 align:middle line:90% going to take a little while. 01:01:46.020 --> 01:01:50.800 align:middle line:84% First of all, The Wizard of Oz was not 01:01:50.800 --> 01:01:54.333 align:middle line:90% the first film to use color. 01:01:54.333 --> 01:01:55.750 align:middle line:84% A number of others came out before 01:01:55.750 --> 01:01:56.972 align:middle line:90% and people didn't like them. 01:01:56.972 --> 01:02:00.070 align:middle line:90% 01:02:00.070 --> 01:02:05.223 align:middle line:84% So my guess is that if they start really making films 01:02:05.223 --> 01:02:06.640 align:middle line:84% with the olfactory-- and now, they 01:02:06.640 --> 01:02:10.013 align:middle line:84% can do it because they can put it on a tape 01:02:10.013 --> 01:02:11.680 align:middle line:84% and they can have the instruments there. 01:02:11.680 --> 01:02:16.280 align:middle line:84% And for every smell, you don't need a different pipe organ 01:02:16.280 --> 01:02:17.530 align:middle line:90% like they had in this theater. 01:02:17.530 --> 01:02:23.110 align:middle line:84% For every smell they had a different tube. 01:02:23.110 --> 01:02:26.530 align:middle line:84% Here, all you have to do is have the basic set 01:02:26.530 --> 01:02:32.070 align:middle line:84% and mix them properly to get any smell you want. 01:02:32.070 --> 01:02:36.000 align:middle line:84% Well, they're going to have to work out 01:02:36.000 --> 01:02:39.540 align:middle line:84% the danger levels of all that because some of our smells 01:02:39.540 --> 01:02:42.360 align:middle line:84% operate below the level of consciousness. 01:02:42.360 --> 01:02:44.865 align:middle line:84% And they tell us who we like and who we don't like. 01:02:44.865 --> 01:02:47.520 align:middle line:90% 01:02:47.520 --> 01:02:53.640 align:middle line:84% Yeah, yeah, and all these other things. 01:02:53.640 --> 01:02:56.370 align:middle line:84% Perfume-- oh, they're going to be-- 01:02:56.370 --> 01:02:59.910 align:middle line:84% those are going to be some real ethics problems. 01:02:59.910 --> 01:03:04.320 align:middle line:84% Perfumes, they come from these glands 01:03:04.320 --> 01:03:06.480 align:middle line:84% from these animals, a lot of them. 01:03:06.480 --> 01:03:10.740 align:middle line:84% So the animals are using the perfumes on each other. 01:03:10.740 --> 01:03:12.660 align:middle line:84% And then we turned it into perfume. 01:03:12.660 --> 01:03:16.182 align:middle line:84% And perfume operates at below the level of consciousness. 01:03:16.182 --> 01:03:18.960 align:middle line:90% 01:03:18.960 --> 01:03:23.720 align:middle line:84% It's not just a kind of olfactory-- 01:03:23.720 --> 01:03:26.360 align:middle line:84% well, it's olfactory, but it's not purely smell. 01:03:26.360 --> 01:03:29.060 align:middle line:84% Something is working at the lower levels that's 01:03:29.060 --> 01:03:32.040 align:middle line:90% telling us about persons. 01:03:32.040 --> 01:03:34.740 align:middle line:84% And it's going to be really interesting 01:03:34.740 --> 01:03:37.530 align:middle line:84% when the olfactory becomes a part of everybody's life-- 01:03:37.530 --> 01:03:40.350 align:middle line:84% consciously becomes a part of everybody's life, particularly 01:03:40.350 --> 01:03:41.550 align:middle line:90% in the movies. 01:03:41.550 --> 01:03:44.682 align:middle line:90% So look out for that one. 01:03:44.682 --> 01:03:46.890 align:middle line:84% People are going to be writing dissertations on that. 01:03:46.890 --> 01:03:49.740 align:middle line:90% 01:03:49.740 --> 01:03:54.630 align:middle line:84% Now, I'm going to tell you what mythology can do. 01:03:54.630 --> 01:03:56.025 align:middle line:90% I read a science fiction book. 01:03:56.025 --> 01:03:59.630 align:middle line:90% 01:03:59.630 --> 01:04:00.590 align:middle line:90% I got it at home. 01:04:00.590 --> 01:04:03.390 align:middle line:90% 01:04:03.390 --> 01:04:07.860 align:middle line:84% This guy goes to this-- no, no, these beings 01:04:07.860 --> 01:04:10.620 align:middle line:84% from another planet come to Earth and, for some reason, 01:04:10.620 --> 01:04:14.543 align:middle line:84% want to take this guy back with them to their planet. 01:04:14.543 --> 01:04:15.960 align:middle line:84% I think a crime has been committed 01:04:15.960 --> 01:04:22.420 align:middle line:84% or their planet and they don't have a history of crime. 01:04:22.420 --> 01:04:25.510 align:middle line:84% So they come down here to get a detective, Sherlock Holmes, 01:04:25.510 --> 01:04:29.890 align:middle line:84% and take the person back to help them find this crime. 01:04:29.890 --> 01:04:34.270 align:middle line:84% But these beings, the sentient beings on this other planet, 01:04:34.270 --> 01:04:37.480 align:middle line:90% evolved from lizards. 01:04:37.480 --> 01:04:46.660 align:middle line:84% And the main character is the equivalent of Michael Jackson-- 01:04:46.660 --> 01:04:51.160 align:middle line:84% or no, I don't want to use Michael Jackson. 01:04:51.160 --> 01:04:55.200 align:middle line:90% No, he's a big rock star. 01:04:55.200 --> 01:04:56.760 align:middle line:90% But his instrument is not music. 01:04:56.760 --> 01:04:57.630 align:middle line:90% It's olfactory. 01:04:57.630 --> 01:05:01.542 align:middle line:90% 01:05:01.542 --> 01:05:03.142 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 01:05:03.142 --> 01:05:05.100 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: And he's able to mix these sounds. 01:05:05.100 --> 01:05:08.790 align:middle line:84% And everybody goes, oh, this guy's a great artist. 01:05:08.790 --> 01:05:14.620 align:middle line:84% And a human being can't get it, right? 01:05:14.620 --> 01:05:20.490 align:middle line:84% Yeah, so he's mixing these olfactory chords and playing. 01:05:20.490 --> 01:05:25.860 align:middle line:84% And that's how science fiction can develop a mythology that 01:05:25.860 --> 01:05:29.370 align:middle line:90% gets us ready for stuff. 01:05:29.370 --> 01:05:32.370 align:middle line:84% So now, I think I have a basis for thinking 01:05:32.370 --> 01:05:40.380 align:middle line:84% about what life would be like if the olfactory got in there, OK? 01:05:40.380 --> 01:05:44.790 align:middle line:84% So I believe that philosophy of engineering 01:05:44.790 --> 01:05:47.280 align:middle line:90% fits over here in this category. 01:05:47.280 --> 01:05:51.930 align:middle line:84% Now, we have something we can start with, 01:05:51.930 --> 01:05:54.510 align:middle line:84% and then I'm done on this piece and we can go to some others. 01:05:54.510 --> 01:05:57.810 align:middle line:90% We've got nine minutes. 01:05:57.810 --> 01:06:04.810 align:middle line:84% No, we have 14, which is good time. 01:06:04.810 --> 01:06:17.910 align:middle line:84% Now, there is-- there exists two branches of philosophy 01:06:17.910 --> 01:06:19.710 align:middle line:90% that go together. 01:06:19.710 --> 01:06:22.800 align:middle line:90% The differences are subtle. 01:06:22.800 --> 01:06:26.995 align:middle line:90% One is called theory of law. 01:06:26.995 --> 01:06:29.740 align:middle line:90% 01:06:29.740 --> 01:06:31.570 align:middle line:84% And the other one is called jurisprudence. 01:06:31.570 --> 01:06:43.700 align:middle line:90% 01:06:43.700 --> 01:06:49.220 align:middle line:84% And depending on what encyclopedia you get 01:06:49.220 --> 01:06:51.380 align:middle line:84% or what dictionary you're looking at, 01:06:51.380 --> 01:06:56.060 align:middle line:84% they will either equate theory of law to jurisprudence 01:06:56.060 --> 01:06:58.190 align:middle line:84% or they'll go off in a long dissertation 01:06:58.190 --> 01:06:59.718 align:middle line:90% about how they're different. 01:06:59.718 --> 01:07:08.180 align:middle line:90% 01:07:08.180 --> 01:07:12.440 align:middle line:84% And you will think that they're splitting hairs. 01:07:12.440 --> 01:07:15.870 align:middle line:90% 01:07:15.870 --> 01:07:19.730 align:middle line:84% I anticipate you'll think that they're splitting hairs. 01:07:19.730 --> 01:07:21.710 align:middle line:84% Here's what I think the difference is. 01:07:21.710 --> 01:07:23.955 align:middle line:84% When I say I think, here's my learned judgment 01:07:23.955 --> 01:07:24.830 align:middle line:90% about the difference. 01:07:24.830 --> 01:07:29.630 align:middle line:90% There's a difference, OK? 01:07:29.630 --> 01:07:32.000 align:middle line:84% Theory of law is when you look at-- 01:07:32.000 --> 01:07:34.850 align:middle line:84% I've looked at the journals written mainly 01:07:34.850 --> 01:07:41.021 align:middle line:84% by philosophers, jurisprudence, but mainly by lawyers. 01:07:41.021 --> 01:07:42.960 align:middle line:84% You can say that they're the same thing. 01:07:42.960 --> 01:07:44.520 align:middle line:90% But, they will be-- 01:07:44.520 --> 01:07:48.210 align:middle line:84% the lawyers will be interested in different topics 01:07:48.210 --> 01:07:50.370 align:middle line:90% than the philosophers. 01:07:50.370 --> 01:07:55.560 align:middle line:84% And the lawyers will write in an almost legalistic style, 01:07:55.560 --> 01:07:59.160 align:middle line:84% whereas the philosophers will write in a philosophical style. 01:07:59.160 --> 01:08:09.020 align:middle line:84% So when you go to a law school, any lawyer with a JD 01:08:09.020 --> 01:08:16.290 align:middle line:84% can teach jurisprudence, but not every lawyer 01:08:16.290 --> 01:08:19.229 align:middle line:84% can teach theory of law, and certainly not every philosopher 01:08:19.229 --> 01:08:20.790 align:middle line:90% can teach theory of law. 01:08:20.790 --> 01:08:23.550 align:middle line:84% And I would say that none of them 01:08:23.550 --> 01:08:27.479 align:middle line:84% can teach jurisprudence because they don't practice law. 01:08:27.479 --> 01:08:32.660 align:middle line:90% 01:08:32.660 --> 01:08:37.010 align:middle line:84% So it's practitioners of law that do it, all right? 01:08:37.010 --> 01:08:39.590 align:middle line:84% Now, this statement is very important 01:08:39.590 --> 01:08:47.060 align:middle line:84% because I think that all of this is going to break down 01:08:47.060 --> 01:08:49.340 align:middle line:84% into categories like this when it comes 01:08:49.340 --> 01:08:52.910 align:middle line:84% to the practical disciplines once we start doing more 01:08:52.910 --> 01:08:56.060 align:middle line:84% work in the practical disciplines, 01:08:56.060 --> 01:08:59.120 align:middle line:84% that what you're going to see-- what you see already 01:08:59.120 --> 01:09:01.760 align:middle line:84% is that in philosophy of education, 01:09:01.760 --> 01:09:04.189 align:middle line:84% there are people whose dissertations were 01:09:04.189 --> 01:09:06.319 align:middle line:90% in philosophy of education. 01:09:06.319 --> 01:09:09.770 align:middle line:84% And nobody else teaches philosophy of education. 01:09:09.770 --> 01:09:12.770 align:middle line:84% But then there are journals that talk about philosophical issues 01:09:12.770 --> 01:09:15.590 align:middle line:84% in education written by educators who've never 01:09:15.590 --> 01:09:17.450 align:middle line:84% taken a course in philosophy, but who 01:09:17.450 --> 01:09:19.460 align:middle line:84% are talking to each other about what 01:09:19.460 --> 01:09:22.580 align:middle line:90% their discipline constitutes. 01:09:22.580 --> 01:09:25.880 align:middle line:84% So please anticipate in your lifetime 01:09:25.880 --> 01:09:27.439 align:middle line:84% that much more discussion is going 01:09:27.439 --> 01:09:29.870 align:middle line:90% to take place in this category. 01:09:29.870 --> 01:09:35.689 align:middle line:84% And when it does, it will break out into these two categories. 01:09:35.689 --> 01:09:39.800 align:middle line:84% And that philosophy of engineering 01:09:39.800 --> 01:09:41.630 align:middle line:84% will essentially break out, like I 01:09:41.630 --> 01:09:46.100 align:middle line:84% think it is already, between philosophical issues 01:09:46.100 --> 01:09:50.520 align:middle line:84% that practicing engineers talk to each other about 01:09:50.520 --> 01:09:54.140 align:middle line:84% and philosophical issues that philosophers 01:09:54.140 --> 01:09:59.280 align:middle line:84% or philosophers/engineers, like myself, want 01:09:59.280 --> 01:10:03.340 align:middle line:84% to talk to mainly the general public about, not so 01:10:03.340 --> 01:10:04.060 align:middle line:90% much each other. 01:10:04.060 --> 01:10:09.395 align:middle line:90% 01:10:09.395 --> 01:10:12.725 align:middle line:84% Now, there was a term I said I was going to get to. 01:10:12.725 --> 01:10:13.850 align:middle line:90% I asked y'all to remind me. 01:10:13.850 --> 01:10:19.350 align:middle line:90% 01:10:19.350 --> 01:10:20.250 align:middle line:90% Maybe I got to it. 01:10:20.250 --> 01:10:26.250 align:middle line:90% 01:10:26.250 --> 01:10:30.368 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I think you said that there was a branch [INAUDIBLE] 01:10:30.368 --> 01:10:32.324 align:middle line:90% essentially of philosophy. 01:10:32.324 --> 01:10:33.791 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Oh, yeah. 01:10:33.791 --> 01:10:35.361 align:middle line:90% [INAUDIBLE] 01:10:35.361 --> 01:10:36.153 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Where? 01:10:36.153 --> 01:10:37.340 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. 01:10:37.340 --> 01:10:40.770 align:middle line:90% 01:10:40.770 --> 01:10:42.690 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Oh, I said education? 01:10:42.690 --> 01:10:43.530 align:middle line:90% It was education. 01:10:43.530 --> 01:10:48.750 align:middle line:84% Education exists out there only because there's 01:10:48.750 --> 01:10:51.990 align:middle line:84% been a whole lot of philosophical discussion 01:10:51.990 --> 01:10:52.800 align:middle line:90% devoted-- 01:10:52.800 --> 01:10:55.950 align:middle line:90% oh, I know what it was. 01:10:55.950 --> 01:11:01.296 align:middle line:90% It was normative ethics. 01:11:01.296 --> 01:11:04.550 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Oh, right. 01:11:04.550 --> 01:11:10.310 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: But I think that education really belongs 01:11:10.310 --> 01:11:12.090 align:middle line:90% in the practice category. 01:11:12.090 --> 01:11:15.980 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 01:11:15.980 --> 01:11:18.480 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: They don't know what to do with it. 01:11:18.480 --> 01:11:20.480 align:middle line:84% They just know that there's a lot of work that's 01:11:20.480 --> 01:11:22.460 align:middle line:84% been done by a lot of great thinkers 01:11:22.460 --> 01:11:25.150 align:middle line:84% who've used the tools and methods of philosophy 01:11:25.150 --> 01:11:26.180 align:middle line:90% to discuss education. 01:11:26.180 --> 01:11:29.090 align:middle line:84% But they don't know where to put it because most of it 01:11:29.090 --> 01:11:33.800 align:middle line:90% is still not knowledge. 01:11:33.800 --> 01:11:40.580 align:middle line:84% You just don't come into a classroom with 30 12-year-olds 01:11:40.580 --> 01:11:42.920 align:middle line:84% and start using a systematic approach 01:11:42.920 --> 01:11:44.570 align:middle line:90% to teach them mathematics. 01:11:44.570 --> 01:11:46.340 align:middle line:90% There's something else involved. 01:11:46.340 --> 01:11:49.303 align:middle line:90% It's an art form. 01:11:49.303 --> 01:11:50.220 align:middle line:90% It's like engineering. 01:11:50.220 --> 01:11:59.950 align:middle line:84% There's something that is not parts of that, OK? 01:11:59.950 --> 01:12:01.930 align:middle line:84% So they don't really know where to put it. 01:12:01.930 --> 01:12:03.470 align:middle line:84% Like I said, there's so much of it. 01:12:03.470 --> 01:12:07.870 align:middle line:84% And so many great minds have been put to the task on it 01:12:07.870 --> 01:12:10.590 align:middle line:90% that they can't ignore it. 01:12:10.590 --> 01:12:17.190 align:middle line:84% And in a school of education in a big state university, 01:12:17.190 --> 01:12:20.430 align:middle line:84% you will find at least one faculty member who 01:12:20.430 --> 01:12:24.200 align:middle line:90% does philosophy of education. 01:12:24.200 --> 01:12:26.900 align:middle line:84% I think that's a fair statement I don't know of any that don't. 01:12:26.900 --> 01:12:29.258 align:middle line:90% 01:12:29.258 --> 01:12:31.300 align:middle line:84% You've got to take a course in it if you're going 01:12:31.300 --> 01:12:33.200 align:middle line:90% to get a graduate degree in it. 01:12:33.200 --> 01:12:39.340 align:middle line:90% 01:12:39.340 --> 01:12:44.350 align:middle line:84% Now, when we go to ethics, ethics 01:12:44.350 --> 01:12:48.670 align:middle line:90% breaks out into two divisions. 01:12:48.670 --> 01:12:57.590 align:middle line:90% 01:12:57.590 --> 01:12:58.860 align:middle line:90% I'm going to use some terms. 01:12:58.860 --> 01:13:04.395 align:middle line:84% This is what this class is all about-- terms, terminology, OK? 01:13:04.395 --> 01:13:10.370 align:middle line:90% 01:13:10.370 --> 01:13:15.390 align:middle line:84% I'm going to use three terms, OK? 01:13:15.390 --> 01:13:22.650 align:middle line:90% 01:13:22.650 --> 01:13:24.210 align:middle line:90% One is called normative ethics. 01:13:24.210 --> 01:13:31.980 align:middle line:90% 01:13:31.980 --> 01:13:34.170 align:middle line:84% And the other one is called descriptive ethics. 01:13:34.170 --> 01:13:42.380 align:middle line:90% 01:13:42.380 --> 01:13:49.640 align:middle line:84% Normative ethics has as its goal to say what 01:13:49.640 --> 01:13:52.710 align:middle line:90% you should do or should not do. 01:13:52.710 --> 01:13:55.810 align:middle line:90% 01:13:55.810 --> 01:13:57.873 align:middle line:84% Descriptive ethics says what you did 01:13:57.873 --> 01:13:59.290 align:middle line:84% and whether it was right or wrong. 01:13:59.290 --> 01:14:05.510 align:middle line:90% 01:14:05.510 --> 01:14:07.820 align:middle line:84% OK, so [INAUDIBLE] blew the whistle. 01:14:07.820 --> 01:14:09.700 align:middle line:90% Was that right or wrong? 01:14:09.700 --> 01:14:11.620 align:middle line:90% What should he have done? 01:14:11.620 --> 01:14:13.497 align:middle line:84% You see, there are two different questions. 01:14:13.497 --> 01:14:18.170 align:middle line:90% 01:14:18.170 --> 01:14:29.890 align:middle line:84% Most ethics done by philosophers is called theoretical ethics. 01:14:29.890 --> 01:14:35.545 align:middle line:90% And they do normative ethics. 01:14:35.545 --> 01:14:38.130 align:middle line:90% 01:14:38.130 --> 01:14:42.900 align:middle line:84% Most applied ethics-- that is, applying ethics to specific 01:14:42.900 --> 01:14:47.770 align:middle line:84% kinds of cases, which constitutes the greater part 01:14:47.770 --> 01:14:50.830 align:middle line:90% of engineering ethics-- 01:14:50.830 --> 01:14:51.790 align:middle line:90% is descriptive. 01:14:51.790 --> 01:14:56.440 align:middle line:84% You get a case, and you say what somebody did, 01:14:56.440 --> 01:15:00.440 align:middle line:84% and you ask whether they did the right thing or the wrong thing. 01:15:00.440 --> 01:15:03.593 align:middle line:84% I have given equal weight to both in this class 01:15:03.593 --> 01:15:04.760 align:middle line:90% because I want you to know-- 01:15:04.760 --> 01:15:07.180 align:middle line:84% I want you to be able to do normative ethics. 01:15:07.180 --> 01:15:09.513 align:middle line:84% I want you to be able to say what they should have done. 01:15:09.513 --> 01:15:22.670 align:middle line:90% 01:15:22.670 --> 01:15:24.110 align:middle line:90% Now, I've said with sciences. 01:15:24.110 --> 01:15:26.390 align:middle line:90% Let's talk about science. 01:15:26.390 --> 01:15:29.330 align:middle line:84% Let's talk about-- we've talk about ethics, 01:15:29.330 --> 01:15:30.540 align:middle line:90% science, philosophy. 01:15:30.540 --> 01:15:33.660 align:middle line:84% Let's see if we can find some learned disciplines 01:15:33.660 --> 01:15:35.370 align:middle line:84% with the next four minutes that we have. 01:15:35.370 --> 01:15:38.850 align:middle line:84% Science, a learned discipline for-- 01:15:38.850 --> 01:15:41.925 align:middle line:84% on the production of knowledge about the physical world. 01:15:41.925 --> 01:15:51.710 align:middle line:90% 01:15:51.710 --> 01:15:56.250 align:middle line:84% Ethics, in its most general statement, 01:15:56.250 --> 01:16:00.830 align:middle line:84% a learned discipline on the production of values. 01:16:00.830 --> 01:16:06.950 align:middle line:90% 01:16:06.950 --> 01:16:10.030 align:middle line:90% We can get more specific. 01:16:10.030 --> 01:16:11.900 align:middle line:90% And we should get more specific. 01:16:11.900 --> 01:16:24.000 align:middle line:84% But if you take that definition, however so cursory it may be, 01:16:24.000 --> 01:16:27.770 align:middle line:84% it does make a distinction between ethics and science. 01:16:27.770 --> 01:16:30.350 align:middle line:84% One studies the facts and the other ones studies the value. 01:16:30.350 --> 01:16:33.780 align:middle line:90% 01:16:33.780 --> 01:16:36.120 align:middle line:84% Over in this category, we're going 01:16:36.120 --> 01:16:40.420 align:middle line:84% to be talking about engineering, and law, and others. 01:16:40.420 --> 01:16:45.030 align:middle line:84% All of them have to do with changing the world 01:16:45.030 --> 01:16:47.790 align:middle line:84% or controlling it, more precisely 01:16:47.790 --> 01:16:51.800 align:middle line:84% to intervene into it with an end in mind. 01:16:51.800 --> 01:16:55.990 align:middle line:90% 01:16:55.990 --> 01:17:00.120 align:middle line:84% So we are not about creating knowledge about the world. 01:17:00.120 --> 01:17:05.273 align:middle line:84% We're not about-- our specialty is not about creating knowledge 01:17:05.273 --> 01:17:05.940 align:middle line:90% about the world. 01:17:05.940 --> 01:17:07.830 align:middle line:84% We may create knowledge as we go, 01:17:07.830 --> 01:17:10.080 align:middle line:90% but that's not our specialty. 01:17:10.080 --> 01:17:13.950 align:middle line:84% Our specialty is not about valuing the world. 01:17:13.950 --> 01:17:17.520 align:middle line:84% We have to include values in it, but that's not our specialty. 01:17:17.520 --> 01:17:21.100 align:middle line:84% Our specialty has to do with changing it. 01:17:21.100 --> 01:17:22.930 align:middle line:84% Now, here's the subtlety in changing it. 01:17:22.930 --> 01:17:26.860 align:middle line:84% A scientist says, we change the world, too. 01:17:26.860 --> 01:17:29.350 align:middle line:84% Well, we have to change the world in response 01:17:29.350 --> 01:17:33.340 align:middle line:90% to certain kinds of imperatives. 01:17:33.340 --> 01:17:35.360 align:middle line:90% We've got to do it now. 01:17:35.360 --> 01:17:38.802 align:middle line:84% In military, the enemy is coming over the hill. 01:17:38.802 --> 01:17:40.510 align:middle line:84% Engineering, we've got to go to the moon. 01:17:40.510 --> 01:17:44.010 align:middle line:90% 01:17:44.010 --> 01:17:45.960 align:middle line:90% In medicine, you're sick. 01:17:45.960 --> 01:17:50.450 align:middle line:84% I can't go in the laboratory and do some more experiments, OK? 01:17:50.450 --> 01:17:54.560 align:middle line:84% So we have a systematic approach to dealing 01:17:54.560 --> 01:17:59.840 align:middle line:84% with situations that are knowledge deficient as well 01:17:59.840 --> 01:18:02.470 align:middle line:90% as values deficient. 01:18:02.470 --> 01:18:05.170 align:middle line:84% That's what makes the engineering, medicine, law, 01:18:05.170 --> 01:18:08.640 align:middle line:84% and these other learned disciplines what they are. 01:18:08.640 --> 01:18:13.830 align:middle line:84% It's when we're able to take that leap in a systematic way. 01:18:13.830 --> 01:18:14.990 align:middle line:90% We'll talk more about that. 01:18:14.990 --> 01:18:16.790 align:middle line:84% I think we've just about gotten to the end. 01:18:16.790 --> 01:18:20.480 align:middle line:90% 01:18:20.480 --> 01:18:21.950 align:middle line:90% This is a continuing saga. 01:18:21.950 --> 01:18:24.620 align:middle line:84% We'll always talk about terminology from here out. 01:18:24.620 --> 01:18:27.300 align:middle line:90% 01:18:27.300 --> 01:18:30.350 align:middle line:84% But I think I've gotten some of the main ones. 01:18:30.350 --> 01:18:31.000 align:middle line:90%