WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:00.570 align:middle line:90% 00:00:00.570 --> 00:00:04.080 align:middle line:84% The following content is provided by MIT OpenCourseWare, 00:00:04.080 --> 00:00:06.330 align:middle line:84% under a Creative Commons license. 00:00:06.330 --> 00:00:08.430 align:middle line:84% Additional information about our license, 00:00:08.430 --> 00:00:10.800 align:middle line:84% and MIT OpenCourseWare in general, 00:00:10.800 --> 00:00:12.730 align:middle line:90% is available at ocw.mit.edu. 00:00:12.730 --> 00:00:17.170 align:middle line:90% 00:00:17.170 --> 00:00:25.000 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Goethe, Thomas Mann, and Christopher Marlowe-- 00:00:25.000 --> 00:00:28.540 align:middle line:84% so they thought this was a great story. 00:00:28.540 --> 00:00:38.700 align:middle line:84% There is some-- there's something truthful about Faust. 00:00:38.700 --> 00:00:40.245 align:middle line:90% Apparently there was a Faust. 00:00:40.245 --> 00:00:41.370 align:middle line:90% We're passing these around. 00:00:41.370 --> 00:00:45.130 align:middle line:90% 00:00:45.130 --> 00:00:49.450 align:middle line:90% And his story is a little bit-- 00:00:49.450 --> 00:00:54.050 align:middle line:84% for me, I haven't delved into it, but it's-- to me, 00:00:54.050 --> 00:00:55.870 align:middle line:84% it's very similar to the true story-- 00:00:55.870 --> 00:00:59.120 align:middle line:84% the true part of the story of Nostradamus. 00:00:59.120 --> 00:01:00.740 align:middle line:84% That they lived around the same time, 00:01:00.740 --> 00:01:02.870 align:middle line:84% they were both physicians, and they both 00:01:02.870 --> 00:01:09.320 align:middle line:84% got some notoriety for what they were doing in helping people 00:01:09.320 --> 00:01:11.222 align:middle line:90% with the plague-- 00:01:11.222 --> 00:01:11.930 align:middle line:90% the Black Plague. 00:01:11.930 --> 00:01:15.250 align:middle line:90% 00:01:15.250 --> 00:01:17.740 align:middle line:84% Apparently they had some thoughts 00:01:17.740 --> 00:01:23.145 align:middle line:84% that cleanliness had something to do with the plague. 00:01:23.145 --> 00:01:24.520 align:middle line:84% And it turns out they were right. 00:01:24.520 --> 00:01:26.187 align:middle line:84% We didn't find that out until many years 00:01:26.187 --> 00:01:29.560 align:middle line:84% later, that it was this flea on the rats. 00:01:29.560 --> 00:01:31.330 align:middle line:84% But they had something to do with burning 00:01:31.330 --> 00:01:34.510 align:middle line:84% clothes, and burning blankets, and washing-- 00:01:34.510 --> 00:01:37.030 align:middle line:84% or cutting your hair and washing up. 00:01:37.030 --> 00:01:39.783 align:middle line:84% And so people thought that they were mystical. 00:01:39.783 --> 00:01:41.200 align:middle line:84% And people would write about them. 00:01:41.200 --> 00:01:43.870 align:middle line:90% 00:01:43.870 --> 00:01:46.190 align:middle line:84% Now, it'd be good for you to sort the truth-- 00:01:46.190 --> 00:01:49.270 align:middle line:84% the whole truth of that story, and bring it back to class, 00:01:49.270 --> 00:01:51.340 align:middle line:90% if you get the inclination. 00:01:51.340 --> 00:01:57.370 align:middle line:84% But the point that I want to bring is the Faustian contract. 00:01:57.370 --> 00:02:00.040 align:middle line:90% 00:02:00.040 --> 00:02:03.530 align:middle line:90% And we've talked about that. 00:02:03.530 --> 00:02:05.300 align:middle line:90% Now, let's do a little review. 00:02:05.300 --> 00:02:13.050 align:middle line:84% But I'm going to review in a manner that 00:02:13.050 --> 00:02:14.850 align:middle line:84% gets us ready for this discussion today. 00:02:14.850 --> 00:02:18.895 align:middle line:84% I want to put it in a little bit more sophisticated context than 00:02:18.895 --> 00:02:19.395 align:middle line:90% before. 00:02:19.395 --> 00:02:24.670 align:middle line:90% 00:02:24.670 --> 00:02:29.940 align:middle line:84% First principles-- we ask ourselves, 00:02:29.940 --> 00:02:33.930 align:middle line:84% does ethics have first principles, and a logic 00:02:33.930 --> 00:02:39.960 align:middle line:84% from which we deduce or argue good and bad behavior, 00:02:39.960 --> 00:02:44.500 align:middle line:84% right and wrong action, from those principles. 00:02:44.500 --> 00:02:49.180 align:middle line:84% Let's take stock of the other learned disciplines. 00:02:49.180 --> 00:02:51.130 align:middle line:84% Let's write down some learned disciplines. 00:02:51.130 --> 00:02:55.530 align:middle line:84% And let's ask ourselves, do they have first principles? 00:02:55.530 --> 00:03:01.960 align:middle line:84% A starting point is with philosophy itself. 00:03:01.960 --> 00:03:08.170 align:middle line:90% 00:03:08.170 --> 00:03:10.980 align:middle line:84% And we can talk about first principles 00:03:10.980 --> 00:03:25.370 align:middle line:84% in a theory called teleology, which 00:03:25.370 --> 00:03:27.230 align:middle line:90% is the study of ends and means. 00:03:27.230 --> 00:03:38.360 align:middle line:90% 00:03:38.360 --> 00:03:41.750 align:middle line:84% And if we look at the contents of the other learned 00:03:41.750 --> 00:03:49.190 align:middle line:84% disciplines, we'll find teleology there, 00:03:49.190 --> 00:03:50.105 align:middle line:90% with different names. 00:03:50.105 --> 00:03:53.600 align:middle line:90% 00:03:53.600 --> 00:04:01.120 align:middle line:90% Let's go to the-- 00:04:01.120 --> 00:04:02.455 align:middle line:90% let's go to the sciences. 00:04:02.455 --> 00:04:10.120 align:middle line:90% 00:04:10.120 --> 00:04:14.500 align:middle line:84% In the sciences, the application of teleology 00:04:14.500 --> 00:04:20.220 align:middle line:84% to the methods of the sciences will 00:04:20.220 --> 00:04:27.405 align:middle line:84% have us arrive at what they call ultimate causes. 00:04:27.405 --> 00:04:34.500 align:middle line:90% 00:04:34.500 --> 00:04:38.460 align:middle line:84% Now, there was a time when Newton came up with his law, 00:04:38.460 --> 00:04:44.245 align:middle line:84% F equals ma, and said that F equals 00:04:44.245 --> 00:04:48.550 align:middle line:84% ma was a law of nature, that was the cause of a body 00:04:48.550 --> 00:04:54.530 align:middle line:84% to accelerate, or to explain how a body accelerates. 00:04:54.530 --> 00:05:00.095 align:middle line:84% If you ask what was the cause of F equals ma, that was the end. 00:05:00.095 --> 00:05:04.430 align:middle line:90% 00:05:04.430 --> 00:05:06.170 align:middle line:84% Now, Einstein came up with another one, 00:05:06.170 --> 00:05:09.570 align:middle line:90% E equals mc squared. 00:05:09.570 --> 00:05:12.710 align:middle line:84% But if you add-- and says that's the cause of F equals ma. 00:05:12.710 --> 00:05:15.250 align:middle line:90% F equals ma is a special case. 00:05:15.250 --> 00:05:17.860 align:middle line:84% Then, if you ask what is the cause of E equals mc squared, 00:05:17.860 --> 00:05:19.750 align:middle line:90% what do you get? 00:05:19.750 --> 00:05:22.330 align:middle line:90% That's the way the world is. 00:05:22.330 --> 00:05:24.300 align:middle line:90% Right, that's an end. 00:05:24.300 --> 00:05:26.635 align:middle line:84% Can you think of any more ends in the sciences? 00:05:26.635 --> 00:05:30.890 align:middle line:90% 00:05:30.890 --> 00:05:33.510 align:middle line:84% And it's interesting how the word end is used. 00:05:33.510 --> 00:05:36.995 align:middle line:84% It's not the last, it's actually the first in your logic. 00:05:36.995 --> 00:05:41.582 align:middle line:90% 00:05:41.582 --> 00:05:46.420 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I think in cosmology, if you can explain 00:05:46.420 --> 00:05:48.900 align:middle line:90% the cause of the big bang. 00:05:48.900 --> 00:05:50.327 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: The Big Bang Theory. 00:05:50.327 --> 00:05:51.820 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yes. 00:05:51.820 --> 00:05:54.650 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: OK, someone says there's a Big Bang Theory. 00:05:54.650 --> 00:05:57.160 align:middle line:84% That the world was caused by the-- 00:05:57.160 --> 00:06:00.460 align:middle line:84% I mean that the universe was caused by this Big Bang. 00:06:00.460 --> 00:06:02.410 align:middle line:84% Do you ask them what caused the Big Bang? 00:06:02.410 --> 00:06:05.014 align:middle line:90% 00:06:05.014 --> 00:06:07.600 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: If you knew the intro to that, that would be an end. 00:06:07.600 --> 00:06:09.017 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: That would be an end. 00:06:09.017 --> 00:06:11.470 align:middle line:84% But right now, the Big Bang is the end. 00:06:11.470 --> 00:06:12.390 align:middle line:90% All right? 00:06:12.390 --> 00:06:14.390 align:middle line:90% Any others? 00:06:14.390 --> 00:06:15.650 align:middle line:90% How about mathematics? 00:06:15.650 --> 00:06:25.830 align:middle line:90% 00:06:25.830 --> 00:06:26.830 align:middle line:90% Well, one is the action. 00:06:26.830 --> 00:06:32.850 align:middle line:90% 00:06:32.850 --> 00:06:34.830 align:middle line:84% And by definition, what is an axiom? 00:06:34.830 --> 00:06:38.070 align:middle line:84% Well, I've got a definition, unless you want to give one. 00:06:38.070 --> 00:06:42.000 align:middle line:90% 00:06:42.000 --> 00:06:43.440 align:middle line:84% It's not merely a proposition that 00:06:43.440 --> 00:06:45.210 align:middle line:84% is assumed to be true without proof. 00:06:45.210 --> 00:06:52.500 align:middle line:90% 00:06:52.500 --> 00:07:03.700 align:middle line:84% One has to prove, well, that an axiom does not 00:07:03.700 --> 00:07:05.467 align:middle line:90% have a higher cause. 00:07:05.467 --> 00:07:06.550 align:middle line:90% That's the starting point. 00:07:06.550 --> 00:07:12.270 align:middle line:90% 00:07:12.270 --> 00:07:15.440 align:middle line:84% Now one thing that I think that a college education is supposed 00:07:15.440 --> 00:07:23.000 align:middle line:84% to do, even in mathematics, is to give you at least one 00:07:23.000 --> 00:07:26.000 align:middle line:90% experience-- maybe two-- 00:07:26.000 --> 00:07:31.922 align:middle line:84% where you solve a problem from a first principle. 00:07:31.922 --> 00:07:36.140 align:middle line:84% You go all the way back to the beginning, solve that problem-- 00:07:36.140 --> 00:07:39.140 align:middle line:84% and go right on up through to the solution, 00:07:39.140 --> 00:07:53.790 align:middle line:90% 7.29 feet per second squared. 00:07:53.790 --> 00:07:55.170 align:middle line:90% The Theorem of Pythagoras-- 00:07:55.170 --> 00:07:57.997 align:middle line:90% 00:07:57.997 --> 00:08:00.080 align:middle line:84% is that a first principle or does it have a proof? 00:08:00.080 --> 00:08:03.082 align:middle line:90% 00:08:03.082 --> 00:08:03.790 align:middle line:90% Can you prove it? 00:08:03.790 --> 00:08:08.480 align:middle line:90% 00:08:08.480 --> 00:08:12.430 align:middle line:84% A squared is equal to B squared plus C squared. 00:08:12.430 --> 00:08:13.600 align:middle line:90% You can prove it. 00:08:13.600 --> 00:08:16.810 align:middle line:90% Yeah, you can prove it. 00:08:16.810 --> 00:08:21.092 align:middle line:84% The trick is that the theorem is stated in algebra, 00:08:21.092 --> 00:08:22.300 align:middle line:90% but the proof is in geometry. 00:08:22.300 --> 00:08:25.390 align:middle line:90% 00:08:25.390 --> 00:08:27.560 align:middle line:90% Remind you how to get started-- 00:08:27.560 --> 00:08:35.520 align:middle line:84% start with a triangle like this, And then a squared 00:08:35.520 --> 00:08:40.230 align:middle line:84% is the area of that square, c squared 00:08:40.230 --> 00:08:42.419 align:middle line:84% is the area of that square, b squared 00:08:42.419 --> 00:08:43.980 align:middle line:90% is the area of that square. 00:08:43.980 --> 00:08:53.850 align:middle line:84% And then if you're clever about how you organize these, 00:08:53.850 --> 00:08:59.370 align:middle line:84% you can prove that this plus that is equal to that. 00:08:59.370 --> 00:09:03.500 align:middle line:90% 00:09:03.500 --> 00:09:07.950 align:middle line:90% No algebra, just looking at it. 00:09:07.950 --> 00:09:09.530 align:middle line:84% And you don't have to draw to scale, 00:09:09.530 --> 00:09:12.030 align:middle line:84% cut it out, and put one on top of the other. 00:09:12.030 --> 00:09:18.230 align:middle line:84% You can just prove that this whole thing is a square. 00:09:18.230 --> 00:09:23.730 align:middle line:90% 00:09:23.730 --> 00:09:26.870 align:middle line:90% Try it sometime. 00:09:26.870 --> 00:09:29.270 align:middle line:90% How about in the military? 00:09:29.270 --> 00:09:33.552 align:middle line:90% 00:09:33.552 --> 00:09:35.010 align:middle line:84% Well, when I was in the army, there 00:09:35.010 --> 00:09:36.718 align:middle line:84% was a theory called strategy and tactics. 00:09:36.718 --> 00:09:46.940 align:middle line:90% 00:09:46.940 --> 00:09:50.800 align:middle line:84% And you look at what your mission is. 00:09:50.800 --> 00:09:53.318 align:middle line:84% You look at where you're standing. 00:09:53.318 --> 00:09:54.860 align:middle line:84% You figure out a way to go from where 00:09:54.860 --> 00:09:56.900 align:middle line:90% you are to where you're going. 00:09:56.900 --> 00:09:59.910 align:middle line:90% 00:09:59.910 --> 00:10:02.175 align:middle line:84% That was the outline of the strategy. 00:10:02.175 --> 00:10:05.030 align:middle line:90% 00:10:05.030 --> 00:10:09.260 align:middle line:84% There's was a-- there are some good ways 00:10:09.260 --> 00:10:11.480 align:middle line:84% to understand strategy and tactics 00:10:11.480 --> 00:10:21.370 align:middle line:84% through the game of chess, and the other games 00:10:21.370 --> 00:10:22.300 align:middle line:90% that we call sports. 00:10:22.300 --> 00:10:30.280 align:middle line:90% 00:10:30.280 --> 00:10:37.005 align:middle line:84% So one way-- anybody here an athlete? 00:10:37.005 --> 00:10:40.116 align:middle line:90% 00:10:40.116 --> 00:10:43.073 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I used to be [INAUDIBLE].. 00:10:43.073 --> 00:10:44.240 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: You used to be? 00:10:44.240 --> 00:10:45.188 align:middle line:90% What? 00:10:45.188 --> 00:10:46.592 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: I played volleyball. 00:10:46.592 --> 00:10:48.050 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: You played volleyball? 00:10:48.050 --> 00:10:48.736 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Mm-hmm. 00:10:48.736 --> 00:10:49.403 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Oh. 00:10:49.403 --> 00:10:56.030 align:middle line:90% 00:10:56.030 --> 00:11:04.280 align:middle line:84% One time at Howard, the School of Engineering 00:11:04.280 --> 00:11:09.170 align:middle line:90% organized two volleyball teams. 00:11:09.170 --> 00:11:13.190 align:middle line:84% And both sides were made up of students, the staff, 00:11:13.190 --> 00:11:15.020 align:middle line:90% and faculty. 00:11:15.020 --> 00:11:17.200 align:middle line:84% But they were divided between the men and women. 00:11:17.200 --> 00:11:19.870 align:middle line:90% 00:11:19.870 --> 00:11:22.060 align:middle line:84% So we decided to have this big game, 00:11:22.060 --> 00:11:25.677 align:middle line:90% right before a final exam. 00:11:25.677 --> 00:11:27.260 align:middle line:84% And the men felt we were going to win, 00:11:27.260 --> 00:11:30.760 align:middle line:90% because we could spike them. 00:11:30.760 --> 00:11:34.370 align:middle line:84% You know, we got in there and we lost. 00:11:34.370 --> 00:11:35.450 align:middle line:90% And I'll tell you why. 00:11:35.450 --> 00:11:40.090 align:middle line:84% It was because the women could return some of those spikes. 00:11:40.090 --> 00:11:43.330 align:middle line:84% They could get down and the men couldn't. 00:11:43.330 --> 00:11:45.610 align:middle line:84% And so whenever we spiked on them, 00:11:45.610 --> 00:11:47.590 align:middle line:84% we could get 20% of them returned. 00:11:47.590 --> 00:11:52.235 align:middle line:84% Whenever they spiked on us, it was a clear point. 00:11:52.235 --> 00:11:53.110 align:middle line:90% It was a clear point. 00:11:53.110 --> 00:11:56.530 align:middle line:90% 00:11:56.530 --> 00:12:02.130 align:middle line:84% In sports-- let's say in basketball, 00:12:02.130 --> 00:12:22.255 align:middle line:84% you might have five little guys playing five big guys. 00:12:22.255 --> 00:12:27.720 align:middle line:90% 00:12:27.720 --> 00:12:33.895 align:middle line:84% And the question is, how are we little guys 00:12:33.895 --> 00:12:35.020 align:middle line:90% going to beat the big guys? 00:12:35.020 --> 00:12:38.350 align:middle line:90% 00:12:38.350 --> 00:12:39.490 align:middle line:90% All right? 00:12:39.490 --> 00:12:43.770 align:middle line:84% Well, we're going to set up a game strategy. 00:12:43.770 --> 00:12:47.060 align:middle line:84% And that's an overall rule that we try 00:12:47.060 --> 00:12:51.748 align:middle line:90% to implement all of the time. 00:12:51.748 --> 00:12:53.790 align:middle line:84% We won't be able to implement it all of the time. 00:12:53.790 --> 00:12:55.530 align:middle line:90% But it's an overall rule. 00:12:55.530 --> 00:13:01.810 align:middle line:84% And the overall rule is to run the ball. 00:13:01.810 --> 00:13:03.910 align:middle line:90% Outrun them. 00:13:03.910 --> 00:13:06.990 align:middle line:90% Make them tired. 00:13:06.990 --> 00:13:14.660 align:middle line:84% Now, a tactic, for us, is an opportunity 00:13:14.660 --> 00:13:19.160 align:middle line:90% that sometimes we can force. 00:13:19.160 --> 00:13:21.838 align:middle line:84% Very few times can we force, but as a matter-- 00:13:21.838 --> 00:13:23.630 align:middle line:84% it's an opportunity that arises, and you've 00:13:23.630 --> 00:13:25.130 align:middle line:84% got to recognize that it's arising, 00:13:25.130 --> 00:13:26.547 align:middle line:84% and you take full advantage of it. 00:13:26.547 --> 00:13:30.100 align:middle line:90% 00:13:30.100 --> 00:13:34.180 align:middle line:84% And one of them is called the open shot, the open man. 00:13:34.180 --> 00:13:36.220 align:middle line:84% That is, somebody is standing out on the court 00:13:36.220 --> 00:13:39.650 align:middle line:90% and nobody's guarding them. 00:13:39.650 --> 00:13:42.620 align:middle line:84% If you run around enough, you might 00:13:42.620 --> 00:13:45.320 align:middle line:84% get all of the big guys clumped together, somewhere. 00:13:45.320 --> 00:13:48.590 align:middle line:84% And there's one little guy standing out there. 00:13:48.590 --> 00:13:51.830 align:middle line:84% So if that arises, throw the ball to the little guy. 00:13:51.830 --> 00:13:54.050 align:middle line:84% And a little guy can take his time, 00:13:54.050 --> 00:13:57.400 align:middle line:84% and shoot the ball-- got a high percentage shot. 00:13:57.400 --> 00:14:00.340 align:middle line:84% Strategy and tactics-- it's the application 00:14:00.340 --> 00:14:01.495 align:middle line:90% of teleology to sports. 00:14:01.495 --> 00:14:05.060 align:middle line:90% 00:14:05.060 --> 00:14:07.340 align:middle line:90% Any others? 00:14:07.340 --> 00:14:14.380 align:middle line:84% Business-- it is the study of ends and means-- 00:14:14.380 --> 00:14:19.100 align:middle line:90% 00:14:19.100 --> 00:14:22.665 align:middle line:90% formal study of ends and means. 00:14:22.665 --> 00:14:26.640 align:middle line:90% 00:14:26.640 --> 00:14:27.140 align:middle line:90% we. 00:14:27.140 --> 00:14:29.120 align:middle line:90% Could go on and on and on. 00:14:29.120 --> 00:14:32.360 align:middle line:84% Anybody got some others, from other disciplines? 00:14:32.360 --> 00:14:37.360 align:middle line:90% 00:14:37.360 --> 00:14:39.320 align:middle line:90% All right, let's-- yeah? 00:14:39.320 --> 00:14:41.927 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. 00:14:41.927 --> 00:14:43.010 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Say it again? 00:14:43.010 --> 00:14:44.890 align:middle line:90% Maxwell's equation. 00:14:44.890 --> 00:14:50.090 align:middle line:84% I would put that under physics but let's talk about it. 00:14:50.090 --> 00:14:54.010 align:middle line:90% Maxwell's equations-- 00:14:54.010 --> 00:14:56.780 align:middle line:90% 00:14:56.780 --> 00:14:58.220 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. 00:14:58.220 --> 00:15:02.702 align:middle line:90% 00:15:02.702 --> 00:15:04.410 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Well, let's put it this way. 00:15:04.410 --> 00:15:06.560 align:middle line:84% Here's a good way to start with it. 00:15:06.560 --> 00:15:09.320 align:middle line:84% If there's anything that you can derive Maxwell's equations 00:15:09.320 --> 00:15:11.960 align:middle line:90% from, I don't know about it. 00:15:11.960 --> 00:15:13.740 align:middle line:84% I've never looked higher into that. 00:15:13.740 --> 00:15:16.400 align:middle line:90% But if you can find-- 00:15:16.400 --> 00:15:19.610 align:middle line:84% I don't know, on the web or just by asking somebody-- 00:15:19.610 --> 00:15:26.610 align:middle line:84% if there is a higher principle, then bring it back to class. 00:15:26.610 --> 00:15:28.013 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. 00:15:28.013 --> 00:15:28.930 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Business. 00:15:28.930 --> 00:15:30.236 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. 00:15:30.236 --> 00:15:33.890 align:middle line:90% 00:15:33.890 --> 00:15:35.890 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: They adept strategic theory. 00:15:35.890 --> 00:15:37.970 align:middle line:84% It's not it's not the only theory that they use. 00:15:37.970 --> 00:15:40.430 align:middle line:84% But definitely, if you're in business, 00:15:40.430 --> 00:15:42.475 align:middle line:84% you're going to talk about the bottom line. 00:15:42.475 --> 00:15:47.010 align:middle line:90% 00:15:47.010 --> 00:15:50.490 align:middle line:84% And when you talk about the profit, the end is profit 00:15:50.490 --> 00:15:52.305 align:middle line:84% and you have various means to those ends. 00:15:52.305 --> 00:16:00.826 align:middle line:90% 00:16:00.826 --> 00:16:02.754 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Government. 00:16:02.754 --> 00:16:04.022 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Who? 00:16:04.022 --> 00:16:04.966 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Government. 00:16:04.966 --> 00:16:06.258 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Political science? 00:16:06.258 --> 00:16:06.895 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:16:06.895 --> 00:16:08.200 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: All right. 00:16:08.200 --> 00:16:16.740 align:middle line:84% Now, we could argue whether or not 00:16:16.740 --> 00:16:20.280 align:middle line:84% political science is actually a science. 00:16:20.280 --> 00:16:24.150 align:middle line:84% But it is definitely a learned discipline. 00:16:24.150 --> 00:16:26.940 align:middle line:84% Maybe we could maybe we can divide political science up 00:16:26.940 --> 00:16:27.990 align:middle line:90% into two parts-- 00:16:27.990 --> 00:16:30.773 align:middle line:84% something that we could legitimately call a science, 00:16:30.773 --> 00:16:32.940 align:middle line:84% and call it political science, and something else we 00:16:32.940 --> 00:16:35.800 align:middle line:90% call politics. 00:16:35.800 --> 00:16:40.300 align:middle line:84% And it is possible that-- and it's more than likely 00:16:40.300 --> 00:16:43.610 align:middle line:84% that the very successful politician never, ever took 00:16:43.610 --> 00:16:44.860 align:middle line:90% a course in political science. 00:16:44.860 --> 00:16:47.760 align:middle line:90% 00:16:47.760 --> 00:16:49.560 align:middle line:84% But the smart ones get some advice 00:16:49.560 --> 00:16:51.330 align:middle line:90% from the political scientists. 00:16:51.330 --> 00:16:54.000 align:middle line:90% 00:16:54.000 --> 00:16:56.887 align:middle line:90% And there's a theory-- 00:16:56.887 --> 00:16:58.470 align:middle line:84% not the only one, but there's a theory 00:16:58.470 --> 00:17:00.570 align:middle line:90% about political science-- 00:17:00.570 --> 00:17:03.390 align:middle line:84% that political-- a philosophical theory 00:17:03.390 --> 00:17:07.619 align:middle line:84% a philosophy of political science, that political science 00:17:07.619 --> 00:17:13.380 align:middle line:84% is the study of the uses of power. 00:17:13.380 --> 00:17:16.368 align:middle line:90% 00:17:16.368 --> 00:17:17.869 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Power? 00:17:17.869 --> 00:17:20.150 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Power-- that the end-- 00:17:20.150 --> 00:17:22.220 align:middle line:90% yeah, what is the end, then? 00:17:22.220 --> 00:17:25.655 align:middle line:84% Is power the means or is power the end? 00:17:25.655 --> 00:17:28.904 align:middle line:90% 00:17:28.904 --> 00:17:33.894 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I think is that the end of political science 00:17:33.894 --> 00:17:41.302 align:middle line:84% is a well governed society or a just society, some [INAUDIBLE] 00:17:41.302 --> 00:17:44.260 align:middle line:90% society [INAUDIBLE]. 00:17:44.260 --> 00:17:46.504 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: OK. 00:17:46.504 --> 00:17:48.380 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Maybe [INAUDIBLE]. 00:17:48.380 --> 00:17:50.765 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: No, let's penetrate that a little bit. 00:17:50.765 --> 00:17:51.515 align:middle line:90% Let's play a game. 00:17:51.515 --> 00:17:54.170 align:middle line:90% 00:17:54.170 --> 00:17:57.950 align:middle line:84% There is a philosophy of law-- and incidentally, 00:17:57.950 --> 00:18:02.600 align:middle line:84% anybody know the discipline that is called-- that also goes 00:18:02.600 --> 00:18:05.330 align:middle line:90% by the name philosophy of law? 00:18:05.330 --> 00:18:08.380 align:middle line:90% Jurisprudence. 00:18:08.380 --> 00:18:10.000 align:middle line:84% There's a theory of jurisprudence. 00:18:10.000 --> 00:18:16.240 align:middle line:84% And probably, is it's handed down to us from a man named-- 00:18:16.240 --> 00:18:19.420 align:middle line:84% he's an Englishman, so he has three initials and then a last 00:18:19.420 --> 00:18:27.190 align:middle line:84% name, HLA and the last name is Hart, H-A-R-T. 00:18:27.190 --> 00:18:33.565 align:middle line:84% And Hart says that the end of law is social order. 00:18:33.565 --> 00:18:36.370 align:middle line:90% 00:18:36.370 --> 00:18:38.980 align:middle line:84% Then we'll talk about whether it's good or bad. 00:18:38.980 --> 00:18:43.120 align:middle line:84% But we got to have an ordered society, before we can talk 00:18:43.120 --> 00:18:46.730 align:middle line:90% about-- make it good or bad. 00:18:46.730 --> 00:18:48.910 align:middle line:90% So the end for him-- 00:18:48.910 --> 00:18:50.780 align:middle line:84% notice how I jumped to law, because they 00:18:50.780 --> 00:18:52.030 align:middle line:90% I know what I'm talking about. 00:18:52.030 --> 00:18:54.220 align:middle line:84% I have not studied political science like this. 00:18:54.220 --> 00:19:04.380 align:middle line:84% But the end, for Hart, in law is first, an ordered society. 00:19:04.380 --> 00:19:06.550 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: What do you mean by ordered? 00:19:06.550 --> 00:19:08.838 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: A society that's intact. 00:19:08.838 --> 00:19:11.380 align:middle line:84% That people are not going out doing whatever they want to do. 00:19:11.380 --> 00:19:14.080 align:middle line:90% 00:19:14.080 --> 00:19:21.010 align:middle line:84% That there may be some minimum principles in that, 00:19:21.010 --> 00:19:23.390 align:middle line:90% that he talks about. 00:19:23.390 --> 00:19:30.460 align:middle line:84% But basically he's talking about a society that 00:19:30.460 --> 00:19:34.660 align:middle line:90% is held together as a unit. 00:19:34.660 --> 00:19:39.610 align:middle line:84% If you can make a distinction between a collection of people 00:19:39.610 --> 00:19:42.340 align:middle line:84% and a society of people, and we're 00:19:42.340 --> 00:19:44.149 align:middle line:90% talking about the society. 00:19:44.149 --> 00:19:48.677 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: What he meant was there's often [INAUDIBLE].. 00:19:48.677 --> 00:19:50.830 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Yes. 00:19:50.830 --> 00:19:51.940 align:middle line:90% Yes. 00:19:51.940 --> 00:19:53.950 align:middle line:84% That they're held together as a whole, 00:19:53.950 --> 00:20:01.360 align:middle line:84% instead of an anarchistic, individualistic collection 00:20:01.360 --> 00:20:01.930 align:middle line:90% of people. 00:20:01.930 --> 00:20:04.882 align:middle line:90% 00:20:04.882 --> 00:20:08.860 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] political science is to [INAUDIBLE].. 00:20:08.860 --> 00:20:12.340 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Yeah, power politics is what they call it. 00:20:12.340 --> 00:20:14.830 align:middle line:84% Is power-- now, let's go back to the question-- 00:20:14.830 --> 00:20:16.510 align:middle line:90% is power the means or the end? 00:20:16.510 --> 00:20:20.570 align:middle line:90% 00:20:20.570 --> 00:20:21.920 align:middle line:90% I tell you what I think. 00:20:21.920 --> 00:20:25.160 align:middle line:84% In political science, I think power is the end. 00:20:25.160 --> 00:20:27.620 align:middle line:84% You get the power, then let's worry about how are we 00:20:27.620 --> 00:20:30.320 align:middle line:90% going to use it. 00:20:30.320 --> 00:20:35.150 align:middle line:84% I think the ideal falls into another category. 00:20:35.150 --> 00:20:37.280 align:middle line:84% Now, let me point you to something else that 00:20:37.280 --> 00:20:40.175 align:middle line:84% is germane to what this lecture is going to be about today. 00:20:40.175 --> 00:20:44.690 align:middle line:90% 00:20:44.690 --> 00:20:47.030 align:middle line:90% And this is a formal term. 00:20:47.030 --> 00:21:01.520 align:middle line:90% 00:21:01.520 --> 00:21:03.420 align:middle line:84% This will put us in the mood for today. 00:21:03.420 --> 00:21:06.150 align:middle line:84% And I'll get to it in about five minutes. 00:21:06.150 --> 00:21:08.460 align:middle line:90% Still got something else to do. 00:21:08.460 --> 00:21:10.020 align:middle line:90% Now, social contract theory. 00:21:10.020 --> 00:21:13.840 align:middle line:90% 00:21:13.840 --> 00:21:24.560 align:middle line:84% Now, project yourself to a time-- 00:21:24.560 --> 00:21:26.545 align:middle line:84% the last half of the 18th century, 00:21:26.545 --> 00:21:30.997 align:middle line:84% the first half of the 19th century. 00:21:30.997 --> 00:21:36.590 align:middle line:84% The last half-- no, the last quarter of the 18th century, 00:21:36.590 --> 00:21:42.560 align:middle line:84% the first third of the 19th century. 00:21:42.560 --> 00:21:43.520 align:middle line:90% OK, what was going on? 00:21:43.520 --> 00:21:47.990 align:middle line:90% 1776-- American Revolution. 00:21:47.990 --> 00:21:52.310 align:middle line:90% 1789-- French Revolution. 00:21:52.310 --> 00:21:54.200 align:middle line:90% I think it was around 1803-- 00:21:54.200 --> 00:21:55.490 align:middle line:90% somewhere around in there-- 00:21:55.490 --> 00:21:59.240 align:middle line:90% that the Holy Roman Empire fell. 00:21:59.240 --> 00:22:01.070 align:middle line:90% So we could go on. 00:22:01.070 --> 00:22:02.250 align:middle line:90% There's some more. 00:22:02.250 --> 00:22:04.130 align:middle line:84% But the point is, you're sitting down 00:22:04.130 --> 00:22:10.070 align:middle line:84% and you're talking about governmental regimes that had 00:22:10.070 --> 00:22:13.520 align:middle line:90% been in place for many years-- 00:22:13.520 --> 00:22:17.900 align:middle line:84% hundreds of years-- all of a sudden collapse. 00:22:17.900 --> 00:22:21.720 align:middle line:84% And you've got scholars sitting around, saying, 00:22:21.720 --> 00:22:23.930 align:middle line:84% how can we replace it with something better? 00:22:23.930 --> 00:22:26.530 align:middle line:90% 00:22:26.530 --> 00:22:30.400 align:middle line:84% That produced a lot of great thinkers. 00:22:30.400 --> 00:22:33.760 align:middle line:84% In France, the greatest thinker was who Rousseau. 00:22:33.760 --> 00:22:37.100 align:middle line:90% 00:22:37.100 --> 00:22:40.280 align:middle line:84% In England, probably one of the greatest was-- 00:22:40.280 --> 00:22:45.140 align:middle line:84% and Rousseau's, think his was the Second 00:22:45.140 --> 00:22:46.407 align:middle line:90% Treatise on Government. 00:22:46.407 --> 00:22:49.050 align:middle line:90% 00:22:49.050 --> 00:22:49.550 align:middle line:90% The 00:22:49.550 --> 00:22:54.770 align:middle line:84% One in England was Thomas-- was Hobbes, H-O-B-B-E-S. 00:22:54.770 --> 00:22:59.770 align:middle line:84% you've heard of his great book, called Leviathan. 00:22:59.770 --> 00:23:02.290 align:middle line:90% Before them were some others. 00:23:02.290 --> 00:23:04.960 align:middle line:84% And I'll just name one, because I'm breaking them 00:23:04.960 --> 00:23:10.180 align:middle line:90% up into types, was Machiavelli. 00:23:10.180 --> 00:23:13.530 align:middle line:90% 00:23:13.530 --> 00:23:16.050 align:middle line:84% But you had all of these thinkers. 00:23:16.050 --> 00:23:18.400 align:middle line:84% And they're called social contractarians. 00:23:18.400 --> 00:23:21.240 align:middle line:90% 00:23:21.240 --> 00:23:24.510 align:middle line:90% Because these great works-- 00:23:24.510 --> 00:23:27.930 align:middle line:84% I have to emphasize this, because when I tell you 00:23:27.930 --> 00:23:31.065 align:middle line:84% what the method used in these great works, 00:23:31.065 --> 00:23:34.200 align:middle line:84% you're going to triv-- it's only natural to trivialize it. 00:23:34.200 --> 00:23:38.370 align:middle line:84% The method is very trivial, when you look at it at first. 00:23:38.370 --> 00:23:42.600 align:middle line:84% But these people wrote the greatest works on government 00:23:42.600 --> 00:23:44.010 align:middle line:90% in the Western world. 00:23:44.010 --> 00:23:48.900 align:middle line:84% Not in the whole world, but in the Western world. 00:23:48.900 --> 00:23:52.650 align:middle line:84% Europe, mainly Western Europe, the United States, Canada, 00:23:52.650 --> 00:23:56.400 align:middle line:90% England, all of that. 00:23:56.400 --> 00:24:00.860 align:middle line:84% Their method was to tell a story. 00:24:00.860 --> 00:24:03.570 align:middle line:90% 00:24:03.570 --> 00:24:05.190 align:middle line:90% And here's what they did. 00:24:05.190 --> 00:24:10.310 align:middle line:84% They said, let's imagine a state where a-- 00:24:10.310 --> 00:24:15.980 align:middle line:84% state, I don't mean a political state, I mean a state of being. 00:24:15.980 --> 00:24:19.760 align:middle line:84% Let's imagine a state of when there is no government. 00:24:19.760 --> 00:24:22.985 align:middle line:90% There's total chaos out here. 00:24:22.985 --> 00:24:23.985 align:middle line:90% People are running amok. 00:24:23.985 --> 00:24:26.540 align:middle line:90% 00:24:26.540 --> 00:24:32.780 align:middle line:84% And we decide that we're going to make a whole new government 00:24:32.780 --> 00:24:33.455 align:middle line:90% out of this. 00:24:33.455 --> 00:24:36.000 align:middle line:90% 00:24:36.000 --> 00:24:39.560 align:middle line:84% So what we're going to do is pick a set-- 00:24:39.560 --> 00:24:47.020 align:middle line:84% a collection of people, 20 people. 00:24:47.020 --> 00:24:50.660 align:middle line:84% Have them come into a room and say to them, 00:24:50.660 --> 00:24:56.140 align:middle line:84% don't come out until you've got the articles of government. 00:24:56.140 --> 00:24:58.540 align:middle line:90% What would they come up with? 00:24:58.540 --> 00:25:02.290 align:middle line:84% The operative word here is the word would. 00:25:02.290 --> 00:25:05.060 align:middle line:90% So you tell a story. 00:25:05.060 --> 00:25:08.230 align:middle line:84% And then you come back, and say the ideal government 00:25:08.230 --> 00:25:11.140 align:middle line:90% is what they would come up with. 00:25:11.140 --> 00:25:13.150 align:middle line:90% That's how this was done. 00:25:13.150 --> 00:25:16.450 align:middle line:84% That's how the United States was grounded, 00:25:16.450 --> 00:25:18.985 align:middle line:84% on Rousseau and many of the others that you can find. 00:25:18.985 --> 00:25:22.660 align:middle line:90% 00:25:22.660 --> 00:25:24.700 align:middle line:90% They told a story. 00:25:24.700 --> 00:25:26.170 align:middle line:90% That's incredible, isn't it? 00:25:26.170 --> 00:25:29.410 align:middle line:90% You look at it and tell a story. 00:25:29.410 --> 00:25:33.188 align:middle line:84% Hobbes' story is the most famous only because-- 00:25:33.188 --> 00:25:35.230 align:middle line:84% when I say most famous, I'm talking about outside 00:25:35.230 --> 00:25:38.110 align:middle line:84% of the scholars-- because he had some-- 00:25:38.110 --> 00:25:40.990 align:middle line:90% he was clever with words. 00:25:40.990 --> 00:25:47.410 align:middle line:84% And he talked about the state of nature 00:25:47.410 --> 00:25:51.700 align:middle line:90% being nasty, brutish, and short. 00:25:51.700 --> 00:25:55.780 align:middle line:84% Life being nasty, brutish, and short-- people remember that. 00:25:55.780 --> 00:25:58.700 align:middle line:84% But these were great pieces of work. 00:25:58.700 --> 00:26:02.030 align:middle line:90% So what I want to do is ask-- 00:26:02.030 --> 00:26:06.620 align:middle line:84% so the first principle, then, is a story. 00:26:06.620 --> 00:26:09.020 align:middle line:84% You don't ask, why did they come up with that story? 00:26:09.020 --> 00:26:13.340 align:middle line:84% You say, well, they would come up with this story. 00:26:13.340 --> 00:26:16.640 align:middle line:84% Reasonable people would come up with this story. 00:26:16.640 --> 00:26:18.290 align:middle line:90% How would they argue it out? 00:26:18.290 --> 00:26:20.060 align:middle line:90% That all goes back to Plato. 00:26:20.060 --> 00:26:22.070 align:middle line:90% Plato told us about-- 00:26:22.070 --> 00:26:26.300 align:middle line:84% Plato, so probably his greatest works are called Dialogues. 00:26:26.300 --> 00:26:28.460 align:middle line:84% It was a fictitious story about him 00:26:28.460 --> 00:26:29.900 align:middle line:90% having a talk with Socrates. 00:26:29.900 --> 00:26:33.245 align:middle line:90% Socrates was dead at the time. 00:26:33.245 --> 00:26:34.370 align:middle line:90% The story is very powerful. 00:26:34.370 --> 00:26:37.950 align:middle line:90% 00:26:37.950 --> 00:26:41.858 align:middle line:84% Let's go to ethics, and then we'll-- 00:26:41.858 --> 00:26:43.670 align:middle line:84% what are the first principles there? 00:26:43.670 --> 00:26:46.830 align:middle line:90% 00:26:46.830 --> 00:26:49.190 align:middle line:84% Well, ethics is going to do the same thing 00:26:49.190 --> 00:26:53.240 align:middle line:84% that these other disciplines are going to do. 00:26:53.240 --> 00:26:54.770 align:middle line:84% The first thing they're going to do 00:26:54.770 --> 00:27:06.380 align:middle line:84% is to study or to look at the problem the same way 00:27:06.380 --> 00:27:16.130 align:middle line:84% that a person would who is studying metaphysics. 00:27:16.130 --> 00:27:18.780 align:middle line:90% 00:27:18.780 --> 00:27:24.340 align:middle line:90% Now, what does metaphysics mean? 00:27:24.340 --> 00:27:29.460 align:middle line:84% Well, the first thing is, don't get confused by the word. 00:27:29.460 --> 00:27:33.870 align:middle line:90% 00:27:33.870 --> 00:27:37.050 align:middle line:84% It looks something-- the word metaphysics would, 00:27:37.050 --> 00:27:41.280 align:middle line:84% at first, tell you I've got a prefix here over the word 00:27:41.280 --> 00:27:42.870 align:middle line:90% physics. 00:27:42.870 --> 00:27:47.220 align:middle line:84% And Meta means higher, or above, or beyond in some kind of way. 00:27:47.220 --> 00:27:53.050 align:middle line:84% And physics is the study of physical nature. 00:27:53.050 --> 00:27:55.290 align:middle line:84% All right, so something beyond all of that. 00:27:55.290 --> 00:27:58.410 align:middle line:84% That's not where this word comes from. 00:27:58.410 --> 00:28:01.070 align:middle line:84% When Aristotle's works were rediscovered-- 00:28:01.070 --> 00:28:03.210 align:middle line:84% rediscovered in the Western world, 00:28:03.210 --> 00:28:05.010 align:middle line:84% where did they rediscover them from? 00:28:05.010 --> 00:28:05.640 align:middle line:90% I'll tell you. 00:28:05.640 --> 00:28:08.030 align:middle line:90% Islam. 00:28:08.030 --> 00:28:10.100 align:middle line:84% Because during the Islamic period 00:28:10.100 --> 00:28:14.570 align:middle line:84% of domination of the West, they recovered 00:28:14.570 --> 00:28:17.930 align:middle line:84% the Greek works, translated them, 00:28:17.930 --> 00:28:19.980 align:middle line:90% and held them in libraries. 00:28:19.980 --> 00:28:24.890 align:middle line:84% And when they were receded back to Arabia, 00:28:24.890 --> 00:28:29.000 align:middle line:84% that then their books were rediscovered. 00:28:29.000 --> 00:28:32.300 align:middle line:84% And some of the-- and there was this one book 00:28:32.300 --> 00:28:34.850 align:middle line:84% that was discovered of Aristotle's 00:28:34.850 --> 00:28:37.010 align:middle line:90% that didn't have a name on it. 00:28:37.010 --> 00:28:38.060 align:middle line:90% It wasn't entitled. 00:28:38.060 --> 00:28:38.930 align:middle line:90% It wasn't titled. 00:28:38.930 --> 00:28:40.820 align:middle line:84% And apparently it wasn't finished. 00:28:40.820 --> 00:28:43.994 align:middle line:84% But it came after his book of physics. 00:28:43.994 --> 00:28:50.050 align:middle line:84% [LAUGHS] So that's how the word metaphysics comes into being. 00:28:50.050 --> 00:28:55.960 align:middle line:90% 00:28:55.960 --> 00:28:57.850 align:middle line:84% And if you look at the world-- if you 00:28:57.850 --> 00:29:01.370 align:middle line:84% look at a problem like a person who studies metaphysics would, 00:29:01.370 --> 00:29:04.180 align:middle line:84% the first thing you do is break up the world in the parts. 00:29:04.180 --> 00:29:15.060 align:middle line:84% And traditionally there are three parts-- 00:29:15.060 --> 00:29:17.625 align:middle line:84% the mental world, and the material world-- 00:29:17.625 --> 00:29:21.890 align:middle line:90% 00:29:21.890 --> 00:29:22.390 align:middle line:90% and 00:29:22.390 --> 00:29:25.150 align:middle line:84% Before I go any further, there is a problem 00:29:25.150 --> 00:29:37.930 align:middle line:84% that my most precious encyclopedia of philosophy 00:29:37.930 --> 00:29:41.540 align:middle line:84% says is the most persistent problem in all of philosophy. 00:29:41.540 --> 00:29:43.405 align:middle line:84% It's called the mind-body problem. 00:29:43.405 --> 00:29:48.140 align:middle line:90% 00:29:48.140 --> 00:29:50.183 align:middle line:84% Better stated for us today, what's 00:29:50.183 --> 00:29:52.100 align:middle line:84% the difference between the mind and the brain? 00:29:52.100 --> 00:29:54.840 align:middle line:90% 00:29:54.840 --> 00:29:57.645 align:middle line:84% That's a rhetorical question that makes you want to-- 00:29:57.645 --> 00:29:59.895 align:middle line:84% what is the difference between the mind and the brain? 00:29:59.895 --> 00:30:04.165 align:middle line:90% 00:30:04.165 --> 00:30:05.540 align:middle line:84% That's a good question, isn't it? 00:30:05.540 --> 00:30:08.580 align:middle line:90% 00:30:08.580 --> 00:30:11.720 align:middle line:84% And the other one is, I will call it the mystical world. 00:30:11.720 --> 00:30:17.570 align:middle line:90% 00:30:17.570 --> 00:30:23.080 align:middle line:84% This includes the spiritual world, 00:30:23.080 --> 00:30:24.640 align:middle line:84% but includes some other worlds, to. 00:30:24.640 --> 00:30:27.730 align:middle line:90% 00:30:27.730 --> 00:30:30.868 align:middle line:84% I'll tell you how are we're going to get there. 00:30:30.868 --> 00:30:32.785 align:middle line:84% The material world we can break up into parts. 00:30:32.785 --> 00:30:36.430 align:middle line:90% 00:30:36.430 --> 00:30:40.222 align:middle line:84% We can say that there is a social world, 00:30:40.222 --> 00:30:41.680 align:middle line:84% and then there's the natural world. 00:30:41.680 --> 00:30:45.820 align:middle line:90% 00:30:45.820 --> 00:30:49.390 align:middle line:84% Can we break them up-- and we can say 00:30:49.390 --> 00:30:51.040 align:middle line:90% there is the physical world. 00:30:51.040 --> 00:30:53.110 align:middle line:84% We can call the natural world the physical world. 00:30:53.110 --> 00:30:56.410 align:middle line:90% 00:30:56.410 --> 00:31:02.590 align:middle line:84% If we talk about physics, as opposed to sociology-- 00:31:02.590 --> 00:31:04.660 align:middle line:84% we're talking about two kinds of sciences. 00:31:04.660 --> 00:31:07.480 align:middle line:84% But the objects of this study are two different-- 00:31:07.480 --> 00:31:09.600 align:middle line:84% they belong in the two different worlds. 00:31:09.600 --> 00:31:11.350 align:middle line:84% But they all belong to the material world. 00:31:11.350 --> 00:31:16.510 align:middle line:90% 00:31:16.510 --> 00:31:18.580 align:middle line:90% Now, the mental world-- 00:31:18.580 --> 00:31:20.380 align:middle line:84% if we talk about the mental world 00:31:20.380 --> 00:31:34.040 align:middle line:84% as being a world of the rational and the non-rational, 00:31:34.040 --> 00:31:36.830 align:middle line:84% then you'll be comfortable sitting around 00:31:36.830 --> 00:31:40.430 align:middle line:84% with a number of philosophers talking about the mental world. 00:31:40.430 --> 00:31:42.410 align:middle line:84% You'll be more comfortable, in this class, 00:31:42.410 --> 00:31:48.440 align:middle line:84% if you talk about the conscious world and the unconscious. 00:31:48.440 --> 00:31:54.330 align:middle line:90% 00:31:54.330 --> 00:31:58.560 align:middle line:84% Now, the conscious mind is susceptible to reason. 00:31:58.560 --> 00:32:00.750 align:middle line:90% It's not always reasonable. 00:32:00.750 --> 00:32:04.080 align:middle line:84% The conscious mind, we say, unless you're out of your mind, 00:32:04.080 --> 00:32:05.820 align:middle line:90% is susceptible to reason. 00:32:05.820 --> 00:32:18.630 align:middle line:84% Reason will bend you into some of complicity, they claim. 00:32:18.630 --> 00:32:27.780 align:middle line:84% There's a word-- there's a term called the Socratic dictum. 00:32:27.780 --> 00:32:29.940 align:middle line:90% This is formal, Socratic dictum. 00:32:29.940 --> 00:32:39.150 align:middle line:84% It says that-- let me see if I can quote it exactly. 00:32:39.150 --> 00:32:44.430 align:middle line:84% If I can't, I'll give you a reasonable translation. 00:32:44.430 --> 00:32:48.090 align:middle line:84% Knowledge of the good will compel a commitment 00:32:48.090 --> 00:32:48.720 align:middle line:90% to the good. 00:32:48.720 --> 00:32:53.620 align:middle line:90% 00:32:53.620 --> 00:32:59.230 align:middle line:84% Now, the rational-- the conscious mind 00:32:59.230 --> 00:33:04.330 align:middle line:84% will have some apprehension of data, that it will say 00:33:04.330 --> 00:33:07.510 align:middle line:90% belongs to the material world. 00:33:07.510 --> 00:33:09.620 align:middle line:90% We do this all the time. 00:33:09.620 --> 00:33:13.430 align:middle line:84% This is what we do 99.9% of our lives. 00:33:13.430 --> 00:33:15.430 align:middle line:84% We have a conscious mind, and we look over here, 00:33:15.430 --> 00:33:18.190 align:middle line:90% and we say there's a chair. 00:33:18.190 --> 00:33:19.780 align:middle line:84% That belongs to the material world. 00:33:19.780 --> 00:33:21.790 align:middle line:84% I've got a mental world, but my mind 00:33:21.790 --> 00:33:24.820 align:middle line:84% can learn-- tell me something about it through what it's 00:33:24.820 --> 00:33:26.440 align:middle line:90% called sense data. 00:33:26.440 --> 00:33:28.150 align:middle line:90% That's the conscious mind. 00:33:28.150 --> 00:33:32.710 align:middle line:84% The unconscious mind-- and the best way 00:33:32.710 --> 00:33:34.150 align:middle line:84% to understand the unconscious mind 00:33:34.150 --> 00:33:35.680 align:middle line:84% is not to open up a psychology book, 00:33:35.680 --> 00:33:38.190 align:middle line:84% but to think about what you dream. 00:33:38.190 --> 00:33:39.565 align:middle line:84% Do you ever remember your dreams? 00:33:39.565 --> 00:33:42.030 align:middle line:90% 00:33:42.030 --> 00:33:42.780 align:middle line:90% You remember them? 00:33:42.780 --> 00:33:43.780 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Sometimes. 00:33:43.780 --> 00:33:45.510 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Sometimes. 00:33:45.510 --> 00:33:46.950 align:middle line:90% The good news is sometimes. 00:33:46.950 --> 00:33:48.450 align:middle line:84% If you remembered them all the time, 00:33:48.450 --> 00:33:51.310 align:middle line:84% you'd be in the world-- what we call a world of hurt. 00:33:51.310 --> 00:33:53.580 align:middle line:84% I remember all of mine, every morning. 00:33:53.580 --> 00:33:56.100 align:middle line:90% 00:33:56.100 --> 00:34:00.450 align:middle line:90% Man, I remember all of them. 00:34:00.450 --> 00:34:04.330 align:middle line:84% There are some truths in your unconscious. 00:34:04.330 --> 00:34:06.610 align:middle line:84% Your mind can't face certain kinds of truths. 00:34:06.610 --> 00:34:09.060 align:middle line:84% So there's some truths down there. 00:34:09.060 --> 00:34:11.960 align:middle line:84% But when your unconscious sees those truths, 00:34:11.960 --> 00:34:14.120 align:middle line:84% guess what the unconscious is going to do? 00:34:14.120 --> 00:34:16.489 align:middle line:84% It's going to do the same thing that of conscience does. 00:34:16.489 --> 00:34:19.489 align:middle line:84% It's going to put those truths in a different world. 00:34:19.489 --> 00:34:22.300 align:middle line:84% I want to call that the mystical world. 00:34:22.300 --> 00:34:22.800 align:middle line:90% Yes? 00:34:22.800 --> 00:34:24.171 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. 00:34:24.171 --> 00:34:27.569 align:middle line:90% 00:34:27.569 --> 00:34:32.900 align:middle line:84% between the number in the social work and the [INAUDIBLE].. 00:34:32.900 --> 00:34:33.650 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Yeah. 00:34:33.650 --> 00:34:35.719 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: But if social work gets [INAUDIBLE].. 00:34:35.719 --> 00:34:36.719 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Oh, I know. 00:34:36.719 --> 00:34:38.150 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. 00:34:38.150 --> 00:34:38.900 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Yeah. 00:34:38.900 --> 00:34:40.740 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: So [INAUDIBLE]. 00:34:40.740 --> 00:34:44.420 align:middle line:90% 00:34:44.420 --> 00:34:46.520 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: These divisions-- 00:34:46.520 --> 00:34:48.900 align:middle line:90% I think a good word for it-- 00:34:48.900 --> 00:34:50.659 align:middle line:90% they're artificial. 00:34:50.659 --> 00:34:52.415 align:middle line:84% And there is a substantial overlap. 00:34:52.415 --> 00:34:53.568 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]. 00:34:53.568 --> 00:34:55.568 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Depending on how you talk about it, 00:34:55.568 --> 00:34:57.500 align:middle line:84% there definitely is a lot of overlap. 00:34:57.500 --> 00:35:03.050 align:middle line:84% So a social scientist is talking-- 00:35:03.050 --> 00:35:04.910 align:middle line:84% well, let's ask ourselves, what's 00:35:04.910 --> 00:35:10.460 align:middle line:84% the difference between sociology and psychology? 00:35:10.460 --> 00:35:12.763 align:middle line:90% Psychology wants to study you. 00:35:12.763 --> 00:35:14.180 align:middle line:84% But in order to study you, we have 00:35:14.180 --> 00:35:17.540 align:middle line:84% to understand how you fit in with other people. 00:35:17.540 --> 00:35:22.460 align:middle line:84% Sociology wants to study all of us, as a unit. 00:35:22.460 --> 00:35:25.510 align:middle line:84% But how can we do that without talking about some individuals? 00:35:25.510 --> 00:35:33.310 align:middle line:84% So, yeah, it's one of those things where 00:35:33.310 --> 00:35:37.360 align:middle line:84% the more you read about the stuff and talk about it, 00:35:37.360 --> 00:35:39.652 align:middle line:84% you'll just get to see what other people mean. 00:35:39.652 --> 00:35:41.860 align:middle line:84% It doesn't mean that there's anything wrong with what 00:35:41.860 --> 00:35:46.120 align:middle line:90% you just apprehended at first. 00:35:46.120 --> 00:35:48.430 align:middle line:90% All right? 00:35:48.430 --> 00:35:54.700 align:middle line:84% In ethics, we've already seen that first principles-- 00:35:54.700 --> 00:36:00.190 align:middle line:84% that Kant gave us a first principle, in the mental world, 00:36:00.190 --> 00:36:03.476 align:middle line:84% for ethics, called the categorical imperative. 00:36:03.476 --> 00:36:07.340 align:middle line:90% 00:36:07.340 --> 00:36:14.890 align:middle line:84% We've already seen that Mill and Bentham and others have given 00:36:14.890 --> 00:36:19.760 align:middle line:84% us a first principle for ethics in the material world, 00:36:19.760 --> 00:36:23.980 align:middle line:84% and that is the happiness principal. 00:36:23.980 --> 00:36:35.750 align:middle line:90% 00:36:35.750 --> 00:36:38.060 align:middle line:84% There's first there's a first principle of ethics 00:36:38.060 --> 00:36:40.830 align:middle line:90% in the spiritual world. 00:36:40.830 --> 00:36:42.930 align:middle line:90% We call it religious ethics. 00:36:42.930 --> 00:36:46.960 align:middle line:84% And that has to do with God's will. 00:36:46.960 --> 00:36:49.570 align:middle line:84% But the one that I want to study today 00:36:49.570 --> 00:36:51.700 align:middle line:90% is not in the spiritual world. 00:36:51.700 --> 00:36:54.570 align:middle line:84% It's in another part of the mystical world. 00:36:54.570 --> 00:37:00.270 align:middle line:84% And it comes from Plato, even though he is said 00:37:00.270 --> 00:37:02.580 align:middle line:90% to have a powerful atheology. 00:37:02.580 --> 00:37:05.250 align:middle line:90% 00:37:05.250 --> 00:37:11.040 align:middle line:84% And what it says is that there is something that is not 00:37:11.040 --> 00:37:19.540 align:middle line:84% entirely mental and not entirely material, 00:37:19.540 --> 00:37:25.710 align:middle line:84% and that it is a clear understanding of character, 00:37:25.710 --> 00:37:35.595 align:middle line:84% and that character is a subset of the good. 00:37:35.595 --> 00:37:41.200 align:middle line:90% 00:37:41.200 --> 00:37:42.550 align:middle line:90% And for him-- 00:37:42.550 --> 00:37:51.782 align:middle line:84% Plato-- good character was defined in terms 00:37:51.782 --> 00:37:52.990 align:middle line:90% of the possession of virtues. 00:37:52.990 --> 00:37:55.730 align:middle line:90% 00:37:55.730 --> 00:38:03.240 align:middle line:84% And the virtues came from mythology. 00:38:03.240 --> 00:38:07.660 align:middle line:84% And the first principle, therefore, for Plato-- 00:38:07.660 --> 00:38:10.170 align:middle line:84% and the way I teach Plato underscores 00:38:10.170 --> 00:38:12.550 align:middle line:84% that, because other people will teach Plato differently. 00:38:12.550 --> 00:38:16.620 align:middle line:84% The first principle under Plato was actually mythology. 00:38:16.620 --> 00:38:20.700 align:middle line:84% Now he would say that there is an idea 00:38:20.700 --> 00:38:22.260 align:middle line:90% of the perfection of the good. 00:38:22.260 --> 00:38:23.530 align:middle line:90% And we can give it a name. 00:38:23.530 --> 00:38:26.830 align:middle line:90% We can call it God. 00:38:26.830 --> 00:38:32.920 align:middle line:84% But I think that Plato, when he comes up with these virtues 00:38:32.920 --> 00:38:36.850 align:middle line:84% and says that a human being can aspire 00:38:36.850 --> 00:38:44.670 align:middle line:84% to be a heroic god, that we're really 00:38:44.670 --> 00:38:51.160 align:middle line:84% talking about a kind of religion that goes by a different name-- 00:38:51.160 --> 00:38:52.470 align:middle line:90% mythology. 00:38:52.470 --> 00:38:57.330 align:middle line:84% That it really preceded formal religion, and when 00:38:57.330 --> 00:39:00.030 align:middle line:84% they built pagan religion on philosophy 00:39:00.030 --> 00:39:03.400 align:middle line:90% it was just what I just said. 00:39:03.400 --> 00:39:06.830 align:middle line:84% It's a way of thinking about philosophy-- is 00:39:06.830 --> 00:39:08.830 align:middle line:84% the way of thinking about mythology 00:39:08.830 --> 00:39:13.370 align:middle line:84% in philosophical and ceremonial terms. 00:39:13.370 --> 00:39:16.540 align:middle line:90% It's still mythology. 00:39:16.540 --> 00:39:18.640 align:middle line:90% So the first principle is-- 00:39:18.640 --> 00:39:22.360 align:middle line:84% I'm going to argue the first principle is actually 00:39:22.360 --> 00:39:25.000 align:middle line:90% mythology. 00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:31.015 align:middle line:84% Why-- what is the cause of mythology? 00:39:31.015 --> 00:39:33.265 align:middle line:84% I'm not going to say that it's not-- it's the writers. 00:39:33.265 --> 00:39:36.770 align:middle line:90% 00:39:36.770 --> 00:39:39.230 align:middle line:84% You know, mythology was one of these things that evolved. 00:39:39.230 --> 00:39:41.953 align:middle line:90% 00:39:41.953 --> 00:39:43.120 align:middle line:90% There were a lot of writers. 00:39:43.120 --> 00:39:45.725 align:middle line:84% Many of the writers did not put their names 00:39:45.725 --> 00:39:47.350 align:middle line:84% to what they wrote, because they didn't 00:39:47.350 --> 00:39:49.520 align:middle line:90% want to take ownership for it. 00:39:49.520 --> 00:39:53.500 align:middle line:84% They finally-- over time, it settled 00:39:53.500 --> 00:40:00.850 align:middle line:84% into a story that had lasting value and nobody knew why. 00:40:00.850 --> 00:40:03.790 align:middle line:84% There are just some stories that you 00:40:03.790 --> 00:40:06.980 align:middle line:90% will take with to the grave. 00:40:06.980 --> 00:40:09.560 align:middle line:84% And other stories are more entertaining. 00:40:09.560 --> 00:40:14.630 align:middle line:84% Other stories might have more meaning to you, for the time. 00:40:14.630 --> 00:40:16.580 align:middle line:84% But if you live to be 90 years old, 00:40:16.580 --> 00:40:18.680 align:middle line:84% and can remember some stories, there 00:40:18.680 --> 00:40:21.920 align:middle line:84% will only be a few that you will still remember, and still 00:40:21.920 --> 00:40:26.460 align:middle line:84% pass on to your great-great-grandchildren. 00:40:26.460 --> 00:40:30.390 align:middle line:84% So there's something mystical about mythology. 00:40:30.390 --> 00:40:33.690 align:middle line:84% Mythology is not only mystical in its content, 00:40:33.690 --> 00:40:35.550 align:middle line:84% but it's mystical in its context-- 00:40:35.550 --> 00:40:37.530 align:middle line:90% what it does to you. 00:40:37.530 --> 00:40:47.650 align:middle line:84% Now what I'm going to do now is tell you a mythical story 00:40:47.650 --> 00:40:52.735 align:middle line:84% that when I say it's part legend and part fantasy-- 00:40:52.735 --> 00:40:55.620 align:middle line:90% 00:40:55.620 --> 00:40:58.080 align:middle line:84% if somebody says that it's a legend, which 00:40:58.080 --> 00:41:02.340 align:middle line:84% is part truth and part fantasy, then I'm going to say no, 00:41:02.340 --> 00:41:05.500 align:middle line:84% it's mythology, because there's two different kinds of truth. 00:41:05.500 --> 00:41:07.080 align:middle line:84% One is what your conscious mind sees, 00:41:07.080 --> 00:41:09.040 align:middle line:84% and one is what your unconscious mind sees. 00:41:09.040 --> 00:41:12.120 align:middle line:90% 00:41:12.120 --> 00:41:14.310 align:middle line:84% So if there's a fear that you have-- 00:41:14.310 --> 00:41:17.290 align:middle line:90% 00:41:17.290 --> 00:41:20.740 align:middle line:84% and I'll tell you about one of my fears 00:41:20.740 --> 00:41:22.900 align:middle line:90% that I had early in life-- 00:41:22.900 --> 00:41:25.420 align:middle line:84% and your conscious mind does not want to think about it 00:41:25.420 --> 00:41:27.100 align:middle line:84% and that fear gets projected down 00:41:27.100 --> 00:41:32.930 align:middle line:84% in your unconscious as a dragon, in that unconscious 00:41:32.930 --> 00:41:39.600 align:middle line:84% mind, that dragon is just as real as that chariot, 00:41:39.600 --> 00:41:44.670 align:middle line:84% because you've taken the truth and put it someplace else. 00:41:44.670 --> 00:41:47.960 align:middle line:90% So I want to tell something. 00:41:47.960 --> 00:41:51.620 align:middle line:84% And when I get to the end of it, I'll give you some-- 00:41:51.620 --> 00:41:53.162 align:middle line:84% I'll give you some references for it. 00:41:53.162 --> 00:41:55.078 align:middle line:84% As a matter of fact, I'll do something better. 00:41:55.078 --> 00:41:57.030 align:middle line:84% I'll give you your papers back tomorrow. 00:41:57.030 --> 00:42:00.780 align:middle line:84% I'll give you hard copies, and I'll save some for you 00:42:00.780 --> 00:42:06.450 align:middle line:90% all of references. 00:42:06.450 --> 00:42:12.750 align:middle line:84% OK, so if I had my way, the best way to tell this story 00:42:12.750 --> 00:42:16.290 align:middle line:90% would be out there by the river. 00:42:16.290 --> 00:42:18.540 align:middle line:90% Everybody's laying back. 00:42:18.540 --> 00:42:25.470 align:middle line:84% And you're allowing your mind to do what 00:42:25.470 --> 00:42:27.030 align:middle line:90% Freud called free associate. 00:42:27.030 --> 00:42:30.060 align:middle line:90% 00:42:30.060 --> 00:42:35.220 align:middle line:84% So to the best of our abilities in these surrounds, 00:42:35.220 --> 00:42:38.220 align:middle line:90% let's try to free associate. 00:42:38.220 --> 00:42:43.568 align:middle line:84% So if you want to put your foot up on the table, OK. 00:42:43.568 --> 00:42:45.735 align:middle line:84% If you want to go out and get a beer, that's not OK. 00:42:45.735 --> 00:42:49.950 align:middle line:90% 00:42:49.950 --> 00:42:52.440 align:middle line:90% But you'll have to-- 00:42:52.440 --> 00:42:54.540 align:middle line:84% the more you anticipate what's going on, 00:42:54.540 --> 00:42:57.073 align:middle line:84% the more you try to figure out what is the point of all 00:42:57.073 --> 00:42:58.990 align:middle line:84% of this, the more you try to figure out, well, 00:42:58.990 --> 00:43:01.005 align:middle line:84% how can I take a test in this, the less 00:43:01.005 --> 00:43:02.130 align:middle line:90% you're going to appreciate. 00:43:02.130 --> 00:43:04.470 align:middle line:84% And you're going to miss the real point. 00:43:04.470 --> 00:43:07.410 align:middle line:84% I promise you, there is some deep points in here. 00:43:07.410 --> 00:43:09.040 align:middle line:90% I promise you that. 00:43:09.040 --> 00:43:11.262 align:middle line:84% But if you look for them, you will not find them. 00:43:11.262 --> 00:43:12.345 align:middle line:90% They have to come through. 00:43:12.345 --> 00:43:14.900 align:middle line:90% 00:43:14.900 --> 00:43:16.610 align:middle line:90% So you ready? 00:43:16.610 --> 00:43:19.210 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:43:19.210 --> 00:43:21.670 align:middle line:84% OK, first of all, I have to get-- 00:43:21.670 --> 00:43:25.480 align:middle line:90% 00:43:25.480 --> 00:43:30.550 align:middle line:84% see, I came up in a storytelling family. 00:43:30.550 --> 00:43:34.000 align:middle line:84% And everybody would turn off the television. 00:43:34.000 --> 00:43:35.560 align:middle line:90% The kids would lay on the floor. 00:43:35.560 --> 00:43:37.900 align:middle line:84% The old folks would just tell stories. 00:43:37.900 --> 00:43:42.220 align:middle line:84% And my younger brother would go to sleep, and he'd fight it. 00:43:42.220 --> 00:43:46.924 align:middle line:90% So this is natural for me. 00:43:46.924 --> 00:43:50.080 align:middle line:90% All right, the story goes as-- 00:43:50.080 --> 00:43:54.055 align:middle line:90% there are 1, 2, 3, 4 stories. 00:43:54.055 --> 00:43:57.690 align:middle line:90% 00:43:57.690 --> 00:43:58.710 align:middle line:90% And they are connected. 00:43:58.710 --> 00:44:04.770 align:middle line:90% 00:44:04.770 --> 00:44:09.670 align:middle line:84% The first story begins right after World War one I. So 00:44:09.670 --> 00:44:15.150 align:middle line:90% we're talking 1918. 00:44:15.150 --> 00:44:21.190 align:middle line:84% And two of my grand uncles, brothers 00:44:21.190 --> 00:44:29.490 align:middle line:84% of my grandmother on my paternal-- maternal side 00:44:29.490 --> 00:44:31.210 align:middle line:90% were over there. 00:44:31.210 --> 00:44:36.060 align:middle line:84% And they came back home to a small town in Pennsylvania 00:44:36.060 --> 00:44:39.970 align:middle line:90% called Milton, Pennsylvania. 00:44:39.970 --> 00:44:45.470 align:middle line:84% And they discovered that their parents had died. 00:44:45.470 --> 00:44:49.040 align:middle line:84% And that their eight brothers and sisters, younger brothers 00:44:49.040 --> 00:44:58.620 align:middle line:84% and sisters, were in the house with their oldest sister, who 00:44:58.620 --> 00:45:00.270 align:middle line:84% had come back to take care of them 00:45:00.270 --> 00:45:03.990 align:middle line:84% when the parents died while they were away and had brought 00:45:03.990 --> 00:45:04.845 align:middle line:90% two of her kids. 00:45:04.845 --> 00:45:07.448 align:middle line:90% 00:45:07.448 --> 00:45:08.240 align:middle line:90% Her name was Irene. 00:45:08.240 --> 00:45:11.830 align:middle line:90% 00:45:11.830 --> 00:45:16.330 align:middle line:84% The boys that came home were Roy and Thornton. 00:45:16.330 --> 00:45:19.420 align:middle line:90% 00:45:19.420 --> 00:45:24.130 align:middle line:84% So they sat down and had a big meeting 00:45:24.130 --> 00:45:28.450 align:middle line:84% and tried to decide what are we going to do. 00:45:28.450 --> 00:45:35.290 align:middle line:84% Now, the oldest person in the room is, what, 24. 00:45:35.290 --> 00:45:38.980 align:middle line:84% And there were a whole bunch of young ones in there, 00:45:38.980 --> 00:45:40.840 align:middle line:90% two years old, four years old. 00:45:40.840 --> 00:45:43.615 align:middle line:90% 00:45:43.615 --> 00:45:45.740 align:middle line:84% Some of their young-- one of their younger brothers 00:45:45.740 --> 00:45:49.730 align:middle line:90% was six years old. 00:45:49.730 --> 00:45:55.203 align:middle line:84% So the question, what are we going to do, was a question. 00:45:55.203 --> 00:45:56.120 align:middle line:90% Why was it a question? 00:45:56.120 --> 00:45:57.287 align:middle line:90% You know what you got to do. 00:45:57.287 --> 00:45:59.120 align:middle line:84% You got to take care of all those kids. 00:45:59.120 --> 00:46:03.110 align:middle line:84% That was a question because something had just 00:46:03.110 --> 00:46:07.560 align:middle line:90% begun around that time. 00:46:07.560 --> 00:46:12.900 align:middle line:84% It was called, later, the Harlem Renaissance. 00:46:12.900 --> 00:46:15.540 align:middle line:90% You see, around that time-- 00:46:15.540 --> 00:46:18.750 align:middle line:84% around that time, Blacks no longer 00:46:18.750 --> 00:46:21.740 align:middle line:90% wanted to just get a job. 00:46:21.740 --> 00:46:23.960 align:middle line:90% They want a PhD. 00:46:23.960 --> 00:46:27.260 align:middle line:90% They wanted to write musicals. 00:46:27.260 --> 00:46:29.900 align:middle line:84% They wanted to do all of these great things. 00:46:29.900 --> 00:46:34.010 align:middle line:84% The NAACP was invented around 1911. 00:46:34.010 --> 00:46:41.260 align:middle line:84% But now you're talking about people like Satchmo. 00:46:41.260 --> 00:46:44.230 align:middle line:84% I mean, Satchmo just didn't write some good music. 00:46:44.230 --> 00:46:45.460 align:middle line:90% Satchmo went to Europe. 00:46:45.460 --> 00:46:47.310 align:middle line:84% And there's another story about Satchmo 00:46:47.310 --> 00:46:56.630 align:middle line:84% that I can tell about how it was that two Nobel 00:46:56.630 --> 00:47:00.260 align:middle line:84% Laureates in physics went to see Satchmo one night 00:47:00.260 --> 00:47:04.640 align:middle line:84% and how they wrote down after it was that they found out 00:47:04.640 --> 00:47:08.550 align:middle line:84% that they were not the only people dealing 00:47:08.550 --> 00:47:13.670 align:middle line:90% with a new dimension in time. 00:47:13.670 --> 00:47:16.730 align:middle line:84% And Satchmo had gotten some fame because he had just hit 00:47:16.730 --> 00:47:21.200 align:middle line:84% a note on a trumpet that the scholars had said 00:47:21.200 --> 00:47:23.280 align:middle line:90% a trumpet was not capable of. 00:47:23.280 --> 00:47:24.740 align:middle line:84% So people were going to see Satchmo 00:47:24.740 --> 00:47:27.740 align:middle line:84% who didn't want to hear-- who weren't interested in jazz. 00:47:27.740 --> 00:47:31.010 align:middle line:84% They just wanted to hear if this man could hit the note. 00:47:31.010 --> 00:47:32.840 align:middle line:84% And when he got to this one place in Paris, 00:47:32.840 --> 00:47:36.290 align:middle line:84% he hit-- he hit that note and another one above it. 00:47:36.290 --> 00:47:37.130 align:middle line:90% Louis Armstrong. 00:47:37.130 --> 00:47:39.968 align:middle line:84% So these were times when that was a real question, what 00:47:39.968 --> 00:47:40.760 align:middle line:90% are we going to do? 00:47:40.760 --> 00:47:41.680 align:middle line:90% I want to get a PhD. 00:47:41.680 --> 00:47:45.450 align:middle line:84% I don't want to sit here with 12 kids and work. 00:47:45.450 --> 00:47:46.760 align:middle line:90% What am I going to do? 00:47:46.760 --> 00:47:50.000 align:middle line:90% All right, so they-- 00:47:50.000 --> 00:47:53.240 align:middle line:84% Irene came up with this great idea. 00:47:53.240 --> 00:47:57.500 align:middle line:84% Irene said, well, why don't you two, who just come back, 00:47:57.500 --> 00:47:58.100 align:middle line:90% go to college? 00:47:58.100 --> 00:48:01.300 align:middle line:90% 00:48:01.300 --> 00:48:03.310 align:middle line:84% But when you finish college, don't just 00:48:03.310 --> 00:48:06.145 align:middle line:90% go out and pursue your destiny. 00:48:06.145 --> 00:48:08.690 align:middle line:90% 00:48:08.690 --> 00:48:11.790 align:middle line:84% Come back and help the rest of them. 00:48:11.790 --> 00:48:12.930 align:middle line:90% That's the deal. 00:48:12.930 --> 00:48:17.632 align:middle line:84% In the meantime, I'll keep a roof over their head and food 00:48:17.632 --> 00:48:18.340 align:middle line:90% in their stomach. 00:48:18.340 --> 00:48:21.610 align:middle line:90% 00:48:21.610 --> 00:48:28.200 align:middle line:84% So they agreed that was the plan. 00:48:28.200 --> 00:48:31.563 align:middle line:84% So Roy and Thornton found out-- somebody told them 00:48:31.563 --> 00:48:33.605 align:middle line:84% that there was a college that let Black folks in. 00:48:33.605 --> 00:48:36.450 align:middle line:90% It was called Oberlin. 00:48:36.450 --> 00:48:38.490 align:middle line:84% Actually, in 1867, there was Howard 00:48:38.490 --> 00:48:40.907 align:middle line:84% and a whole bunch of others, but they didn't know anything 00:48:40.907 --> 00:48:41.860 align:middle line:90% about that. 00:48:41.860 --> 00:48:44.430 align:middle line:90% So they went down to Oberlin. 00:48:44.430 --> 00:48:46.530 align:middle line:90% And they had this-- 00:48:46.530 --> 00:48:51.563 align:middle line:84% they went down to Oberlin, and Harry was 00:48:51.563 --> 00:48:52.730 align:middle line:90% another one of the brothers. 00:48:52.730 --> 00:48:53.720 align:middle line:90% He was younger. 00:48:53.720 --> 00:48:57.900 align:middle line:84% He stole away in the wagon with them. 00:48:57.900 --> 00:48:59.400 align:middle line:84% And they had to send the wagon back, 00:48:59.400 --> 00:49:00.720 align:middle line:90% because they didn't own it. 00:49:00.720 --> 00:49:03.640 align:middle line:84% So they went over to Oberlin, and they said, 00:49:03.640 --> 00:49:06.420 align:middle line:90% we want to start college. 00:49:06.420 --> 00:49:11.150 align:middle line:84% And somebody said, OK, do you have tuition? 00:49:11.150 --> 00:49:14.990 align:middle line:84% And they didn't know what the word tuition meant. 00:49:14.990 --> 00:49:17.540 align:middle line:90% So they had to go start working. 00:49:17.540 --> 00:49:19.650 align:middle line:84% So they're working, and they're working. 00:49:19.650 --> 00:49:21.650 align:middle line:84% And they're not making enough money for tuition. 00:49:21.650 --> 00:49:24.520 align:middle line:90% 00:49:24.520 --> 00:49:27.740 align:middle line:84% They come up with a brilliant idea. 00:49:27.740 --> 00:49:31.490 align:middle line:84% They take their money, and they go out and they buy this horse. 00:49:31.490 --> 00:49:34.430 align:middle line:90% 00:49:34.430 --> 00:49:39.230 align:middle line:84% And they make an appointment with the academic dean. 00:49:39.230 --> 00:49:40.985 align:middle line:90% And they go over there. 00:49:40.985 --> 00:49:42.860 align:middle line:84% And the dean said, OK, what do you boys want? 00:49:42.860 --> 00:49:44.690 align:middle line:84% And they said, look out the window, Dean. 00:49:44.690 --> 00:49:45.890 align:middle line:90% What do you see out there? 00:49:45.890 --> 00:49:49.090 align:middle line:84% He said, well, I see a horse tied to a tree. 00:49:49.090 --> 00:49:50.730 align:middle line:84% And so they said, you know what we see? 00:49:50.730 --> 00:49:53.165 align:middle line:84% We see this school here with all these rich kids 00:49:53.165 --> 00:49:57.580 align:middle line:84% and y'all don't even teach a horseback riding course. 00:49:57.580 --> 00:50:00.460 align:middle line:84% And the dean said, well, what do y'all propose to do about it? 00:50:00.460 --> 00:50:02.210 align:middle line:84% They said, we'll use that horse, and we'll 00:50:02.210 --> 00:50:03.190 align:middle line:90% teach horseback riding. 00:50:03.190 --> 00:50:04.360 align:middle line:84% He said, well, what would you charge? 00:50:04.360 --> 00:50:05.152 align:middle line:90% They said, tuition. 00:50:05.152 --> 00:50:10.720 align:middle line:90% 00:50:10.720 --> 00:50:13.480 align:middle line:90% Roy came out of there-- 00:50:13.480 --> 00:50:17.440 align:middle line:84% out of that experience, went to Bucknell, 00:50:17.440 --> 00:50:20.740 align:middle line:84% got a degree in engineering, became 00:50:20.740 --> 00:50:23.110 align:middle line:84% the first African-American to be a registered 00:50:23.110 --> 00:50:26.590 align:middle line:84% professional engineer in the state of Pennsylvania, 00:50:26.590 --> 00:50:28.060 align:middle line:84% became the first African-American 00:50:28.060 --> 00:50:33.450 align:middle line:84% to be a member of the Engineers Club of Philadelphia. 00:50:33.450 --> 00:50:36.600 align:middle line:84% Harry graduated from Oberlin, went on 00:50:36.600 --> 00:50:40.200 align:middle line:84% to-- got his PhD from the University of Chicago 00:50:40.200 --> 00:50:43.030 align:middle line:90% and taught at Howard. 00:50:43.030 --> 00:50:49.090 align:middle line:84% And Thornton left there and went to Canada 00:50:49.090 --> 00:50:51.580 align:middle line:84% and became the first African-American 00:50:51.580 --> 00:50:56.098 align:middle line:90% to be a big-game hunting guy. 00:50:56.098 --> 00:50:57.640 align:middle line:84% The story is that they all went back, 00:50:57.640 --> 00:51:03.070 align:middle line:84% and they helped the rest of them go to college. 00:51:03.070 --> 00:51:06.415 align:middle line:84% And that's the end of the first story. 00:51:06.415 --> 00:51:10.590 align:middle line:90% 00:51:10.590 --> 00:51:15.450 align:middle line:84% Now, what I shall do and what I do in this document 00:51:15.450 --> 00:51:18.270 align:middle line:84% that I'll show you and why that story became 00:51:18.270 --> 00:51:23.810 align:middle line:84% a scholarly story is that what I want to-- what I demonstrate in 00:51:23.810 --> 00:51:28.500 align:middle line:84% there is that the story illustrates 00:51:28.500 --> 00:51:29.715 align:middle line:90% two kinds of mythic heroism. 00:51:29.715 --> 00:51:33.280 align:middle line:90% 00:51:33.280 --> 00:51:35.280 align:middle line:90% Irene had one. 00:51:35.280 --> 00:51:37.080 align:middle line:84% Roy and Thornton had another one. 00:51:37.080 --> 00:51:39.150 align:middle line:90% And Harry had another one. 00:51:39.150 --> 00:51:43.740 align:middle line:84% And I want to say that all of the attributes 00:51:43.740 --> 00:51:48.010 align:middle line:84% of a heroic story are in that story. 00:51:48.010 --> 00:51:49.780 align:middle line:90% And that has meaning later. 00:51:49.780 --> 00:51:54.280 align:middle line:84% But you'll see that I make a comparison between them 00:51:54.280 --> 00:51:55.770 align:middle line:90% in parts of it. 00:51:55.770 --> 00:51:59.130 align:middle line:90% 00:51:59.130 --> 00:52:01.500 align:middle line:90% The second story starts not-- 00:52:01.500 --> 00:52:06.330 align:middle line:84% around the same time as during the time that they were back. 00:52:06.330 --> 00:52:10.820 align:middle line:84% And they had this first cousin named Tubby. 00:52:10.820 --> 00:52:14.150 align:middle line:84% And they were saying Tubby was resisting all of their efforts 00:52:14.150 --> 00:52:15.317 align:middle line:90% to get everybody to go back. 00:52:15.317 --> 00:52:16.233 align:middle line:90% He was a first cousin. 00:52:16.233 --> 00:52:17.990 align:middle line:84% He wasn't one of the kids in the house. 00:52:17.990 --> 00:52:20.830 align:middle line:90% But he was young-- 00:52:20.830 --> 00:52:22.400 align:middle line:90% youngest-- the youngest ones. 00:52:22.400 --> 00:52:25.490 align:middle line:84% And they were helping him come along. 00:52:25.490 --> 00:52:31.170 align:middle line:84% Roy didn't marry until the last kid graduated from high school. 00:52:31.170 --> 00:52:33.360 align:middle line:90% He didn't even start his family. 00:52:33.360 --> 00:52:37.930 align:middle line:84% And Tubby said he wasn't going to college. 00:52:37.930 --> 00:52:39.610 align:middle line:90% So-- but Tubby was a little guy. 00:52:39.610 --> 00:52:42.690 align:middle line:90% And Tubby was real scrappy. 00:52:42.690 --> 00:52:46.860 align:middle line:84% And back in those days, the boxing champs 00:52:46.860 --> 00:52:52.370 align:middle line:84% used to give what they call exhibitions. 00:52:52.370 --> 00:52:53.752 align:middle line:84% Y'all know what an exhibition is? 00:52:53.752 --> 00:52:59.420 align:middle line:90% 00:52:59.420 --> 00:53:04.120 align:middle line:84% An exhibition is where there would be a county fair. 00:53:04.120 --> 00:53:05.230 align:middle line:90% Y'all know county fair? 00:53:05.230 --> 00:53:08.110 align:middle line:84% There would be a county fair, and in one of the tents, 00:53:08.110 --> 00:53:13.250 align:middle line:90% there would be a boxing ring. 00:53:13.250 --> 00:53:16.340 align:middle line:84% And there would be some national or international champion 00:53:16.340 --> 00:53:17.430 align:middle line:90% in there. 00:53:17.430 --> 00:53:21.470 align:middle line:84% And if you could stay in the ring with him for one round, 00:53:21.470 --> 00:53:24.920 align:middle line:84% they'd give you a lot of money, $300. 00:53:24.920 --> 00:53:26.030 align:middle line:90% And it was a big event. 00:53:26.030 --> 00:53:27.170 align:middle line:90% And people used to do that. 00:53:27.170 --> 00:53:29.060 align:middle line:84% As a matter of fact, Muhammad Ali 00:53:29.060 --> 00:53:32.320 align:middle line:84% gave a couple of exhibitions once. 00:53:32.320 --> 00:53:34.570 align:middle line:84% People can say, I was in the ring with Ali. 00:53:34.570 --> 00:53:37.670 align:middle line:84% They got knocked out, but they were in there. 00:53:37.670 --> 00:53:40.447 align:middle line:84% Well, they put Tubby in there with this champion. 00:53:40.447 --> 00:53:42.780 align:middle line:84% They said, now, you've got to have some kind of destiny. 00:53:42.780 --> 00:53:45.150 align:middle line:84% If you don't want to go to college, you've got to be-- 00:53:45.150 --> 00:53:46.560 align:middle line:84% fit in there with the rest of us, 00:53:46.560 --> 00:53:48.330 align:middle line:84% you've got to have some kind of destiny. 00:53:48.330 --> 00:53:50.050 align:middle line:90% So you be a world champion. 00:53:50.050 --> 00:53:52.550 align:middle line:84% So they took him down there, and they stuck him in the ring. 00:53:52.550 --> 00:53:55.540 align:middle line:90% And Tubby knocked the guy out. 00:53:55.540 --> 00:53:58.900 align:middle line:84% Well, the champ was not only a champ 00:53:58.900 --> 00:54:00.250 align:middle line:90% because he had physical skills. 00:54:00.250 --> 00:54:05.490 align:middle line:84% The champ was a champ because he had character. 00:54:05.490 --> 00:54:10.363 align:middle line:84% So the champ said he wanted Tubby to join him and be 00:54:10.363 --> 00:54:11.780 align:middle line:84% one of his seconds and that he was 00:54:11.780 --> 00:54:13.700 align:middle line:84% going to teach him the skills of boxing 00:54:13.700 --> 00:54:15.860 align:middle line:84% and make a professional boxer out of him 00:54:15.860 --> 00:54:19.380 align:middle line:84% and travel around the world with him. 00:54:19.380 --> 00:54:24.930 align:middle line:84% And the story goes on that the champ came by Tubby's house 00:54:24.930 --> 00:54:28.070 align:middle line:90% that Sunday morning. 00:54:28.070 --> 00:54:29.990 align:middle line:84% And the whole town of Milton turned out 00:54:29.990 --> 00:54:34.640 align:middle line:84% on the front yard of that house, the whole town, all 250 00:54:34.640 --> 00:54:35.330 align:middle line:90% of them. 00:54:35.330 --> 00:54:37.880 align:middle line:90% 00:54:37.880 --> 00:54:42.140 align:middle line:84% And Tubby came out, and the champ is standing out there 00:54:42.140 --> 00:54:43.985 align:middle line:90% on the lawn with his seconds. 00:54:43.985 --> 00:54:47.860 align:middle line:84% And Tubby came out and said, I can't go. 00:54:47.860 --> 00:54:49.755 align:middle line:90% They said, why? 00:54:49.755 --> 00:54:56.750 align:middle line:84% He said, because my mother told me that boxing was a sin, 00:54:56.750 --> 00:54:58.580 align:middle line:84% and so I can't go out and do this. 00:54:58.580 --> 00:55:01.597 align:middle line:90% 00:55:01.597 --> 00:55:02.680 align:middle line:90% Tubby became an alcoholic. 00:55:02.680 --> 00:55:04.023 align:middle line:90% He died of alcoholism. 00:55:04.023 --> 00:55:04.940 align:middle line:90% He had a family later. 00:55:04.940 --> 00:55:06.520 align:middle line:90% But it took him about 30-- 00:55:06.520 --> 00:55:09.490 align:middle line:84% 30 years to-- 40 years to pass on. 00:55:09.490 --> 00:55:13.698 align:middle line:90% He had a what you could call a-- 00:55:13.698 --> 00:55:15.290 align:middle line:84% I don't want to say miserable life. 00:55:15.290 --> 00:55:17.390 align:middle line:84% What I want to say is a life that 00:55:17.390 --> 00:55:22.200 align:middle line:84% was devoid of taking the chance to fulfill your destiny when 00:55:22.200 --> 00:55:23.830 align:middle line:90% it came. 00:55:23.830 --> 00:55:28.850 align:middle line:84% Tubby did not want to go because Tubby was afraid to go. 00:55:28.850 --> 00:55:31.640 align:middle line:90% That's the second story. 00:55:31.640 --> 00:55:35.170 align:middle line:84% So Tubby is important here at least on an account 00:55:35.170 --> 00:55:39.900 align:middle line:84% because it tells you what a hero is not. 00:55:39.900 --> 00:55:42.120 align:middle line:84% A metaphysicist would appreciate that. 00:55:42.120 --> 00:55:44.562 align:middle line:84% Say what it is, and then you say what it is not, 00:55:44.562 --> 00:55:46.020 align:middle line:84% then you'll know better what it is. 00:55:46.020 --> 00:55:49.220 align:middle line:90% 00:55:49.220 --> 00:56:00.830 align:middle line:84% The third story takes place in 1948. 00:56:00.830 --> 00:56:02.120 align:middle line:90% I was in the first grade. 00:56:02.120 --> 00:56:05.380 align:middle line:90% 00:56:05.380 --> 00:56:13.750 align:middle line:84% And I was visiting with my parents and my little brother-- 00:56:13.750 --> 00:56:16.612 align:middle line:90% my grandmother in Philadelphia. 00:56:16.612 --> 00:56:19.570 align:middle line:90% 00:56:19.570 --> 00:56:24.520 align:middle line:84% And there's not much I remember about this one event. 00:56:24.520 --> 00:56:26.560 align:middle line:84% But part of it, I can remember just 00:56:26.560 --> 00:56:28.390 align:middle line:90% like it happened yesterday. 00:56:28.390 --> 00:56:30.500 align:middle line:84% We were all sitting in the living room. 00:56:30.500 --> 00:56:35.740 align:middle line:84% There was a large family gathering in there. 00:56:35.740 --> 00:56:39.010 align:middle line:90% And there was one conversation. 00:56:39.010 --> 00:56:42.160 align:middle line:84% But in the background was the radio. 00:56:42.160 --> 00:56:44.410 align:middle line:84% So you have to understand how important the radio used 00:56:44.410 --> 00:56:46.300 align:middle line:90% to be back in those days. 00:56:46.300 --> 00:56:48.700 align:middle line:84% So the background music or whatever is playing. 00:56:48.700 --> 00:56:50.860 align:middle line:90% And then something came on. 00:56:50.860 --> 00:56:53.590 align:middle line:90% They said, flash-- a news flash. 00:56:53.590 --> 00:56:56.090 align:middle line:90% And everybody stopped talking. 00:56:56.090 --> 00:56:58.080 align:middle line:90% And I don't remember-- 00:56:58.080 --> 00:57:00.530 align:middle line:84% I know what was said, but I don't remember what was said. 00:57:00.530 --> 00:57:02.832 align:middle line:84% What I remember clearly was that after it was said, 00:57:02.832 --> 00:57:04.790 align:middle line:84% everybody in the room turned around and started 00:57:04.790 --> 00:57:06.588 align:middle line:90% looking at me. 00:57:06.588 --> 00:57:08.380 align:middle line:84% I said, what are you all looking at me for? 00:57:08.380 --> 00:57:11.150 align:middle line:90% 00:57:11.150 --> 00:57:17.400 align:middle line:84% They said that some cases of polio 00:57:17.400 --> 00:57:20.530 align:middle line:84% had been discovered in Philadelphia. 00:57:20.530 --> 00:57:23.020 align:middle line:84% And the governor came on the radio 00:57:23.020 --> 00:57:25.420 align:middle line:84% and announced that he had quarantined 00:57:25.420 --> 00:57:31.710 align:middle line:84% the state of Pennsylvania against children, first, 00:57:31.710 --> 00:57:35.890 align:middle line:84% second, and third grade, traveling across state line, 00:57:35.890 --> 00:57:40.250 align:middle line:84% that the state highway police would prevent any child, first, 00:57:40.250 --> 00:57:44.110 align:middle line:84% second, or third grade, from either coming into the state 00:57:44.110 --> 00:57:46.910 align:middle line:90% or going out of the state. 00:57:46.910 --> 00:57:48.250 align:middle line:90% This was Christmas time. 00:57:48.250 --> 00:57:49.360 align:middle line:90% I was in the first grade. 00:57:49.360 --> 00:57:53.260 align:middle line:84% I was the only one sitting there in that room that 00:57:53.260 --> 00:57:55.450 align:middle line:90% fit into that category. 00:57:55.450 --> 00:57:57.430 align:middle line:90% My brother was too young. 00:57:57.430 --> 00:58:00.887 align:middle line:84% So that meant that I had to stay there in Philadelphia. 00:58:00.887 --> 00:58:03.810 align:middle line:90% 00:58:03.810 --> 00:58:08.440 align:middle line:84% I remember there being a big rustle of discussion, 00:58:08.440 --> 00:58:15.590 align:middle line:84% much ado going on in there about me and that case of polio. 00:58:15.590 --> 00:58:20.190 align:middle line:84% And I remember my father taking his fist and hitting the table 00:58:20.190 --> 00:58:23.230 align:middle line:90% and saying, stop. 00:58:23.230 --> 00:58:27.408 align:middle line:84% And he turned to me and pointed to me and said, 00:58:27.408 --> 00:58:29.450 align:middle line:84% if you want to go back to North Carolina with us, 00:58:29.450 --> 00:58:32.300 align:middle line:90% I'll take you back. 00:58:32.300 --> 00:58:34.880 align:middle line:84% But you've got to think, do you want 00:58:34.880 --> 00:58:39.080 align:middle line:84% to go back to North Carolina and give some other little kid 00:58:39.080 --> 00:58:41.398 align:middle line:90% the iron lung? 00:58:41.398 --> 00:58:42.815 align:middle line:84% Y'all know what the iron lung was? 00:58:42.815 --> 00:58:43.910 align:middle line:90% You know what it was? 00:58:43.910 --> 00:58:52.670 align:middle line:84% The Iron lung was a cylindrical device 00:58:52.670 --> 00:58:55.070 align:middle line:84% that you put a child in when they 00:58:55.070 --> 00:58:58.760 align:middle line:84% were afflicted with polio around the chest region 00:58:58.760 --> 00:58:59.810 align:middle line:90% and couldn't breathe. 00:58:59.810 --> 00:59:02.150 align:middle line:84% And the thing would pump your chest. 00:59:02.150 --> 00:59:06.130 align:middle line:84% And you had to lay there, presumably 00:59:06.130 --> 00:59:07.120 align:middle line:90% the rest of your life. 00:59:07.120 --> 00:59:11.530 align:middle line:84% I mean, I don't think that I ever had a fear-- 00:59:11.530 --> 00:59:13.690 align:middle line:84% as a matter of fact, I know that I have never 00:59:13.690 --> 00:59:18.820 align:middle line:84% had a fear that was greater than the iron lung. 00:59:18.820 --> 00:59:24.670 align:middle line:84% And I had to sit there and ask myself, 00:59:24.670 --> 00:59:27.850 align:middle line:84% was I going to stay in Philadelphia 00:59:27.850 --> 00:59:29.670 align:middle line:90% and go into the iron lung? 00:59:29.670 --> 00:59:32.740 align:middle line:84% This was-- I was six-- this is a child's thinking now, 00:59:32.740 --> 00:59:34.810 align:middle line:84% because the center of the universe is on me. 00:59:34.810 --> 00:59:37.090 align:middle line:84% That governor was speaking directly 00:59:37.090 --> 00:59:39.010 align:middle line:84% to me and my parents and these people. 00:59:39.010 --> 00:59:42.640 align:middle line:84% He wasn't speaking to the state of Pennsylvania. 00:59:42.640 --> 00:59:45.190 align:middle line:84% And if I was going to stay, then I 00:59:45.190 --> 00:59:49.190 align:middle line:84% was going to get the iron lung-- not the polio, 00:59:49.190 --> 00:59:50.120 align:middle line:90% but the iron lung. 00:59:50.120 --> 00:59:53.210 align:middle line:90% I was not afraid of the disease. 00:59:53.210 --> 00:59:55.970 align:middle line:84% I was afraid of being stuck in that iron lung. 00:59:55.970 --> 00:59:58.550 align:middle line:90% 00:59:58.550 --> 01:00:00.410 align:middle line:84% And the question was, was I going 01:00:00.410 --> 01:00:03.650 align:middle line:84% to stay there and get the iron lung, 01:00:03.650 --> 01:00:06.770 align:middle line:84% or was I going to go back to North Carolina 01:00:06.770 --> 01:00:10.820 align:middle line:84% and give it to another little kid? 01:00:10.820 --> 01:00:13.655 align:middle line:84% And I don't know how long the pause was. 01:00:13.655 --> 01:00:16.660 align:middle line:90% 01:00:16.660 --> 01:00:18.850 align:middle line:84% My conscious-- my memory tells me 01:00:18.850 --> 01:00:20.890 align:middle line:90% that the pause was 30 minutes. 01:00:20.890 --> 01:00:23.810 align:middle line:90% The pause was about 30 seconds. 01:00:23.810 --> 01:00:25.280 align:middle line:90% But it was a long time. 01:00:25.280 --> 01:00:27.350 align:middle line:84% And I remember trying to figure out 01:00:27.350 --> 01:00:28.880 align:middle line:90% what my answer was going to be. 01:00:28.880 --> 01:00:32.030 align:middle line:84% And my answer was that I didn't really 01:00:32.030 --> 01:00:35.550 align:middle line:84% want to give it to another little kid. 01:00:35.550 --> 01:00:37.290 align:middle line:84% So I told my dad I didn't want to give it 01:00:37.290 --> 01:00:38.250 align:middle line:90% to another little kid. 01:00:38.250 --> 01:00:40.090 align:middle line:90% I couldn't face that. 01:00:40.090 --> 01:00:41.700 align:middle line:90% So I stayed. 01:00:41.700 --> 01:00:42.930 align:middle line:90% My parents were back. 01:00:42.930 --> 01:00:45.870 align:middle line:84% And I had to stay in Philadelphia. 01:00:45.870 --> 01:00:47.890 align:middle line:84% Well, that's the end of the third story. 01:00:47.890 --> 01:00:50.340 align:middle line:84% And the connection with the first story 01:00:50.340 --> 01:00:55.680 align:middle line:84% is that that's when I got to know these people, Irene, Roy, 01:00:55.680 --> 01:00:58.605 align:middle line:84% and Thornton, because they all lived in Philadelphia. 01:00:58.605 --> 01:01:01.110 align:middle line:84% That was that big family that still stuck together 01:01:01.110 --> 01:01:02.320 align:middle line:90% over all of those years. 01:01:02.320 --> 01:01:04.650 align:middle line:84% And in that period, I got to know all of them 01:01:04.650 --> 01:01:05.520 align:middle line:90% as individuals. 01:01:05.520 --> 01:01:08.460 align:middle line:84% They weren't just members of the gods. 01:01:08.460 --> 01:01:11.220 align:middle line:90% I got to know them as persons. 01:01:11.220 --> 01:01:13.410 align:middle line:84% The second part of the story is that had 01:01:13.410 --> 01:01:17.220 align:middle line:90% to be my first moral decision. 01:01:17.220 --> 01:01:20.190 align:middle line:84% What makes that a story is that I 01:01:20.190 --> 01:01:24.654 align:middle line:84% had to make a moral decision before I was ready to make it. 01:01:24.654 --> 01:01:27.285 align:middle line:90% It was like Hamlet. 01:01:27.285 --> 01:01:34.588 align:middle line:90% 01:01:34.588 --> 01:01:37.130 align:middle line:84% First of all, Shakespeare did not invent the story of Hamlet. 01:01:37.130 --> 01:01:40.260 align:middle line:90% It was Danish mythology. 01:01:40.260 --> 01:01:46.410 align:middle line:84% Second of all, Laurence Olivier got the Oscar 01:01:46.410 --> 01:01:47.970 align:middle line:90% for his portrayal of Hamlet. 01:01:47.970 --> 01:01:52.410 align:middle line:84% And he starts it off by saying, this is a story about a man who 01:01:52.410 --> 01:01:53.700 align:middle line:90% cannot make up his mind. 01:01:53.700 --> 01:01:56.230 align:middle line:90% 01:01:56.230 --> 01:01:59.680 align:middle line:90% My mother was the literary type. 01:01:59.680 --> 01:02:01.660 align:middle line:90% She taught literature. 01:02:01.660 --> 01:02:04.900 align:middle line:84% And my mother said the story is not about a man who cannot make 01:02:04.900 --> 01:02:05.930 align:middle line:90% up his mind. 01:02:05.930 --> 01:02:11.260 align:middle line:84% The story is about a boy who's got a man's job. 01:02:11.260 --> 01:02:13.120 align:middle line:90% And so I had a man's job. 01:02:13.120 --> 01:02:20.050 align:middle line:84% I was a boy, and I suffered in many ways from that 01:02:20.050 --> 01:02:23.660 align:middle line:84% because it was too big of a decision at the time to make, 01:02:23.660 --> 01:02:25.870 align:middle line:90% even though it was about me. 01:02:25.870 --> 01:02:28.980 align:middle line:84% But that is a lesson in itself, too, isn't it? 01:02:28.980 --> 01:02:32.520 align:middle line:90% It's a lesson. 01:02:32.520 --> 01:02:37.610 align:middle line:84% The fourth story is connected to all of these. 01:02:37.610 --> 01:02:38.700 align:middle line:90% And it has a name. 01:02:38.700 --> 01:02:40.582 align:middle line:90% It's called the concrete sumo. 01:02:40.582 --> 01:02:41.540 align:middle line:90% Please write that down. 01:02:41.540 --> 01:02:44.730 align:middle line:90% 01:02:44.730 --> 01:02:45.980 align:middle line:90% You might want to google that. 01:02:45.980 --> 01:02:49.340 align:middle line:90% 01:02:49.340 --> 01:02:55.580 align:middle line:84% It took place in 1966, June of 1966. 01:02:55.580 --> 01:02:57.260 align:middle line:90% It took place in Washington, DC. 01:02:57.260 --> 01:03:00.010 align:middle line:90% 01:03:00.010 --> 01:03:02.380 align:middle line:84% I had just graduated from undergraduate school 01:03:02.380 --> 01:03:04.840 align:middle line:84% from Howard with a degree in engineering. 01:03:04.840 --> 01:03:07.420 align:middle line:84% And I was reporting for work on my first engineering 01:03:07.420 --> 01:03:13.900 align:middle line:84% job, a construction job at the Washington Hospital Center, 01:03:13.900 --> 01:03:19.180 align:middle line:84% building what is now called the Nursing Center. 01:03:19.180 --> 01:03:22.250 align:middle line:90% 01:03:22.250 --> 01:03:26.590 align:middle line:84% And there was a big hole in the ground. 01:03:26.590 --> 01:03:29.110 align:middle line:84% And I reported for work at 7:30 in the morning. 01:03:29.110 --> 01:03:35.020 align:middle line:90% 01:03:35.020 --> 01:03:36.760 align:middle line:84% Actually, I reported at 7 o'clock. 01:03:36.760 --> 01:03:38.680 align:middle line:84% I wasn't supposed to be there until 7:30, 01:03:38.680 --> 01:03:40.570 align:middle line:90% but I got there early. 01:03:40.570 --> 01:03:46.310 align:middle line:84% And let's see if I can characterize the moment. 01:03:46.310 --> 01:03:54.890 align:middle line:84% I had-- on my feet, I had my ROTC Army-- 01:03:54.890 --> 01:04:01.690 align:middle line:84% what they call paratrooper jump boots with the steel toe, 01:04:01.690 --> 01:04:03.730 align:middle line:90% ready to go out in the field. 01:04:03.730 --> 01:04:06.730 align:middle line:90% My pants were khaki pants. 01:04:06.730 --> 01:04:10.480 align:middle line:84% And my shirt was a khaki matching shirt. 01:04:10.480 --> 01:04:13.960 align:middle line:84% Strapped on my belt was guess what? 01:04:13.960 --> 01:04:16.330 align:middle line:90% It was not a calculator. 01:04:16.330 --> 01:04:17.920 align:middle line:90% This is 1966. 01:04:17.920 --> 01:04:21.810 align:middle line:84% What did I have strapped on my belt? 01:04:21.810 --> 01:04:26.990 align:middle line:90% A slide rule in my scabbard-- 01:04:26.990 --> 01:04:27.490 align:middle line:90% leather. 01:04:27.490 --> 01:04:30.470 align:middle line:90% 01:04:30.470 --> 01:04:32.480 align:middle line:90% And what did I have on my head? 01:04:32.480 --> 01:04:36.520 align:middle line:84% Well, nothing, but I knew that I was going to get my hard hat. 01:04:36.520 --> 01:04:39.910 align:middle line:84% And I didn't wear a hard hat to work because every hard hat had 01:04:39.910 --> 01:04:41.320 align:middle line:90% the name of the company on it. 01:04:41.320 --> 01:04:43.403 align:middle line:84% So I was going to get-- that was the first thing I 01:04:43.403 --> 01:04:46.530 align:middle line:84% was looking for, where I was going to get my hard hat. 01:04:46.530 --> 01:04:49.920 align:middle line:84% So I reported to work, and all of the workmen 01:04:49.920 --> 01:04:54.880 align:middle line:84% are sitting there eating their breakfast. 01:04:54.880 --> 01:04:58.510 align:middle line:84% And they took one look at me and said, you go to the trailer. 01:04:58.510 --> 01:05:00.810 align:middle line:90% That's where the engineers were. 01:05:00.810 --> 01:05:03.910 align:middle line:84% Well, I got to the trailer door, and the door opened up. 01:05:03.910 --> 01:05:07.290 align:middle line:90% And this old man came out. 01:05:07.290 --> 01:05:10.050 align:middle line:84% And no exaggeration, he was dressed just 01:05:10.050 --> 01:05:13.110 align:middle line:84% like Harrison Ford in The Temple of Doom. 01:05:13.110 --> 01:05:17.970 align:middle line:84% He had that hat with a short leather jacket. 01:05:17.970 --> 01:05:21.780 align:middle line:84% He had his khakis on with his jump boots. 01:05:21.780 --> 01:05:25.650 align:middle line:84% And he came out and introduced himself 01:05:25.650 --> 01:05:27.090 align:middle line:84% as the superintendent on the job. 01:05:27.090 --> 01:05:29.380 align:middle line:90% That was the big boss. 01:05:29.380 --> 01:05:33.340 align:middle line:84% And he said he couldn't-- he knew that I was coming, 01:05:33.340 --> 01:05:37.900 align:middle line:84% but he couldn't stay with me because the company had many 01:05:37.900 --> 01:05:40.150 align:middle line:84% jobs around the city, and there was a failure on one 01:05:40.150 --> 01:05:41.530 align:middle line:90% of the other jobs. 01:05:41.530 --> 01:05:43.975 align:middle line:84% And he was called over there to supervise repairs. 01:05:43.975 --> 01:05:46.540 align:middle line:90% 01:05:46.540 --> 01:05:50.880 align:middle line:84% But he would be back later that day if he could get back. 01:05:50.880 --> 01:05:54.090 align:middle line:84% And then right after him, a miniature version of himself 01:05:54.090 --> 01:05:56.970 align:middle line:84% came out, a younger version of himself came out, 01:05:56.970 --> 01:05:58.800 align:middle line:84% introduced himself as the project 01:05:58.800 --> 01:06:00.630 align:middle line:90% manager, number two in charge. 01:06:00.630 --> 01:06:04.310 align:middle line:84% And he had a bunch of blueprints under his arm. 01:06:04.310 --> 01:06:06.170 align:middle line:84% And he said he couldn't stay with me today 01:06:06.170 --> 01:06:11.640 align:middle line:84% because they had just hit something 01:06:11.640 --> 01:06:15.040 align:middle line:90% hard down in the ground. 01:06:15.040 --> 01:06:16.780 align:middle line:90% They couldn't dig it up. 01:06:16.780 --> 01:06:20.103 align:middle line:84% And they-- nothing was on the plans. 01:06:20.103 --> 01:06:21.520 align:middle line:84% And he had to go down to city hall 01:06:21.520 --> 01:06:23.853 align:middle line:84% to see if he could do some historical search to find out 01:06:23.853 --> 01:06:28.540 align:middle line:84% what was over there, what that thing was. 01:06:28.540 --> 01:06:30.760 align:middle line:84% And so he said goodbye and he'd see me later. 01:06:30.760 --> 01:06:35.260 align:middle line:84% The carpenter foreman said hello, went down in the hole. 01:06:35.260 --> 01:06:39.400 align:middle line:84% And then I was left alone in the trailer. 01:06:39.400 --> 01:06:44.670 align:middle line:84% And so I did probably what you would do-- 01:06:44.670 --> 01:06:46.710 align:middle line:84% sat down and fantasized on what it 01:06:46.710 --> 01:06:48.960 align:middle line:84% would be like to know what I was supposed to be doing. 01:06:48.960 --> 01:06:51.870 align:middle line:90% 01:06:51.870 --> 01:06:55.040 align:middle line:84% The whistle blew, everybody else knew what they were doing. 01:06:55.040 --> 01:06:58.090 align:middle line:84% So I sat down there and made myself a cup of coffee. 01:06:58.090 --> 01:06:58.780 align:middle line:90% I remember that. 01:06:58.780 --> 01:07:01.750 align:middle line:84% It was the worst cup of coffee I ever had in my life. 01:07:01.750 --> 01:07:04.550 align:middle line:90% And then it happened. 01:07:04.550 --> 01:07:07.820 align:middle line:84% The door opened up, and in came this man that looked 01:07:07.820 --> 01:07:09.380 align:middle line:90% like a concrete sumo wrestler. 01:07:09.380 --> 01:07:16.530 align:middle line:84% I mean, looked like a sumo wrestler, very intimidating. 01:07:16.530 --> 01:07:19.855 align:middle line:84% His biceps were as big as my waistline. 01:07:19.855 --> 01:07:21.480 align:middle line:84% And he had hair coming out of the back. 01:07:21.480 --> 01:07:22.710 align:middle line:90% He had a T-shirt on-- 01:07:22.710 --> 01:07:25.470 align:middle line:90% 01:07:25.470 --> 01:07:26.430 align:middle line:90% boxer T-shirt. 01:07:26.430 --> 01:07:30.110 align:middle line:90% He had a big cigar in his mouth. 01:07:30.110 --> 01:07:32.118 align:middle line:84% And he said, where do I pour the concrete? 01:07:32.118 --> 01:07:33.035 align:middle line:90% I said, what concrete? 01:07:33.035 --> 01:07:36.950 align:middle line:90% 01:07:36.950 --> 01:07:39.940 align:middle line:90% He said, look out the window. 01:07:39.940 --> 01:07:42.000 align:middle line:84% There was a fleet of concrete trucks 01:07:42.000 --> 01:07:44.730 align:middle line:90% out there, churning concrete. 01:07:44.730 --> 01:07:51.980 align:middle line:84% Now, it wasn't a fleet, but I have to tell you, 01:07:51.980 --> 01:07:56.550 align:middle line:84% if a judge asked me what was I looking at, 01:07:56.550 --> 01:08:00.500 align:middle line:84% I would tell him I saw 12 trucks out there. 01:08:00.500 --> 01:08:03.260 align:middle line:84% If a judge asked me what did I see-- 01:08:03.260 --> 01:08:05.450 align:middle line:90% what did I actually see? 01:08:05.450 --> 01:08:07.760 align:middle line:84% I would tell him, your honor, on my oath, 01:08:07.760 --> 01:08:10.580 align:middle line:90% I saw 40 trucks out there. 01:08:10.580 --> 01:08:13.100 align:middle line:84% I mean, it was a very intimidating thing 01:08:13.100 --> 01:08:16.640 align:middle line:84% to see all of those trucks lined up, coming in, churning 01:08:16.640 --> 01:08:18.050 align:middle line:90% like they were ready to go. 01:08:18.050 --> 01:08:19.490 align:middle line:84% And I'm the one that's supposed to tell them 01:08:19.490 --> 01:08:20.640 align:middle line:90% where to pour the concrete. 01:08:20.640 --> 01:08:22.340 align:middle line:90% It was my first day on the job. 01:08:22.340 --> 01:08:25.550 align:middle line:84% It was my first couple of minutes on the job. 01:08:25.550 --> 01:08:27.562 align:middle line:84% So I said, well, I'm the only engineer out here. 01:08:27.562 --> 01:08:28.729 align:middle line:90% He said, you're an engineer? 01:08:28.729 --> 01:08:29.210 align:middle line:90% I said, yeah. 01:08:29.210 --> 01:08:30.418 align:middle line:90% Is there any other engineers? 01:08:30.418 --> 01:08:31.790 align:middle line:90% I said, no. 01:08:31.790 --> 01:08:34.460 align:middle line:84% He said, I got these trip tickets, 01:08:34.460 --> 01:08:37.130 align:middle line:84% and that's the contract, and only an engineer 01:08:37.130 --> 01:08:38.700 align:middle line:90% can sign for it. 01:08:38.700 --> 01:08:41.930 align:middle line:84% And he said, now, I'll tell you, you've got a choice. 01:08:41.930 --> 01:08:45.425 align:middle line:84% You're either going to tell me where to pour that concrete, 01:08:45.425 --> 01:08:46.800 align:middle line:84% or I'm going to pour the concrete 01:08:46.800 --> 01:08:51.600 align:middle line:84% out where those trucks stand and we're going back. 01:08:51.600 --> 01:08:54.140 align:middle line:84% He said, first of all, I can't have the concrete sitting up 01:08:54.140 --> 01:08:55.939 align:middle line:90% in my trucks. 01:08:55.939 --> 01:08:57.979 align:middle line:84% Secondly, we got to make money on my job. 01:08:57.979 --> 01:09:00.290 align:middle line:84% We've got to make-- we've got other deliveries to make. 01:09:00.290 --> 01:09:01.998 align:middle line:84% We've got to go back, load up the trucks, 01:09:01.998 --> 01:09:02.960 align:middle line:90% and go someplace else. 01:09:02.960 --> 01:09:04.668 align:middle line:84% We can't be fooling around here with you. 01:09:04.668 --> 01:09:09.549 align:middle line:90% 01:09:09.549 --> 01:09:14.405 align:middle line:84% So I said, look, I'll be back in five minutes. 01:09:14.405 --> 01:09:17.290 align:middle line:90% 01:09:17.290 --> 01:09:18.870 align:middle line:84% Do y'all know what a jiffy can is? 01:09:18.870 --> 01:09:21.880 align:middle line:90% 01:09:21.880 --> 01:09:23.019 align:middle line:90% It's a portable toilet. 01:09:23.019 --> 01:09:25.770 align:middle line:90% 01:09:25.770 --> 01:09:27.450 align:middle line:84% Have you ever gone to a construction job 01:09:27.450 --> 01:09:28.109 align:middle line:90% and looked out there? 01:09:28.109 --> 01:09:29.067 align:middle line:90% Well, you've seen them. 01:09:29.067 --> 01:09:34.410 align:middle line:84% They are about so tall and little door. 01:09:34.410 --> 01:09:36.390 align:middle line:84% They got them all around the job. 01:09:36.390 --> 01:09:38.819 align:middle line:84% So I knew that I would be able to get privacy and be 01:09:38.819 --> 01:09:43.979 align:middle line:84% able to think this matter through in there, 01:09:43.979 --> 01:09:44.710 align:middle line:90% in one of them. 01:09:44.710 --> 01:09:46.252 align:middle line:84% So I went into this little jiffy can. 01:09:46.252 --> 01:09:48.580 align:middle line:90% I went in there. 01:09:48.580 --> 01:09:54.830 align:middle line:84% And I just could not get started to think about what to do. 01:09:54.830 --> 01:09:58.023 align:middle line:84% Then, I'm going to say something that's concrete. 01:09:58.023 --> 01:09:59.440 align:middle line:84% I shouldn't use the word concrete. 01:09:59.440 --> 01:10:01.938 align:middle line:90% 01:10:01.938 --> 01:10:02.980 align:middle line:90% But I don't want to say-- 01:10:02.980 --> 01:10:05.680 align:middle line:84% I don't want to make it sound like I was hearing voices. 01:10:05.680 --> 01:10:08.820 align:middle line:84% But my uncle Tubby, he spoke to me-- 01:10:08.820 --> 01:10:11.290 align:middle line:90% my grandmother's brother. 01:10:11.290 --> 01:10:18.720 align:middle line:84% And uncle Tubby said, don't worry about a thing, 01:10:18.720 --> 01:10:24.420 align:middle line:84% because nobody is going to blame you for whatever you do. 01:10:24.420 --> 01:10:26.760 align:middle line:84% Let them drop that concrete on the side, 01:10:26.760 --> 01:10:29.820 align:middle line:84% because those engineers left you alone the first day. 01:10:29.820 --> 01:10:35.490 align:middle line:84% You just got out of college literally a week ago. 01:10:35.490 --> 01:10:39.500 align:middle line:84% No judge in the land is going to side with them against you. 01:10:39.500 --> 01:10:41.460 align:middle line:90% Don't worry about it. 01:10:41.460 --> 01:10:45.580 align:middle line:84% Drop that-- tell him to unload the concrete where it stands. 01:10:45.580 --> 01:10:49.020 align:middle line:90% 01:10:49.020 --> 01:10:50.460 align:middle line:90% So that's what Tubby said. 01:10:50.460 --> 01:10:55.800 align:middle line:84% Now, put it in the context that that's not just an alternative 01:10:55.800 --> 01:11:00.740 align:middle line:84% that I had, but Tubby was the one who said it. 01:11:00.740 --> 01:11:04.920 align:middle line:84% I gave you something about Tubby's character already. 01:11:04.920 --> 01:11:08.743 align:middle line:84% So I thought that the advice was good advice. 01:11:08.743 --> 01:11:10.410 align:middle line:84% But I didn't want to do it because Tubby 01:11:10.410 --> 01:11:12.420 align:middle line:90% was the one that said it. 01:11:12.420 --> 01:11:15.187 align:middle line:90% I ain't want to be like Tubby. 01:11:15.187 --> 01:11:17.020 align:middle line:84% So I asked myself, what would Uncle Roy say? 01:11:17.020 --> 01:11:20.140 align:middle line:90% Then Uncle Roy began to talk. 01:11:20.140 --> 01:11:23.260 align:middle line:84% And Uncle Roy said, well, you're a professional. 01:11:23.260 --> 01:11:25.711 align:middle line:84% Professionals have responsibilities. 01:11:25.711 --> 01:11:29.010 align:middle line:90% 01:11:29.010 --> 01:11:30.840 align:middle line:84% If you are a laborer out here on this job, 01:11:30.840 --> 01:11:33.400 align:middle line:90% then you do what your boss says. 01:11:33.400 --> 01:11:36.930 align:middle line:84% You are a professional, so you're in charge. 01:11:36.930 --> 01:11:41.190 align:middle line:84% You're supposed to make money for this company, 01:11:41.190 --> 01:11:44.970 align:middle line:84% that you're supposed to think your way through this problem. 01:11:44.970 --> 01:11:49.540 align:middle line:84% And as a result, this may not only 01:11:49.540 --> 01:11:50.920 align:middle line:84% be your first day as an engineer, 01:11:50.920 --> 01:11:54.670 align:middle line:84% but it very well may be your last. 01:11:54.670 --> 01:11:56.650 align:middle line:90% But that is not your concern. 01:11:56.650 --> 01:12:00.570 align:middle line:84% Your concern is for getting this job done, a higher 01:12:00.570 --> 01:12:03.540 align:middle line:90% principle than self. 01:12:03.540 --> 01:12:10.890 align:middle line:84% So I decided to try out what Uncle Roy said, not by reason 01:12:10.890 --> 01:12:14.420 align:middle line:84% of the quality of his advice, but because it 01:12:14.420 --> 01:12:17.280 align:middle line:90% was Uncle Roy who said it. 01:12:17.280 --> 01:12:21.588 align:middle line:84% So I went back in the trailer, relaxed a little bit, 01:12:21.588 --> 01:12:23.380 align:middle line:84% because I said if this is my last day, what 01:12:23.380 --> 01:12:25.050 align:middle line:90% have I got to worry about? 01:12:25.050 --> 01:12:26.998 align:middle line:90% It was going to be my last day. 01:12:26.998 --> 01:12:27.790 align:middle line:90% So I looked around. 01:12:27.790 --> 01:12:31.010 align:middle line:84% There was a whole lot of stuff in there. 01:12:31.010 --> 01:12:32.550 align:middle line:90% There were blueprints. 01:12:32.550 --> 01:12:34.640 align:middle line:84% And the blueprints were on these sticks 01:12:34.640 --> 01:12:36.320 align:middle line:84% that if you go in the library sometimes, 01:12:36.320 --> 01:12:37.880 align:middle line:90% you got newspapers on them. 01:12:37.880 --> 01:12:39.500 align:middle line:90% And the sticks were in a closet. 01:12:39.500 --> 01:12:41.250 align:middle line:84% And there were a couple of hundred of them 01:12:41.250 --> 01:12:42.750 align:middle line:90% in a big closet. 01:12:42.750 --> 01:12:44.300 align:middle line:84% And on one side of the trailer, there 01:12:44.300 --> 01:12:46.670 align:middle line:90% was this long sheet of paper. 01:12:46.670 --> 01:12:51.500 align:middle line:84% And I recognized it because I had studied the critical pass 01:12:51.500 --> 01:12:53.300 align:middle line:90% schedule in college. 01:12:53.300 --> 01:12:55.080 align:middle line:90% I knew that that's what it was. 01:12:55.080 --> 01:12:57.080 align:middle line:90% And I didn't remember all that. 01:12:57.080 --> 01:12:59.670 align:middle line:84% I don't remember making an A on that test. 01:12:59.670 --> 01:13:02.390 align:middle line:84% But it had these circles, and it had jobs. 01:13:02.390 --> 01:13:05.096 align:middle line:84% And it had arrows connecting the circles. 01:13:05.096 --> 01:13:09.070 align:middle line:84% The good news, it had the dates across the top. 01:13:09.070 --> 01:13:11.660 align:middle line:90% So I went to today's date. 01:13:11.660 --> 01:13:16.020 align:middle line:84% And I know that engineers think in terms of matrices. 01:13:16.020 --> 01:13:20.070 align:middle line:84% What is directly under the date is what we're doing that day. 01:13:20.070 --> 01:13:23.440 align:middle line:84% Engineers don't think like well, maybe some of it is over here. 01:13:23.440 --> 01:13:25.530 align:middle line:90% No, it's straight down. 01:13:25.530 --> 01:13:31.395 align:middle line:84% And one of the circles said pour elevator pit. 01:13:31.395 --> 01:13:34.620 align:middle line:84% Ah, now I know what to do, pour the elevator. 01:13:34.620 --> 01:13:38.110 align:middle line:84% The question is, where's the elevator pit? 01:13:38.110 --> 01:13:40.060 align:middle line:84% So I said, well, pouring concrete is something 01:13:40.060 --> 01:13:43.060 align:middle line:90% the engineers do all the time. 01:13:43.060 --> 01:13:47.080 align:middle line:84% Probably some of these plans that are sitting on this table 01:13:47.080 --> 01:13:49.780 align:middle line:90% has the elevator pit on it. 01:13:49.780 --> 01:13:51.718 align:middle line:84% So I started going through, and I said, well, 01:13:51.718 --> 01:13:53.010 align:middle line:90% these are the electrical plans. 01:13:53.010 --> 01:13:55.330 align:middle line:90% They won't be on there. 01:13:55.330 --> 01:13:57.420 align:middle line:90% These are the mechanical plans. 01:13:57.420 --> 01:13:59.140 align:middle line:90% They won't be on there. 01:13:59.140 --> 01:14:00.630 align:middle line:84% These are the architectural plans. 01:14:00.630 --> 01:14:05.280 align:middle line:90% Oh, circled in red, elevator. 01:14:05.280 --> 01:14:06.360 align:middle line:90% Orange is north. 01:14:06.360 --> 01:14:09.570 align:middle line:84% I looked out the trailer, saw where it was. 01:14:09.570 --> 01:14:11.400 align:middle line:90% My courage came back. 01:14:11.400 --> 01:14:12.960 align:middle line:84% And I used a set of four-letter words 01:14:12.960 --> 01:14:15.480 align:middle line:84% to order that great big old guy to go down there 01:14:15.480 --> 01:14:18.370 align:middle line:90% and pour the elevator. 01:14:18.370 --> 01:14:22.510 align:middle line:84% 3 o'clock that day, the engineers came back. 01:14:22.510 --> 01:14:24.520 align:middle line:84% And instead of coming straight to the trailer, 01:14:24.520 --> 01:14:25.353 align:middle line:90% guess what they did? 01:14:25.353 --> 01:14:28.430 align:middle line:84% They ran straight down to the elevator pit. 01:14:28.430 --> 01:14:29.480 align:middle line:90% And they looked in it. 01:14:29.480 --> 01:14:31.220 align:middle line:84% And then they rubbed their chins. 01:14:31.220 --> 01:14:33.320 align:middle line:84% They came back up to the trailer. 01:14:33.320 --> 01:14:41.470 align:middle line:84% And they asked me, quite casually, how did it go today? 01:14:41.470 --> 01:14:44.550 align:middle line:84% And this is an ethics class, which 01:14:44.550 --> 01:14:47.490 align:middle line:84% means that I have to tell the truth, and I told a lie. 01:14:47.490 --> 01:14:49.758 align:middle line:90% I said, no problem. 01:14:49.758 --> 01:14:51.800 align:middle line:84% It was the biggest problem I ever had in my life. 01:14:51.800 --> 01:14:54.062 align:middle line:90% Just put no problem. 01:14:54.062 --> 01:14:55.520 align:middle line:84% At the end of the summer, I decided 01:14:55.520 --> 01:14:58.270 align:middle line:90% to go to graduate school. 01:14:58.270 --> 01:15:00.930 align:middle line:84% And so they took me out to lunch. 01:15:00.930 --> 01:15:03.033 align:middle line:90% And we're sitting at lunch. 01:15:03.033 --> 01:15:04.950 align:middle line:84% And I said, by the way, there's something I've 01:15:04.950 --> 01:15:08.350 align:middle line:90% been meaning to ask you guys. 01:15:08.350 --> 01:15:11.290 align:middle line:84% You all left me alone that day, my first day. 01:15:11.290 --> 01:15:15.010 align:middle line:84% I had to-- you all knew the concrete was coming. 01:15:15.010 --> 01:15:18.190 align:middle line:90% Why did you all do that? 01:15:18.190 --> 01:15:23.110 align:middle line:84% So the old superintendent said that on his first day 01:15:23.110 --> 01:15:26.390 align:middle line:84% as an engineer, they left him alone, too. 01:15:26.390 --> 01:15:29.120 align:middle line:84% And his job was to lay out a church, put down 01:15:29.120 --> 01:15:31.760 align:middle line:84% stakes on the ground where they dig the hole. 01:15:31.760 --> 01:15:35.370 align:middle line:84% And he not only laid out a church in the wrong direction, 01:15:35.370 --> 01:15:38.990 align:middle line:84% but he laid it out on the wrong lot. 01:15:38.990 --> 01:15:41.180 align:middle line:84% He said the reason we do this to you 01:15:41.180 --> 01:15:47.470 align:middle line:84% all the first day is that we want 01:15:47.470 --> 01:15:51.200 align:middle line:84% to find out if you're suitable for field work, 01:15:51.200 --> 01:15:55.220 align:middle line:84% because making decisions like this is what we have to do. 01:15:55.220 --> 01:15:58.920 align:middle line:84% Now, we wouldn't fire you if you had made the wrong decision. 01:15:58.920 --> 01:16:03.570 align:middle line:84% We would have put a white shirt on you and a tie 01:16:03.570 --> 01:16:07.140 align:middle line:84% and sent you up to the office, to do estimating and stuff 01:16:07.140 --> 01:16:09.020 align:middle line:90% like that. 01:16:09.020 --> 01:16:13.610 align:middle line:84% But out here in the field, it's a whole different dead end. 01:16:13.610 --> 01:16:16.070 align:middle line:84% And so the question was, first of all, 01:16:16.070 --> 01:16:18.600 align:middle line:90% would you make a decision? 01:16:18.600 --> 01:16:21.720 align:middle line:84% And second of all, would it be a reasonable decision? 01:16:21.720 --> 01:16:24.528 align:middle line:84% We would correct it if it was the wrong decision. 01:16:24.528 --> 01:16:27.070 align:middle line:84% In later life, I asked, well, suppose a whole bunch of people 01:16:27.070 --> 01:16:31.350 align:middle line:84% got killed if I poured the concrete in the wrong place. 01:16:31.350 --> 01:16:35.740 align:middle line:90% So it was a moral decision, too. 01:16:35.740 --> 01:16:38.330 align:middle line:84% The lesson from-- that's the end of that story. 01:16:38.330 --> 01:16:39.850 align:middle line:84% That's the end of the whole story. 01:16:39.850 --> 01:16:46.820 align:middle line:84% The lesson there is that this is the virtue ethics method, 01:16:46.820 --> 01:16:49.880 align:middle line:84% that you put somebody in your position, 01:16:49.880 --> 01:16:53.470 align:middle line:84% work them out, and do what they would do. 01:16:53.470 --> 01:16:56.860 align:middle line:84% Now, it turns out, I think, that in America today, 01:16:56.860 --> 01:16:58.540 align:middle line:84% people watch and go to the movies 01:16:58.540 --> 01:17:02.470 align:middle line:84% so much that we are very talented at doing this. 01:17:02.470 --> 01:17:05.355 align:middle line:84% We know a believable story when we see one-- 01:17:05.355 --> 01:17:05.855 align:middle line:90% believable. 01:17:05.855 --> 01:17:08.040 align:middle line:84% It doesn't have to be believed, in fact, 01:17:08.040 --> 01:17:10.650 align:middle line:90% but if it's believable. 01:17:10.650 --> 01:17:12.495 align:middle line:90% The key issue here-- 01:17:12.495 --> 01:17:15.060 align:middle line:90% 01:17:15.060 --> 01:17:17.340 align:middle line:90% I got four more minutes. 01:17:17.340 --> 01:17:25.830 align:middle line:84% The key issue here is, who do you put in your position 01:17:25.830 --> 01:17:28.370 align:middle line:90% and why? 01:17:28.370 --> 01:17:30.680 align:middle line:84% We can no longer follower Plato with these virtues, 01:17:30.680 --> 01:17:33.960 align:middle line:84% because he's talking about virtues that we don't have 01:17:33.960 --> 01:17:38.410 align:middle line:84% any respect-- well, we don't use any more today, 01:17:38.410 --> 01:17:40.065 align:middle line:90% Achilles-type heroism. 01:17:40.065 --> 01:17:42.850 align:middle line:90% 01:17:42.850 --> 01:17:44.470 align:middle line:84% So when I wrote this article, I had 01:17:44.470 --> 01:17:48.170 align:middle line:84% to go outside of Western ethics to find something 01:17:48.170 --> 01:17:50.120 align:middle line:90% that I thought would work. 01:17:50.120 --> 01:17:55.260 align:middle line:84% And I found this title in Nigeria called 01:17:55.260 --> 01:17:56.370 align:middle line:90% the [NON-ENGLISH]. 01:17:56.370 --> 01:17:58.548 align:middle line:84% It's called man-- literally translated, 01:17:58.548 --> 01:18:00.715 align:middle line:84% it's man of good character, but it's not necessarily 01:18:00.715 --> 01:18:01.830 align:middle line:90% man of good character. 01:18:01.830 --> 01:18:04.620 align:middle line:90% I found out later that-- 01:18:04.620 --> 01:18:08.010 align:middle line:84% from Joel, that if you go to Hebrew tradition, 01:18:08.010 --> 01:18:11.290 align:middle line:84% you find the man called the saddiq. 01:18:11.290 --> 01:18:13.550 align:middle line:84% I found out later from [? Arnie Veselin ?] 01:18:13.550 --> 01:18:14.540 align:middle line:90% that if you go to-- 01:18:14.540 --> 01:18:17.210 align:middle line:90% 01:18:17.210 --> 01:18:19.100 align:middle line:84% what's the name of this little country 01:18:19.100 --> 01:18:22.010 align:middle line:90% that he's originally from? 01:18:22.010 --> 01:18:28.435 align:middle line:84% It's right next to the Russian border and the North Sea. 01:18:28.435 --> 01:18:29.810 align:middle line:84% Oh, I'll think of it in a minute. 01:18:29.810 --> 01:18:32.060 align:middle line:84% In other words, you go to a lot of different cultures, 01:18:32.060 --> 01:18:33.970 align:middle line:84% you'll find that there are people 01:18:33.970 --> 01:18:39.160 align:middle line:84% who are respected because they are icons of tradition. 01:18:39.160 --> 01:18:42.610 align:middle line:84% And the issue-- and I said, I'm going to put one of those-- 01:18:42.610 --> 01:18:45.800 align:middle line:90% Roy really fit in both ways. 01:18:45.800 --> 01:18:49.950 align:middle line:84% He was also-- he was parsable, but he was also 01:18:49.950 --> 01:18:51.730 align:middle line:90% one of these characters. 01:18:51.730 --> 01:18:54.420 align:middle line:84% And I made the argument in the end 01:18:54.420 --> 01:18:57.670 align:middle line:84% that the objective of the character, 01:18:57.670 --> 01:19:01.020 align:middle line:84% which was non-Western, was not necessarily 01:19:01.020 --> 01:19:04.670 align:middle line:90% to do the right thing. 01:19:04.670 --> 01:19:07.070 align:middle line:84% The traditional character, when he has done it, 01:19:07.070 --> 01:19:10.100 align:middle line:84% or when she has done it, will be forgiven by the rest of them 01:19:10.100 --> 01:19:12.980 align:middle line:90% after they've done it. 01:19:12.980 --> 01:19:15.930 align:middle line:84% So I argued that this was multicultural ethics. 01:19:15.930 --> 01:19:20.380 align:middle line:90% 01:19:20.380 --> 01:19:24.040 align:middle line:84% So now, that's why I've got you reading parsables, 01:19:24.040 --> 01:19:31.180 align:middle line:84% because my big theory is that whatever culture you come from, 01:19:31.180 --> 01:19:34.420 align:middle line:84% the right person to put in the situation 01:19:34.420 --> 01:19:40.820 align:middle line:84% is a cultural figure, an icon of a hero, not necessarily 01:19:40.820 --> 01:19:42.230 align:middle line:90% the warrior hero. 01:19:42.230 --> 01:19:48.280 align:middle line:84% But you have to understand that Irene was another kind of hero. 01:19:48.280 --> 01:19:53.020 align:middle line:84% So-- and that was a big-- but you see how this introduction-- 01:19:53.020 --> 01:19:58.440 align:middle line:84% that's a real case of solving a problem where there was 01:19:58.440 --> 01:20:01.110 align:middle line:84% something at stake, even potentially lethal, 01:20:01.110 --> 01:20:03.540 align:middle line:84% at least in my mind at the time-- 01:20:03.540 --> 01:20:04.470 align:middle line:90% in my mind now. 01:20:04.470 --> 01:20:11.440 align:middle line:84% But that where you can use a story to solve your problem. 01:20:11.440 --> 01:20:15.240 align:middle line:84% And the first principle is that-- 01:20:15.240 --> 01:20:19.540 align:middle line:84% it goes back beyond even Chomsky, 01:20:19.540 --> 01:20:23.280 align:middle line:84% who says that certain language structures are 01:20:23.280 --> 01:20:24.360 align:middle line:90% wired into the brain. 01:20:24.360 --> 01:20:28.200 align:middle line:84% There's a new theory out now that language structures 01:20:28.200 --> 01:20:30.360 align:middle line:84% to tell stories are wired in the brain, 01:20:30.360 --> 01:20:33.735 align:middle line:84% that we naturally learn in story terms. 01:20:33.735 --> 01:20:37.060 align:middle line:90% 01:20:37.060 --> 01:20:38.140 align:middle line:90% Why? 01:20:38.140 --> 01:20:40.460 align:middle line:84% That's the way the brain is wired. 01:20:40.460 --> 01:20:42.440 align:middle line:90% So it's the first principle. 01:20:42.440 --> 01:20:50.830 align:middle line:84% So what I want to say is that mythology in the mystical world 01:20:50.830 --> 01:20:52.620 align:middle line:90% can give you these characters. 01:20:52.620 --> 01:20:55.350 align:middle line:90% 01:20:55.350 --> 01:20:58.170 align:middle line:84% And once you've done it, why is it-- 01:20:58.170 --> 01:21:01.590 align:middle line:84% and I'm going to take one more 30 seconds-- 01:21:01.590 --> 01:21:05.760 align:middle line:84% that mythology can find a character 01:21:05.760 --> 01:21:10.735 align:middle line:84% that is a gestalt of the whole community all the time? 01:21:10.735 --> 01:21:13.500 align:middle line:90% 01:21:13.500 --> 01:21:16.920 align:middle line:84% If we get a gestalt of this community, 01:21:16.920 --> 01:21:20.620 align:middle line:84% let's say a person, in that gestalt, 01:21:20.620 --> 01:21:23.960 align:middle line:90% then we are parts of it. 01:21:23.960 --> 01:21:26.130 align:middle line:90% Each one of us is a part of it. 01:21:26.130 --> 01:21:27.980 align:middle line:84% So when that gestalt does something, 01:21:27.980 --> 01:21:29.930 align:middle line:90% we're inclined to say, well-- 01:21:29.930 --> 01:21:33.960 align:middle line:84% to assume part of the responsibility. 01:21:33.960 --> 01:21:35.990 align:middle line:84% That's why we're inclined to say, well, 01:21:35.990 --> 01:21:37.620 align:middle line:90% we'll send him to jail. 01:21:37.620 --> 01:21:43.200 align:middle line:84% But when he gets out, he's still the mayor 01:21:43.200 --> 01:21:45.120 align:middle line:90% because he's part of us. 01:21:45.120 --> 01:21:48.510 align:middle line:84% We would have done maybe the same thing. 01:21:48.510 --> 01:21:51.780 align:middle line:90% It's who we are. 01:21:51.780 --> 01:21:56.650 align:middle line:84% So that's the updated version of this method of virtue ethics. 01:21:56.650 --> 01:22:01.500 align:middle line:90% So class is officially over. 01:22:01.500 --> 01:22:03.660 align:middle line:84% I don't hear anybody rustling outside. 01:22:03.660 --> 01:22:07.050 align:middle line:84% I'm available for Q&A, and then we meet tomorrow. 01:22:07.050 --> 01:22:09.450 align:middle line:90% You all got the agendas? 01:22:09.450 --> 01:22:12.250 align:middle line:90% Agenda? 01:22:12.250 --> 01:22:13.180 align:middle line:90% OK, it's over. 01:22:13.180 --> 01:22:16.420 align:middle line:90% 01:22:16.420 --> 01:22:19.240 align:middle line:84% I published these four stories, by the way. 01:22:19.240 --> 01:22:22.330 align:middle line:90% They were reprinted three times. 01:22:22.330 --> 01:22:27.190 align:middle line:84% And I'll bring in a hard copy of the original. 01:22:27.190 --> 01:22:31.720 align:middle line:84% The first one was in a journal called-- 01:22:31.720 --> 01:22:34.660 align:middle line:84% it was a journal of sociology, actually. 01:22:34.660 --> 01:22:37.960 align:middle line:90% 01:22:37.960 --> 01:22:45.090 align:middle line:84% The second one, it was reprinted in the Journal of Science 01:22:45.090 --> 01:22:48.420 align:middle line:90% and Engineering Ethics. 01:22:48.420 --> 01:22:52.440 align:middle line:90% And that time, it was-- 01:22:52.440 --> 01:22:55.410 align:middle line:84% I presented the thing at an ethics conference. 01:22:55.410 --> 01:22:59.484 align:middle line:84% And it presented a whole lot of Hershey's. 01:22:59.484 --> 01:23:00.690 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Oh my gosh. 01:23:00.690 --> 01:23:06.722 align:middle line:90% 01:23:06.722 --> 01:23:08.430 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: So we're at this conference, 01:23:08.430 --> 01:23:09.530 align:middle line:90% and I tell this story. 01:23:09.530 --> 01:23:11.840 align:middle line:84% I said-- I start off my presentation by saying, 01:23:11.840 --> 01:23:13.550 align:middle line:90% let's not be ethical. 01:23:13.550 --> 01:23:16.520 align:middle line:84% And what I mean by that is the word ethics is a Greek word. 01:23:16.520 --> 01:23:20.040 align:middle line:90% 01:23:20.040 --> 01:23:24.495 align:middle line:84% Morals is a translation of Greek into Latin, morales. 01:23:24.495 --> 01:23:27.380 align:middle line:90% 01:23:27.380 --> 01:23:29.060 align:middle line:84% And so what I wanted to say was that I 01:23:29.060 --> 01:23:31.790 align:middle line:84% wanted to talk about ethical problems, 01:23:31.790 --> 01:23:36.438 align:middle line:84% but I did not want to use Greek or Latin approaches. 01:23:36.438 --> 01:23:37.730 align:middle line:90% I wanted to go outside of that. 01:23:37.730 --> 01:23:39.350 align:middle line:84% I wanted to go outside of it, because that 01:23:39.350 --> 01:23:41.725 align:middle line:84% was the only way I could solve the concrete sumo problem. 01:23:41.725 --> 01:23:48.910 align:middle line:90% 01:23:48.910 --> 01:23:50.387 align:middle line:90% Yeah, what about the polio? 01:23:50.387 --> 01:23:51.894 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: The question is, do you 01:23:51.894 --> 01:23:54.186 align:middle line:84% remember how you made the decision and the process that 01:23:54.186 --> 01:23:54.853 align:middle line:90% took place? 01:23:54.853 --> 01:23:55.520 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: No. 01:23:55.520 --> 01:23:56.510 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: 30 seconds? 01:23:56.510 --> 01:23:57.210 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: No. 01:23:57.210 --> 01:23:59.677 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: No conscious reason? 01:23:59.677 --> 01:24:01.510 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: I just remember seeing pictures 01:24:01.510 --> 01:24:04.840 align:middle line:90% in my mind of little kids in-- 01:24:04.840 --> 01:24:11.320 align:middle line:84% of hundreds of little kids in hundreds of iron lungs. 01:24:11.320 --> 01:24:14.920 align:middle line:84% And their mothers pointing to me, saying, you did it. 01:24:14.920 --> 01:24:17.770 align:middle line:90% No, that's-- I couldn't-- 01:24:17.770 --> 01:24:19.480 align:middle line:90% that's what I remember. 01:24:19.480 --> 01:24:20.380 align:middle line:90% There was no logic. 01:24:20.380 --> 01:24:22.340 align:middle line:90% A picture came in there. 01:24:22.340 --> 01:24:24.340 align:middle line:84% And all of these mothers pointing at me, saying, 01:24:24.340 --> 01:24:26.050 align:middle line:90% he did it. 01:24:26.050 --> 01:24:27.250 align:middle line:90% And I said, I just-- 01:24:27.250 --> 01:24:30.820 align:middle line:90% I'd rather go in there myself. 01:24:30.820 --> 01:24:32.650 align:middle line:84% But no, there was no logical process. 01:24:32.650 --> 01:24:36.400 align:middle line:84% I was-- my birthday was November. 01:24:36.400 --> 01:24:37.930 align:middle line:84% So I had just turned six years old. 01:24:37.930 --> 01:24:40.485 align:middle line:90% 01:24:40.485 --> 01:24:41.610 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It's interesting. 01:24:41.610 --> 01:24:42.860 align:middle line:90% This thought isn't worked out. 01:24:42.860 --> 01:24:45.330 align:middle line:84% I was doing the free association that you suggested. 01:24:45.330 --> 01:24:46.790 align:middle line:90% But my mind went to-- 01:24:46.790 --> 01:24:47.790 align:middle line:90% I don't if you remember. 01:24:47.790 --> 01:24:49.800 align:middle line:84% Maybe a year or two ago, it was the big thing 01:24:49.800 --> 01:24:51.450 align:middle line:90% to have what would Jesus do. 01:24:51.450 --> 01:24:53.220 align:middle line:90% Did you see those bracelets? 01:24:53.220 --> 01:24:54.750 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: No, I didn't see those. 01:24:54.750 --> 01:24:55.860 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It was the big thing. 01:24:55.860 --> 01:24:57.985 align:middle line:84% Everybody had-- do you know what I'm talking about? 01:24:57.985 --> 01:24:59.918 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Those bracelets that said WWJD. 01:24:59.918 --> 01:25:02.160 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: WWJD. 01:25:02.160 --> 01:25:03.210 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Oh, really? 01:25:03.210 --> 01:25:05.092 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Oh, it was the big thing. 01:25:05.092 --> 01:25:07.050 align:middle line:84% I lived in New York City for a couple of years. 01:25:07.050 --> 01:25:09.750 align:middle line:84% And everybody walked around with those bracelets. 01:25:09.750 --> 01:25:12.000 align:middle line:84% And so I think there really is something 01:25:12.000 --> 01:25:13.955 align:middle line:84% to think about your life, saying, OK, 01:25:13.955 --> 01:25:15.580 align:middle line:84% in this situation, what would Jesus do? 01:25:15.580 --> 01:25:17.778 align:middle line:84% Put Jesus-- and I mean, religious aside, let's 01:25:17.778 --> 01:25:18.820 align:middle line:90% not even talk about that. 01:25:18.820 --> 01:25:20.050 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Yeah, right, right, the method. 01:25:20.050 --> 01:25:21.175 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah, the method. 01:25:21.175 --> 01:25:24.110 align:middle line:84% I think there's something really attractive about that. 01:25:24.110 --> 01:25:25.270 align:middle line:90% And I think that that-- 01:25:25.270 --> 01:25:29.470 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: That's a formal term, and that's Latin. 01:25:29.470 --> 01:25:31.990 align:middle line:90% It's about 15 years-- 01:25:31.990 --> 01:25:34.942 align:middle line:84% 15 years-- about 1,500 years old. 01:25:34.942 --> 01:25:36.400 align:middle line:84% It's what the Catholic Church says, 01:25:36.400 --> 01:25:38.150 align:middle line:84% solve all your ethical problems by putting 01:25:38.150 --> 01:25:40.640 align:middle line:90% Jesus in your situation. 01:25:40.640 --> 01:25:44.720 align:middle line:84% But the method goes back to Plato 01:25:44.720 --> 01:25:47.360 align:middle line:84% of using the story to do the same thing, 01:25:47.360 --> 01:25:49.190 align:middle line:84% because he says if you don't know 01:25:49.190 --> 01:25:52.490 align:middle line:84% what to do, put Achilles in your position, 01:25:52.490 --> 01:25:55.940 align:middle line:84% or choose the right hero from mythology and put that person-- 01:25:55.940 --> 01:25:57.020 align:middle line:90% and you know that person. 01:25:57.020 --> 01:25:57.890 align:middle line:90% You know them cold. 01:25:57.890 --> 01:25:59.690 align:middle line:90% You know what they would do. 01:25:59.690 --> 01:26:01.460 align:middle line:84% And once you've said what they would do, 01:26:01.460 --> 01:26:05.240 align:middle line:84% everybody else would believe you that that's what they would do. 01:26:05.240 --> 01:26:07.210 align:middle line:84% And if you did it to the best of your ability, 01:26:07.210 --> 01:26:08.960 align:middle line:84% everybody else would say, well, it doesn't 01:26:08.960 --> 01:26:10.518 align:middle line:90% get much better than that. 01:26:10.518 --> 01:26:12.560 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Because even if you don't buy the Bible 01:26:12.560 --> 01:26:14.705 align:middle line:84% as a religious truth, it's so rich with stories 01:26:14.705 --> 01:26:15.950 align:middle line:90% that you're talking about. 01:26:15.950 --> 01:26:16.760 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: That's right. 01:26:16.760 --> 01:26:19.218 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: You could totally do it with so many situations-- 01:26:19.218 --> 01:26:21.180 align:middle line:84% what would Jesus do in this situation-- 01:26:21.180 --> 01:26:22.175 align:middle line:90% if you wanted to. 01:26:22.175 --> 01:26:23.990 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It might not actually give you 01:26:23.990 --> 01:26:25.663 align:middle line:90% a very appropriate response. 01:26:25.663 --> 01:26:27.830 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: It might not, but you could do it, though. 01:26:27.830 --> 01:26:28.580 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: He does some pretty crazy things. 01:26:28.580 --> 01:26:30.413 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: If you did it, the rest of them 01:26:30.413 --> 01:26:31.535 align:middle line:90% will forgive you for it. 01:26:31.535 --> 01:26:32.285 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Exactly. 01:26:32.285 --> 01:26:36.037 align:middle line:84% And you could justify it that way, it seems like. 01:26:36.037 --> 01:26:38.120 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Do you think that's still that case now, 01:26:38.120 --> 01:26:42.410 align:middle line:84% that the public would still buy something 01:26:42.410 --> 01:26:44.775 align:middle line:90% that would come from the Bible? 01:26:44.775 --> 01:26:47.278 align:middle line:90% 01:26:47.278 --> 01:26:48.820 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Yeah, I'll tell you why. 01:26:48.820 --> 01:26:51.265 align:middle line:84% Well, let me tell you why I think that's a hard question. 01:26:51.265 --> 01:26:53.890 align:middle line:84% It's a hard question because we just look for the United States 01:26:53.890 --> 01:26:55.090 align:middle line:90% right now. 01:26:55.090 --> 01:26:57.790 align:middle line:84% The hard question-- and y'all can get up and go anytime. 01:26:57.790 --> 01:26:59.695 align:middle line:90% I'm just talking. 01:26:59.695 --> 01:27:01.570 align:middle line:84% The hard question is, do we have a mythology? 01:27:01.570 --> 01:27:04.240 align:middle line:90% 01:27:04.240 --> 01:27:07.870 align:middle line:90% And I think we do. 01:27:07.870 --> 01:27:10.630 align:middle line:84% Now, I want to divide the question 01:27:10.630 --> 01:27:13.870 align:middle line:84% between do we have a mythology, and what do I think it is? 01:27:13.870 --> 01:27:17.562 align:middle line:84% I think that we have a mythology that hasn't matured yet. 01:27:17.562 --> 01:27:19.270 align:middle line:84% I think our mythology is science fiction. 01:27:19.270 --> 01:27:22.120 align:middle line:90% 01:27:22.120 --> 01:27:25.330 align:middle line:84% Star Trek, some of the old Star Treks. 01:27:25.330 --> 01:27:28.090 align:middle line:90% They get in there. 01:27:28.090 --> 01:27:32.360 align:middle line:84% I mean, that tells us who we want to be 01:27:32.360 --> 01:27:34.570 align:middle line:90% and what we're capable of being. 01:27:34.570 --> 01:27:38.200 align:middle line:90% 01:27:38.200 --> 01:27:40.870 align:middle line:84% So I think we have a mythology that 01:27:40.870 --> 01:27:43.930 align:middle line:84% was in the stages of development, 01:27:43.930 --> 01:27:49.450 align:middle line:84% let's say, maybe 400 years before 01:27:49.450 --> 01:27:56.080 align:middle line:84% we saw anything written down, because they 01:27:56.080 --> 01:27:57.540 align:middle line:90% were the-- they had the liars. 01:27:57.540 --> 01:27:59.572 align:middle line:90% They were minstrels. 01:27:59.572 --> 01:28:01.530 align:middle line:84% I mean, minstrels is literally the Middle Ages, 01:28:01.530 --> 01:28:03.180 align:middle line:90% but there's another term for it. 01:28:03.180 --> 01:28:04.490 align:middle line:90% But they sang their stories. 01:28:04.490 --> 01:28:05.490 align:middle line:90% They had memorized them. 01:28:05.490 --> 01:28:09.180 align:middle line:90% They were in verse. 01:28:09.180 --> 01:28:13.290 align:middle line:84% And they told stories about real wars and real heroes. 01:28:13.290 --> 01:28:16.080 align:middle line:84% By the time they finished, half of it 01:28:16.080 --> 01:28:17.770 align:middle line:90% was on the unconscious level. 01:28:17.770 --> 01:28:19.530 align:middle line:84% And we call that the fantasy level. 01:28:19.530 --> 01:28:25.380 align:middle line:84% But half of it was unconscious, but still truthful unconscious. 01:28:25.380 --> 01:28:29.970 align:middle line:84% And so the historians and the archaeologists 01:28:29.970 --> 01:28:33.210 align:middle line:84% find it very difficult to count back and calculate 01:28:33.210 --> 01:28:36.240 align:middle line:84% from mythology what really did happen because they're looking 01:28:36.240 --> 01:28:39.603 align:middle line:90% for conscious accounts of it. 01:28:39.603 --> 01:28:41.270 align:middle line:84% But if you're looking for an unconscious 01:28:41.270 --> 01:28:42.950 align:middle line:84% account of a dragon, they're back there. 01:28:42.950 --> 01:28:44.450 align:middle line:84% They had things they were scared of. 01:28:44.450 --> 01:28:47.630 align:middle line:90% It wasn't a dragon. 01:28:47.630 --> 01:28:53.600 align:middle line:84% Even the Oedipus story is a myth that Sophocles 01:28:53.600 --> 01:28:57.890 align:middle line:84% made three plays out of and just turned the myth around and made 01:28:57.890 --> 01:29:00.620 align:middle line:90% it a mystery story. 01:29:00.620 --> 01:29:08.240 align:middle line:84% But when Oedipus killed the Sphinx, what they say 01:29:08.240 --> 01:29:09.650 align:middle line:84% was that they know that there was 01:29:09.650 --> 01:29:14.053 align:middle line:84% a terrible plague around that time around that city. 01:29:14.053 --> 01:29:16.470 align:middle line:84% And maybe he came in there because he was a traveling man. 01:29:16.470 --> 01:29:18.140 align:middle line:84% Maybe he came in there with a cure 01:29:18.140 --> 01:29:20.190 align:middle line:84% that he had gotten from someplace else 01:29:20.190 --> 01:29:23.030 align:middle line:84% and walked among the sick to give the cure. 01:29:23.030 --> 01:29:26.000 align:middle line:84% And that was the same thing as killing a dragon. 01:29:26.000 --> 01:29:28.660 align:middle line:90% 01:29:28.660 --> 01:29:36.650 align:middle line:84% But the story has powerful effects on people. 01:29:36.650 --> 01:29:42.470 align:middle line:84% And I am about 40% competent to talk about those effects. 01:29:42.470 --> 01:29:44.750 align:middle line:84% I don't think the psychology is the place to go to. 01:29:44.750 --> 01:29:47.960 align:middle line:84% I think the place to go to is the literature. 01:29:47.960 --> 01:29:50.630 align:middle line:84% A literary professor will start talking 01:29:50.630 --> 01:29:55.010 align:middle line:84% about why is it that this little story will last forever? 01:29:55.010 --> 01:29:57.380 align:middle line:84% And this one, no matter how many Oscars 01:29:57.380 --> 01:29:59.930 align:middle line:84% it won, people forget two years later. 01:29:59.930 --> 01:30:04.710 align:middle line:90% 01:30:04.710 --> 01:30:05.970 align:middle line:90% And so we don't know. 01:30:05.970 --> 01:30:07.110 align:middle line:90% We don't care to know. 01:30:07.110 --> 01:30:11.240 align:middle line:84% We know that you can write down all of the attributes, 01:30:11.240 --> 01:30:14.890 align:middle line:84% take a test, and get an A, and that story will last and this 01:30:14.890 --> 01:30:15.501 align:middle line:90% one won't. 01:30:15.501 --> 01:30:18.210 align:middle line:90% 01:30:18.210 --> 01:30:22.590 align:middle line:84% And it will get to people and have them empathize with it. 01:30:22.590 --> 01:30:25.710 align:middle line:84% But to go back one more-- just one more time-- one more time. 01:30:25.710 --> 01:30:28.530 align:middle line:84% And I'd like for you to comment on this, when it comes 01:30:28.530 --> 01:30:36.560 align:middle line:90% to judges in the legal system. 01:30:36.560 --> 01:30:39.700 align:middle line:90% I'm not a religious man. 01:30:39.700 --> 01:30:41.583 align:middle line:84% I really wasn't grown up in the-- 01:30:41.583 --> 01:30:42.500 align:middle line:90% grew up in the church. 01:30:42.500 --> 01:30:44.920 align:middle line:90% My mother was not religious. 01:30:44.920 --> 01:30:47.770 align:middle line:90% My father was quasi-religious. 01:30:47.770 --> 01:30:50.410 align:middle line:84% But the church had a way of operating just 01:30:50.410 --> 01:30:54.970 align:middle line:84% like the shamans used to do in primitive societies. 01:30:54.970 --> 01:31:01.450 align:middle line:84% And the way that the church operated, and still operates, 01:31:01.450 --> 01:31:04.630 align:middle line:84% if there was some problem in the community-- 01:31:04.630 --> 01:31:07.270 align:middle line:90% 01:31:07.270 --> 01:31:10.660 align:middle line:84% let's say that brother Sam is running around with sister Sue, 01:31:10.660 --> 01:31:13.780 align:middle line:84% and sister Sue is married to brother Joe. 01:31:13.780 --> 01:31:15.490 align:middle line:90% So there is some problem. 01:31:15.490 --> 01:31:17.980 align:middle line:84% And these women would come to their preacher's house 01:31:17.980 --> 01:31:19.790 align:middle line:90% and tell him about all of this-- 01:31:19.790 --> 01:31:23.650 align:middle line:84% no, tell his wife about all of this. 01:31:23.650 --> 01:31:29.080 align:middle line:84% And then the wife would tell the preacher, probably in bed later 01:31:29.080 --> 01:31:30.280 align:middle line:90% that night. 01:31:30.280 --> 01:31:34.240 align:middle line:84% And what the preacher's job to do was to go to the Bible 01:31:34.240 --> 01:31:38.710 align:middle line:84% and find a story where this actually happened, 01:31:38.710 --> 01:31:42.640 align:middle line:84% not actually happened, but find a metaphor, 01:31:42.640 --> 01:31:46.240 align:middle line:84% and go into church that Sunday and tell that metaphor. 01:31:46.240 --> 01:31:49.150 align:middle line:84% Now, the whole congregation would know exactly what 01:31:49.150 --> 01:31:50.300 align:middle line:90% he's talking about. 01:31:50.300 --> 01:31:52.510 align:middle line:84% They know about this little triangle here. 01:31:52.510 --> 01:31:54.010 align:middle line:90% And they want it broken up. 01:31:54.010 --> 01:31:57.610 align:middle line:84% And then he'll say how it was that god came and struck him 01:31:57.610 --> 01:32:01.660 align:middle line:84% down for messing around with sister Sue. 01:32:01.660 --> 01:32:04.150 align:middle line:84% And brother Joe over here says, oh, man, I 01:32:04.150 --> 01:32:05.680 align:middle line:84% think I'm going to stop doing this. 01:32:05.680 --> 01:32:09.730 align:middle line:90% They cure the problem. 01:32:09.730 --> 01:32:13.030 align:middle line:84% Now, I understand that in some Islamic countries 01:32:13.030 --> 01:32:16.240 align:middle line:84% that when the judges are sitting before an 01:32:16.240 --> 01:32:21.100 align:middle line:84% accused that they have the Quran in front of them. 01:32:21.100 --> 01:32:23.890 align:middle line:84% And they listen to what the accused says and tries 01:32:23.890 --> 01:32:27.160 align:middle line:90% to find a story in the Quran. 01:32:27.160 --> 01:32:29.910 align:middle line:90% Is that true? 01:32:29.910 --> 01:32:32.617 align:middle line:90% Not really. 01:32:32.617 --> 01:32:33.450 align:middle line:90% Maybe it's not true. 01:32:33.450 --> 01:32:34.658 align:middle line:90% I just heard people say that. 01:32:34.658 --> 01:32:37.152 align:middle line:90% 01:32:37.152 --> 01:32:39.954 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Maybe they used to [INAUDIBLE].. 01:32:39.954 --> 01:32:43.660 align:middle line:90% 01:32:43.660 --> 01:32:46.390 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Well, actually, it-- 01:32:46.390 --> 01:32:48.310 align:middle line:90% and I think I can be-- 01:32:48.310 --> 01:32:50.475 align:middle line:90% I'm not being metaphorical. 01:32:50.475 --> 01:32:51.850 align:middle line:84% It's going to sound metaphorical. 01:32:51.850 --> 01:32:54.550 align:middle line:84% But there's a kind of law in the United States 01:32:54.550 --> 01:33:00.200 align:middle line:84% called case law, which is the same thing, that if you 01:33:00.200 --> 01:33:05.630 align:middle line:84% do something, they'll try to find a case that matches it 01:33:05.630 --> 01:33:07.190 align:middle line:84% in some kind of metaphorical way, 01:33:07.190 --> 01:33:10.560 align:middle line:84% and what the judge prescribed, and whether or not chaos 01:33:10.560 --> 01:33:12.185 align:middle line:84% broke out in the end, or whether or not 01:33:12.185 --> 01:33:15.808 align:middle line:90% you had a ordered society. 01:33:15.808 --> 01:33:17.475 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: We're just literally thinking, 01:33:17.475 --> 01:33:20.310 align:middle line:90% this judge sitting with a book. 01:33:20.310 --> 01:33:22.320 align:middle line:84% There's a whole body of knowledge 01:33:22.320 --> 01:33:23.983 align:middle line:90% in the discipline [INAUDIBLE]. 01:33:23.983 --> 01:33:28.718 align:middle line:90% 01:33:28.718 --> 01:33:29.510 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: I see. 01:33:29.510 --> 01:33:32.066 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: They don't go directly to the Quran, 01:33:32.066 --> 01:33:35.360 align:middle line:84% because there's nothing in the Quran. 01:33:35.360 --> 01:33:37.332 align:middle line:84% All the examples, all the judgments 01:33:37.332 --> 01:33:38.707 align:middle line:84% that have been processed through, 01:33:38.707 --> 01:33:40.598 align:middle line:90% those are the basis of the law. 01:33:40.598 --> 01:33:41.390 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: I see. 01:33:41.390 --> 01:33:43.598 align:middle line:84% So there's something about it that's systematic here, 01:33:43.598 --> 01:33:44.213 align:middle line:90% isn't it? 01:33:44.213 --> 01:33:45.880 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Yeah, more done in systematic. 01:33:45.880 --> 01:33:51.160 align:middle line:90% So a judge can go and find it. 01:33:51.160 --> 01:33:55.540 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: Why do you think that here, religion 01:33:55.540 --> 01:33:57.810 align:middle line:84% had to take that place where you say that it's 01:33:57.810 --> 01:34:00.440 align:middle line:84% science fiction, why do you think that Christianity is not 01:34:00.440 --> 01:34:01.440 align:middle line:90% adopted? 01:34:01.440 --> 01:34:04.330 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Good question. 01:34:04.330 --> 01:34:05.000 align:middle line:90% Good question. 01:34:05.000 --> 01:34:07.600 align:middle line:84% As a matter of fact, I plan to touch upon this tomorrow. 01:34:07.600 --> 01:34:09.590 align:middle line:84% But no, I'll just tell you that-- 01:34:09.590 --> 01:34:12.250 align:middle line:90% 01:34:12.250 --> 01:34:17.770 align:middle line:84% real briefly-- that before the Civil War, 01:34:17.770 --> 01:34:21.430 align:middle line:84% 11 out of 12 college presidents in the United States 01:34:21.430 --> 01:34:22.780 align:middle line:90% had divinity degrees. 01:34:22.780 --> 01:34:26.440 align:middle line:84% They were ministers, 11 out of 12. 01:34:26.440 --> 01:34:28.480 align:middle line:84% I've got some numbers that I'll give tomorrow. 01:34:28.480 --> 01:34:31.090 align:middle line:84% And education was basically what they 01:34:31.090 --> 01:34:33.670 align:middle line:84% call classical education, which was character development. 01:34:33.670 --> 01:34:36.250 align:middle line:84% And it meant good Christian character. 01:34:36.250 --> 01:34:41.230 align:middle line:84% It changed when people like a man 01:34:41.230 --> 01:34:43.600 align:middle line:84% named John Quincy, who became president of Harvard 01:34:43.600 --> 01:34:45.540 align:middle line:84% around the time, stood up and said, 01:34:45.540 --> 01:34:47.290 align:middle line:84% we've got to change all this because we've 01:34:47.290 --> 01:34:50.450 align:middle line:84% got to get into the Industrial Revolution. 01:34:50.450 --> 01:34:51.400 align:middle line:90% Characters got to go. 01:34:51.400 --> 01:34:54.947 align:middle line:84% We got to start talking about applied physics, applied math. 01:34:54.947 --> 01:34:56.780 align:middle line:84% All of this stuff, we've got to get into it. 01:34:56.780 --> 01:34:59.680 align:middle line:84% And so what happened was there was a big clash between two 01:34:59.680 --> 01:35:01.210 align:middle line:90% philosophies of education. 01:35:01.210 --> 01:35:05.420 align:middle line:84% One was classical, which was mainly religious, not so much 01:35:05.420 --> 01:35:07.420 align:middle line:84% in content as it was that the people teaching it 01:35:07.420 --> 01:35:10.210 align:middle line:90% were ministers of the church. 01:35:10.210 --> 01:35:13.630 align:middle line:84% And the objective was good character. 01:35:13.630 --> 01:35:16.570 align:middle line:84% And the other one was what they call progressive education. 01:35:16.570 --> 01:35:18.400 align:middle line:84% And now, you get John Dewey and all 01:35:18.400 --> 01:35:19.900 align:middle line:84% of those people talking about, we've 01:35:19.900 --> 01:35:23.260 align:middle line:90% got to get people to work. 01:35:23.260 --> 01:35:25.835 align:middle line:84% And they finally killed classical education 01:35:25.835 --> 01:35:26.710 align:middle line:90% in the United States. 01:35:26.710 --> 01:35:28.610 align:middle line:84% That's why we don't have it anymore. 01:35:28.610 --> 01:35:30.860 align:middle line:84% They killed it right then and there. 01:35:30.860 --> 01:35:34.030 align:middle line:84% Now, I think, as I'll say tomorrow, 01:35:34.030 --> 01:35:36.940 align:middle line:84% that our big problem is that we need to bring 01:35:36.940 --> 01:35:38.860 align:middle line:90% character development back. 01:35:38.860 --> 01:35:44.380 align:middle line:84% But we don't need to bring it back as Christian character. 01:35:44.380 --> 01:35:46.060 align:middle line:84% So we need to cut that part of it out, 01:35:46.060 --> 01:35:51.820 align:middle line:84% leave Christian character in the schools of religion 01:35:51.820 --> 01:35:53.720 align:middle line:90% and in the churches. 01:35:53.720 --> 01:35:55.720 align:middle line:84% But we've got to have something-- something got 01:35:55.720 --> 01:35:57.370 align:middle line:84% to be character has got to get back in here. 01:35:57.370 --> 01:35:58.745 align:middle line:84% We can't just say do whatever you 01:35:58.745 --> 01:36:01.420 align:middle line:84% want, here are the tools to justify it, 01:36:01.420 --> 01:36:03.250 align:middle line:90% like Aristotle would say. 01:36:03.250 --> 01:36:05.450 align:middle line:84% We've got to start talking about how to-- 01:36:05.450 --> 01:36:08.720 align:middle line:84% and so that's my answer to your question. 01:36:08.720 --> 01:36:10.265 align:middle line:90% What is your answer? 01:36:10.265 --> 01:36:11.390 align:middle line:90% You want to think about it? 01:36:11.390 --> 01:36:12.848 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I want to think about it. 01:36:12.848 --> 01:36:14.450 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: OK, yeah, but I think 01:36:14.450 --> 01:36:16.190 align:middle line:84% that's what killed it, the Industrial 01:36:16.190 --> 01:36:21.950 align:middle line:84% Revolution and the Christian hold on the universities, 01:36:21.950 --> 01:36:26.300 align:middle line:84% mainly because they were financing the universities. 01:36:26.300 --> 01:36:30.330 align:middle line:84% And after the Civil War, we got state-financed universities 01:36:30.330 --> 01:36:33.740 align:middle line:84% that the Christians didn't want to get us into Industrial 01:36:33.740 --> 01:36:35.660 align:middle line:84% Revolution, didn't want to have us compete, 01:36:35.660 --> 01:36:39.760 align:middle line:84% did not foresee World War I, which was entirely 01:36:39.760 --> 01:36:43.400 align:middle line:90% almost entirely technological. 01:36:43.400 --> 01:36:46.400 align:middle line:84% And I think that's what killed it. 01:36:46.400 --> 01:36:53.946 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] you made a comment [INAUDIBLE].. 01:36:53.946 --> 01:37:13.805 align:middle line:90% 01:37:13.805 --> 01:37:15.930 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Now, that's a significant observation. 01:37:15.930 --> 01:37:17.357 align:middle line:90% I'm going to study that one. 01:37:17.357 --> 01:37:18.857 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: I mean, the US was founded 01:37:18.857 --> 01:37:20.340 align:middle line:90% on this whole separation of-- 01:37:20.340 --> 01:37:21.060 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Church and state. 01:37:21.060 --> 01:37:21.530 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: --church and state. 01:37:21.530 --> 01:37:22.470 align:middle line:90% [INAUDIBLE] 01:37:22.470 --> 01:37:25.665 align:middle line:90% 01:37:25.665 --> 01:37:27.290 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: The more I think about it, 01:37:27.290 --> 01:37:28.998 align:middle line:84% the more I think that, ultimately, that's 01:37:28.998 --> 01:37:31.010 align:middle line:90% where it started. 01:37:31.010 --> 01:37:35.190 align:middle line:84% But it got us into education when the Industrial Revolution 01:37:35.190 --> 01:37:35.690 align:middle line:90% came. 01:37:35.690 --> 01:37:37.340 align:middle line:84% People thought they could get rich. 01:37:37.340 --> 01:37:40.980 align:middle line:84% People thought they would lose wars if they weren't. 01:37:40.980 --> 01:37:42.990 align:middle line:90% And they were right. 01:37:42.990 --> 01:37:46.940 align:middle line:84% But that's an interesting point you make, too, 01:37:46.940 --> 01:37:50.000 align:middle line:84% that in the ideal situation, you've 01:37:50.000 --> 01:37:52.730 align:middle line:84% got a tradition and a mythology that will carry you through. 01:37:52.730 --> 01:37:56.250 align:middle line:84% And I think that we just don't have a tradition 01:37:56.250 --> 01:38:00.178 align:middle line:84% and don't see ourselves with a mythology here. 01:38:00.178 --> 01:38:01.970 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: What was that thing [INAUDIBLE]?? 01:38:01.970 --> 01:38:03.838 align:middle line:84% What was the relationship of [INAUDIBLE]?? 01:38:03.838 --> 01:38:05.380 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Oh, it was something I-- 01:38:05.380 --> 01:38:06.280 align:middle line:90% nothing. 01:38:06.280 --> 01:38:08.113 align:middle line:84% I had talked about it in an earlier lecture. 01:38:08.113 --> 01:38:10.697 align:middle line:84% AUDIENCE: They made movies out of this story, is that correct? 01:38:10.697 --> 01:38:11.720 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Yeah. 01:38:11.720 --> 01:38:13.060 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Can you recommend any? 01:38:13.060 --> 01:38:15.290 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: I can recommend one short story. 01:38:15.290 --> 01:38:17.170 align:middle line:90% I don't know about a movie. 01:38:17.170 --> 01:38:18.460 align:middle line:90% Well, wait a minute. 01:38:18.460 --> 01:38:22.700 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: They made [INAUDIBLE]. 01:38:22.700 --> 01:38:23.690 align:middle line:90% I haven't seen it. 01:38:23.690 --> 01:38:24.860 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Let me do some thought about it, 01:38:24.860 --> 01:38:26.545 align:middle line:84% and you do some thought about it. 01:38:26.545 --> 01:38:27.920 align:middle line:84% And Tuesday, when you come back-- 01:38:27.920 --> 01:38:30.253 align:middle line:84% if you come back here Tuesday or whenever you come back, 01:38:30.253 --> 01:38:32.450 align:middle line:90% we'll talk about it. 01:38:32.450 --> 01:38:34.730 align:middle line:84% No, I have a special presentation 01:38:34.730 --> 01:38:38.640 align:middle line:84% to make before some visitors here from Norway, 01:38:38.640 --> 01:38:39.890 align:middle line:90% from the Norwegian parliament. 01:38:39.890 --> 01:38:42.410 align:middle line:84% They want to talk about research ethics. 01:38:42.410 --> 01:38:44.510 align:middle line:84% And so the two students that are registered, 01:38:44.510 --> 01:38:48.440 align:middle line:84% I asked if they could come, and they said yes. 01:38:48.440 --> 01:38:50.530 align:middle line:90% No class for tomorrow. 01:38:50.530 --> 01:38:53.000 align:middle line:90%