WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:00.570 align:middle line:90% 00:00:00.570 --> 00:00:02.370 align:middle line:84% The following content is provided 00:00:02.370 --> 00:00:06.330 align:middle line:84% by MIT OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons license. 00:00:06.330 --> 00:00:08.430 align:middle line:84% Additional information about our license, 00:00:08.430 --> 00:00:10.800 align:middle line:84% and MIT OpenCourseWare in general, 00:00:10.800 --> 00:00:12.740 align:middle line:90% is available at ocw.mit.edu. 00:00:12.740 --> 00:00:15.270 align:middle line:90% 00:00:15.270 --> 00:00:20.400 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: See, what I have in mind today 00:00:20.400 --> 00:00:31.270 align:middle line:84% is to make an assignment that will be due Tuesday. 00:00:31.270 --> 00:00:34.690 align:middle line:84% Now, here's what I want to do with that assignment-- 00:00:34.690 --> 00:00:40.570 align:middle line:84% I want you to write up an analysis of the A7-D case, 00:00:40.570 --> 00:00:45.550 align:middle line:84% but I want you to allow something 00:00:45.550 --> 00:00:50.140 align:middle line:84% that isn't entirely scholarly, and it won't sound entirely 00:00:50.140 --> 00:00:52.330 align:middle line:90% scholarly to you at first. 00:00:52.330 --> 00:00:55.980 align:middle line:84% I want to micro-manage this homework assignment. 00:00:55.980 --> 00:00:59.100 align:middle line:84% I'm going to tell you exactly what I want done. 00:00:59.100 --> 00:01:02.820 align:middle line:84% Now, the reason for that is that once you see what I think 00:01:02.820 --> 00:01:05.550 align:middle line:84% is a good way to lay out something, 00:01:05.550 --> 00:01:08.010 align:middle line:84% now you can start talking about how you want to lay it out. 00:01:08.010 --> 00:01:10.970 align:middle line:90% 00:01:10.970 --> 00:01:13.640 align:middle line:84% And then you can start talking to me 00:01:13.640 --> 00:01:17.360 align:middle line:84% about that you want to lay it out a different way, 00:01:17.360 --> 00:01:20.130 align:middle line:84% how can I respond to that, and that kind of thing. 00:01:20.130 --> 00:01:25.930 align:middle line:84% But let's see it one way first and tear it up. 00:01:25.930 --> 00:01:31.270 align:middle line:84% And when you turn that thing in Tuesday, 00:01:31.270 --> 00:01:33.850 align:middle line:84% you'll have a format and some ideas just laid out. 00:01:33.850 --> 00:01:37.890 align:middle line:90% 00:01:37.890 --> 00:01:44.440 align:middle line:84% So my philosophy is, in a classroom, 00:01:44.440 --> 00:01:46.510 align:middle line:90% imitate then liberate. 00:01:46.510 --> 00:01:53.120 align:middle line:90% 00:01:53.120 --> 00:01:55.940 align:middle line:84% Now, what I want to do today is actually just 00:01:55.940 --> 00:02:01.700 align:middle line:90% to lay out this analysis. 00:02:01.700 --> 00:02:05.730 align:middle line:90% 00:02:05.730 --> 00:02:11.240 align:middle line:84% Then I want to discuss, to some extent, this movie. 00:02:11.240 --> 00:02:17.050 align:middle line:84% And then I want to deal with some pedagogical issues. 00:02:17.050 --> 00:02:21.460 align:middle line:84% I've got the percentages for the grades laid out, all of that. 00:02:21.460 --> 00:02:27.680 align:middle line:84% So give me a 15-minute high sign before the class is over. 00:02:27.680 --> 00:02:32.180 align:middle line:84% That'll give me five minutes to stop and 10 minutes to do that. 00:02:32.180 --> 00:02:56.310 align:middle line:90% 00:02:56.310 --> 00:02:58.380 align:middle line:90% Can you see this all right? 00:02:58.380 --> 00:02:58.880 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:02:58.880 --> 00:03:03.890 align:middle line:90% 00:03:03.890 --> 00:03:06.710 align:middle line:84% First thing I'd like for you to do in this homework assignment 00:03:06.710 --> 00:03:09.785 align:middle line:90% is to state your purpose. 00:03:09.785 --> 00:03:16.100 align:middle line:90% 00:03:16.100 --> 00:03:18.420 align:middle line:90% Then state your objectives. 00:03:18.420 --> 00:03:23.140 align:middle line:84% Those are the main parts of the paper 00:03:23.140 --> 00:03:28.275 align:middle line:90% that will develop the purpose. 00:03:28.275 --> 00:03:36.200 align:middle line:90% 00:03:36.200 --> 00:03:39.950 align:middle line:84% Then I want you to give me a rationale. 00:03:39.950 --> 00:03:42.348 align:middle line:90% 00:03:42.348 --> 00:03:44.890 align:middle line:84% That is why you're doing it, why you're setting it up the way 00:03:44.890 --> 00:03:47.870 align:middle line:90% you're doing it. 00:03:47.870 --> 00:03:58.850 align:middle line:84% And then lastly, I want you to tell me, write down, tell me 00:03:58.850 --> 00:04:04.170 align:middle line:84% something about the scope of your analysis. 00:04:04.170 --> 00:04:07.342 align:middle line:90% Now, here's the beauty of this-- 00:04:07.342 --> 00:04:10.380 align:middle line:84% this tells you what we're going to do, what you're going to do. 00:04:10.380 --> 00:04:12.870 align:middle line:84% This tells me what you are going to do. 00:04:12.870 --> 00:04:15.420 align:middle line:84% And of all the things that come to my mind 00:04:15.420 --> 00:04:17.800 align:middle line:84% when you've told me what you're going to do, 00:04:17.800 --> 00:04:20.970 align:middle line:84% you've got to tell me what it is that you're not going to do. 00:04:20.970 --> 00:04:23.940 align:middle line:90% 00:04:23.940 --> 00:04:26.190 align:middle line:90% You see the metaphysics in that? 00:04:26.190 --> 00:04:29.250 align:middle line:84% You say what a thing is, and then to sharpen your meaning, 00:04:29.250 --> 00:04:30.300 align:middle line:90% you say what it isn't. 00:04:30.300 --> 00:04:37.470 align:middle line:90% 00:04:37.470 --> 00:04:46.460 align:middle line:84% Then the second thing is to lay out your argument 00:04:46.460 --> 00:04:52.430 align:middle line:90% by categories of objectives. 00:04:52.430 --> 00:04:58.540 align:middle line:90% 00:04:58.540 --> 00:05:12.600 align:middle line:84% And then at the end, give me a summary and conclusions. 00:05:12.600 --> 00:05:16.530 align:middle line:84% Basically, what you want to do is to tell me, 00:05:16.530 --> 00:05:18.060 align:middle line:90% did you fulfill your purpose. 00:05:18.060 --> 00:05:22.720 align:middle line:90% 00:05:22.720 --> 00:05:26.980 align:middle line:84% Now, what I want you to do in this purpose 00:05:26.980 --> 00:05:34.685 align:middle line:84% here is to say that you want to do a moral analysis of the A7-D 00:05:34.685 --> 00:05:35.185 align:middle line:90% case. 00:05:35.185 --> 00:05:38.770 align:middle line:90% 00:05:38.770 --> 00:05:42.100 align:middle line:84% And the scope is that you're going 00:05:42.100 --> 00:05:51.840 align:middle line:84% to do that analysis twice, one using a utilitarian analysis, 00:05:51.840 --> 00:05:54.150 align:middle line:84% and the other one is to use what's called 00:05:54.150 --> 00:05:56.850 align:middle line:90% a deontological analysis. 00:05:56.850 --> 00:05:59.650 align:middle line:90% 00:05:59.650 --> 00:06:02.433 align:middle line:84% So we're going to use Mill and Kant. 00:06:02.433 --> 00:06:06.220 align:middle line:90% 00:06:06.220 --> 00:06:11.440 align:middle line:84% In your conclusions, I want you to evaluate both methods 00:06:11.440 --> 00:06:13.060 align:middle line:90% relative to the A7-D case. 00:06:13.060 --> 00:06:15.710 align:middle line:90% 00:06:15.710 --> 00:06:17.330 align:middle line:84% Now, I can tell you what you might 00:06:17.330 --> 00:06:22.980 align:middle line:84% want to put in there, that you can see already. 00:06:22.980 --> 00:06:26.520 align:middle line:84% And that is that one of the problems you're 00:06:26.520 --> 00:06:30.510 align:middle line:84% going to have with the utilitarian approach 00:06:30.510 --> 00:06:37.840 align:middle line:84% as applied to the A7-D case is that nobody got hurt. 00:06:37.840 --> 00:06:41.722 align:middle line:90% 00:06:41.722 --> 00:06:43.180 align:middle line:84% So you're going to have to tell me, 00:06:43.180 --> 00:06:45.550 align:middle line:84% is that a powerful method relative to this case? 00:06:45.550 --> 00:06:49.183 align:middle line:90% 00:06:49.183 --> 00:06:50.850 align:middle line:84% One of the problems you're going to find 00:06:50.850 --> 00:06:58.580 align:middle line:84% with the deontological approach is 00:06:58.580 --> 00:07:03.410 align:middle line:84% that you're going to find it hard to say one should never 00:07:03.410 --> 00:07:04.400 align:middle line:90% lie about anything. 00:07:04.400 --> 00:07:06.567 align:middle line:90% 00:07:06.567 --> 00:07:08.150 align:middle line:84% Because you're going to have conflicts 00:07:08.150 --> 00:07:11.358 align:middle line:84% with telling the truth all of the time. 00:07:11.358 --> 00:07:12.900 align:middle line:84% We're going to have to ask ourselves, 00:07:12.900 --> 00:07:14.210 align:middle line:90% is that possible in real life? 00:07:14.210 --> 00:07:20.060 align:middle line:90% 00:07:20.060 --> 00:07:30.060 align:middle line:84% Now, in your back matter, of course 00:07:30.060 --> 00:07:31.860 align:middle line:90% you're going to have references. 00:07:31.860 --> 00:07:36.990 align:middle line:90% 00:07:36.990 --> 00:07:41.761 align:middle line:84% I would like to see at least one reference that's not this book. 00:07:41.761 --> 00:07:46.560 align:middle line:90% 00:07:46.560 --> 00:07:59.080 align:middle line:84% And lastly, this is a little something new, 00:07:59.080 --> 00:08:03.130 align:middle line:84% haven't lectured on this, but this can be pedestrian, 00:08:03.130 --> 00:08:06.220 align:middle line:84% and that is to take what you have done 00:08:06.220 --> 00:08:11.470 align:middle line:84% and see if you can analyze your paper in story terms. 00:08:11.470 --> 00:08:12.730 align:middle line:90% Does it have a beginning? 00:08:12.730 --> 00:08:13.720 align:middle line:90% Does it have a middle? 00:08:13.720 --> 00:08:16.690 align:middle line:90% Does it have an end? 00:08:16.690 --> 00:08:17.680 align:middle line:90% Does make a point? 00:08:17.680 --> 00:08:20.930 align:middle line:90% 00:08:20.930 --> 00:08:22.770 align:middle line:90% Look where I'm pointing. 00:08:22.770 --> 00:08:25.100 align:middle line:90% Does it make a point? 00:08:25.100 --> 00:08:26.630 align:middle line:90% Is there a point of view? 00:08:26.630 --> 00:08:30.210 align:middle line:90% 00:08:30.210 --> 00:08:35.789 align:middle line:84% Remember from Moby Dick, does anybody 00:08:35.789 --> 00:08:41.490 align:middle line:84% remember the first sentence in Moby Dick? 00:08:41.490 --> 00:08:44.450 align:middle line:90% "Call me Ishmael." 00:08:44.450 --> 00:08:47.240 align:middle line:84% Tells you what point of view you're looking at the story 00:08:47.240 --> 00:08:48.660 align:middle line:90% from. 00:08:48.660 --> 00:08:50.940 align:middle line:84% You can see that if it was somebody else, 00:08:50.940 --> 00:08:53.340 align:middle line:84% the story would be played out a little bit differently. 00:08:53.340 --> 00:08:56.580 align:middle line:84% Ahab would tell a different story, wouldn't he? 00:08:56.580 --> 00:09:00.010 align:middle line:90% So give me your point of view. 00:09:00.010 --> 00:09:01.380 align:middle line:90% And give me your voice. 00:09:01.380 --> 00:09:04.110 align:middle line:84% Is it first person, second person, third person? 00:09:04.110 --> 00:09:06.740 align:middle line:90% 00:09:06.740 --> 00:09:08.210 align:middle line:84% And then put anything else in there 00:09:08.210 --> 00:09:14.480 align:middle line:84% that you can tell me about how what you have just done 00:09:14.480 --> 00:09:17.337 align:middle line:90% can be looked at as a story. 00:09:17.337 --> 00:09:18.920 align:middle line:84% Now, that gets you ready for something 00:09:18.920 --> 00:09:20.045 align:middle line:90% we're going to cover later. 00:09:20.045 --> 00:09:22.990 align:middle line:90% 00:09:22.990 --> 00:09:24.820 align:middle line:84% What I would like to do now, unless you 00:09:24.820 --> 00:09:27.320 align:middle line:84% have any questions-- let me see if you've got any questions, 00:09:27.320 --> 00:09:28.430 align:middle line:90% that's fine. 00:09:28.430 --> 00:09:29.140 align:middle line:90% Any questions? 00:09:29.140 --> 00:09:29.640 align:middle line:90% Yes. 00:09:29.640 --> 00:09:33.650 align:middle line:90% 00:09:33.650 --> 00:09:36.760 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: So we're supposed to do the analysis [INAUDIBLE] 00:09:36.760 --> 00:09:40.708 align:middle line:84% with [INAUDIBLE] the argument in the paper 00:09:40.708 --> 00:09:46.020 align:middle line:84% to have two sequential sections, one with the first analysis 00:09:46.020 --> 00:09:47.400 align:middle line:84% and one with the second analysis? 00:09:47.400 --> 00:09:48.795 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: As opposed to-- 00:09:48.795 --> 00:09:50.190 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: As opposed to parallel? 00:09:50.190 --> 00:09:54.270 align:middle line:90% 00:09:54.270 --> 00:09:56.235 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Oh, you mean in one paragraph. 00:09:56.235 --> 00:09:59.008 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: Comparing and contrasting the methods? 00:09:59.008 --> 00:10:00.300 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: That's your style. 00:10:00.300 --> 00:10:01.650 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: No, no, it's not. 00:10:01.650 --> 00:10:03.430 align:middle line:84% I mean, I could do it either way. 00:10:03.430 --> 00:10:05.310 align:middle line:84% I'm just trying to get a clearer picture. 00:10:05.310 --> 00:10:06.547 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: You decide that. 00:10:06.547 --> 00:10:08.130 align:middle line:84% You just decide how you want to do it. 00:10:08.130 --> 00:10:10.450 align:middle line:84% Now, I think that in these objectives, 00:10:10.450 --> 00:10:11.940 align:middle line:84% one of the things you want to do is 00:10:11.940 --> 00:10:17.143 align:middle line:84% to state the case, a summary of the A7-D case, 00:10:17.143 --> 00:10:18.060 align:middle line:90% so you want the facts. 00:10:18.060 --> 00:10:20.570 align:middle line:90% 00:10:20.570 --> 00:10:22.040 align:middle line:90% So that might be objective one. 00:10:22.040 --> 00:10:27.248 align:middle line:84% Objective two would be a utilitarian analysis. 00:10:27.248 --> 00:10:29.040 align:middle line:84% I tell you what-- let's keep them separate. 00:10:29.040 --> 00:10:29.748 align:middle line:90% I'll change that. 00:10:29.748 --> 00:10:31.550 align:middle line:90% Let's keep them separate. 00:10:31.550 --> 00:10:33.170 align:middle line:84% Objective two will be utilitarian. 00:10:33.170 --> 00:10:37.580 align:middle line:84% Objective three will be deontological. 00:10:37.580 --> 00:10:42.110 align:middle line:84% So you may feel compelled to put in another objective, 00:10:42.110 --> 00:10:45.540 align:middle line:90% but I think that three will do-- 00:10:45.540 --> 00:10:48.960 align:middle line:84% summary of the case, analysis one, analysis two. 00:10:48.960 --> 00:10:51.570 align:middle line:90% 00:10:51.570 --> 00:10:54.930 align:middle line:84% I would expect something like this, the whole thing, 00:10:54.930 --> 00:10:58.665 align:middle line:90% to be about three pages. 00:10:58.665 --> 00:11:01.882 align:middle line:90% 00:11:01.882 --> 00:11:04.090 align:middle line:84% If you get two pages and can't think of anything else 00:11:04.090 --> 00:11:11.050 align:middle line:84% to put in there, please don't put anything else in. 00:11:11.050 --> 00:11:13.790 align:middle line:84% If it goes over five pages, submit it. 00:11:13.790 --> 00:11:16.330 align:middle line:84% If it goes to 10 pages, we've got a problem. 00:11:16.330 --> 00:11:20.290 align:middle line:90% 00:11:20.290 --> 00:11:22.150 align:middle line:90% Talk to me about it. 00:11:22.150 --> 00:11:24.380 align:middle line:84% It might be something that you didn't need to say. 00:11:24.380 --> 00:11:28.120 align:middle line:84% But if you really feel compelled to say 10 pages worth of stuff, 00:11:28.120 --> 00:11:28.720 align:middle line:90% then fine. 00:11:28.720 --> 00:11:30.220 align:middle line:84% The only thing that was really going 00:11:30.220 --> 00:11:32.320 align:middle line:84% to irritate me about 10 pages is if you 00:11:32.320 --> 00:11:35.470 align:middle line:90% download nine pages of it. 00:11:35.470 --> 00:11:37.690 align:middle line:84% I mean, if you're writing out of your heart, 00:11:37.690 --> 00:11:45.350 align:middle line:84% and I'll know the difference, then we need to talk about it. 00:11:45.350 --> 00:11:47.920 align:middle line:84% And I'm going to grade this, but I'm going to-- 00:11:47.920 --> 00:11:51.530 align:middle line:84% like I said, I'm going to micromanage this, just 00:11:51.530 --> 00:11:54.630 align:middle line:90% this first one, this only one. 00:11:54.630 --> 00:11:55.130 align:middle line:90% Yeah. 00:11:55.130 --> 00:11:58.400 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: As for references are you hoping that we'll look more 00:11:58.400 --> 00:12:00.965 align:middle line:90% into the facts of the case or-- 00:12:00.965 --> 00:12:02.090 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Good question. 00:12:02.090 --> 00:12:06.170 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: --the deontological and utilitarian [INAUDIBLE]?? 00:12:06.170 --> 00:12:07.850 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Yes. 00:12:07.850 --> 00:12:09.380 align:middle line:84% What I'm getting ready to do now is 00:12:09.380 --> 00:12:13.100 align:middle line:84% to go more deeply into those methods right now. 00:12:13.100 --> 00:12:14.180 align:middle line:90% Look at Chapter 6. 00:12:14.180 --> 00:12:19.515 align:middle line:90% 00:12:19.515 --> 00:12:21.140 align:middle line:84% Actually, when I say look at Chapter 6, 00:12:21.140 --> 00:12:22.340 align:middle line:90% that's not what I mean. 00:12:22.340 --> 00:12:25.880 align:middle line:84% Look at the Table of Contents and look 00:12:25.880 --> 00:12:29.400 align:middle line:90% at the citation for Chapter 6. 00:12:29.400 --> 00:12:30.598 align:middle line:90% What's the title? 00:12:30.598 --> 00:12:32.690 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: Honesty, Integrity and Reliability. 00:12:32.690 --> 00:12:34.648 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: All right, that's not what I want. 00:12:34.648 --> 00:12:36.980 align:middle line:90% 00:12:36.980 --> 00:12:39.890 align:middle line:84% I was looking at the old version of this book. 00:12:39.890 --> 00:12:43.490 align:middle line:90% 00:12:43.490 --> 00:12:49.790 align:middle line:84% And there's a section which is Chapter 6 called 00:12:49.790 --> 00:12:52.050 align:middle line:90% Tests in Moral Problem Solving. 00:12:52.050 --> 00:12:54.410 align:middle line:90% Do you have a chapter like that? 00:12:54.410 --> 00:12:56.660 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: We have Methods for Moral Problem Solving. 00:12:56.660 --> 00:12:58.970 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: What's the one right after that? 00:12:58.970 --> 00:13:00.400 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: Organizing principles. 00:13:00.400 --> 00:13:04.120 align:middle line:90% 00:13:04.120 --> 00:13:06.565 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: That's the one, so it's Chapter 4. 00:13:06.565 --> 00:13:10.180 align:middle line:90% 00:13:10.180 --> 00:13:16.360 align:middle line:84% And chapter 4, what they call "respect for persons" 00:13:16.360 --> 00:13:20.020 align:middle line:84% counts as one particular case, but it's 00:13:20.020 --> 00:13:21.850 align:middle line:90% the deontological approach. 00:13:21.850 --> 00:13:27.340 align:middle line:84% And then utilitarianism, I think they spell it out right there. 00:13:27.340 --> 00:13:33.370 align:middle line:84% But I'm going to cover that material, 00:13:33.370 --> 00:13:35.140 align:middle line:84% but I'm going to cover it in a way 00:13:35.140 --> 00:13:43.610 align:middle line:84% that I think makes best sense for me as a teacher, 00:13:43.610 --> 00:13:45.800 align:middle line:84% particularly because there are some subtleties 00:13:45.800 --> 00:13:51.600 align:middle line:84% in this material that I think that you ought to pick up. 00:13:51.600 --> 00:13:59.690 align:middle line:84% And secondly, because most philosophers complain that Kant 00:13:59.690 --> 00:14:03.630 align:middle line:90% is very hard to understand. 00:14:03.630 --> 00:14:06.310 align:middle line:84% Not all philosophers believe he's hard to understand. 00:14:06.310 --> 00:14:07.852 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: British philosophers believe 00:14:07.852 --> 00:14:09.410 align:middle line:90% he's hard to understand. 00:14:09.410 --> 00:14:12.350 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: They think he's impossible to understand. 00:14:12.350 --> 00:14:15.731 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: Because they don't see it. 00:14:15.731 --> 00:14:17.170 align:middle line:84% So you've got to ask the Germans, 00:14:17.170 --> 00:14:18.460 align:middle line:90% do they have a hard time? 00:14:18.460 --> 00:14:21.250 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Right, they don't. 00:14:21.250 --> 00:14:24.820 align:middle line:84% All right, so some of them blame it on the translations. 00:14:24.820 --> 00:14:26.080 align:middle line:90% No, it's not. 00:14:26.080 --> 00:14:28.180 align:middle line:84% So what I'm going to try to do is 00:14:28.180 --> 00:14:34.730 align:middle line:84% to lay out these two approaches in a context 00:14:34.730 --> 00:14:37.750 align:middle line:84% so that you can see the meaning of it. 00:14:37.750 --> 00:14:40.570 align:middle line:84% And I think once you get this context and the meaning of it, 00:14:40.570 --> 00:14:43.060 align:middle line:84% the stuff falls out pretty clearly. 00:14:43.060 --> 00:14:45.940 align:middle line:90% It falls out clearly to me. 00:14:45.940 --> 00:14:49.720 align:middle line:84% And I've been successful arguing it. 00:14:49.720 --> 00:14:52.060 align:middle line:90% Let me try it with you. 00:14:52.060 --> 00:14:54.520 align:middle line:84% So let's see if the context is going to work. 00:14:54.520 --> 00:14:57.470 align:middle line:90% 00:14:57.470 --> 00:14:59.290 align:middle line:84% So with that, that's what I'll cover now. 00:14:59.290 --> 00:15:02.625 align:middle line:90% Any more questions or comments? 00:15:02.625 --> 00:15:04.000 align:middle line:84% Whenever I ask for questions, I'm 00:15:04.000 --> 00:15:09.310 align:middle line:84% also leaving the possibilities open for comments. 00:15:09.310 --> 00:15:12.850 align:middle line:90% Graduate class, comment. 00:15:12.850 --> 00:15:15.492 align:middle line:84% Undergraduates, they don't have any authority. 00:15:15.492 --> 00:15:20.500 align:middle line:90% 00:15:20.500 --> 00:15:21.790 align:middle line:90% You say, I remember the day. 00:15:21.790 --> 00:15:27.490 align:middle line:90% 00:15:27.490 --> 00:15:37.050 align:middle line:84% I was told about this professor at Oberlin, Philosophy 00:15:37.050 --> 00:15:41.370 align:middle line:84% professor, who would come into class, 00:15:41.370 --> 00:15:47.460 align:middle line:84% and lie down on his desk, and put his role book on his chest, 00:15:47.460 --> 00:15:51.853 align:middle line:84% and say, now, when somebody says something interesting, 00:15:51.853 --> 00:15:52.770 align:middle line:90% I'll give you a grade. 00:15:52.770 --> 00:15:56.280 align:middle line:90% 00:15:56.280 --> 00:15:59.640 align:middle line:84% Nobody asked if he was really asleep back down there, 00:15:59.640 --> 00:16:01.680 align:middle line:84% but the students would start discussing. 00:16:01.680 --> 00:16:03.270 align:middle line:90% It would really intimidate them. 00:16:03.270 --> 00:16:10.150 align:middle line:90% 00:16:10.150 --> 00:16:12.150 align:middle line:84% I'm not going to do that because I might wind up 00:16:12.150 --> 00:16:13.140 align:middle line:90% going right to sleep. 00:16:13.140 --> 00:16:18.863 align:middle line:90% 00:16:18.863 --> 00:16:20.780 align:middle line:84% But I guess the main point of what I just said 00:16:20.780 --> 00:16:26.840 align:middle line:84% is that I really do appreciate the imaginative pedagogy. 00:16:26.840 --> 00:16:27.770 align:middle line:90% I really do. 00:16:27.770 --> 00:16:34.650 align:middle line:90% 00:16:34.650 --> 00:16:37.540 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: 325 on purpose because of the Council? 00:16:37.540 --> 00:16:39.870 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Yes, but I put circa 00:16:39.870 --> 00:16:42.450 align:middle line:84% because they said fourth century, 00:16:42.450 --> 00:16:47.910 align:middle line:84% so I put up a circa there, but 325 because of the Council. 00:16:47.910 --> 00:16:50.880 align:middle line:90% Let's see how we're doing. 00:16:50.880 --> 00:16:52.005 align:middle line:90% Tell me about these lights. 00:16:52.005 --> 00:16:55.140 align:middle line:90% 00:16:55.140 --> 00:16:58.290 align:middle line:90% Can you see it better? 00:16:58.290 --> 00:17:02.237 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: If you turn the front ones off, yes. 00:17:02.237 --> 00:17:03.070 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Better? 00:17:03.070 --> 00:17:03.612 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: Yes. 00:17:03.612 --> 00:17:14.160 align:middle line:90% 00:17:14.160 --> 00:17:19.440 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Roman Empire, roughly 325 AD-- 00:17:19.440 --> 00:17:23.490 align:middle line:84% the color coding in this particular picture 00:17:23.490 --> 00:17:27.270 align:middle line:84% is there just to show the differences of the provinces. 00:17:27.270 --> 00:17:29.940 align:middle line:90% 00:17:29.940 --> 00:17:31.730 align:middle line:84% This being red, and this being red, 00:17:31.730 --> 00:17:33.780 align:middle line:84% and this being red have nothing to do with it. 00:17:33.780 --> 00:17:37.700 align:middle line:90% 00:17:37.700 --> 00:17:45.830 align:middle line:84% And in 325 AD was right after Constantine 00:17:45.830 --> 00:17:52.250 align:middle line:84% the Great unified the Empire and made Christianity the state 00:17:52.250 --> 00:17:53.510 align:middle line:90% religion of the Roman Empire. 00:17:53.510 --> 00:17:56.460 align:middle line:90% 00:17:56.460 --> 00:18:00.010 align:middle line:90% Now unify the Empire. 00:18:00.010 --> 00:18:05.350 align:middle line:84% The Empire is divided east and west in at least three ways-- 00:18:05.350 --> 00:18:11.201 align:middle line:84% geographically, culturally, and politically. 00:18:11.201 --> 00:18:13.970 align:middle line:90% 00:18:13.970 --> 00:18:17.090 align:middle line:84% It is divided east and west geographically pretty 00:18:17.090 --> 00:18:20.750 align:middle line:84% much along this vertical line that you can just barely 00:18:20.750 --> 00:18:25.520 align:middle line:84% see here, where you've got Greece on one side 00:18:25.520 --> 00:18:29.000 align:middle line:84% and all of what we now call Turkey, and the Middle East, 00:18:29.000 --> 00:18:32.480 align:middle line:90% and some of Egypt. 00:18:32.480 --> 00:18:36.620 align:middle line:84% And the west is North Africa, and Spain, 00:18:36.620 --> 00:18:41.240 align:middle line:84% and France, and England, and Italy, and others. 00:18:41.240 --> 00:18:44.390 align:middle line:90% 00:18:44.390 --> 00:18:46.820 align:middle line:84% Culturally-- this is the most important part-- 00:18:46.820 --> 00:18:49.550 align:middle line:90% 00:18:49.550 --> 00:18:53.630 align:middle line:84% have you ever read The New Yorker magazine? 00:18:53.630 --> 00:18:56.700 align:middle line:90% 00:18:56.700 --> 00:18:59.160 align:middle line:90% Do you like the covers? 00:18:59.160 --> 00:19:02.730 align:middle line:84% The covers always have some kind of message. 00:19:02.730 --> 00:19:05.820 align:middle line:84% Ostensibly, if you're a New Yorker, it picks up better. 00:19:05.820 --> 00:19:09.510 align:middle line:84% You can understand it better than other people. 00:19:09.510 --> 00:19:12.453 align:middle line:84% Well, there's a cover and it's done by Steinberg. 00:19:12.453 --> 00:19:13.620 align:middle line:90% I should have brought it in. 00:19:13.620 --> 00:19:18.520 align:middle line:84% I have the big poster of it in my apartment. 00:19:18.520 --> 00:19:22.120 align:middle line:84% I carry it wherever I go, not if I'm at a hotel, 00:19:22.120 --> 00:19:23.910 align:middle line:84% but if I'm going to stay at some point, 00:19:23.910 --> 00:19:25.410 align:middle line:84% I carry that and put it on the wall. 00:19:25.410 --> 00:19:26.970 align:middle line:90% It's about this tall. 00:19:26.970 --> 00:19:32.880 align:middle line:90% And he's numbered his posters. 00:19:32.880 --> 00:19:38.730 align:middle line:84% I have something around 355, so it's an original 00:19:38.730 --> 00:19:43.110 align:middle line:84% and it's the 355th one that he did. 00:19:43.110 --> 00:19:47.110 align:middle line:84% And what it does is, it's just incredible. 00:19:47.110 --> 00:19:49.260 align:middle line:90% It has a picture. 00:19:49.260 --> 00:19:52.390 align:middle line:84% I think it's called "The New Yorker's View of the World." 00:19:52.390 --> 00:19:55.410 align:middle line:84% It has a picture of some buildings in New York City. 00:19:55.410 --> 00:19:57.990 align:middle line:90% 00:19:57.990 --> 00:19:59.370 align:middle line:90% That's the foreground. 00:19:59.370 --> 00:20:02.980 align:middle line:90% Then as you go up, you go back. 00:20:02.980 --> 00:20:08.640 align:middle line:84% So as you go up, the next thing is the Hudson River, 00:20:08.640 --> 00:20:11.670 align:middle line:84% and everything else is wilderness. 00:20:11.670 --> 00:20:15.060 align:middle line:84% There's a little place over there that says, "Chicago." 00:20:15.060 --> 00:20:16.950 align:middle line:84% There's a little hill over there, 00:20:16.950 --> 00:20:19.140 align:middle line:90% and they say "Los Angeles." 00:20:19.140 --> 00:20:23.070 align:middle line:84% There's a pond up here called "The Pacific Ocean." 00:20:23.070 --> 00:20:25.920 align:middle line:84% And then there is some land, and there's a little word says 00:20:25.920 --> 00:20:27.690 align:middle line:90% Japan, and USS . 00:20:27.690 --> 00:20:30.780 align:middle line:84% I mean, the New Yorker picture of the world 00:20:30.780 --> 00:20:33.030 align:middle line:84% is that everything that is civilization 00:20:33.030 --> 00:20:35.310 align:middle line:90% and that is happening is here. 00:20:35.310 --> 00:20:38.160 align:middle line:84% When you walk across, when you get out 00:20:38.160 --> 00:20:42.690 align:middle line:84% of one of those bridges, then you're in the wasteland. 00:20:42.690 --> 00:20:47.040 align:middle line:90% 00:20:47.040 --> 00:20:50.940 align:middle line:84% The people who lived in the eastern part of the empire 00:20:50.940 --> 00:20:52.538 align:middle line:90% felt that way about the west. 00:20:52.538 --> 00:20:55.310 align:middle line:90% 00:20:55.310 --> 00:20:59.030 align:middle line:90% This was high culture over here. 00:20:59.030 --> 00:21:01.700 align:middle line:90% This was a wasteland over there. 00:21:01.700 --> 00:21:06.710 align:middle line:84% Even Rome, forget about what they say about Hollywood. 00:21:06.710 --> 00:21:10.820 align:middle line:84% And the Romans, any one of them who had been out to the east, 00:21:10.820 --> 00:21:14.610 align:middle line:90% felt pretty much the same way. 00:21:14.610 --> 00:21:18.600 align:middle line:84% They didn't even speak the same language. 00:21:18.600 --> 00:21:21.360 align:middle line:84% In the west, the language of choice-- 00:21:21.360 --> 00:21:25.230 align:middle line:84% mainly of the scholars and the upper classes, 00:21:25.230 --> 00:21:27.900 align:middle line:84% but of anybody else who could speak-- 00:21:27.900 --> 00:21:34.170 align:middle line:84% Latin was the language of the realm in the west. 00:21:34.170 --> 00:21:36.390 align:middle line:84% What was the language of the realm in the east? 00:21:36.390 --> 00:21:39.630 align:middle line:90% It was not Latin. 00:21:39.630 --> 00:21:42.160 align:middle line:90% Want to guess? 00:21:42.160 --> 00:21:43.590 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: Persian. 00:21:43.590 --> 00:21:45.390 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: That's a good guess. 00:21:45.390 --> 00:21:47.490 align:middle line:90% She said Persian. 00:21:47.490 --> 00:21:48.790 align:middle line:90% Would you say Hebrew? 00:21:48.790 --> 00:21:49.710 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: Sure. 00:21:49.710 --> 00:21:51.270 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: OK. 00:21:51.270 --> 00:21:51.948 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: Greek. 00:21:51.948 --> 00:21:52.740 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Greek. 00:21:52.740 --> 00:21:55.380 align:middle line:90% 00:21:55.380 --> 00:21:56.430 align:middle line:90% It was Greek. 00:21:56.430 --> 00:22:03.100 align:middle line:84% That's why they call it the Hellenistic part of the Empire. 00:22:03.100 --> 00:22:16.720 align:middle line:84% And in the west, the people out here 00:22:16.720 --> 00:22:22.030 align:middle line:84% were just like the Romans that made the Empire. 00:22:22.030 --> 00:22:30.070 align:middle line:84% They were very concerned about militarism. 00:22:30.070 --> 00:22:35.530 align:middle line:84% Because at this time, there was a great flood 00:22:35.530 --> 00:22:37.848 align:middle line:90% or several waves-- 00:22:37.848 --> 00:22:39.640 align:middle line:84% I don't want to use the word [INAUDIBLE] -- 00:22:39.640 --> 00:22:46.300 align:middle line:84% several waves of people coming in to this part of Europe from 00:22:46.300 --> 00:22:51.180 align:middle line:90% Asia, the Teutonic tribes. 00:22:51.180 --> 00:22:53.280 align:middle line:84% Now, they came in in more than one way. 00:22:53.280 --> 00:22:57.000 align:middle line:84% There was an earlier wave where they came in and occupied 00:22:57.000 --> 00:23:00.210 align:middle line:90% these northern parts, Vikings. 00:23:00.210 --> 00:23:04.830 align:middle line:84% But the big waves came in around this time. 00:23:04.830 --> 00:23:08.590 align:middle line:90% And we know why they came in. 00:23:08.590 --> 00:23:09.465 align:middle line:90% It was a big drought. 00:23:09.465 --> 00:23:13.310 align:middle line:90% 00:23:13.310 --> 00:23:16.250 align:middle line:84% Now, the historians and anthropologists 00:23:16.250 --> 00:23:26.840 align:middle line:84% that I read, when they say that they don't know why somebody 00:23:26.840 --> 00:23:29.623 align:middle line:84% migrated from one area to another, it 00:23:29.623 --> 00:23:31.040 align:middle line:84% does not mean that they don't have 00:23:31.040 --> 00:23:33.290 align:middle line:90% some idea about why they do it. 00:23:33.290 --> 00:23:37.160 align:middle line:84% It's usually some drought, or disease, 00:23:37.160 --> 00:23:40.570 align:middle line:84% or population expansion of some sort, 00:23:40.570 --> 00:23:43.190 align:middle line:84% or persecution by somebody else further out. 00:23:43.190 --> 00:23:45.980 align:middle line:90% 00:23:45.980 --> 00:23:48.440 align:middle line:84% But this time they pretty much know. 00:23:48.440 --> 00:23:51.350 align:middle line:84% They had a series of bad droughts up in Asia. 00:23:51.350 --> 00:23:54.770 align:middle line:84% And great numbers of people came in here, 00:23:54.770 --> 00:23:58.640 align:middle line:84% and they were all your Goths, which 00:23:58.640 --> 00:24:02.610 align:middle line:84% include the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths, the Vandals. 00:24:02.610 --> 00:24:05.840 align:middle line:90% 00:24:05.840 --> 00:24:08.900 align:middle line:84% All of these people came in from this area here. 00:24:08.900 --> 00:24:12.140 align:middle line:84% And they terrified the Empire because they 00:24:12.140 --> 00:24:15.080 align:middle line:90% had a fighting nature to them. 00:24:15.080 --> 00:24:18.980 align:middle line:84% And they would raid over these borders. 00:24:18.980 --> 00:24:23.630 align:middle line:84% And in 410 AD, Alaric the Goth sacked Rome. 00:24:23.630 --> 00:24:27.760 align:middle line:90% 00:24:27.760 --> 00:24:34.420 align:middle line:84% Now, here's the cultural point that I 00:24:34.420 --> 00:24:37.420 align:middle line:84% want to carry into the universities, 00:24:37.420 --> 00:24:44.310 align:middle line:84% and it's going to be one of my major points in this lecture. 00:24:44.310 --> 00:24:46.480 align:middle line:90% Here it is. 00:24:46.480 --> 00:24:46.980 align:middle line:90% Ready? 00:24:46.980 --> 00:24:54.330 align:middle line:90% 00:24:54.330 --> 00:25:01.530 align:middle line:84% In the period between 650 BC and 650 AD, 00:25:01.530 --> 00:25:07.170 align:middle line:84% all of your major religions except two were founded. 00:25:07.170 --> 00:25:15.980 align:middle line:84% [INAUDIBLE] Judaism was founded before all that, 00:25:15.980 --> 00:25:23.690 align:middle line:84% and Islam was founded after, but everything else 00:25:23.690 --> 00:25:25.850 align:middle line:90% was coming around this time. 00:25:25.850 --> 00:25:28.790 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: Not just there, but when you think of Buddha. 00:25:28.790 --> 00:25:32.650 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Buddha-- it was the whole world. 00:25:32.650 --> 00:25:34.230 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: It was very broad. 00:25:34.230 --> 00:25:35.980 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: It was a very magical period. 00:25:35.980 --> 00:25:39.150 align:middle line:90% 00:25:39.150 --> 00:25:51.150 align:middle line:84% And when Christianity was formed, there were some issues. 00:25:51.150 --> 00:25:55.123 align:middle line:90% And one of the issues was this. 00:25:55.123 --> 00:25:56.790 align:middle line:84% This is going to be a theological point, 00:25:56.790 --> 00:25:58.957 align:middle line:84% but I'm going to make it an educational point that's 00:25:58.957 --> 00:26:02.460 align:middle line:84% going last you for the rest of your career. 00:26:02.460 --> 00:26:04.760 align:middle line:90% The theological point is this-- 00:26:04.760 --> 00:26:08.040 align:middle line:84% the question, which is most important 00:26:08.040 --> 00:26:11.970 align:middle line:84% or which comes first, faith or works? 00:26:11.970 --> 00:26:15.220 align:middle line:90% 00:26:15.220 --> 00:26:19.630 align:middle line:84% Do you have it in your mind that you are a good person 00:26:19.630 --> 00:26:21.670 align:middle line:84% and that will cause you to do good things? 00:26:21.670 --> 00:26:24.340 align:middle line:90% 00:26:24.340 --> 00:26:27.040 align:middle line:84% Or you'd best do good things otherwise 00:26:27.040 --> 00:26:29.830 align:middle line:90% you won't get salvation? 00:26:29.830 --> 00:26:33.430 align:middle line:90% 00:26:33.430 --> 00:26:37.180 align:middle line:84% Now in the East, when all of these religions 00:26:37.180 --> 00:26:39.640 align:middle line:90% were vying with one another-- 00:26:39.640 --> 00:26:44.170 align:middle line:84% and I say that there were people long before this time who 00:26:44.170 --> 00:26:50.170 align:middle line:84% knew that paganism could not last the Romans in peacetime, 00:26:50.170 --> 00:26:54.020 align:middle line:84% because paganism was a warrior religion. 00:26:54.020 --> 00:26:55.870 align:middle line:84% And I think that many of these religions 00:26:55.870 --> 00:26:59.720 align:middle line:84% were vying with each other to be the state religion of the Roman 00:26:59.720 --> 00:27:00.220 align:middle line:90% Empire. 00:27:00.220 --> 00:27:02.320 align:middle line:84% They just didn't know when it was going to come. 00:27:02.320 --> 00:27:04.220 align:middle line:90% Now, that's my take on it. 00:27:04.220 --> 00:27:08.500 align:middle line:90% I emphasize the word M-Y. 00:27:08.500 --> 00:27:12.550 align:middle line:84% But in the East, the problem of getting people 00:27:12.550 --> 00:27:17.320 align:middle line:84% to accept your religion was a problem of reason. 00:27:17.320 --> 00:27:19.930 align:middle line:84% You had to argue with them because all of them 00:27:19.930 --> 00:27:20.860 align:middle line:90% had studied. 00:27:20.860 --> 00:27:26.900 align:middle line:84% All of your intellectuals had studied Greek philosophy. 00:27:26.900 --> 00:27:32.840 align:middle line:84% They knew all about Plato and Aristotle, all of these people. 00:27:32.840 --> 00:27:36.390 align:middle line:84% And so you had to sit down and reason it out with them. 00:27:36.390 --> 00:27:39.440 align:middle line:84% You had to get their faith before you 00:27:39.440 --> 00:27:40.400 align:middle line:90% could get their works. 00:27:40.400 --> 00:27:44.990 align:middle line:90% 00:27:44.990 --> 00:27:46.475 align:middle line:90% Guess what in the West? 00:27:46.475 --> 00:27:49.940 align:middle line:90% 00:27:49.940 --> 00:27:53.210 align:middle line:90% You had to get their works. 00:27:53.210 --> 00:27:56.180 align:middle line:84% People didn't want to hear about all of this theorizing. 00:27:56.180 --> 00:27:59.210 align:middle line:90% What do you want me to do? 00:27:59.210 --> 00:28:03.140 align:middle line:84% So works came before faith in the West. 00:28:03.140 --> 00:28:05.075 align:middle line:84% Faith came before works in the East. 00:28:05.075 --> 00:28:08.770 align:middle line:90% 00:28:08.770 --> 00:28:13.120 align:middle line:84% Now, what does that have to do with universities? 00:28:13.120 --> 00:28:19.095 align:middle line:84% Well, as you saw from the film, whatever theologians 00:28:19.095 --> 00:28:20.470 align:middle line:84% were thinking about had something 00:28:20.470 --> 00:28:21.370 align:middle line:90% to do with the universities. 00:28:21.370 --> 00:28:22.412 align:middle line:90% They were the professors. 00:28:22.412 --> 00:28:25.530 align:middle line:90% 00:28:25.530 --> 00:28:30.800 align:middle line:90% Now, this is around 1500 AD. 00:28:30.800 --> 00:28:32.930 align:middle line:84% And now I want you to put in your mind 00:28:32.930 --> 00:28:41.160 align:middle line:84% that film that I showed, where Julius II is the Warrior Pope. 00:28:41.160 --> 00:28:43.230 align:middle line:90% This is during his time. 00:28:43.230 --> 00:28:48.410 align:middle line:84% Actually, circa 1500 is pretty much his time. 00:28:48.410 --> 00:28:50.090 align:middle line:90% This is a map of Europe. 00:28:50.090 --> 00:28:52.880 align:middle line:84% It's kind of hard to see, but you don't need to see. 00:28:52.880 --> 00:28:54.740 align:middle line:90% I'll see for you. 00:28:54.740 --> 00:29:00.500 align:middle line:90% 00:29:00.500 --> 00:29:02.750 align:middle line:84% This is a map of the universities 00:29:02.750 --> 00:29:04.190 align:middle line:90% in Europe at that time. 00:29:04.190 --> 00:29:06.025 align:middle line:90% There was about 75 of them. 00:29:06.025 --> 00:29:10.680 align:middle line:90% 00:29:10.680 --> 00:29:17.610 align:middle line:84% This part of the map, including most of Italy, 00:29:17.610 --> 00:29:21.060 align:middle line:84% but certainly all of what we call Germania 00:29:21.060 --> 00:29:26.070 align:middle line:84% was what is called the Holy Roman Empire. 00:29:26.070 --> 00:29:31.930 align:middle line:84% That was established after the Roman Empire had fallen, 00:29:31.930 --> 00:29:36.000 align:middle line:84% after Islam had come in, and after Islam 00:29:36.000 --> 00:29:38.130 align:middle line:90% had pretty much gone back. 00:29:38.130 --> 00:29:42.520 align:middle line:84% Charlemagne came to power in around 1800. 00:29:42.520 --> 00:29:44.290 align:middle line:84% And depending on who you talk to, 00:29:44.290 --> 00:29:46.210 align:middle line:84% it's either Charlemagne or Otto the First that 00:29:46.210 --> 00:29:47.625 align:middle line:90% began the Holy Roman Empire. 00:29:47.625 --> 00:29:49.000 align:middle line:84% If you talk to a Frenchman, guess 00:29:49.000 --> 00:29:50.960 align:middle line:90% what a Frenchman will say? 00:29:50.960 --> 00:29:51.620 align:middle line:90% Charlemagne. 00:29:51.620 --> 00:29:53.870 align:middle line:84% If you talk to a German, what will the German say? 00:29:53.870 --> 00:29:56.840 align:middle line:90% Otto the First. 00:29:56.840 --> 00:29:59.360 align:middle line:84% It's important for me to say that this 00:29:59.360 --> 00:30:03.890 align:middle line:84% is what the Germans in the 20th century called the First Reich. 00:30:03.890 --> 00:30:09.390 align:middle line:90% 00:30:09.390 --> 00:30:12.990 align:middle line:84% You had an emperor that was located up around in here. 00:30:12.990 --> 00:30:18.460 align:middle line:84% And guess who the high priest of the empire was? 00:30:18.460 --> 00:30:20.507 align:middle line:90% The Pope. 00:30:20.507 --> 00:30:21.840 align:middle line:90% And then you had everybody else. 00:30:21.840 --> 00:30:26.630 align:middle line:84% So there is, remember, the three principles of social order-- 00:30:26.630 --> 00:30:30.920 align:middle line:90% regal, priestly, and popular. 00:30:30.920 --> 00:30:36.780 align:middle line:84% The regal principle was the Emperor. 00:30:36.780 --> 00:30:41.200 align:middle line:84% The priestly principal was the Pope. 00:30:41.200 --> 00:30:46.450 align:middle line:84% And the popular principle was that if you belong 00:30:46.450 --> 00:30:49.660 align:middle line:84% to the Empire, you would be safe from marauders, 00:30:49.660 --> 00:30:52.130 align:middle line:84% and you could enjoy some of the wealth of the Empire. 00:30:52.130 --> 00:30:54.760 align:middle line:90% 00:30:54.760 --> 00:30:56.830 align:middle line:90% So there it is. 00:30:56.830 --> 00:30:59.738 align:middle line:84% And this is the mood in which these universities 00:30:59.738 --> 00:31:00.280 align:middle line:90% were founded. 00:31:00.280 --> 00:31:01.600 align:middle line:90% Now, here comes my point-- 00:31:01.600 --> 00:31:04.630 align:middle line:90% 00:31:04.630 --> 00:31:07.250 align:middle line:90% here it comes. 00:31:07.250 --> 00:31:14.790 align:middle line:84% The first universities that were founded, and were founded 00:31:14.790 --> 00:31:18.350 align:middle line:90% in Italy before this time-- 00:31:18.350 --> 00:31:21.740 align:middle line:84% we're talking about just around the time 00:31:21.740 --> 00:31:25.020 align:middle line:84% and just before the time of the Name of the Rose, 00:31:25.020 --> 00:31:30.170 align:middle line:84% which, depending on who you're talking, about 1100, 1200. 00:31:30.170 --> 00:31:33.440 align:middle line:90% These universities in Italy-- 00:31:33.440 --> 00:31:37.930 align:middle line:84% they were Bologna and elsewhere-- 00:31:37.930 --> 00:31:48.420 align:middle line:84% they were universities that taught medicine, law, theology, 00:31:48.420 --> 00:31:50.005 align:middle line:90% and/or administration. 00:31:50.005 --> 00:31:54.280 align:middle line:90% 00:31:54.280 --> 00:31:58.165 align:middle line:84% Now, this is what gets me excited-- 00:31:58.165 --> 00:32:02.170 align:middle line:90% 00:32:02.170 --> 00:32:05.280 align:middle line:84% they were right close to the Pope, 00:32:05.280 --> 00:32:08.400 align:middle line:84% and it made sense for those institutions 00:32:08.400 --> 00:32:14.105 align:middle line:84% to be institutions focusing on works, the practical arts. 00:32:14.105 --> 00:32:18.480 align:middle line:90% 00:32:18.480 --> 00:32:23.010 align:middle line:84% So if engineering was a learned discipline at that time, 00:32:23.010 --> 00:32:25.500 align:middle line:84% and was taught at a university, where would it most likely 00:32:25.500 --> 00:32:26.880 align:middle line:90% have been found? 00:32:26.880 --> 00:32:27.930 align:middle line:90% Down there near the Pope. 00:32:27.930 --> 00:32:33.650 align:middle line:90% 00:32:33.650 --> 00:32:43.030 align:middle line:84% Something happened that is important about this time, that 00:32:43.030 --> 00:32:53.950 align:middle line:84% made the professors get interested in Greek philosophy. 00:32:53.950 --> 00:32:59.620 align:middle line:84% Remember from your film, who was the bad guy in the film? 00:32:59.620 --> 00:33:02.110 align:middle line:90% The venerable York. 00:33:02.110 --> 00:33:04.810 align:middle line:90% And why was he the bad guy? 00:33:04.810 --> 00:33:07.840 align:middle line:90% Tell me in your own words. 00:33:07.840 --> 00:33:11.130 align:middle line:84% Why did he commit all those murders? 00:33:11.130 --> 00:33:19.760 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: He was afraid of the knowledge from Aristotle. 00:33:19.760 --> 00:33:21.170 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Yeah, keep talking. 00:33:21.170 --> 00:33:22.750 align:middle line:90% Just keep going. 00:33:22.750 --> 00:33:24.160 align:middle line:90% You can't say too much on it. 00:33:24.160 --> 00:33:27.630 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: The liberation of people's minds, people's sense 00:33:27.630 --> 00:33:32.190 align:middle line:84% of joy, and people's desire to search for new knowledge-- he 00:33:32.190 --> 00:33:36.480 align:middle line:84% was afraid of all those things destroying the Church 00:33:36.480 --> 00:33:39.690 align:middle line:90% and civilization as he knew it. 00:33:39.690 --> 00:33:40.960 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Keep going. 00:33:40.960 --> 00:33:42.060 align:middle line:90% Let's get some more ideas. 00:33:42.060 --> 00:33:44.250 align:middle line:90% You saw that movie. 00:33:44.250 --> 00:33:46.140 align:middle line:84% Come on, tell me, what do you think about it? 00:33:46.140 --> 00:33:46.932 align:middle line:90% Were you impressed? 00:33:46.932 --> 00:33:49.872 align:middle line:84% I mean, did this movie make an impact on you? 00:33:49.872 --> 00:33:50.800 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: It did. 00:33:50.800 --> 00:33:54.480 align:middle line:84% And it mentioned what we were talking about. 00:33:54.480 --> 00:34:00.690 align:middle line:84% And I think I got most of it, but [INAUDIBLE] just afraid 00:34:00.690 --> 00:34:01.320 align:middle line:90% of the change. 00:34:01.320 --> 00:34:05.520 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Terrified-- notice that in the eastern part 00:34:05.520 --> 00:34:07.530 align:middle line:84% of the Empire, everybody's steady. 00:34:07.530 --> 00:34:11.400 align:middle line:90% Over here, they were terrified. 00:34:11.400 --> 00:34:14.670 align:middle line:84% Well, one of the ways you can talk about terror 00:34:14.670 --> 00:34:27.389 align:middle line:84% of it all is that reason was challenging faith. 00:34:27.389 --> 00:34:30.120 align:middle line:84% Don't tell me anything, and tell me 00:34:30.120 --> 00:34:33.449 align:middle line:90% that my faith has to make it so. 00:34:33.449 --> 00:34:36.445 align:middle line:90% Appeal to my reason. 00:34:36.445 --> 00:34:38.570 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: That was sort of Sean Connery's character. 00:34:38.570 --> 00:34:40.010 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Yes. 00:34:40.010 --> 00:34:43.040 align:middle line:84% A word or two about Sean Connery character-- 00:34:43.040 --> 00:34:48.860 align:middle line:84% this is Hollywood it its best, in my judgment. 00:34:48.860 --> 00:34:51.500 align:middle line:84% Sean Connery's character was a conflation 00:34:51.500 --> 00:34:53.460 align:middle line:90% of more than one person. 00:34:53.460 --> 00:34:56.210 align:middle line:84% But I think the main character, the main person 00:34:56.210 --> 00:35:03.440 align:middle line:84% that Umberto Eco had in mind was a man called William of Ockham. 00:35:03.440 --> 00:35:06.950 align:middle line:90% 00:35:06.950 --> 00:35:10.970 align:middle line:84% William of Ockham-- you can read about him and the philosophies 00:35:10.970 --> 00:35:11.600 align:middle line:90% that he had. 00:35:11.600 --> 00:35:14.480 align:middle line:90% 00:35:14.480 --> 00:35:20.285 align:middle line:84% And William of Ockham and others belonged to one of two-- 00:35:20.285 --> 00:35:23.300 align:middle line:90% 00:35:23.300 --> 00:35:26.570 align:middle line:90% ooh, this thing's leaking-- 00:35:26.570 --> 00:35:28.508 align:middle line:90% one of two six-- 00:35:28.508 --> 00:35:29.571 align:middle line:90% they were-- 00:35:29.571 --> 00:35:32.532 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]. 00:35:32.532 --> 00:35:34.740 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Actually, I don't want to throw it away. 00:35:34.740 --> 00:35:39.130 align:middle line:84% I want to wipe this off, if nobody has any tissues? 00:35:39.130 --> 00:35:40.470 align:middle line:90% Got any tissues? 00:35:40.470 --> 00:35:43.680 align:middle line:90% This thing is leaking. 00:35:43.680 --> 00:35:47.070 align:middle line:84% The Franciscans and the Dominicans-- 00:35:47.070 --> 00:35:49.500 align:middle line:84% could you pick them out in the film? 00:35:49.500 --> 00:35:52.710 align:middle line:84% The Franciscans were the poor ones. 00:35:52.710 --> 00:35:55.140 align:middle line:90% Thank you. 00:35:55.140 --> 00:35:59.490 align:middle line:84% And they wore just the plain cowl. 00:35:59.490 --> 00:36:01.650 align:middle line:90% We're talking about the film. 00:36:01.650 --> 00:36:05.930 align:middle line:84% And the flamboyant ones were the Benedictines. 00:36:05.930 --> 00:36:08.490 align:middle line:90% 00:36:08.490 --> 00:36:15.330 align:middle line:84% Actually, they reflect, for the most part, 00:36:15.330 --> 00:36:18.500 align:middle line:84% class differences of the members. 00:36:18.500 --> 00:36:20.900 align:middle line:84% The Benedictines, for the most part, 00:36:20.900 --> 00:36:24.020 align:middle line:84% were people who came from wealthy families, 00:36:24.020 --> 00:36:27.950 align:middle line:90% and the Augustinians were-- 00:36:27.950 --> 00:36:30.830 align:middle line:90% 00:36:30.830 --> 00:36:31.970 align:middle line:90% did I say Augustinians? 00:36:31.970 --> 00:36:34.610 align:middle line:90% I should have said Franciscans. 00:36:34.610 --> 00:36:35.240 align:middle line:90% I'm sorry. 00:36:35.240 --> 00:36:41.030 align:middle line:84% Franciscans mainly did not come from those families, which 00:36:41.030 --> 00:36:48.380 align:middle line:84% meant that their competition for intellectual equality was keen, 00:36:48.380 --> 00:36:53.142 align:middle line:84% and the Franciscans enjoyed beating the Benedictines. 00:36:53.142 --> 00:36:57.210 align:middle line:90% 00:36:57.210 --> 00:36:59.640 align:middle line:84% What happened was that the Benedictines 00:36:59.640 --> 00:37:04.200 align:middle line:84% and the Franciscans were, at first, together 00:37:04.200 --> 00:37:07.800 align:middle line:84% in the faculties, particularly at the University of Paris. 00:37:07.800 --> 00:37:12.930 align:middle line:84% And then the Franciscans decided to go off. 00:37:12.930 --> 00:37:15.320 align:middle line:84% And they established Cambridge and Oxford. 00:37:15.320 --> 00:37:20.510 align:middle line:90% 00:37:20.510 --> 00:37:28.670 align:middle line:84% Now, because science had become the new vogue in those days-- 00:37:28.670 --> 00:37:32.360 align:middle line:84% we had just discovered the Americas. 00:37:32.360 --> 00:37:35.810 align:middle line:84% We're creating a new middle class. 00:37:35.810 --> 00:37:40.950 align:middle line:84% The notion of science and exploration are now important. 00:37:40.950 --> 00:37:44.810 align:middle line:84% That's why the venerable York was having a hard time, 00:37:44.810 --> 00:37:49.960 align:middle line:84% because people thought that we need to learn Aristotle now. 00:37:49.960 --> 00:37:52.750 align:middle line:84% And the Benedictines and the Franciscans believed that. 00:37:52.750 --> 00:37:56.370 align:middle line:90% 00:37:56.370 --> 00:38:02.100 align:middle line:84% So the further they got away from the Pope, 00:38:02.100 --> 00:38:05.400 align:middle line:84% the more successful they were in studying and teaching 00:38:05.400 --> 00:38:06.060 align:middle line:90% Aristotle. 00:38:06.060 --> 00:38:12.100 align:middle line:90% 00:38:12.100 --> 00:38:14.440 align:middle line:84% At the same time, something very interesting 00:38:14.440 --> 00:38:15.715 align:middle line:90% was happening over here. 00:38:15.715 --> 00:38:20.180 align:middle line:90% 00:38:20.180 --> 00:38:24.290 align:middle line:84% We're now talking about what happened to-- 00:38:24.290 --> 00:38:25.520 align:middle line:90% what was going on? 00:38:25.520 --> 00:38:30.470 align:middle line:84% How did Christianity take with the Goths and some 00:38:30.470 --> 00:38:32.000 align:middle line:84% of the other Teutonic tribes that I 00:38:32.000 --> 00:38:37.070 align:middle line:84% said had just started coming in, in the early, early part 00:38:37.070 --> 00:38:39.380 align:middle line:90% of the 4th century? 00:38:39.380 --> 00:38:46.570 align:middle line:84% Well, these are what they thought 00:38:46.570 --> 00:38:50.840 align:middle line:84% were the way the world was divided up. 00:38:50.840 --> 00:38:53.060 align:middle line:84% You just take a little look at that. 00:38:53.060 --> 00:38:58.240 align:middle line:84% Separate the first one and the last one from the middle. 00:38:58.240 --> 00:39:03.828 align:middle line:84% The first one, the sky gods, came in from Christianity. 00:39:03.828 --> 00:39:10.290 align:middle line:84% The last one, the Realm of the Dead, Hel, this word H-E-L, 00:39:10.290 --> 00:39:14.520 align:middle line:84% is supposed to be where H-E-L-L came from. 00:39:14.520 --> 00:39:17.640 align:middle line:84% But it also came in from Christianity. 00:39:17.640 --> 00:39:21.480 align:middle line:84% The middle was what the Goths had before they even 00:39:21.480 --> 00:39:25.190 align:middle line:90% came over here, to Europe. 00:39:25.190 --> 00:39:29.540 align:middle line:84% And the point I want to make is that when Christianity 00:39:29.540 --> 00:39:38.420 align:middle line:84% was introduced to the Goths and others in the Germanic part 00:39:38.420 --> 00:39:42.890 align:middle line:84% of Europe and Eastern Europe, it never fully overtook 00:39:42.890 --> 00:39:45.258 align:middle line:90% people's thinking. 00:39:45.258 --> 00:39:46.300 align:middle line:90% The middle part remained. 00:39:46.300 --> 00:39:48.980 align:middle line:90% 00:39:48.980 --> 00:39:50.650 align:middle line:84% There's something very significant 00:39:50.650 --> 00:39:56.790 align:middle line:84% about this middle part, very significant. 00:39:56.790 --> 00:40:02.730 align:middle line:90% 00:40:02.730 --> 00:40:08.310 align:middle line:84% And that is that when you look at their religion-- 00:40:08.310 --> 00:40:12.900 align:middle line:84% pick a religion, and ask which of the gods lives in those 00:40:12.900 --> 00:40:20.380 align:middle line:84% parts of the world, what you are going to find is that 00:40:20.380 --> 00:40:24.410 align:middle line:84% M-A-N-I-G. I don't if it's pronounced "manick" 00:40:24.410 --> 00:40:25.444 align:middle line:90% or [INAUDIBLE]. 00:40:25.444 --> 00:40:28.050 align:middle line:90% 00:40:28.050 --> 00:40:31.090 align:middle line:90% But look at it. 00:40:31.090 --> 00:40:32.845 align:middle line:90% The individual has will. 00:40:32.845 --> 00:40:37.680 align:middle line:90% 00:40:37.680 --> 00:40:41.280 align:middle line:84% Christianity, at least during these times, 00:40:41.280 --> 00:40:43.230 align:middle line:90% would attribute will to God. 00:40:43.230 --> 00:40:45.600 align:middle line:90% God had will. 00:40:45.600 --> 00:40:50.700 align:middle line:84% But here, they are talking about every human being having 00:40:50.700 --> 00:40:55.290 align:middle line:84% a will, and that will being a part of your body. 00:40:55.290 --> 00:40:57.390 align:middle line:84% And it even goes further than that. 00:40:57.390 --> 00:41:03.150 align:middle line:84% The will could overdo the [INAUDIBLE] which 00:41:03.150 --> 00:41:06.630 align:middle line:90% was the god of your destiny. 00:41:06.630 --> 00:41:10.530 align:middle line:84% And that is, you could say that I have destiny 00:41:10.530 --> 00:41:13.110 align:middle line:84% and I have faith out in front of me. 00:41:13.110 --> 00:41:16.590 align:middle line:84% And there are these gods who say that this is 00:41:16.590 --> 00:41:18.810 align:middle line:90% where I am going in this life. 00:41:18.810 --> 00:41:22.080 align:middle line:84% But guess how you could, how a human being, 00:41:22.080 --> 00:41:25.180 align:middle line:90% could overcome the gods? 00:41:25.180 --> 00:41:27.334 align:middle line:90% With the will. 00:41:27.334 --> 00:41:28.420 align:middle line:90% I will it. 00:41:28.420 --> 00:41:31.720 align:middle line:90% I will not go that way-- 00:41:31.720 --> 00:41:32.500 align:middle line:90% free will. 00:41:32.500 --> 00:41:35.320 align:middle line:90% 00:41:35.320 --> 00:41:36.800 align:middle line:90% Do you see it coming? 00:41:36.800 --> 00:41:38.940 align:middle line:84% That's the basis of Kant's deontology. 00:41:38.940 --> 00:41:40.045 align:middle line:90% He lived in this area. 00:41:40.045 --> 00:41:42.442 align:middle line:90% 00:41:42.442 --> 00:41:43.900 align:middle line:84% That's the point I'm going to make. 00:41:43.900 --> 00:41:47.140 align:middle line:90% 00:41:47.140 --> 00:41:52.630 align:middle line:84% It was out of this thinking about the will that took on, 00:41:52.630 --> 00:41:56.110 align:middle line:84% in the West, the notion that faith 00:41:56.110 --> 00:42:00.610 align:middle line:84% is more important than works because faith is of the mind 00:42:00.610 --> 00:42:04.120 align:middle line:90% just like the will is. 00:42:04.120 --> 00:42:07.400 align:middle line:84% And it was Luther, Martin Luther, 00:42:07.400 --> 00:42:11.890 align:middle line:84% who started the Reformation with his "95 Theses," 00:42:11.890 --> 00:42:17.170 align:middle line:84% the most important one being it's between you and God 00:42:17.170 --> 00:42:19.000 align:middle line:84% to decide whether or not you're good, 00:42:19.000 --> 00:42:23.950 align:middle line:84% not the Pope, not the Pope judging what you do. 00:42:23.950 --> 00:42:28.930 align:middle line:84% And what you do mainly is paying those tithes. 00:42:28.930 --> 00:42:31.420 align:middle line:84% At a time when there's a new middle class that 00:42:31.420 --> 00:42:33.130 align:middle line:84% wants to enjoy the money they're making, 00:42:33.130 --> 00:42:34.270 align:middle line:84% they don't have a whole lot of money 00:42:34.270 --> 00:42:35.520 align:middle line:90% to be giving over to the Pope. 00:42:35.520 --> 00:42:38.320 align:middle line:90% 00:42:38.320 --> 00:42:42.310 align:middle line:84% So Martin Luther was just acting out 00:42:42.310 --> 00:42:46.780 align:middle line:84% of what was ordinary and normal for people around him 00:42:46.780 --> 00:42:47.350 align:middle line:90% at the time. 00:42:47.350 --> 00:42:54.800 align:middle line:90% 00:42:54.800 --> 00:42:58.120 align:middle line:84% So now, I think that's the end of that show. 00:42:58.120 --> 00:43:00.310 align:middle line:84% Now I want to talk a little bit in depth 00:43:00.310 --> 00:43:05.130 align:middle line:90% about the two points of view. 00:43:05.130 --> 00:43:13.620 align:middle line:84% And I want to say how I want you to put those points of view 00:43:13.620 --> 00:43:15.330 align:middle line:90% into this homework assignment. 00:43:15.330 --> 00:43:22.350 align:middle line:90% 00:43:22.350 --> 00:43:26.470 align:middle line:90% Let's start with utilitarianism. 00:43:26.470 --> 00:43:29.410 align:middle line:90% 00:43:29.410 --> 00:43:32.620 align:middle line:84% We've had a pedestrian discussion of utilitarianism. 00:43:32.620 --> 00:43:35.305 align:middle line:90% Now let's go a little deeper. 00:43:35.305 --> 00:43:38.050 align:middle line:90% 00:43:38.050 --> 00:43:39.730 align:middle line:84% And before the class is all over, 00:43:39.730 --> 00:43:44.620 align:middle line:84% we'll go one more step in depth, and we'll take something back 00:43:44.620 --> 00:43:45.640 align:middle line:90% that we said before. 00:43:45.640 --> 00:43:49.190 align:middle line:84% We'll shape it right, but this is the next step. 00:43:49.190 --> 00:43:51.220 align:middle line:90% You'll be 90% there. 00:43:51.220 --> 00:43:53.860 align:middle line:84% The rest of it is just going to be icing on the cake. 00:43:53.860 --> 00:43:57.170 align:middle line:90% This will get you 90% there. 00:43:57.170 --> 00:44:00.875 align:middle line:90% We're in a place in the world-- 00:44:00.875 --> 00:44:03.400 align:middle line:90% 00:44:03.400 --> 00:44:09.180 align:middle line:84% we're in England-- where they're teaching Greek philosophy. 00:44:09.180 --> 00:44:11.810 align:middle line:90% 00:44:11.810 --> 00:44:16.010 align:middle line:84% But they are still motivated by the notion 00:44:16.010 --> 00:44:20.060 align:middle line:84% that works are more important than faith. 00:44:20.060 --> 00:44:23.750 align:middle line:84% So when they teach science, what are they 00:44:23.750 --> 00:44:25.910 align:middle line:90% going to be interested in? 00:44:25.910 --> 00:44:26.690 align:middle line:90% Empirical science. 00:44:26.690 --> 00:44:29.477 align:middle line:90% 00:44:29.477 --> 00:44:31.560 align:middle line:84% They're going to be interested in rational science 00:44:31.560 --> 00:44:33.570 align:middle line:90% and mathematics, too. 00:44:33.570 --> 00:44:35.250 align:middle line:90% Let's not forget that. 00:44:35.250 --> 00:44:40.560 align:middle line:84% One of the best mathematicians around in olden days 00:44:40.560 --> 00:44:45.192 align:middle line:84% was a guy by the name of Bishop George Berkeley. 00:44:45.192 --> 00:44:46.650 align:middle line:84% So it doesn't apply to all of them. 00:44:46.650 --> 00:44:48.600 align:middle line:84% But basically, they're in an environment 00:44:48.600 --> 00:44:52.180 align:middle line:84% where works are still more important than faith. 00:44:52.180 --> 00:44:55.110 align:middle line:84% So when they start talking about science, 00:44:55.110 --> 00:44:58.590 align:middle line:84% they're going to talk about rational science a little bit, 00:44:58.590 --> 00:45:00.510 align:middle line:84% the theory, but they're mainly going 00:45:00.510 --> 00:45:03.365 align:middle line:84% to be interested in empirical science. 00:45:03.365 --> 00:45:10.270 align:middle line:90% 00:45:10.270 --> 00:45:15.950 align:middle line:84% When they get to ethics, they're going 00:45:15.950 --> 00:45:21.860 align:middle line:84% to be mainly interested in ethical arguments that 00:45:21.860 --> 00:45:28.385 align:middle line:84% have its basis and roots in facts, not ideas. 00:45:28.385 --> 00:45:32.520 align:middle line:90% 00:45:32.520 --> 00:45:35.610 align:middle line:84% Now, let's characterize the times. 00:45:35.610 --> 00:45:39.600 align:middle line:84% John Stuart Mill gets all the credit for utilitarianism. 00:45:39.600 --> 00:45:43.730 align:middle line:84% There are a lot of utilitarianism before him. 00:45:43.730 --> 00:45:46.220 align:middle line:84% He gets the credit because he more or less perfected 00:45:46.220 --> 00:45:48.770 align:middle line:90% the theory. 00:45:48.770 --> 00:45:51.150 align:middle line:84% But the one that I want to talk about, 00:45:51.150 --> 00:45:54.170 align:middle line:84% which is not one the first, but what really gives it 00:45:54.170 --> 00:45:59.340 align:middle line:84% its context, is a man named Jeremy Bentham. 00:45:59.340 --> 00:46:02.450 align:middle line:90% I'd like you to know that name. 00:46:02.450 --> 00:46:04.520 align:middle line:84% And here's why he gives the context-- 00:46:04.520 --> 00:46:13.510 align:middle line:84% Jeremy Bentham did most of his writing 00:46:13.510 --> 00:46:17.600 align:middle line:84% around 1800, a little bit before, a little bit after. 00:46:17.600 --> 00:46:25.080 align:middle line:90% Now let's talk about 1800. 00:46:25.080 --> 00:46:28.410 align:middle line:84% Less than 30 years before, 1776, we 00:46:28.410 --> 00:46:32.420 align:middle line:90% have the American Revolution. 00:46:32.420 --> 00:46:37.166 align:middle line:84% 1789, you've got the French Revolution. 00:46:37.166 --> 00:46:42.490 align:middle line:84% 1803, the Holy Roman Empire collapses. 00:46:42.490 --> 00:46:44.770 align:middle line:84% You get the feeling there's a whole lot of revolution 00:46:44.770 --> 00:46:45.910 align:middle line:90% going on. 00:46:45.910 --> 00:46:48.040 align:middle line:84% And the revolutionaries are coming up 00:46:48.040 --> 00:46:51.930 align:middle line:84% with new philosophies for the new government. 00:46:51.930 --> 00:46:55.770 align:middle line:84% Jeremy Bentham was interested in new laws 00:46:55.770 --> 00:46:56.880 align:middle line:90% for the English people. 00:46:56.880 --> 00:46:59.920 align:middle line:90% They did not have a revolution. 00:46:59.920 --> 00:47:01.994 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: They should have had. 00:47:01.994 --> 00:47:03.860 align:middle line:84% It would have done them a lot of good. 00:47:03.860 --> 00:47:05.985 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: It would have done them a lot of good. 00:47:05.985 --> 00:47:08.350 align:middle line:90% 00:47:08.350 --> 00:47:10.020 align:middle line:84% But there was a guy by the name of-- 00:47:10.020 --> 00:47:12.630 align:middle line:84% I just learned about him-- it turns out 00:47:12.630 --> 00:47:18.300 align:middle line:84% my son's elementary school was named Edmund Burke School. 00:47:18.300 --> 00:47:25.350 align:middle line:84% And Edmund Burke wrote a paper to the aristocrats in England 00:47:25.350 --> 00:47:26.850 align:middle line:84% saying, don't worry, we're not going 00:47:26.850 --> 00:47:29.370 align:middle line:90% to have a revolution over here. 00:47:29.370 --> 00:47:31.230 align:middle line:84% Turned out he was right, but it turned out 00:47:31.230 --> 00:47:32.490 align:middle line:90% he was wrong in another way. 00:47:32.490 --> 00:47:36.990 align:middle line:84% It just was not about, things did change dramatically. 00:47:36.990 --> 00:47:39.930 align:middle line:84% And they were called the Reforms of the 1830s. 00:47:39.930 --> 00:47:41.910 align:middle line:84% Jeremy Bentham was one of the leaders. 00:47:41.910 --> 00:47:44.430 align:middle line:84% Jeremy Bentham was interested-- well, 00:47:44.430 --> 00:47:48.270 align:middle line:84% his movement was primarily interested in new laws, 00:47:48.270 --> 00:47:53.010 align:middle line:84% particularly laws favoring the upper middle class as opposed 00:47:53.010 --> 00:47:55.700 align:middle line:90% to the aristocrats. 00:47:55.700 --> 00:48:02.403 align:middle line:84% Jeremy Bentham's starting point was morality, ethics-- 00:48:02.403 --> 00:48:04.070 align:middle line:84% that what he wanted to say was that when 00:48:04.070 --> 00:48:07.220 align:middle line:84% we build these new laws, we want them grounded in ethics. 00:48:07.220 --> 00:48:10.520 align:middle line:90% They have to be right. 00:48:10.520 --> 00:48:12.470 align:middle line:90% You get the context now? 00:48:12.470 --> 00:48:15.200 align:middle line:84% So what he wants to do is to come up 00:48:15.200 --> 00:48:20.030 align:middle line:84% with an ethical theory that is compelling upon the people 00:48:20.030 --> 00:48:21.350 align:middle line:90% around him. 00:48:21.350 --> 00:48:24.320 align:middle line:84% What would that ethical theory have to do? 00:48:24.320 --> 00:48:29.450 align:middle line:84% Be grounded on facts, not on ideas. 00:48:29.450 --> 00:48:32.060 align:middle line:84% And here's the way the utilitarians did it-- 00:48:32.060 --> 00:48:39.760 align:middle line:90% 00:48:39.760 --> 00:48:43.900 align:middle line:84% they got their clipboards and their pencils, 00:48:43.900 --> 00:48:53.580 align:middle line:84% and they went out into the world and asked people questions. 00:48:53.580 --> 00:48:58.170 align:middle line:84% They did not sit down under a tree with a loaf of bread, 00:48:58.170 --> 00:49:04.050 align:middle line:84% and a bottle of wine, and think through a great idea. 00:49:04.050 --> 00:49:06.880 align:middle line:84% They went out, and here's what they did-- 00:49:06.880 --> 00:49:11.970 align:middle line:84% they just asked themselves-- they used a method by Plato-- 00:49:11.970 --> 00:49:16.870 align:middle line:84% they asked themselves, they asked people, 00:49:16.870 --> 00:49:24.010 align:middle line:84% why did you choose to do x instead of y? 00:49:24.010 --> 00:49:29.460 align:middle line:84% They might ask you a question, why are you in graduate school? 00:49:29.460 --> 00:49:30.390 align:middle line:90% Make up an answer. 00:49:30.390 --> 00:49:31.470 align:middle line:90% Don't give me the truth. 00:49:31.470 --> 00:49:33.270 align:middle line:84% Just make up an answer, a reason why. 00:49:33.270 --> 00:49:35.490 align:middle line:84% "I'm in graduate school because I 00:49:35.490 --> 00:49:38.640 align:middle line:84% want to make more money when I get out." 00:49:38.640 --> 00:49:39.760 align:middle line:90% And they did something. 00:49:39.760 --> 00:49:40.800 align:middle line:90% And they did something. 00:49:40.800 --> 00:49:44.430 align:middle line:84% It sounds like-- actually, I understand that Plato got his 00:49:44.430 --> 00:49:50.310 align:middle line:84% method of ends and means from watching mothers quiz 00:49:50.310 --> 00:49:51.480 align:middle line:90% children-- 00:49:51.480 --> 00:49:55.410 align:middle line:84% no, watching children quiz their mothers. 00:49:55.410 --> 00:49:58.890 align:middle line:84% Because a child at the right age, I think it's about three, 00:49:58.890 --> 00:50:01.463 align:middle line:84% when you tell them to do something, they'll say, why? 00:50:01.463 --> 00:50:03.630 align:middle line:84% Then when you tell them why, guess what they'll say? 00:50:03.630 --> 00:50:04.130 align:middle line:90% Why? 00:50:04.130 --> 00:50:07.500 align:middle line:90% 00:50:07.500 --> 00:50:10.650 align:middle line:84% And what Plato would do is he'd ask you something, 00:50:10.650 --> 00:50:12.670 align:middle line:84% and then you give an answer, then he'd say, 00:50:12.670 --> 00:50:15.000 align:middle line:84% why, then you give another answer. 00:50:15.000 --> 00:50:17.130 align:middle line:84% And he would keep asking why until you 00:50:17.130 --> 00:50:20.220 align:middle line:90% stopped giving new answers. 00:50:20.220 --> 00:50:22.890 align:middle line:84% That last answer is what they call an "end." 00:50:22.890 --> 00:50:25.050 align:middle line:84% The rest of it was means to ends. 00:50:25.050 --> 00:50:27.510 align:middle line:90% It's a theory called teleology. 00:50:27.510 --> 00:50:30.060 align:middle line:84% I'd like for you to know this word. 00:50:30.060 --> 00:50:39.760 align:middle line:84% I'd like for you to use this word in your homework 00:50:39.760 --> 00:50:44.350 align:middle line:84% assignment-- studying ends and means. 00:50:44.350 --> 00:50:47.690 align:middle line:84% So what they came back from the field with was two things-- 00:50:47.690 --> 00:50:50.920 align:middle line:90% number one was that they-- 00:50:50.920 --> 00:50:53.080 align:middle line:84% listen to me carefully because you're 00:50:53.080 --> 00:50:54.520 align:middle line:84% going to get this kind of language 00:50:54.520 --> 00:50:56.740 align:middle line:90% when you read philosophers. 00:50:56.740 --> 00:51:02.630 align:middle line:84% The end of life is happiness, not the end may be death, 00:51:02.630 --> 00:51:08.320 align:middle line:84% but the end being in relationship to means. 00:51:08.320 --> 00:51:12.250 align:middle line:84% When you ask people, why are they living, 00:51:12.250 --> 00:51:17.350 align:middle line:84% and how do they make their decisions, they came up with, 00:51:17.350 --> 00:51:18.970 align:middle line:90% in the end-- 00:51:18.970 --> 00:51:22.060 align:middle line:84% when you got down to the end, when they ask you why, 00:51:22.060 --> 00:51:24.550 align:middle line:84% and after a while, you just keep saying the same thing over 00:51:24.550 --> 00:51:26.290 align:middle line:84% and over again-- in the end, they 00:51:26.290 --> 00:51:30.370 align:middle line:84% said it was pleasure as opposed to pain. 00:51:30.370 --> 00:51:34.450 align:middle line:84% It was happiness as opposed to unhappiness. 00:51:34.450 --> 00:51:35.710 align:middle line:90% It boiled down to that. 00:51:35.710 --> 00:51:38.450 align:middle line:90% 00:51:38.450 --> 00:51:41.540 align:middle line:84% Then they asked them, well, what are the kinds of things 00:51:41.540 --> 00:51:46.070 align:middle line:84% out here in the world that you think are good? 00:51:46.070 --> 00:51:48.620 align:middle line:84% And which are things that you think are bad? 00:51:48.620 --> 00:51:50.630 align:middle line:84% Which are the things that you think are moral? 00:51:50.630 --> 00:51:54.050 align:middle line:84% Which are the things that you think are immoral? 00:51:54.050 --> 00:51:55.790 align:middle line:90% They just asked people. 00:51:55.790 --> 00:51:57.290 align:middle line:84% And there was a collection of things 00:51:57.290 --> 00:52:01.397 align:middle line:84% that most people sort of agreed on. 00:52:01.397 --> 00:52:03.230 align:middle line:84% It's wrong to murder somebody just because I 00:52:03.230 --> 00:52:05.910 align:middle line:90% feel like it, things like that. 00:52:05.910 --> 00:52:11.910 align:middle line:84% Then they came back, and they said, 00:52:11.910 --> 00:52:17.960 align:middle line:84% how can I organize my life in terms of ends 00:52:17.960 --> 00:52:21.890 align:middle line:90% but respect those morals? 00:52:21.890 --> 00:52:26.110 align:middle line:84% And the answer was, act in such a way 00:52:26.110 --> 00:52:30.250 align:middle line:84% that I not only try to maximize my own happiness, 00:52:30.250 --> 00:52:32.950 align:middle line:84% but maximize the happiness among all the affected 00:52:32.950 --> 00:52:41.618 align:middle line:84% parties of my action, all the parties affected by my action. 00:52:41.618 --> 00:52:42.660 align:middle line:90% Let's pause for a second. 00:52:42.660 --> 00:52:44.850 align:middle line:84% Let's try to interrogate this idea. 00:52:44.850 --> 00:52:49.020 align:middle line:84% I mean, sorry, I didn't want to say, "idea," but it is an idea. 00:52:49.020 --> 00:52:54.420 align:middle line:84% But let's interrogate utilitarianism a little bit. 00:52:54.420 --> 00:52:56.828 align:middle line:90% Let's interrogate all that. 00:52:56.828 --> 00:52:58.620 align:middle line:84% I will play the game, but I want you to get 00:52:58.620 --> 00:53:00.260 align:middle line:90% into it at your own leisure. 00:53:00.260 --> 00:53:02.010 align:middle line:84% And I want you all to be a little bit more 00:53:02.010 --> 00:53:06.360 align:middle line:84% aggressive about getting into these conversations, 00:53:06.360 --> 00:53:09.840 align:middle line:84% not necessarily today, but as you go along, particularly 00:53:09.840 --> 00:53:11.910 align:middle line:90% for credit. 00:53:11.910 --> 00:53:14.410 align:middle line:84% And this is where you really want to interrogate this thing. 00:53:14.410 --> 00:53:17.398 align:middle line:90% 00:53:17.398 --> 00:53:18.940 align:middle line:84% I want to start out with what I think 00:53:18.940 --> 00:53:22.230 align:middle line:84% is the hard question, the hardest question. 00:53:22.230 --> 00:53:27.583 align:middle line:84% Why should I maximize your happiness? 00:53:27.583 --> 00:53:31.750 align:middle line:90% 00:53:31.750 --> 00:53:34.660 align:middle line:84% Now there are two ways to answer that question-- what you think 00:53:34.660 --> 00:53:38.140 align:middle line:84% is a good answer to the question, 00:53:38.140 --> 00:53:41.320 align:middle line:84% or what you think that a utilitarian would say. 00:53:41.320 --> 00:53:44.440 align:middle line:90% 00:53:44.440 --> 00:53:47.523 align:middle line:84% I'm really interested in the last one. 00:53:47.523 --> 00:53:48.690 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: Do you want us to-- 00:53:48.690 --> 00:53:54.350 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Yeah, that's not a rhetorical question. 00:53:54.350 --> 00:53:56.260 align:middle line:84% Why should I care about your happiness? 00:53:56.260 --> 00:53:58.690 align:middle line:84% Why should I maximize the happiness 00:53:58.690 --> 00:54:00.890 align:middle line:90% of all the affected parties? 00:54:00.890 --> 00:54:06.160 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: So the utilitarian would say, I think, 00:54:06.160 --> 00:54:07.960 align:middle line:84% I should maximize other people's happiness 00:54:07.960 --> 00:54:12.160 align:middle line:84% because later on, they will take action that affects me. 00:54:12.160 --> 00:54:15.040 align:middle line:84% And if, in the past, I have made them happy, 00:54:15.040 --> 00:54:16.840 align:middle line:84% then they will take action to make me-- 00:54:16.840 --> 00:54:20.540 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: That's a good utilitarian answer. 00:54:20.540 --> 00:54:22.990 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] maximize my happiness 00:54:22.990 --> 00:54:26.430 align:middle line:90% in the end [INAUDIBLE]. 00:54:26.430 --> 00:54:32.690 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Well, then, I would say, well, 00:54:32.690 --> 00:54:35.540 align:middle line:84% is that really the first principle? 00:54:35.540 --> 00:54:37.815 align:middle line:84% Is it really the first principle maximizing 00:54:37.815 --> 00:54:40.190 align:middle line:84% the happiness of all affected persons, when then actually 00:54:40.190 --> 00:54:44.300 align:middle line:84% what you just said was the end is your own personal happiness? 00:54:44.300 --> 00:54:47.660 align:middle line:84% Why not say maximize my own personal happiness, 00:54:47.660 --> 00:54:50.960 align:middle line:84% and then reason it out that in a society, 00:54:50.960 --> 00:54:53.900 align:middle line:84% I cannot maximize my own personal happiness without 00:54:53.900 --> 00:54:56.780 align:middle line:84% trying to help maximize other people's happiness, too? 00:54:56.780 --> 00:54:59.390 align:middle line:90% That's not the end. 00:54:59.390 --> 00:55:03.372 align:middle line:84% The end is your personal happiness. 00:55:03.372 --> 00:55:06.480 align:middle line:90% 00:55:06.480 --> 00:55:07.710 align:middle line:90% Well, then, let's be bold. 00:55:07.710 --> 00:55:09.750 align:middle line:84% Maybe the utilitarians got it wrong. 00:55:09.750 --> 00:55:12.610 align:middle line:84% Hold on a minute, and I'll pass this around. 00:55:12.610 --> 00:55:15.400 align:middle line:90% 00:55:15.400 --> 00:55:17.470 align:middle line:84% All they do in this book is tear up utilitarians. 00:55:17.470 --> 00:55:21.580 align:middle line:90% 00:55:21.580 --> 00:55:23.500 align:middle line:90% So let's tear it up. 00:55:23.500 --> 00:55:27.748 align:middle line:84% Answer my question-- maximizing the happiness 00:55:27.748 --> 00:55:30.040 align:middle line:84% of all the affected parties, according to what you just 00:55:30.040 --> 00:55:31.090 align:middle line:90% said, is not the end. 00:55:31.090 --> 00:55:32.260 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: Right. 00:55:32.260 --> 00:55:33.530 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Maximize my own-- 00:55:33.530 --> 00:55:37.060 align:middle line:84% in other words, there is a branch and a philosophy 00:55:37.060 --> 00:55:38.680 align:middle line:90% of ethics called hedonism. 00:55:38.680 --> 00:55:44.472 align:middle line:90% 00:55:44.472 --> 00:55:45.430 align:middle line:90% Bentham was a hedonist. 00:55:45.430 --> 00:55:51.850 align:middle line:90% 00:55:51.850 --> 00:55:55.253 align:middle line:84% Can we escape hedonism in utilitarianism? 00:55:55.253 --> 00:55:59.870 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: Well, maybe [INAUDIBLE] you 00:55:59.870 --> 00:56:02.485 align:middle line:84% are connected, in some sense, to other people, 00:56:02.485 --> 00:56:05.936 align:middle line:84% and you can't just maximize your own happiness without worrying 00:56:05.936 --> 00:56:07.910 align:middle line:90% about other [INAUDIBLE]. 00:56:07.910 --> 00:56:10.576 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: I agree, but my problem is-- 00:56:10.576 --> 00:56:12.810 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: The end is still [INAUDIBLE] 00:56:12.810 --> 00:56:21.630 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: My problem is that the end of hedonism 00:56:21.630 --> 00:56:24.390 align:middle line:84% is not this maximization of everybody's happiness. 00:56:24.390 --> 00:56:28.110 align:middle line:84% The end of hedonism is maximization of my happiness, 00:56:28.110 --> 00:56:31.290 align:middle line:84% even though maximizing your happiness 00:56:31.290 --> 00:56:35.280 align:middle line:84% is a means to maximizing my happiness. 00:56:35.280 --> 00:56:39.610 align:middle line:84% So why don't we just call a spade a spade-- 00:56:39.610 --> 00:56:43.320 align:middle line:84% that we don't want to be utilitarians. 00:56:43.320 --> 00:56:45.300 align:middle line:84% We want to be hedonists and we want 00:56:45.300 --> 00:56:48.390 align:middle line:84% to maximize our own individual-- that the end of hedonism 00:56:48.390 --> 00:56:51.360 align:middle line:84% is to maximize our own individual pleasure 00:56:51.360 --> 00:56:52.200 align:middle line:90% or happiness. 00:56:52.200 --> 00:56:55.050 align:middle line:84% And the smart thing to do is to help maximize 00:56:55.050 --> 00:56:57.000 align:middle line:90% others', if we can do it. 00:56:57.000 --> 00:56:58.200 align:middle line:90% Why not just say that? 00:56:58.200 --> 00:57:01.120 align:middle line:84% Why don't we just come back and tell the lie, 00:57:01.120 --> 00:57:04.050 align:middle line:84% we want to maximize everybody's happiness? 00:57:04.050 --> 00:57:07.520 align:middle line:90% I'm being a devil's advocate. 00:57:07.520 --> 00:57:08.520 align:middle line:90% Maybe they got it wrong. 00:57:08.520 --> 00:57:13.650 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: What if we place equal value on social order, 00:57:13.650 --> 00:57:17.640 align:middle line:84% equal value on our own happiness and social order. 00:57:17.640 --> 00:57:22.440 align:middle line:84% And so then, you need everyone's happiness 00:57:22.440 --> 00:57:25.083 align:middle line:84% to be happening in order to have social [INAUDIBLE] 00:57:25.083 --> 00:57:26.500 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: I'm trying to think-- 00:57:26.500 --> 00:57:31.632 align:middle line:84% I did hear-- I remember somebody saying something like that. 00:57:31.632 --> 00:57:32.965 align:middle line:90% And I can't remember who it was. 00:57:32.965 --> 00:57:36.490 align:middle line:90% 00:57:36.490 --> 00:57:40.880 align:middle line:84% But if you said that, the question 00:57:40.880 --> 00:57:43.560 align:middle line:84% would not be the question of reason. 00:57:43.560 --> 00:57:46.490 align:middle line:84% The question would be compulsion. 00:57:46.490 --> 00:57:49.890 align:middle line:84% How many people going to buy that? 00:57:49.890 --> 00:57:51.360 align:middle line:90% You've got to give me an end. 00:57:51.360 --> 00:57:55.180 align:middle line:84% I'm not going to believe you got two independent, equally valued 00:57:55.180 --> 00:57:55.680 align:middle line:90% ends. 00:57:55.680 --> 00:57:57.330 align:middle line:84% I'm just not going to believe it. 00:57:57.330 --> 00:58:00.781 align:middle line:90% 00:58:00.781 --> 00:58:02.960 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] 00:58:02.960 --> 00:58:03.710 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Fear? 00:58:03.710 --> 00:58:04.450 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] 00:58:04.450 --> 00:58:05.242 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Faith. 00:58:05.242 --> 00:58:07.210 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE] 00:58:07.210 --> 00:58:09.730 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Oh, there is a certain amount 00:58:09.730 --> 00:58:13.240 align:middle line:84% of faith in all of this because there's this unwritten-- well, 00:58:13.240 --> 00:58:15.250 align:middle line:90% it is written. 00:58:15.250 --> 00:58:19.060 align:middle line:84% And you have to read it when you read these people. 00:58:19.060 --> 00:58:22.120 align:middle line:84% They will all say that what we're talking about applies 00:58:22.120 --> 00:58:29.660 align:middle line:84% to rational persons, which does not apply to children, 00:58:29.660 --> 00:58:32.030 align:middle line:84% does not apply to schizophrenics. 00:58:32.030 --> 00:58:36.050 align:middle line:84% But it doesn't apply to a whole lot of other people, 00:58:36.050 --> 00:58:38.510 align:middle line:90% and it doesn't apply to faith. 00:58:38.510 --> 00:58:40.220 align:middle line:90% And it does not apply-- 00:58:40.220 --> 00:58:42.380 align:middle line:84% there's another category of person out here 00:58:42.380 --> 00:58:47.492 align:middle line:84% or a category that we all find ourselves in from time to time. 00:58:47.492 --> 00:58:48.950 align:middle line:84% That's the category of when we say, 00:58:48.950 --> 00:58:51.740 align:middle line:84% I will allow my emotions to take charge of my reason. 00:58:51.740 --> 00:58:59.200 align:middle line:90% 00:58:59.200 --> 00:59:01.600 align:middle line:84% If you don't believe it, is there a Dance Department here 00:59:01.600 --> 00:59:03.610 align:middle line:90% at MIT? 00:59:03.610 --> 00:59:06.214 align:middle line:90% Is there an Art Department? 00:59:06.214 --> 00:59:08.682 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: I believe art [INAUDIBLE].. 00:59:08.682 --> 00:59:09.890 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: In architecture? 00:59:09.890 --> 00:59:11.515 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: Architecture and [INAUDIBLE].. 00:59:11.515 --> 00:59:13.752 align:middle line:90% 00:59:13.752 --> 00:59:14.585 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Gordon. 00:59:14.585 --> 00:59:17.420 align:middle line:90% 00:59:17.420 --> 00:59:20.270 align:middle line:84% You'll find that there's something more important 00:59:20.270 --> 00:59:22.430 align:middle line:90% than faith and reason. 00:59:22.430 --> 00:59:26.240 align:middle line:84% That's being able-- you know a Frenchman? 00:59:26.240 --> 00:59:29.045 align:middle line:90% A Frenchman from France? 00:59:29.045 --> 00:59:30.208 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: Yes. 00:59:30.208 --> 00:59:32.000 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Go ahead, talk to a Frenchman. 00:59:32.000 --> 00:59:35.090 align:middle line:84% See what they find out is the most important thing in life. 00:59:35.090 --> 00:59:38.465 align:middle line:84% Might not be reason, might not be faith, either. 00:59:38.465 --> 00:59:40.340 align:middle line:84% It might be stuff that comes from your heart. 00:59:40.340 --> 00:59:43.420 align:middle line:90% 00:59:43.420 --> 00:59:46.000 align:middle line:84% A word that they will use from time to time, 00:59:46.000 --> 00:59:49.900 align:middle line:84% that I don't like to use because it isn't strong enough, 00:59:49.900 --> 00:59:51.720 align:middle line:90% is intuition. 00:59:51.720 --> 00:59:53.580 align:middle line:84% But that's not really what it is. 00:59:53.580 --> 00:59:56.380 align:middle line:90% It's something else. 00:59:56.380 --> 01:00:02.940 align:middle line:84% All right, here's what I think that a utilitarian will say, 01:00:02.940 --> 01:00:08.280 align:middle line:90% that might have some compulsion. 01:00:08.280 --> 01:00:11.280 align:middle line:84% I invite you to read more, and to bring this up 01:00:11.280 --> 01:00:15.260 align:middle line:90% again, and take me on in this. 01:00:15.260 --> 01:00:19.070 align:middle line:84% But I think that a utilitarian will say, well, look, 01:00:19.070 --> 01:00:21.200 align:middle line:84% I didn't make up this whole business of morals. 01:00:21.200 --> 01:00:23.960 align:middle line:84% I went and asked you before I put this theory together. 01:00:23.960 --> 01:00:26.470 align:middle line:84% You told me already what you thought 01:00:26.470 --> 01:00:28.160 align:middle line:90% were morals and right and wrong. 01:00:28.160 --> 01:00:32.978 align:middle line:84% All I'm doing is putting it into a logical, rational order. 01:00:32.978 --> 01:00:35.270 align:middle line:84% So the utilitarian would blame you for the whole thing. 01:00:35.270 --> 01:00:38.360 align:middle line:90% 01:00:38.360 --> 01:00:40.220 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: But what is the end? 01:00:40.220 --> 01:00:43.790 align:middle line:84% That doesn't-- I'm not understanding how that solves 01:00:43.790 --> 01:00:45.170 align:middle line:90% the problem you pointed out. 01:00:45.170 --> 01:00:46.340 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Right. 01:00:46.340 --> 01:00:48.800 align:middle line:84% I think the best way to explain that one is 01:00:48.800 --> 01:00:55.410 align:middle line:90% by a person named Schopenhauer. 01:00:55.410 --> 01:00:58.800 align:middle line:90% Schopenhauer tells a story. 01:00:58.800 --> 01:01:03.450 align:middle line:84% Schopenhauer says he's walking along one day, 01:01:03.450 --> 01:01:06.780 align:middle line:84% and gets to a bridge, and there's some other people 01:01:06.780 --> 01:01:08.490 align:middle line:90% on the bridge. 01:01:08.490 --> 01:01:12.720 align:middle line:84% And one person gets up, and decides to commit suicide, 01:01:12.720 --> 01:01:15.090 align:middle line:84% and tries to jump off the bridge. 01:01:15.090 --> 01:01:18.660 align:middle line:84% Just as he gets off the bridge, another person 01:01:18.660 --> 01:01:22.260 align:middle line:84% runs over, and grabs him by the nape of the neck and holds him. 01:01:22.260 --> 01:01:25.980 align:middle line:84% And then everybody else pulls them all back in. 01:01:25.980 --> 01:01:30.130 align:middle line:84% And Schopenhauer asked the guy, said, why did you do that? 01:01:30.130 --> 01:01:31.920 align:middle line:84% Why did you risk your life for this guy 01:01:31.920 --> 01:01:33.807 align:middle line:90% when you almost went over? 01:01:33.807 --> 01:01:36.390 align:middle line:84% If we weren't here to pull you back, you would have gone, too. 01:01:36.390 --> 01:01:42.520 align:middle line:84% His answer was, I could not live with myself if I hadn't tried. 01:01:42.520 --> 01:01:45.560 align:middle line:84% So the point is very much like what you had said before. 01:01:45.560 --> 01:01:48.700 align:middle line:84% Some people cannot separate their individual selves from 01:01:48.700 --> 01:01:50.470 align:middle line:90% your individual self. 01:01:50.470 --> 01:01:55.090 align:middle line:84% Better stated-- some people cannot separate their feelings 01:01:55.090 --> 01:01:58.360 align:middle line:84% of pain and happiness from your feeling of pain and happiness. 01:01:58.360 --> 01:02:00.940 align:middle line:84% I'm sitting here eating a hamburger, feeling good, 01:02:00.940 --> 01:02:05.140 align:middle line:84% you're sitting there starving, I can't enjoy my hamburger. 01:02:05.140 --> 01:02:09.970 align:middle line:84% So it is some people just do not see 01:02:09.970 --> 01:02:11.980 align:middle line:84% that there is a difference between your pain 01:02:11.980 --> 01:02:12.910 align:middle line:90% and their own pain. 01:02:12.910 --> 01:02:16.030 align:middle line:84% It's called empathy and other things. 01:02:16.030 --> 01:02:19.360 align:middle line:84% Well, then, you say, what about people who are not empathetic? 01:02:19.360 --> 01:02:24.260 align:middle line:84% Now here's what I think a good Bentham utilitarian would say-- 01:02:24.260 --> 01:02:27.623 align:middle line:84% well, this is only the starting point for laws. 01:02:27.623 --> 01:02:29.290 align:middle line:84% We're going to force you to be this way. 01:02:29.290 --> 01:02:33.270 align:middle line:90% 01:02:33.270 --> 01:02:36.120 align:middle line:84% The whole point for him was to get a good, sound basis 01:02:36.120 --> 01:02:40.990 align:middle line:90% for law that was enforceable. 01:02:40.990 --> 01:02:45.900 align:middle line:84% And I really think that a utilitarian who doesn't see it 01:02:45.900 --> 01:02:48.090 align:middle line:84% that way is going to offer you an argument that you 01:02:48.090 --> 01:02:52.300 align:middle line:90% won't find compelling. 01:02:52.300 --> 01:02:56.650 align:middle line:84% Now, let's go back across the world. 01:02:56.650 --> 01:02:58.750 align:middle line:90% There was a man who wrote his-- 01:02:58.750 --> 01:03:02.410 align:middle line:84% Kant wrote his most important piece in, if I got it right, 01:03:02.410 --> 01:03:07.120 align:middle line:90% 1776? 01:03:07.120 --> 01:03:09.212 align:middle line:84% I was going to say 1780, but yeah. 01:03:09.212 --> 01:03:10.420 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: Which one, Critique? 01:03:10.420 --> 01:03:13.220 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: Critique, so we're talking 01:03:13.220 --> 01:03:14.753 align:middle line:90% about the same period of time. 01:03:14.753 --> 01:03:17.520 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: Like Adam Smith also [INAUDIBLE].. 01:03:17.520 --> 01:03:20.220 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Adam Smith-- 01:03:20.220 --> 01:03:22.845 align:middle line:84% so a lot of things were going on intellectually in these times. 01:03:22.845 --> 01:03:25.400 align:middle line:90% 01:03:25.400 --> 01:03:27.455 align:middle line:84% So now, we're going to go over to-- 01:03:27.455 --> 01:03:30.610 align:middle line:90% 01:03:30.610 --> 01:03:34.060 align:middle line:90% I'm going to call it Germania. 01:03:34.060 --> 01:03:38.350 align:middle line:84% And we're going to go to a little town called Konigsberg. 01:03:38.350 --> 01:03:40.750 align:middle line:84% Did I get that right, Konigsberg? 01:03:40.750 --> 01:03:43.140 align:middle line:84% The O has an umlaut on top of it. 01:03:43.140 --> 01:03:46.427 align:middle line:84% So if you know your German, you tell me how to pronounce it. 01:03:46.427 --> 01:03:47.260 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: Konigsberg. 01:03:47.260 --> 01:03:48.430 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Konigsberg. 01:03:48.430 --> 01:03:52.360 align:middle line:90% 01:03:52.360 --> 01:03:53.800 align:middle line:90% And it's a small college town. 01:03:53.800 --> 01:03:58.480 align:middle line:84% And there's a man there named Immanuel Kant. 01:03:58.480 --> 01:04:04.827 align:middle line:84% And Immanuel Kant, in his whole life, 01:04:04.827 --> 01:04:06.160 align:middle line:90% has never left that little town. 01:04:06.160 --> 01:04:09.280 align:middle line:90% 01:04:09.280 --> 01:04:11.890 align:middle line:84% He's going to talk about the nature of humanity, 01:04:11.890 --> 01:04:13.510 align:middle line:84% but he's never left that little town. 01:04:13.510 --> 01:04:21.350 align:middle line:90% 01:04:21.350 --> 01:04:29.150 align:middle line:84% Immanuel Kant-- here's what I think 01:04:29.150 --> 01:04:33.400 align:middle line:84% helps me see what Immanuel Kant sees. 01:04:33.400 --> 01:04:36.940 align:middle line:84% May not help you, but try to see it through my eyes, first, 01:04:36.940 --> 01:04:37.690 align:middle line:90% then tear it up. 01:04:37.690 --> 01:04:40.720 align:middle line:90% 01:04:40.720 --> 01:04:45.695 align:middle line:84% Immanuel Kant was first and foremost a Professor of Logic. 01:04:45.695 --> 01:04:49.850 align:middle line:90% 01:04:49.850 --> 01:04:50.600 align:middle line:90% He was a logician. 01:04:50.600 --> 01:04:56.810 align:middle line:90% 01:04:56.810 --> 01:05:01.370 align:middle line:84% And he looks at this question of teleology, 01:05:01.370 --> 01:05:05.570 align:middle line:84% about why people act in certain ways. 01:05:05.570 --> 01:05:09.710 align:middle line:84% And he says that he's just looked at the universe of what 01:05:09.710 --> 01:05:11.780 align:middle line:84% everybody says about ends and means, 01:05:11.780 --> 01:05:17.770 align:middle line:84% and he can find only one end that human beings are 01:05:17.770 --> 01:05:19.960 align:middle line:90% capable of. 01:05:19.960 --> 01:05:22.660 align:middle line:90% And he says that human beings-- 01:05:22.660 --> 01:05:31.030 align:middle line:84% remember that piece I had up here about the Gothic religion? 01:05:31.030 --> 01:05:35.850 align:middle line:84% He says that every human being has the capacity-- 01:05:35.850 --> 01:05:38.483 align:middle line:84% hi, we're out of here at five of. 01:05:38.483 --> 01:05:40.758 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]. 01:05:40.758 --> 01:05:43.050 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: I have a class, yeah, so we're out of here 01:05:43.050 --> 01:05:43.755 align:middle line:90% at five of. 01:05:43.755 --> 01:05:50.780 align:middle line:90% 01:05:50.780 --> 01:05:59.860 align:middle line:84% Immanuel Kant says that every person has the will, 01:05:59.860 --> 01:06:04.930 align:middle line:84% the capability called the will, to do, to act. 01:06:04.930 --> 01:06:10.222 align:middle line:84% And, he says-- you have to understand this-- 01:06:10.222 --> 01:06:17.320 align:middle line:84% that that will is not the effect of any other cause. 01:06:17.320 --> 01:06:23.680 align:middle line:84% Nobody else, including God, gave you that will. 01:06:23.680 --> 01:06:26.130 align:middle line:90% That was yours. 01:06:26.130 --> 01:06:27.510 align:middle line:90% That's the end. 01:06:27.510 --> 01:06:31.560 align:middle line:84% So he says, now let's see if we can build up an ethical system 01:06:31.560 --> 01:06:34.470 align:middle line:90% based on the will. 01:06:34.470 --> 01:06:37.340 align:middle line:90% Notice the will is in the mind. 01:06:37.340 --> 01:06:40.310 align:middle line:84% I'm not going out here to make any tests. 01:06:40.310 --> 01:06:42.860 align:middle line:84% I've never left this little village-- 01:06:42.860 --> 01:06:45.508 align:middle line:84% not village, little town, little college town. 01:06:45.508 --> 01:06:46.550 align:middle line:90% I don't have to leave it. 01:06:46.550 --> 01:06:50.900 align:middle line:84% I don't have to get my clipboard and ask anybody anything. 01:06:50.900 --> 01:06:52.670 align:middle line:84% Because if it's in my mind, it's in yours, 01:06:52.670 --> 01:06:56.240 align:middle line:84% and I can talk about the mind as a universal. 01:06:56.240 --> 01:06:58.100 align:middle line:84% Shouldn't use that word [INAUDIBLE].. 01:06:58.100 --> 01:07:02.220 align:middle line:90% So he says, what about the will? 01:07:02.220 --> 01:07:08.260 align:middle line:84% I have the will to act this way or that way. 01:07:08.260 --> 01:07:11.660 align:middle line:90% 01:07:11.660 --> 01:07:22.478 align:middle line:84% Now, he's a logician, and he's looking for first principles, 01:07:22.478 --> 01:07:24.145 align:middle line:84% like a mathematician looking for axioms. 01:07:24.145 --> 01:07:26.790 align:middle line:90% 01:07:26.790 --> 01:07:35.230 align:middle line:84% He says, if I have the will to act this way or that way, 01:07:35.230 --> 01:07:38.690 align:middle line:84% I act this way, but then I don't act that way. 01:07:38.690 --> 01:07:43.230 align:middle line:84% Why is it that I make this choice instead of that? 01:07:43.230 --> 01:07:47.190 align:middle line:84% So it's free will, but a logician is asking, 01:07:47.190 --> 01:07:50.895 align:middle line:84% why did I make this choice instead of that? 01:07:50.895 --> 01:07:53.420 align:middle line:90% 01:07:53.420 --> 01:07:58.295 align:middle line:84% And then he does something that lets you know 01:07:58.295 --> 01:08:01.410 align:middle line:90% how deep he's trying to get. 01:08:01.410 --> 01:08:05.580 align:middle line:84% He's saying, I have the will to hold out this piece of chalk 01:08:05.580 --> 01:08:08.450 align:middle line:90% and drop it. 01:08:08.450 --> 01:08:14.750 align:middle line:84% After I let that piece of chalk drop, that piece of chalk 01:08:14.750 --> 01:08:21.020 align:middle line:84% it is subject to some laws of nature, of gravitation, 01:08:21.020 --> 01:08:22.869 align:middle line:90% that govern what happens to it. 01:08:22.869 --> 01:08:25.399 align:middle line:90% 01:08:25.399 --> 01:08:32.890 align:middle line:84% While I was acting upon my will, my will has some laws. 01:08:32.890 --> 01:08:34.989 align:middle line:90% But I invent those laws. 01:08:34.989 --> 01:08:38.560 align:middle line:90% 01:08:38.560 --> 01:08:43.090 align:middle line:84% Somebody else invented the law of gravitation, 01:08:43.090 --> 01:08:46.300 align:middle line:84% but I invent the laws by which I will choose to do 01:08:46.300 --> 01:08:47.890 align:middle line:90% this instead of doing that. 01:08:47.890 --> 01:08:56.390 align:middle line:90% 01:08:56.390 --> 01:09:00.710 align:middle line:84% Which laws, what laws, shall I adopt? 01:09:00.710 --> 01:09:05.689 align:middle line:84% Then he asked one more question and gets to the final part. 01:09:05.689 --> 01:09:08.240 align:middle line:90% Well, I want some basic laws. 01:09:08.240 --> 01:09:09.529 align:middle line:90% I want the fundamental laws. 01:09:09.529 --> 01:09:11.029 align:middle line:84% I want something that's on the level 01:09:11.029 --> 01:09:12.529 align:middle line:90% of an axiom in mathematics. 01:09:12.529 --> 01:09:16.620 align:middle line:90% 01:09:16.620 --> 01:09:17.805 align:middle line:90% And what he says is-- 01:09:17.805 --> 01:09:25.796 align:middle line:90% 01:09:25.796 --> 01:09:28.020 align:middle line:84% see if I can put it in the right words 01:09:28.020 --> 01:09:32.300 align:middle line:84% because this has to be done right-- 01:09:32.300 --> 01:09:37.819 align:middle line:90% 01:09:37.819 --> 01:09:42.590 align:middle line:84% what he says is that I want some laws that 01:09:42.590 --> 01:09:50.790 align:middle line:84% tell me what I should do or tell me what I should not do. 01:09:50.790 --> 01:09:52.399 align:middle line:84% I'm going to call these imperatives. 01:09:52.399 --> 01:09:55.090 align:middle line:90% 01:09:55.090 --> 01:10:00.490 align:middle line:84% Now here's the subtlety about these imperatives-- 01:10:00.490 --> 01:10:02.170 align:middle line:90% now listen to me carefully. 01:10:02.170 --> 01:10:03.250 align:middle line:90% This is a subtlety-- 01:10:03.250 --> 01:10:05.770 align:middle line:84% I think it's a subtlety-- because philosophers 01:10:05.770 --> 01:10:07.287 align:middle line:90% tend to take it for granted. 01:10:07.287 --> 01:10:09.370 align:middle line:84% I think it's the difference between life and death 01:10:09.370 --> 01:10:12.610 align:middle line:90% for us in the class. 01:10:12.610 --> 01:10:14.680 align:middle line:84% An imperative is something that you 01:10:14.680 --> 01:10:20.050 align:middle line:84% should do all of the time, not when the situation arises. 01:10:20.050 --> 01:10:22.960 align:middle line:90% That's empirical. 01:10:22.960 --> 01:10:27.940 align:middle line:84% You should never lie, not wait till the occasion comes. 01:10:27.940 --> 01:10:30.010 align:middle line:84% What can I write down as an imperative 01:10:30.010 --> 01:10:35.720 align:middle line:84% that I should always do or that I should never do? 01:10:35.720 --> 01:10:36.898 align:middle line:90% That's an imperative. 01:10:36.898 --> 01:10:41.480 align:middle line:90% 01:10:41.480 --> 01:10:51.110 align:middle line:84% If I should try to maximize your happiness in order that we all 01:10:51.110 --> 01:10:54.960 align:middle line:84% maximize our happiness, then Immanuel Kant 01:10:54.960 --> 01:10:57.840 align:middle line:84% is going to say, well, that's an empirical test that lasts 01:10:57.840 --> 01:10:59.310 align:middle line:90% for that particular instance. 01:10:59.310 --> 01:11:06.460 align:middle line:84% That's not a general principle of the will. 01:11:06.460 --> 01:11:08.400 align:middle line:84% What is a general principle of the will? 01:11:08.400 --> 01:11:11.010 align:middle line:90% 01:11:11.010 --> 01:11:15.930 align:middle line:90% He's a logician, it's logic. 01:11:15.930 --> 01:11:17.100 align:middle line:90% What can I do? 01:11:17.100 --> 01:11:21.870 align:middle line:84% Here's the way Immanuel would say why you should never lie. 01:11:21.870 --> 01:11:25.040 align:middle line:90% 01:11:25.040 --> 01:11:27.020 align:middle line:84% No, no, I got a better one-- steal. 01:11:27.020 --> 01:11:29.510 align:middle line:90% Why should you never steal? 01:11:29.510 --> 01:11:32.270 align:middle line:84% Better stated, why should you never steal? 01:11:32.270 --> 01:11:35.990 align:middle line:84% Why should I always act so that I never steal, 01:11:35.990 --> 01:11:39.080 align:middle line:90% every day, all the time? 01:11:39.080 --> 01:11:42.148 align:middle line:84% Now here's the way Kant would argue that out-- 01:11:42.148 --> 01:11:43.690 align:middle line:84% got nothing to do with whether or not 01:11:43.690 --> 01:11:46.580 align:middle line:84% it makes other people mad, and whether or not they're 01:11:46.580 --> 01:11:49.370 align:middle line:84% going to hurt me so that I will not maximize my pleasure. 01:11:49.370 --> 01:11:51.920 align:middle line:90% He's a logician. 01:11:51.920 --> 01:11:57.420 align:middle line:84% Kant will say that stealing implies property. 01:11:57.420 --> 01:11:59.095 align:middle line:84% And if I steal all of your property, 01:11:59.095 --> 01:12:01.220 align:middle line:84% and all of your property, and all of your property, 01:12:01.220 --> 01:12:03.095 align:middle line:84% and all your property, and all your property, 01:12:03.095 --> 01:12:11.553 align:middle line:84% the time will come when I cannot act, that I will steal, 01:12:11.553 --> 01:12:13.220 align:middle line:84% because there's nothing for me to steal. 01:12:13.220 --> 01:12:15.830 align:middle line:90% 01:12:15.830 --> 01:12:17.180 align:middle line:90% If I say that I can-- 01:12:17.180 --> 01:12:19.050 align:middle line:84% see how he's-- let me say that again. 01:12:19.050 --> 01:12:20.630 align:middle line:90% Can you say it better? 01:12:20.630 --> 01:12:22.790 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: So you're saying the choice is-- 01:12:22.790 --> 01:12:26.480 align:middle line:84% the imperative is either you should not steal all the time, 01:12:26.480 --> 01:12:28.510 align:middle line:84% or you should steal all the time. 01:12:28.510 --> 01:12:30.600 align:middle line:84% And if you go with you should steal all the time-- 01:12:30.600 --> 01:12:31.850 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: You cannot do it. 01:12:31.850 --> 01:12:32.030 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: There will be a point when 01:12:32.030 --> 01:12:33.260 align:middle line:90% you can never do that anymore. 01:12:33.260 --> 01:12:34.218 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Logically. 01:12:34.218 --> 01:12:36.530 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: But if you go with you should not steal, 01:12:36.530 --> 01:12:39.818 align:middle line:84% for one's entire life it is always possible. 01:12:39.818 --> 01:12:41.360 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: It's always possible not 01:12:41.360 --> 01:12:47.210 align:middle line:84% to steal, logically, meaning from the branch 01:12:47.210 --> 01:12:52.350 align:middle line:84% of the learned discipline called logic, 01:12:52.350 --> 01:12:54.330 align:middle line:84% not in terms of something genetic 01:12:54.330 --> 01:12:56.220 align:middle line:84% that we call reasoning out of the brain 01:12:56.220 --> 01:12:57.940 align:middle line:90% and people can come up with. 01:12:57.940 --> 01:13:03.720 align:middle line:84% I'm talking about opening a book that has logic in the title. 01:13:03.720 --> 01:13:05.220 align:middle line:90% He's a logician. 01:13:05.220 --> 01:13:11.130 align:middle line:84% So he is going to say that the fundamental principles are 01:13:11.130 --> 01:13:13.300 align:middle line:90% principles of logic. 01:13:13.300 --> 01:13:16.530 align:middle line:84% And then he's going to say that everybody 01:13:16.530 --> 01:13:18.090 align:middle line:90% should reason that way. 01:13:18.090 --> 01:13:20.190 align:middle line:90% Look at logic now. 01:13:20.190 --> 01:13:22.890 align:middle line:84% Logic is not going to give you some alternatives. 01:13:22.890 --> 01:13:24.930 align:middle line:90% That's not always true. 01:13:24.930 --> 01:13:27.390 align:middle line:84% But the basic ideas that he's talking about when it comes 01:13:27.390 --> 01:13:32.850 align:middle line:90% to imperatives is always true. 01:13:32.850 --> 01:13:35.310 align:middle line:84% So what he is trying to do is give you 01:13:35.310 --> 01:13:40.890 align:middle line:84% some imperatives, the kind of imperative where I said, 01:13:40.890 --> 01:13:45.420 align:middle line:84% do x because y will help maximize your pleasure. 01:13:45.420 --> 01:13:49.980 align:middle line:84% He's going to call that a hypothetical imperative. 01:13:49.980 --> 01:13:52.470 align:middle line:84% Never lie-- he's going to call that-- 01:13:52.470 --> 01:13:57.300 align:middle line:84% guess what-- categorical imperative. 01:13:57.300 --> 01:14:01.277 align:middle line:84% I want you to know those terms, the categorical imperative. 01:14:01.277 --> 01:14:03.900 align:middle line:90% 01:14:03.900 --> 01:14:06.450 align:middle line:84% So he's going to build up a system of logic 01:14:06.450 --> 01:14:10.800 align:middle line:84% based on the equivalence of axioms called 01:14:10.800 --> 01:14:17.080 align:middle line:84% these categorical imperatives, and that those imperatives are 01:14:17.080 --> 01:14:21.550 align:middle line:84% imperative upon you all of the time by reason of logic. 01:14:21.550 --> 01:14:24.500 align:middle line:90% 01:14:24.500 --> 01:14:30.770 align:middle line:84% My last piece on this is the same belligerent question 01:14:30.770 --> 01:14:33.120 align:middle line:90% I asked of the utilitarian. 01:14:33.120 --> 01:14:39.910 align:middle line:84% Why should I maximize your happiness or the happiness 01:14:39.910 --> 01:14:41.500 align:middle line:90% of all of the affected parties? 01:14:41.500 --> 01:14:46.970 align:middle line:84% I'm going to ask Kant, why should I be logical? 01:14:46.970 --> 01:14:50.162 align:middle line:90% 01:14:50.162 --> 01:14:52.440 align:middle line:84% And I'll tell you what Kant is going to say. 01:14:52.440 --> 01:14:55.590 align:middle line:84% Kant is going to go all the way back to the Stoics. 01:14:55.590 --> 01:15:00.330 align:middle line:84% And for me, those were the real philosophers, the Stoics, 01:15:00.330 --> 01:15:01.980 align:middle line:84% not because their ideas were any good, 01:15:01.980 --> 01:15:08.940 align:middle line:84% but because they did not eat unless they stood up in a crowd 01:15:08.940 --> 01:15:10.470 align:middle line:90% and debated a point. 01:15:10.470 --> 01:15:13.130 align:middle line:84% And if they won, the crowd would give them some money. 01:15:13.130 --> 01:15:16.060 align:middle line:84% That's the only way they can feed themselves. 01:15:16.060 --> 01:15:18.810 align:middle line:90% So that's a real philosopher. 01:15:18.810 --> 01:15:21.030 align:middle line:90% What do you say, Joel, not so? 01:15:21.030 --> 01:15:23.370 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: Well, I mean, to convince people-- 01:15:23.370 --> 01:15:25.170 align:middle line:90% that's a politician's job. 01:15:25.170 --> 01:15:29.220 align:middle line:90% 01:15:29.220 --> 01:15:32.850 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: All right, so there was 01:15:32.850 --> 01:15:39.210 align:middle line:84% this story about this Stoic talking about reason and logic. 01:15:39.210 --> 01:15:43.350 align:middle line:84% And somebody in the crowd said, oh, wait a minute, hold on. 01:15:43.350 --> 01:15:45.820 align:middle line:84% Folded his hands across his chest, 01:15:45.820 --> 01:15:48.930 align:middle line:84% became very confident, looked at that philosopher, 01:15:48.930 --> 01:15:53.220 align:middle line:84% and said, why should I be logical? 01:15:53.220 --> 01:15:56.130 align:middle line:84% And the philosopher said, do you want a logical answer? 01:15:56.130 --> 01:15:59.170 align:middle line:90% 01:15:59.170 --> 01:16:00.280 align:middle line:90% The answer was yes. 01:16:00.280 --> 01:16:03.820 align:middle line:84% The basic idea was, you should be logical 01:16:03.820 --> 01:16:07.002 align:middle line:84% because you compelled me to be logical. 01:16:07.002 --> 01:16:08.960 align:middle line:84% You're going to compel all of us to be logical. 01:16:08.960 --> 01:16:10.960 align:middle line:84% How do you get to be so high and mighty that you 01:16:10.960 --> 01:16:14.300 align:middle line:84% can be the only one in here who's not logical? 01:16:14.300 --> 01:16:16.820 align:middle line:84% So that's what he means when he says universal. 01:16:16.820 --> 01:16:18.440 align:middle line:90% It's got to apply. 01:16:18.440 --> 01:16:22.790 align:middle line:84% Whatever you do has got to apply to everybody. 01:16:22.790 --> 01:16:27.530 align:middle line:90% 01:16:27.530 --> 01:16:35.360 align:middle line:84% So when you make these analyses of the A7-D case, when 01:16:35.360 --> 01:16:40.610 align:middle line:84% you get to the deontological analysis, 01:16:40.610 --> 01:16:44.810 align:middle line:84% don't give me anything that tests facts. 01:16:44.810 --> 01:16:48.780 align:middle line:84% Don't give me any test based on facts. 01:16:48.780 --> 01:16:52.340 align:middle line:84% Try your best, and I'm going to assume that you haven't 01:16:52.340 --> 01:16:55.370 align:middle line:90% had a formal course in logic. 01:16:55.370 --> 01:17:00.080 align:middle line:84% That's OK, at least give it a try. 01:17:00.080 --> 01:17:05.300 align:middle line:84% Go back and see if you can put this thing in logical terms. 01:17:05.300 --> 01:17:08.340 align:middle line:84% If you can't, say so, but say that Kant would. 01:17:08.340 --> 01:17:10.340 align:middle line:84% You don't know how, but that's what he would do. 01:17:10.340 --> 01:17:16.230 align:middle line:90% 01:17:16.230 --> 01:17:17.790 align:middle line:90% Now, since time is just-- 01:17:17.790 --> 01:17:21.390 align:middle line:84% I calculate I got one more minute. 01:17:21.390 --> 01:17:24.000 align:middle line:84% I promise to do something that I didn't do yet, 01:17:24.000 --> 01:17:33.160 align:middle line:84% and that was put the grades and Dr. Moses' 01:17:33.160 --> 01:17:35.590 align:middle line:90% presentation in the email. 01:17:35.590 --> 01:17:37.510 align:middle line:84% I'm going to do it today or tomorrow. 01:17:37.510 --> 01:17:38.770 align:middle line:90% That'll cover that. 01:17:38.770 --> 01:17:41.500 align:middle line:84% And give me this homework on Tuesday. 01:17:41.500 --> 01:17:45.880 align:middle line:84% And then, we'll start talking about some matters 01:17:45.880 --> 01:17:48.280 align:middle line:84% of the calendar, when the test is coming up, 01:17:48.280 --> 01:17:51.390 align:middle line:90% and all of that kind of stuff. 01:17:51.390 --> 01:17:52.460 align:middle line:90% Good? 01:17:52.460 --> 01:17:52.960 align:middle line:90% Yes. 01:17:52.960 --> 01:17:55.110 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: Question [INAUDIBLE]. 01:17:55.110 --> 01:17:57.780 align:middle line:84% In terms of the imperative, is there 01:17:57.780 --> 01:18:00.570 align:middle line:84% a difference between having an imperative and the ability 01:18:00.570 --> 01:18:01.960 align:middle line:90% to conceal the imperative? 01:18:01.960 --> 01:18:04.610 align:middle line:84% So for example, if the imperative is, 01:18:04.610 --> 01:18:08.390 align:middle line:84% I'm going to steal and I'm always going to steal, 01:18:08.390 --> 01:18:11.280 align:middle line:84% and maybe there's some point in time where there's nothing left 01:18:11.280 --> 01:18:13.230 align:middle line:84% to steal, but I can still have the imperative 01:18:13.230 --> 01:18:14.230 align:middle line:90% that I'm going to steal. 01:18:14.230 --> 01:18:15.575 align:middle line:84% It's just that I can't fulfill it. 01:18:15.575 --> 01:18:18.075 align:middle line:84% There's nothing left to steal until someone makes something, 01:18:18.075 --> 01:18:19.240 align:middle line:90% and then I'll steal it. 01:18:19.240 --> 01:18:21.710 align:middle line:84% So is there a difference between just having an imperative 01:18:21.710 --> 01:18:22.850 align:middle line:90% and fulfilling it? 01:18:22.850 --> 01:18:25.188 align:middle line:90% 01:18:25.188 --> 01:18:25.980 align:middle line:90% TAFT BROOME: Right. 01:18:25.980 --> 01:18:29.220 align:middle line:84% Now, I'm not going to answer your question directly 01:18:29.220 --> 01:18:32.220 align:middle line:84% because that presumes that there's 01:18:32.220 --> 01:18:34.103 align:middle line:84% a unique answer to your question. 01:18:34.103 --> 01:18:35.520 align:middle line:84% What I'm going to do is say what I 01:18:35.520 --> 01:18:46.860 align:middle line:84% think Kant and other deontologists will say. 01:18:46.860 --> 01:18:49.890 align:middle line:84% What they will say is that they're 01:18:49.890 --> 01:18:54.710 align:middle line:84% going to assume that the will, at first, is all powerful. 01:18:54.710 --> 01:18:57.538 align:middle line:84% They're not going to limit that right now, and say 01:18:57.538 --> 01:18:59.330 align:middle line:84% that you have the power to do these things. 01:18:59.330 --> 01:19:03.150 align:middle line:84% The question is, will you make the choice to do it? 01:19:03.150 --> 01:19:05.820 align:middle line:84% So they're going to eliminate that a priori. 01:19:05.820 --> 01:19:07.070 align:middle line:90% I shouldn't say that a priori. 01:19:07.070 --> 01:19:08.450 align:middle line:84% They are going to eliminate that before they 01:19:08.450 --> 01:19:09.367 align:middle line:90% get into the argument. 01:19:09.367 --> 01:19:12.590 align:middle line:90% 01:19:12.590 --> 01:19:15.380 align:middle line:84% The rest of us are going to have to deal with that on a case 01:19:15.380 --> 01:19:17.740 align:middle line:90% by case basis. 01:19:17.740 --> 01:19:20.260 align:middle line:84% And let's see how far you can make that argument. 01:19:20.260 --> 01:19:23.320 align:middle line:84% And the question is, can you make it compelling, 01:19:23.320 --> 01:19:26.350 align:middle line:84% just like Dr. Moses was talking about at the beginning 01:19:26.350 --> 01:19:28.160 align:middle line:90% of the class? 01:19:28.160 --> 01:19:32.420 align:middle line:84% You could probably make that case-- 01:19:32.420 --> 01:19:35.050 align:middle line:90% I'm going to be-- 01:19:35.050 --> 01:19:37.510 align:middle line:84% you'll be more likely to make that case in Germany 01:19:37.510 --> 01:19:41.930 align:middle line:84% than you would in England today, even. 01:19:41.930 --> 01:19:44.360 align:middle line:84% Though the world is globalizing, and it 01:19:44.360 --> 01:19:47.960 align:middle line:84% doesn't apply to everybody, but it depends 01:19:47.960 --> 01:19:49.440 align:middle line:90% on who you're talking to. 01:19:49.440 --> 01:19:51.320 align:middle line:84% There are some orientations that are 01:19:51.320 --> 01:19:53.900 align:middle line:90% going to see more sense in it. 01:19:53.900 --> 01:19:57.492 align:middle line:84% A utilitarian culture is not going to see any point in it. 01:19:57.492 --> 01:20:03.630 align:middle line:90% 01:20:03.630 --> 01:20:06.103 align:middle line:84% We can have a brainstorming discussion next time. 01:20:06.103 --> 01:20:07.770 align:middle line:84% We can devote most of the class to that. 01:20:07.770 --> 01:20:09.270 align:middle line:90% I won't talk most of the time. 01:20:09.270 --> 01:20:11.870 align:middle line:90% How about that? 01:20:11.870 --> 01:20:12.850 align:middle line:90% Right. 01:20:12.850 --> 01:20:14.290 align:middle line:90% Thank you all very much. 01:20:14.290 --> 01:20:16.030 align:middle line:90% You got something for me? 01:20:16.030 --> 01:20:19.150 align:middle line:84% STUDENT: I was just going to ask if it would-- 01:20:19.150 --> 01:20:22.750 align:middle line:84% I know the first time we did a little paragraph about the A7-D 01:20:22.750 --> 01:20:25.270 align:middle line:84% case, we weren't supposed to do a lot of reading 01:20:25.270 --> 01:20:26.470 align:middle line:90% or look at examples. 01:20:26.470 --> 01:20:30.250 align:middle line:84% Is it OK to do that now, to use our book? 01:20:30.250 --> 01:20:32.290 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: A lot of reading means use the book 01:20:32.290 --> 01:20:36.250 align:middle line:84% and use at least one other reference. 01:20:36.250 --> 01:20:37.600 align:middle line:90% That's all that needs right now. 01:20:37.600 --> 01:20:38.440 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: OK. 01:20:38.440 --> 01:20:40.340 align:middle line:84% TAFT BROOME: And it means Chapter 4. 01:20:40.340 --> 01:20:42.310 align:middle line:90% STUDENT: OK, great. 01:20:42.310 --> 01:20:43.500 align:middle line:90% Thanks. 01:20:43.500 --> 01:20:44.000 align:middle line:90%