WEBVTT

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[SQUEAKING]
[RUSTLING] [CLICKING]

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SPEAKER: So today, we set aside
that part and look at what

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is often the hardest thing
to actually make it real,

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to put in the ground, design,
build, learn, research.

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So we get to work in a sense.

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And just like yesterday, there
are many people, experts,

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ideas that we couldn't ram
into this two day session

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in 10-minute segments.

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And so we are so aware of that.

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There is still a whiteboard.

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At the break, you
can add the names

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of people and experts
and ideas that you really

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think need to be in here.

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We may have attempted
to get them here,

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but we really want to hear that
from you as well as feedback.

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We're trying to
capture and share

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a pulse of information,
the state of knowledge.

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As you saw yesterday,
there's all kinds of views,

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all kinds of perspectives, all
kinds of voices and language,

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and we just welcome them all.

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We're not saying
that we shouldn't

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have some healthy debates.

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So I really hope it
goes as well today.

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And I want to pass it over to
Juliet, who will be moderating

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our very first session.

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AUDIENCE: Yay!

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[APPLAUSE]

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JULIET: Hello, everyone!

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We're excited to
start our day off

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with some talks about design
principles for geothermal energy

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networks.

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We have three great speakers,
two of them in person

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and then one online.

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So we'll start our day
with Connor Dacquay, who

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is a licensed
engineer at GeoFease

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and who teaches in IGSHPA
ground-source heat pump course.

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Connor?

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CONNOR DACQUAY: OK,
good morning, everyone.

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So I spoke with Zainab
before this meeting.

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And I just wanted
to thank all of HEET

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for putting on this session.

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I left yesterday
quite optimistic

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on the geothermal district space
in the United States, which is--

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it's very relieving,
I'll say, with the times.

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So thank you all
for putting this on.

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So my background
is in engineering.

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I have a doctorate in what's
called Earth energy resource

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engineering.

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I'm a licensed engineer
in the state of New York

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and also the province
of Ontario and Canada.

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I also help teach the certified
geoexchange designer course,

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which is run by IGSHPA,
International Ground Source Heat

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Pump Association.

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And this specific
slide deck today

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just goes through that
introductory level,

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CGD-type course.

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So we thought we'd start
with the fundamentals of heat

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transfer to get into the
ground-source heat pumps

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and how they work.

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So we have conduction,
convection, and radiation.

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By definition, conduction
is when heat is directly

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transmitted through a
substance when there

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is a difference in temperature.

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So if you're
holding a metal rod,

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and that metal rod
heats up on one end,

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you feel that heat
through your hand

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through conduction
of that metal rod.

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We have convection, which is
the rising motion of warmer

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areas of a liquid or gas, and
the sinking motion of cooler

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areas of liquid or gas.

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So if you're holding your
hand over a fire, that heat,

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you're not physically
touching anything,

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but you feel that heat,
and that's convection.

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Lastly, we have
radiation, the process

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where heat energy is
transferred from one

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object to another
through the emission

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of electromagnetic waves.

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I promise the rest of this
presentation won't be this dry.

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Just getting through
the fundamentals.

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But when your
sun-tanning, you feel

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that heat, that's radiation.

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So geothermal.

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What is geothermal?

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Well, "geo" means relating
to the Earth, and "thermal"

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means relating to heat.

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So the Earth temperature
is relatively

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constant throughout the year.

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It's around 50 here.

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I think it's 55
degrees Fahrenheit.

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Whereas in the winter time,
it's 10 degrees outside.

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And then in the summertime,
around 90 degrees outside.

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But the ground stays that same
50, 55 degrees Fahrenheit.

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And to harness that energy,
you can install a ground heat

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exchanger, which is plastic pipe
that's buried in the ground.

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And it transfers heat to a
volume of Earth around that pipe

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through various ways.

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Shallow ground heat
exchangers take

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advantage of radiation,
mainly conduction,

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but there's also convective heat
transfer with that ground water.

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You have heat exchange fluid
that's pumped through the pipe.

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I'm getting used
to this laser here.

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Heat exchange fluid that's
pumped through this pipe

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and then connected
to that heat pump.

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And the reason why these
systems are more efficient

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is because of this
sine graph here.

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So the source temperature
is going to that heat pump

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from the ground
heat exchanger range

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between around 40 to
90 degrees Fahrenheit,

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sometimes as low as 30.

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But this specific
graph is collected

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from four years' worth of
data in a very cold climate

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in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

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So during this same time period,
the outdoor air temperature

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ranged from negative 20 to
plus 100 degrees Fahrenheit.

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So you can imagine that getting
your source temperatures

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from that more extreme air
compared to your ground heat

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exchanger temperatures makes
the heat pump work harder.

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It has to work harder to deliver
that same amount of heat.

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So heat pumps like to receive
more moderate temperatures,

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so they don't need
to work as hard.

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And how a heat pump works
is just like a fridge.

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It's the vapor compression
cycle is what it's called.

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It's no different than a fridge,
other than a reversing valve.

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But the process is you have an
evaporator that transfers heat

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with your external environment,
so your air, your ground,

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or your water.

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You have a compressor, which
compresses the refrigerant

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and increasing the
pressure and temperature.

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Chemistry 101, if you
increase pressure,

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you increase the temperature.

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You have your condenser which
condenses the refrigerant vapor

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into liquid.

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And that phase change
transfers large amount of heat.

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And then your expansion valve
to rinse and repeat, reduce

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the pressure and temperature
to prepare for the next cycle.

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So our ground-source
heat pump in heating,

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again, we have this
reversing valve,

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which differentiates our
fridge from our heat pump.

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So we can also do heating.

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Be strange if a
fridge did heating.

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But we extract heat
from our ground loop,

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where we have three units of
heat coming from the ground.

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We have our compressor,
which uses electricity

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to compress and heat
the refrigerant.

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That electrically
powered equipment

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generates heat as well.

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That's your power
input, that compressor.

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There's also the
circulation pump and fans.

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And then you give those four
units of heat to the building.

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So that hot refrigerant is
pushed through the condenser

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and then rejects that heat
to the air in the building.

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And this is how you get your
coefficient of performance.

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So you may have heard the
word COP, or coefficient

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of performance, and
this is how it works.

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You transfer those
four units of energy,

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which is combined thermal and
electrical energy to the space

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by only paying for one unit
of electrical energy to power

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that compressor,
circulation pump, and fans.

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In cooling mode,
we have our heat

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that's extracted from
the air in the building,

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vaporizing the refrigerant.

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So those three units of
heat from the building.

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We have our compressor again
that compresses and heats

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the refrigerant or
reversing valve is on.

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So we flip that
flow of refrigerant.

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So it's going in reverse now.

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And then that hot refrigerant
is pushed through the condenser

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and rejects heat to that
ground heat exchanger.

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We need to get rid of that
electrical energy and electrical

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heat and that heat
from the building.

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And we put that in
the ground loop.

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So what's the difference
between Earth energy resource

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engineering or
geothermal engineering

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and conventional HVAC systems?

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Well, the main difference is
that for ground-source heat pump

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systems, you should be
considering the total demand.

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The total demand of
a building, not just

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a peak of the coldest
day of the year

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or the warmest day of
the year, but your total

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heating and cooling
on an annual basis

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to determine your total supply.

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Because you're
designing your source.

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And so in a
conventional system, you

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have a pipeline
that's large enough

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to meet the peak heating day,
the coldest day of the year.

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You have your
natural gas pipeline

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that's feeding that equipment.

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You have your water
utility line that's

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feeding your cooling
tower to dissipate heat

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on the warmest day of the year.

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And as long as you pay your
energy bill, you should be OK.

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But for a ground-source
heat pump scenario,

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we are also considered
with our total loads.

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Again, because we're
designing our source.

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So this example
illustrates this.

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So we have a church,
a retail store,

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and an apartment building.

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They may have the exact same
peak heating and cooling loads,

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40 tons of cooling and
385 MBH of heating.

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But due to the difference
in occupancy of those three

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different buildings, the total
heating and cooling loads

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are going to change
quite dramatically.

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You think about that church,
probably highly occupied

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once or twice a week.

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You have a lot of people in
the room like this space.

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You have a lot of lights on.

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Those internal heat gains
help heat the space,

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and that's only available
maybe once or twice a week.

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So your heating load over
an annual set of data

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is probably going to be
higher than your cooling load.

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Whereas your retail store, you
could think of maybe an IKEA,

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you have a lot of internal
heat gains, a lot of people,

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a lot of lights, a lot
of internal heat gains

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that you need to get rid of.

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So you put those in
the ground, right?

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You need to reject that heat.

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And the apartment building
probably relatively balanced

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between heating and cooling.

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So the heating and
cooling load ratio

00:10:24.690 --> 00:10:27.900 align:middle line:84%
can change even if the peak
heating and cooling loads

00:10:27.900 --> 00:10:29.080 align:middle line:90%
are the exact same.

00:10:29.080 --> 00:10:31.560 align:middle line:84%
And how this affects
the ground loop and why

00:10:31.560 --> 00:10:33.430 align:middle line:90%
it's important is because--

00:10:33.430 --> 00:10:36.510 align:middle line:84%
and this is especially true for
a vertical ground heat exchanger

00:10:36.510 --> 00:10:38.670 align:middle line:84%
scenario with a
lot of conduction--

00:10:38.670 --> 00:10:41.130 align:middle line:84%
you have a fixed volume
of Earth that you're

00:10:41.130 --> 00:10:42.550 align:middle line:90%
exchanging heat with.

00:10:42.550 --> 00:10:46.380 align:middle line:84%
And so it's more similar to a
battery in that case compared

00:10:46.380 --> 00:10:47.620 align:middle line:90%
to a conventional system.

00:10:47.620 --> 00:10:48.970 align:middle line:90%
There are nuances, right.

00:10:48.970 --> 00:10:52.760 align:middle line:90%
And each project is unique.

00:10:52.760 --> 00:10:56.010 align:middle line:84%
But even in open loop
systems, for example,

00:10:56.010 --> 00:10:57.710 align:middle line:84%
where you're tapping
into an aquifer

00:10:57.710 --> 00:11:01.460 align:middle line:84%
and pulling heat and
rejecting heat to an aquifer,

00:11:01.460 --> 00:11:06.500 align:middle line:84%
we've been measuring a system
in Winnipeg over the past five

00:11:06.500 --> 00:11:08.060 align:middle line:84%
years or so, and
they've increased

00:11:08.060 --> 00:11:12.380 align:middle line:84%
the temperature of that aquifer
by 5 to 8 degrees Fahrenheit.

00:11:12.380 --> 00:11:15.330 align:middle line:84%
Just because they're rejecting
so much heat into that aquifer.

00:11:15.330 --> 00:11:17.100 align:middle line:84%
So what can happen
is this curve here,

00:11:17.100 --> 00:11:19.070 align:middle line:84%
this temperature
drift, where you

00:11:19.070 --> 00:11:22.260 align:middle line:84%
may fall outside of those
efficient operating parameters.

00:11:22.260 --> 00:11:24.410 align:middle line:84%
When we talked about that
ground-source heat pump,

00:11:24.410 --> 00:11:28.160 align:middle line:84%
it likes to be fed 30 to 90
degrees Fahrenheit water.

00:11:28.160 --> 00:11:31.670 align:middle line:84%
But what can happen is
you can fall outside

00:11:31.670 --> 00:11:33.890 align:middle line:84%
of those efficient
operating ranges

00:11:33.890 --> 00:11:36.410 align:middle line:84%
if you're not considering
your total loads,

00:11:36.410 --> 00:11:38.160 align:middle line:84%
if you're only looking
at your peak loads.

00:11:38.160 --> 00:11:42.888 align:middle line:84%
So it's important to not only
design, again, off of your peak

00:11:42.888 --> 00:11:44.430 align:middle line:84%
loads, which are
certainly important,

00:11:44.430 --> 00:11:47.480 align:middle line:84%
but your total loads are
also important to determine

00:11:47.480 --> 00:11:52.360 align:middle line:84%
your total demand to
design your supply.

00:11:52.360 --> 00:11:56.810 align:middle line:84%
So when you have a customer
or anyone, frankly,

00:11:56.810 --> 00:12:00.020 align:middle line:84%
who's interested in a geothermal
system, where do you start?

00:12:00.020 --> 00:12:03.280 align:middle line:84%
If they say, hey
Connor, I've heard

00:12:03.280 --> 00:12:05.060 align:middle line:90%
of this geothermal technology.

00:12:05.060 --> 00:12:06.760 align:middle line:90%
I've heard it's pretty cool.

00:12:06.760 --> 00:12:07.880 align:middle line:90%
What do I do?

00:12:07.880 --> 00:12:11.020 align:middle line:84%
Well, you'd probably want
to start with the building.

00:12:11.020 --> 00:12:14.660 align:middle line:84%
Again, determine your total
demand to determine your supply.

00:12:14.660 --> 00:12:17.300 align:middle line:84%
And then you can start looking
at your mechanical system,

00:12:17.300 --> 00:12:19.420 align:middle line:84%
your geothermal mechanical
system, and your site

00:12:19.420 --> 00:12:20.252 align:middle line:90%
and geology.

00:12:20.252 --> 00:12:22.960 align:middle line:84%
The site and geology is going to
dictate what type of ground heat

00:12:22.960 --> 00:12:24.140 align:middle line:90%
exchanger you go with.

00:12:24.140 --> 00:12:26.050 align:middle line:84%
There's many different
ways to exchange heat

00:12:26.050 --> 00:12:27.710 align:middle line:90%
with your external environment.

00:12:27.710 --> 00:12:31.573 align:middle line:84%
Again, all you're doing is
obtaining moderate temperatures

00:12:31.573 --> 00:12:33.740 align:middle line:84%
so that your heat pump
doesn't need to work as hard.

00:12:33.740 --> 00:12:35.360 align:middle line:90%
So that could come from the air.

00:12:35.360 --> 00:12:38.390 align:middle line:84%
In Seattle, it's
pretty moderate there.

00:12:38.390 --> 00:12:40.000 align:middle line:90%
So air source works fine.

00:12:40.000 --> 00:12:43.370 align:middle line:84%
But in Winnipeg in a cold
climate like that, not so much.

00:12:43.370 --> 00:12:45.400 align:middle line:84%
So you could have a
vertical ground heat

00:12:45.400 --> 00:12:48.560 align:middle line:84%
exchanger, horizontal
surface water aquifer.

00:12:48.560 --> 00:12:51.660 align:middle line:84%
I'm staying at Susan
Murcott's house right now.

00:12:51.660 --> 00:12:54.635 align:middle line:84%
She's a professor here at MIT,
and she has a standing column.

00:12:54.635 --> 00:12:56.260 align:middle line:84%
And that was pretty
interesting to see.

00:12:56.260 --> 00:13:00.120 align:middle line:84%
So there's many different ways
to give your heat pump source

00:13:00.120 --> 00:13:01.860 align:middle line:90%
temperatures that are moderate.

00:13:01.860 --> 00:13:04.200 align:middle line:84%
But at the end of the
day, what matters?

00:13:04.200 --> 00:13:07.410 align:middle line:84%
Well, what matters is we're
trying to save on energy.

00:13:07.410 --> 00:13:09.220 align:middle line:84%
That's why we install
these systems.

00:13:09.220 --> 00:13:11.842 align:middle line:84%
But if it's going to cost you
an arm and a leg to do that,

00:13:11.842 --> 00:13:14.050 align:middle line:84%
it's probably not going to
make a whole lot of sense.

00:13:14.050 --> 00:13:17.490 align:middle line:84%
So to balance the energy cost
with the construction cost

00:13:17.490 --> 00:13:20.890 align:middle line:84%
is the most important thing to
make sure that it's practical.

00:13:20.890 --> 00:13:23.730 align:middle line:84%
Because if it's too
expensive, nobody's

00:13:23.730 --> 00:13:26.610 align:middle line:84%
going to buy it at
the end of the day.

00:13:26.610 --> 00:13:27.900 align:middle line:90%
And there are intangibles.

00:13:27.900 --> 00:13:30.730 align:middle line:84%
A lot of people value
carbon in different ways.

00:13:30.730 --> 00:13:32.910 align:middle line:90%
In Canada, we have a carbon tax.

00:13:32.910 --> 00:13:35.730 align:middle line:90%
So that's quantified.

00:13:35.730 --> 00:13:38.640 align:middle line:84%
But the main thing
to consider when

00:13:38.640 --> 00:13:41.110 align:middle line:84%
you're looking at a geothermal
system, in my opinion,

00:13:41.110 --> 00:13:43.680 align:middle line:84%
is to balance these two things--
construction cost and then

00:13:43.680 --> 00:13:46.410 align:middle line:84%
the energy savings that you're
getting from that investment,

00:13:46.410 --> 00:13:49.170 align:middle line:84%
because you're buying an asset,
which is that ground heat

00:13:49.170 --> 00:13:51.050 align:middle line:90%
exchanger.

00:13:51.050 --> 00:13:53.490 align:middle line:84%
So before I pass it
to my colleague Nick,

00:13:53.490 --> 00:13:56.430 align:middle line:84%
I thought I'd throw in a
little segue slide here.

00:13:56.430 --> 00:14:00.590 align:middle line:84%
I believe one person had
a similar slide yesterday

00:14:00.590 --> 00:14:03.230 align:middle line:84%
where it looks at the
temperature in the distribution

00:14:03.230 --> 00:14:06.900 align:middle line:90%
piping of district systems.

00:14:06.900 --> 00:14:08.760 align:middle line:84%
We used to use really
high temperature.

00:14:08.760 --> 00:14:11.340 align:middle line:84%
I mean, we still do
today, pressurized steam,

00:14:11.340 --> 00:14:13.410 align:middle line:84%
but that leads to
low efficiency.

00:14:13.410 --> 00:14:16.760 align:middle line:84%
And so over time, we've been
able to reduce our temperature

00:14:16.760 --> 00:14:19.460 align:middle line:84%
in our distribution
piping, which has led

00:14:19.460 --> 00:14:20.940 align:middle line:90%
to an increase in efficiency.

00:14:20.940 --> 00:14:23.420 align:middle line:84%
So now we're dealing with
ambient temperatures, which

00:14:23.420 --> 00:14:26.450 align:middle line:84%
has increased our efficiency in
these district energy systems

00:14:26.450 --> 00:14:27.330 align:middle line:90%
quite dramatically.

00:14:27.330 --> 00:14:28.950 align:middle line:84%
So thank you folks
for listening,

00:14:28.950 --> 00:14:31.092 align:middle line:90%
and I'll now pass it to Nick.

00:14:31.092 --> 00:14:35.520 align:middle line:90%
[APPLAUSE]

00:14:35.520 --> 00:14:37.490 align:middle line:90%


00:14:37.490 --> 00:14:38.920 align:middle line:90%
OK.

00:14:38.920 --> 00:14:51.000 align:middle line:90%